1.
Explain why it is possible to measure the size of an atom directly.
It is not possible to measure the size of an isolated atom, it is because we cannot
determine the location of the electrons that surround the nucleus at any given moment. There is
no definite boundary as the surrounding electrons exist in an electron cloud.
The principle behind this is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle which states that the
position and velocity of an object cannot be measured at the same time, even in theory. Meaning
we can never know the exact location of electrons at the same time.
Using this theory, scientists were able to determine the probable density (ie clouds or
orbitals) of electrons.
2. How has our understanding of quantum mechanics helped in the medical field? Give one
example of a type of technology based on quantum mechanics, explain how it works, and
how it is of benefits to us.
Quantum mechanics is part of a larger concept widely known as quantum physics, a branch of
science that focused on the units of energy named quanta, which are both separate and indivisible.
Modern quantum physics is split into three areas, one of which is quantum mechanics. Quantum
mechanics is the study of the structure and behaviors of elementary/subatomic particles.
Quantum theory surrounds us in nature, understanding, and applying quantum mechanics is the
first step to revolutionizing its power in medicine. Quantum mechanics has enabled us to approach
problems at the nanoscale to address them directly.
An example of a technology-based on quantum mechanics is an MRI. To comprehend how an
MRI works we should think about a molecule that contains hydrogen, similar to a molecule of water. The
protons pose an intrinsic spine, similar to a spinning top. Suppose the molecule is put between the polepieces of a magnet, so the protons are in a magnetic field. Each proton will now tur around the field of
direction similar to a gyroscope; this motion is called precession.
As they process, the protons, according to quantum mechanics, can only have two orientations.
Due to the magnetic field, these two orientations have slightly different energies. If radio waves are
shunned onto the protons, and they have the correct frequency, the lower energy protons can absorb
photons of radiation and flip over. (Quantum mechanics tells us that the photon’s energy is proportional to
its frequency.)
By observing the extent of the energy absorption, we can figure out, for example of the protons
are in the water or fat. If these measurements are then analyzed, an image or “slice” of the body is
produced from the collected frequency data and radiation. The detail can be seen in soft tissues. MRIs use
this technology and can display features as small as 1mm.
This technology is beneficial to us due to its accuracy. It allows medical professionals to detect
any irregularities on a small scale. It allows them to locate it’s orientation in space, to ensure they can
directly treat accordingly.
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References
MRI Magic. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.physicscentral.com/explore/action/mri.cfm
Published by: Candy :D Random facts about me. ^^ Just fun to know. I know, Candy, P. B.,
By:, P., :D Random facts about me. ^^ Just fun to know. I know, & Candy, V. A. (2014,
January 13). Quantum Mechanics and Applications to Medicine. Retrieved from
https://discoverhumanity.wordpress.com/2014/01/12/quantum-mechanics-andapplications-to-medicine/
3.
Methylamine, CH3NH2 is one of the compounds responsible for the unpleasant odour of
decomposing fish.
a. Draw the Lewis and structural diagrams for methylamine
b. Use VSEPR theory to predict the shape around the carbon and nitrogen atoms in
methylamine
c. Methylamine and ethane have similar molar masses. Explain why the boiling point
of methylamine is -6oC while that of ethane is -89oC.
The boiling point for methylamine is higher than ethane due to the types of
intermolecular forces. Methylamine has hydrogen bonds as opposed to ethane which only
has london dispersion forces. This means that to split this structure apart, it requires more
energy due to the strong hydrogen bonds holding it together. This directly affects the
boiling point, which is why methylamine has a higher boiling point than ethane.
4. Choose one of the questions on page 290 #35-39. Research the topic and write a 200-250
word APA referenced report on the topic chosen that clearly explains the topic and makes
solid reference to the uses and real-world applications of Chemical Structure.
#36. - In DNA, the pairing of nitrogen bases depends on hydrogen bonding between two
molecular structures that must be precisely the right size and shape to bring the hydrogen
atoms and lone pairs of electrons together. Research and report on the names of the
nitrogen bases that bond together in a DNA double helix structure; and on how many
hydrogen bonds are formed between two different base pairings.
The four nitrogen bases that make up the double helix structure in DNA are adenine (A), guanine
(G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). Each of the nucleotides on one side of the strand pair up with a
specific nucleotide on the other side of the strand, allowing it to form a double helix; this ability to pair up
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is due to nitrogenous bases. These nitrogenous bases pair up with each other through hydrogen bonding.
This type of bonding occurs when fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atoms are bonded to hydrogen, which
then creates a dipole. The fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen are very electronegative, meaning it will draw
electrons away from the hydrogen, resulting in the hydrogen becoming slightly more positive, and the
oxygen/fluorine/nitrogen becoming slightly more negative. Purines (adenine and cytosine) will always
pair up with pyrimidines (thymine and guanine), allowing DNA to hold its shape throughout the structure.
Most pairings generally produce a single hydrogen bond at a time, although there are two types of base
pairings that allow multiple hydrogen bonds. The nucleotide found in a base pair are complementary, this
means their shape allows them to bond together with hydrogen bonds. The A-T pair forms two hydrogen
bonds. The C-G pair forms three. The hydrogen bonding found between complementary pairs can hold
the two strands of DNA together due to the alternation pattern.
References
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bch.cuhk.edu.hk/vr_biomolecules/base-pairing.html
Base Pair. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Base-Pair
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