12
Equilibria
A+B
C+D
RATE
EXO
N2 + 3H2
N
AIR
2NH3
N
Haber
process
450 °C
N
200 atm
P
NATURAL
GAS
K
PbS
S
S
12.1
H
CAT
Fe
iron catalyst
Nitrogen and fertilisers
11.3
S
H
400–450 atm
ZnS
S
S
S
Industrial processes
Equilibrium conditions
INCREASE CONC.
OF PRODUCTS
Reversible reactions
7.3
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MORE GAS MORE GAS
MOLES ON MOLES ON
RATE
LEFT
RIGHT
atm
ENDO
INCREASE CONC.
OF REACTANTS
1–2 atm
S
H2SO4
S
Sulfur
CAT
V2O5 catalyst
SO2
PAPER
BLEACHING