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Database Assignment
Higher National Diploma (ESOFT Metro Campus)
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Higher Nationals
Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)
INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS
Programme title
PEARSON BTEC IN HND COMPUTING
Ms.Ishani
Assessor
Internal Verifier
Unit 04 -Database Design & Development
Unit(s)
Assignment title
Student’s name
Smart Movers Database System
F. Thameena Banu
List which assessment
criteria the Assessor has
awarded.
Pass
Merit
Distinction
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST
Do the assessment criteria awarded match
those shown in the assignment brief?
Is the Pass/Merit/Distinctiongrade awarded
justified by the assessor’s comments on the
student work?
Has the work been assessed
accurately?
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:
• Constructive?
Y/N
• Linked to relevant assessment
criteria?
• Identifying opportunities for
improved performance?
Y/N
Y/N
• Agreeing actions?
Y/N
Does the assessment decision need
amending?
Y/N
Assessor signature
Date
Internal Verifier signature
Date
Programme Leader signature (if
required)
Date
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Confirm action completed
Remedial action taken
Give details:
Assessor signature
Date
Internal Verifier
signature
Date
Programme Leader
signature (if required)
Date
Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
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Student Name/ID
Fairoos Thameena Banu
Unit Title
Unit 04: Database Design & Development
Assignment Number
1
Assessor
23/ 06/2018
Date Received 1st
submission
16/05/2020
Date Received 2nd
submission
Submission Date
Re-submission Date
Ms.Ishani
Assessor Feedback:
LO1 Use an appropriate design tool to design a relational database system for a substantial problem
Pass, Merit & Distinction
P1
M1
D1
Descripts
LO2 Develop a fully functional relational database system, based on an existing system design
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
P2
M2
D2
LO3 Test the system against user and system requirements.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
P3
M3
D3
Descripts
LO4 Produce technical and user documentation.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
Grade:
P4
P5
M4
D4
Assessor Signature:
Date:
Assessor Signature:
Date:
Resubmission Feedback:
Grade:
Internal Verifier’s Comments:
Signature & Date:
* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken
place and grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.
Assignment Feedback
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Action Plan
Summative feedback
Feedback: Student to Assessor
Explained clearly the parts which were requested by the assessor for resubmission
Assessor
signature
Student
signature
Date
thamibanu@gmail.co
m
Date
Student Declaration
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I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and
to present it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct way. I further
understand what it means to copy another’s work.
1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.
2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Edexcel UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiaries or copy another’s work in any
of the assignments for this program.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspects of my program,
will be my own, and where I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the
source in the correct way.
5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a
binding agreement between myself and Edexcel UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this
document is not attached to the attached.
Student’s Signature:
(Provide E-mail ID)
Date:
(Provide Submission Date)
thamibanu@gmail.com
Pearson
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Higher Nationals in
Computing
Databas
e
Design
&
Develo
pment
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
F.Thameena Banu
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Unit Number and Title
Unit 4: Database Design & Development
Academic Year
2017/2018
Unit Tutor
Ms.Ishani
Assignment Title
Issue Date
Unit 4: Database Design & Development
(Data base system for the SmartMovers Transport Company)
8-Feb-2018
Submission Date
23-June- 2018
IV Name & Date
Submission Format:
Part 1: The submission is in the form of an individual written report. This should be written in a concise,
formal business style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings,
paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced
using the Harvard referencing system. Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing
system. The recommended word limit is 2,000–2,500 words, although you will not be penalised for
exceeding the total word limit.
Part 2: The submission is in the form of a fully functional relational database system demonstrated to the
Tutor; and an individual written report (please see details in Part 1 above).
Part 3: The submission is in the form of a witness statement of the testing completed by the Tutor;
technical documentation; and a written report (please see details in Part 1 above).
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Demonstrate a range of interpersonal and transferable communication skills to a target audience.
LO2 Apply critical reasoning and thinking to a range of problem-solving scenarios.
LO3 Discuss the importance and dynamics of working within a team and the impact of team working in
different environments.
LO4 Examine the need for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and its role within the workplace
and for higher-level learning.
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Task 1 – (LO1) Use an appropriate design tool to design a relational database system
for a substantial problem
Task 1.1
(P1) Design a relational database system using appropriate design tools and techniques,
containing at least four interrelated tables, with clear statements of user and system
requirements.
a. Identify the user and system requirements to design a database for the above
scenario.
b. Identify entities and attributes of the given scenario and design a relational
database system using conceptual design (ER Model) by including identifiers
(primary Key) of entities and cardinalities, participations of relationships.
c. Convert the ER Model into logical database design using relational database
model including primary keys foreign keys and referential Integrities. It should
contain at least five interrelated tables.
Note:-It is allowed to have your own assumptions and related attributes within the
scope of the case study given.
Task 1.2
(M1) Produce a comprehensive design for a fully functional system, which includes
interface and output designs, data validations and data normalisation.
a. Explain data normalization with examples. Check whether the provided logical
design in task 1.1 is normalised. If not, normalize the database by removing the
anomalies.
b. Design set of simple interfaces to input and output for the above scenario using
Wireframe or any interface-designing tool.
c. Explain the validation mechanisms to validate data in the tables with examples.
Task 1.3
(D1) Assess the effectiveness of the design in relation to user and system requirements
a. Check whether the given design (ERD and Logical design) is representing the
identified user and system requirements to access the effectiveness of the design.
Task 2 - LO2 Develop a fully functional relational database system, based on an
existing system design
Task 2.1
(P2) Develop the database system with evidence of user interface, output and data
validations, and querying across multiple tables.
a. Develop a relational database system according to the ER diagram you have
created (Use SQL DDL statements).
b. Provide evidence of the use of a suitable IDE to create a simple interface to
insert, update and delete data in the database
c. Implement the validation methods explained in task 1.2-part c.
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d. Display the details payment with the job details and the customer details using
Join queries
Task 2.2
(P3) Implement a query language into the relational database system
a. Explain the usage of DML with below mentioned queries by giving at least one
single example per each case from the developed database.
Select
Update
Delete
Note: - The queries you have selected should be meaningful and relevant to the
given scenario.
Task 2.3
(M2) Implement a fully functional database system, which includes system security and
database maintenance.
a. Explain how security mechanisms have been used and the importance of these
mechanisms for the security of the database. Implement proper security
mechanisms (EX: -User groups, access permissions) in the developed database.
Task 2.4
(M3) Assess whether meaningful data has been extracted using query tools to produce
appropriate management information.
a. Explain the usage of the below SQL statements with the examples from the
developed database
Group by
Order by
Having
Between
Where
Task 3 - LO3 Test the systems against user and system requirements
Task 3.1
(P4) Test the system against user and system requirements.
a. Provide a suitable test plan to test the system against user and system
requirements
b. Provide relevant test cases for the database you have implemented
Note:- Learner needs to give expected results in a tabular format and screenshots
of the actual results with the conclusion
Task 3.2
(M4) Assess the effectiveness of the testing, including an explanation of the choice of test
data used.
a. Explain how the selected test data in task 3.1 b) can be used improve the
effectiveness of testing.
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Task 3.3
(D2) Evaluate the effectiveness of the database solution in relation to user and system
requirements, and suggest improvements.
a. Get independent feedback on your database solution from the non-technical
users and some developers (use surveys, questioners, interviews or any other
feedback collecting method) and make recommendations and suggestions for
improvements in a separate conclusion/recommendations section.
Task 4- LO4 Produce technical and user documentation
Task 4.1
(P5) Produce technical and user documentation.
a. Prepare a simple users’ guide and a technical documentation for the support and
maintenance of the software.
Task 4.2
(M5) Produce technical and user documentation for a fully functional system, including
diagrams showing movement of data through the system, and flowcharts describing how
the system works.
a. Your technical documentation should include some of the UML diagrams (Use
case diagram Class diagram, etc.), flow charts for the important functionalities,
context level DFD and the Level 1 DFD
Task 4.3
(D3) Assess any future improvements that may be required to ensure the continued
effectiveness of the database system.
a. Suggest the future improvements that may be required to ensure the continued
effectiveness of the database system.
Table of contents
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Contents
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................15
Task 1.1..............................................................................................................................16
a.
User and system requirements.............................................................................16
c.
Designing ER Diagram.........................................................................................17
ER Diagram..............................................................................................................18
Task 1.2..............................................................................................................................20
Data Normalization......................................................................................................20
First Normal Form..........................................................................................................21
Second Normal Form.....................................................................................................23
Third normal form..........................................................................................................24
Boyce and Codd Normal Form......................................................................................25
b. Wireframe for the above scenario..............................................................................26
c. Validation mechanism..............................................................................................30
Task 1.3..............................................................................................................................34
a. Effectiveness of the database...................................................................................34
Task 2.1..............................................................................................................................35
Task 2.2..............................................................................................................................49
Task 2.3..............................................................................................................................51
Task 2.4..............................................................................................................................53
Usage of SQL statements.............................................................................................53
Group by.....................................................................................................................53
Order by......................................................................................................................55
Having........................................................................................................................55
Between......................................................................................................................56
Where.........................................................................................................................56
Task 3.1..............................................................................................................................57
Test plan.........................................................................................................................57
Introduction................................................................................................................57
Assumptions...................................................................................................................57
Tasks...............................................................................................................................58
Hardware requirements..................................................................................................58
Risks Involved................................................................................................................58
b. Test case.....................................................................................................................58
Case 2.........................................................................................................................59
Case 3.........................................................................................................................59
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Case 4.........................................................................................................................60
Case 5.........................................................................................................................61
Conclusion.................................................................................................................61
Task 3.2..............................................................................................................................62
Task 3.3..............................................................................................................................62
Task 4.1..............................................................................................................................63
Task 4.2..............................................................................................................................70
Task 4.3..............................................................................................................................72
References..........................................................................................................................72
Tables
Table1. 1 - Entities and attributes..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table1. 2.............................................................................................................................22
Table1. 3.............................................................................................................................22
Table1. 4................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table1. 5.............................................................................................................................23
Table1. 6.............................................................................................................................24
Table1. 7.............................................................................................................................24
Table1. 8.............................................................................................................................25
Table1. 9 Winner date of birth............................................................................................25
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Table1. 10 Club Winner.......................................................................................................2
Table3. 1. Case 1..............................................................................................................58
Table3. 2.Case 2..................................................................................................................59
Table3. 3. Case 3.................................................................................................................59
Table3. 4.Case 4.................................................................................................................60
Table3. 5. Cash 5.................................................................................................................61
Y
Table4. 1.Visual Studio 2017...............................................................................................67
Table4. 2. MS SQL Server 2012...........................................................................................68
Figures
Figure1. 1 ER Diagram........................................................................................................19
Figure1. 2 Sign In................................................................................................................27
Figure1. 3 Create new account...........................................................................................27
Figure1. 4 . Profile...............................................................................................................28
Figure1. 5. Payment............................................................................................................28
Figure1. 6. Make new delivery...........................................................................................29
Figure1. 7. Order Registered..............................................................................................29
Y
Figure2. 1............................................................................................................................35
Figure2. 2............................................................................................................................36
Figure2. 3 Customer table..................................................................................................36
Figure2. 4 Product table.....................................................................................................37
Figure2. 5 Job table............................................................................................................37
Figure2. 6 Load table..........................................................................................................38
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Figure2. 7 Deport table......................................................................................................38
Figure2. 8 Payment table....................................................................................................39
Figure2. 9 Transport Unit table..........................................................................................39
Figure2. 10 Insert Customer values....................................................................................40
Figure2. 11 Select all from customer..................................................................................40
Figure2. 12 Insert Product values.......................................................................................41
Figure2. 13 Select all from product....................................................................................41
Figure2. 14 Insert job values..............................................................................................42
Figure2. 15 Select all from job............................................................................................42
Figure2. 16 Insert load values............................................................................................43
Figure2. 17 Select all from load..........................................................................................43
Figure2. 18 Insert deport values........................................................................................44
Figure2. 19 Select all from deport......................................................................................44
Figure2. 20 Insert payment values.....................................................................................45
Figure2. 21 Select all from payment...................................................................................45
Figure2. 22 Insert transport unit values.............................................................................46
Figure2. 23 Select all from transport unit..........................................................................46
Figure2. 24..........................................................................................................................47
Figure2. 25..........................................................................................................................49
Figure2. 26..........................................................................................................................50
Figure2. 27..........................................................................................................................50
Figure2. 28..........................................................................................................................51
Figure2. 29..........................................................................................................................54
Figure2. 30..........................................................................................................................54
Figure2. 31..........................................................................................................................55
Figure2. 32..........................................................................................................................55
Figure2. 33..........................................................................................................................56
Figure2. 34..........................................................................................................................56
Acknowledgement
Before heading into the proceedings of this assignment I would like to thank my lecturer
Ms.Ishani for all her effort made to coach me and my colleagues. Miss your guidance and
support was most needed and the motivations helped.
And I would like to thank Esoft organization for giving me this opportunity to reveal out
my talents though the assignment.
I would like to thank my friends in batch 79 for all the support.
Thank you
F.Thameena Banu
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HND-COM-79
Task 1 – (LO1) Use an appropriate design tool to design a relational database system
for a substantial problem
Task 1.1
(P1) Design a relational database system using appropriate design tools and
techniques, containing at least four interrelated tables, with clear statements of
user and system requirements.
a. Identify the user and system requirements to design a database for the
above scenario.
a. User and system requirements
Requirement is a thing demanded or obligatory. Comprehensive requirement document
will help to decide if the benefits of new application or upgrade justify the cost.
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Further on requirements can be categorized as user requirements and system
requirements.
User requirements are the things users expect from the system. A list of features a
system must have which is used as guidance when developing a system.
System requirements are the things that the software needs the host to support.
The user requirements and system requirements in the scenario are:
User requirements

Updated information

Record all the details about the customers, products, payments, jobs, loads, depots
and transport unit

The data should be secured
System requirements

The company needs computers to run database application.

The employees who have knowledge to maintain database.
System requirement contains software requirements and hardware requirements.
In Software requirements client version of window 10 is required for SQL server 2017
also will need hard disk space of 8030 MB.
In hardware requirement the initial disk space of 160 MB is required .The SQL server
requires a minimum of 6 GB.
b. Identify entities and attributes of the given scenario and design a relational
database system using conceptual design (ER Model) by including
identifiers (primary Key) of entities and cardinalities, participations of
relationships.
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c. Designing ER Diagram
Table1. 1 Entities and fields
Entities
Fields
Customer
Cus-no , c-name, address, t-no,
Product
p-id, type
Job
Job-no, s-loc, des
Load
Load-no, l-type
Deport
Deport_no , d-loc
Payment
Invo-no, pay-d, amount
Transport Unit
Cont_no ,dri_id ,amo ,lor_no
Cus-no
C-name
Address
t-no
P-id
Type
Job-no
S-loc
Des
Load-no
L-type
Deport-no
D-loc
Invo-no
Pay-d
Amount
Cont-no
Dri-id
Amo
Lor-no
- Customer number
- Customer name
- Address
- Telephone number
- Product id
- Type of product
- Job number
-Start location
-Destination
- Load number
- Load type
-Deport number
-Deport location
-Invoice number
-Pay date
- Amount of the payment
- Container number
- Driver id
- Amount
- Lorry number
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ER Diagram
Figure1. 1 ER Diagram
d. Convert the ER Model into logical database design using relational database
model including primary keys foreign keys and referential Integrities. It should
contain at least five interrelated tables.
Logical Database Design (Relational Schema)
Payment
Customer
Invo_no
Pay_Id
Amount
Cus_no
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Job_no
Cus_no
F.Thameena
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T_no
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P_id
Job
Job_no
S_loc
Des
Deport_no
Invo_no
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Load_no
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_
v
Product
Deport
Load
Deport_no
d-loc
Job_no
Product
Load_no
L_type
Job_no
P-id
P_id
Type
Cus_n
o
Load_no
Transport unit
Cont_no
Dri_id
Amo
Lor_no
Job_no
Task 1.2
(M1) Produce a comprehensive design for a fully functional system, which includes
interface and output designs, data validations and data normalisation.
a. Explain data normalization with examples. Check whether the provided
logical design in task 1.1 is normalised. If not, normalize the database by
removing the anomalies.
Data Normalization
Normalization is a technique of organizing the data into multiple related tables to
minimize data redundancy. Normalization is the process of decomposing relations with
anomalies to create smaller and well-structured relations.
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Normalization is used for:
 Take off redundant data
 Ensure data dependencies make sense
What the purpose of normalization?
If data redundancy is found in table it will eat up extra memory space and also will
make the user difficult to handle and update the database. In other words the repetition
of data increases the size of database.
What is meant by Anomalies?
Anomalies are the problems which occur in an un-normalized database. Where all data
are stored in one table.
Types of Anomalies
 Insertion Anomaly-Add or insert new data to the current existing data.
E.g.: new admission in a school.
 Updation Anomaly- Updating about a data to the current existing data.
E.g.: Mr. Adam leaves the school? Or is no longer the HOD
of the school? This is Updation anomaly.
 Deletion Anomaly- Deleting the data from the current existing data.
E.g.: In a student table both student data and branch data
are together. If the student records are deleted then we will
be losing the data on branch as well
Normalization types
1.
First normal form
2.
Second normal form
3.
Third normal form
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4.
BC normal form
First Normal Form
First normal form sets fundamental rule for database normalization and relates to a
single table within a relational database system.
In a first normal form table the table should contain atomic values and there are no
repeating groups.
An atomic value is a value which cannot be divided.
A repeating group means the tables containing two or more columns which are closely
related
Example :
BIC Clubs un-normalized table
Table1. 2
St_id
St_name
Mobile
Class
Club
001
Macaw
941234567891
079
Science, Soccer, Literary
002
Eshani
942345678912
062
Cheer, Literary, Health
003
Oshi
943456789123
043
Media, It
004
Hikka
944567891234
082
Cheer, Cookery
.
Student table (1st Normal Form)
Table1. 3
St_id
St_name
Mobile
Class
001
Macaw
941234567891
079
002
Eshani
942345678912
062
003
Oshi
943456789123
043
004
Hikka
944567891234
082
Student Club Table (1st Normal Form)
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Table1. 4
Second Normal Form
Second normal form (2NF) is the second step in normalizing a database. A table is in
2nd Normal Form if:
St_id
Club
S_ID
001 St_name
Cl_ID
ScienceClub
0001
001 Sam
28
SoccerSoccer
0002
001 Nive
31
LiteraryCheer
0003
002 Jack
34
CheerMedia
002
Literary
002
Health
003
Media
003
It
004
Cheer
004
Cookery

T
he
table is in First normal form, and

All the non-key columns are dependent on the table’s primary key.
Second normal form and third normal form handle with functional dependency and
transitive dependency.
A functional dependency means that it meets the requirements of First Normal Form
(1NF), and all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key. A
database t be fully functional dependency it must be in first normal form. Each
attributes holds a single atomic value.
e.g.: If attribute A determines the value of B, we write this A -> B — meaning that B is
functionally dependent on A. In this relationship, A determines the value of B, while B
depends on A.
Table1. 5
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Table1. 6
Table1. 7
St_id
St_name
0001
Sam
Cl_ID
Club
0002
Nive
28
Soccer
0003
Jack
31
Cheer
34
Media
Third normal form
Third normal form is the third step of normalization. A table is in third normal
form if: A table is in 2nd normal form. It contains only columns that are nontransitively dependent on the primary key.
Transitive dependency
Transitive dependency means if we have a primary key A and a non-key domain B and
C where C is more dependent on B than A and B is directly dependent on A, then C can
be considered transitively dependent on A.
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E.g.: As the below table is 2nd normal form fails to meet 3rd normal form
Table1. 8
Club
year
Winner
Winner date of birth
Cheer
2011
Sam
13 July 1996
Soccer
2011
Jack
28 February 1995
Media
2012
Sam
13 July 1996
Table1. 9 Winner date of birth
Winner
Sam
Winner date of
birth
13 July 1996
Jack
Sam
28 February 1995
13 July 1996
Table1. 10 Club winner
Club
Year
Winner
Cheer
2011
Sam
Soccer
2011
Jack
Media
2012
Sam
Boyce and Codd Normal Form
Boyce and codd normal form is the latest version of normalization. This form
handles certain anomalies that cannot be handled by 3rd normal form.
For a table to be in BCNF, following conditions must be satisfied:

R must be in 3rd Normal Form

And, for each functional dependency (X → Y), X should be a super Key.
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b. Design set of simple interfaces to input and output for the above scenario using
Wireframe or any interface-designing tool.
Wireframe is a design tool to create or develop web. It helps to create the basic
structure of a website. Wireframe is a site’s blue print and visual guide the provides
details of website navigation, content category and organization, content layout and
structure, functionality items, user interaction items, methods of displaying the content.
The benefits of using a wireframe are:
 Visualize the structure clearly.
 Clarify the features of interface.
 Push usability to the forefront.
 Help to refine navigation.
 Make the design process iterative.
According to the scenario the following are the functionalities of the system
 Customer details
 Job details
 Transport details
 Payment details
 Deport details
 Product details
 Load details
b. Wireframe for the above scenario
Smart movers login and registration page.
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Figure1. 2 Sign In
Figure1. 3 Create new account
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Figure1. 4 . Profile
Figure1. 5. Payment
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Figure1. 6. Make new delivery
Figure1. 7. Order Registered
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c. Explain the validation mechanisms to validate data in the tables with examples.
c. Validation mechanism
Validation is a process that ensures the delivery of a clear data to the program.
It checks for the integrity and validity of data that is being input to different software
and its components. Data validation is also known as input validation.
Constraint Validation is a type of data validation. Constraint Validation is an algorithm
browsers run when a form is submitted to determine validity.
There are methods of validations which are named below
 Check digit - A redundancy check used for error detection. It is used to check if
the range of numbers are entered correctly
Example, the ISBN-10 numbering system for books uses ‘Modulo-11’ division,
where it outputs the remainder of the division as the result of the
operation[ CITATION tea20 \l 1033 ].
 Type Check – this is a way to confirm that the correct data type is inputted.
Example, in an application form age may range from 0 to 100. A number data type
would be an appropriate choice for this data. By defining the data type as number,
only numbers are allowed in the field (e.g. 18, 20, 25) and it would prevent people
from inputting verbal data, like ‘eighteen’[ CITATION tea201 \l 1033 ].
 Length check- Allows checking if the data entered is not short or long. this is used
to make sure that the correct number of characters are entered into the field
Example, consider a password that needs to be 8 characters long. The length check
will ensure that exactly 8 characters are entered into the field[ CITATION tea20 \l
1033 ].
 Format check- Checks if the entered data is in the right and appropriate format.
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Example, a National Insurance number is in the form XX 99 99 99 XX where X is
any letter and 9 is any number[ CITATION tea20 \l 1033 ]
 Constraints
Constraints ensure the data entered into a relational database within a limit. Purpose of
constraints is to maintain data integrity during an update, insert and delete into a
relation.
Types of constraints
 Not null
 Unique
 Check
 Primary key
 Foreign key
Not null
Not null ensures that a column does not hold any null or empty value.
e.g.: CREATE TABLE Job
(Job_ID int NOT NULL,
Job_title varchar (255) NOT NULL,
Invoice_no int NOT NULL);
e.g.:
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Unique
Unique constraint ensures the column in a table contain unique values. If a column
contains unique constraints then the column cannot have duplicate values in the table.
e.g.: CREATE TABLE Job
(Job_ID int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
Job_title varchar (255) NOT NULL,
Invoice_no int NOT NULL);
Check
Ensure that the specific column have value with specified range.
e.g.:
CREATE TABLE Job
(Job_ID int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
Job_title varchar (255) NOT NULL,
Des_km int CHECK (km>=150)
)
Primary key
Primary key is a unique identification in a relation. Whereas it should have unique
values and should be not null.
e.g.:
CREATE TABLE Job
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(Job_ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Job_title varchar (255) NOT NULL,
Des_km int CHECK (km>=150)
);
e.g.:
Foreign key
Foreign key is taken from a primary key of another relation. They act as the cross
reference between the tables.
e.g.:
Job table
Job_no
00011
00012
Job_title
Junior executive
Assistant
executive
Table 11
Department
Operations
HR
Payment table
Invoice_no
1238
1239
Name
Mike
James
Job_no
00011
00012
Table 12
In the Job table “Job_no” column is the primary key.
In the Payment table “Job_no” column is the foreign key.
The both tables are connected with a primary key.
e.g.:
CREATE TABLE payment
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(Invoice_no int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name (255) NOT NULL,
Job_no int FOREIGN KEY REFRENCES job (Job_no));
Task 1.3
(D1) Assess the effectiveness of the design in relation to user and system
requirements
a. Check whether the given design (ERD and Logical design) is representing the
identified user and system requirements to access the effectiveness of the design.
a. Effectiveness of the database
Smart Movers is a transport company which needs to have system to maintain regular
activities of the company in order to satisfy customer demands. The company transports
chemical products from one location to another on behalf of registered customers.There
are nine regional deports to manage and maintain the transport units to deliver the
product. The design (ERD and Logical design) of this project is the identified user and
system requirements.
The design consists the records of all the information and data about customer, product,
transport unit, load, deport, payment and job the user requirements according to the
scenario. As a customer makes an order on one or more product it will be recorded as
loads for transport unit. The loads are of three types named as small, medium, large and
products are of two types no risk and high risk.
In every relation of database all the tables are connected using primary keys.
The user requirements in the scenario should be recorded in the system. The user can
enter his or her information in the Smart Movers website. E.g.: One of the requirements
in the scenario (Customer) should enter the details in the website. Similarly all user
requirements are made recorded in the system. According to the design of the database
all information are stored in one place. Therefore database is an important system to be
monitored and kept safe. As a database developer necessary steps should be taken to
secure the database system.
The design mentioned above describes and represents the system requirements to
retrieve the effectiveness and the efficiency of the database design.
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Task 2 - LO2 Develop a fully functional relational database system, based on an
existing system design
Task 2.1
(P2) Develop the database system with evidence of user interface, output and data
validations, and querying across multiple tables.
a. Develop a relational database system according to the ER diagram you have
created (Use SQL DDL statements).
1. Create the database
Figure2. 1
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2. Use the database
Figure2. 2
3. Create Tables
Figure2. 3 Customer table
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Figure2. 4 Product table
Figure2. 5 Job table
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Figure2. 6 Load table
Figure2. 7 Deport table
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Figure2. 8 Payment table
Figure2. 9 Transport Unit table
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Figure2. 10 Insert Customer values
Figure2. 11 Select all from customer
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Figure2. 12 Insert Product values
Figure2. 13 Select all from product
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Figure2. 14 Insert job values
Figure2. 15 Select all from job
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Figure2. 16 Insert load values
Figure2. 17 Select all from load
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Figure2. 18 Insert deport values
Figure2. 19 Select all from deport
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Figure2. 20 Insert payment values
Figure2. 21 Select all from payment
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Figure2. 22 Insert transport unit values
Figure2. 23 Select all from transport unit
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b. Provide evidence of the use of a suitable IDE to create a simple interface to
insert, update and delete data in the database
Microsoft Visual Studio is a integrated development environment IDE used to develop
computer programs, websites, web apps and mobile applications. Visual studio supports
36 different programming languages and allow code editors and debugger to support any
programming language such as C++, C#, JavaScript, Python, etc. Visual studio 2017 is
the latest version of visual basic launched by Microsoft.
Visual Studio 2017 consists of many new features
 Designer
 Code Editor
 Debugging
 Extensibility
 Other tools
The edition in Visual Studio:
 Professional
 Enterprises
 Community
Figure2. 24
‘
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c. Implement the validation methods explained in task 1.2-part c.
Primary key
Primary key is the unique identification in the table. As a record is created as primary
key that cannot be duplicated. A table can have only one primary key. Primary key is a
specific choice to minimal set of attributes that uniquely specify a row in a table. The
purpose of primary key in a table is to ensure row level accessibility.
e.g.:
Customer ID
Job number
Invoice number
Load number
Foreign key
Foreign key is taken from a primary key of another relation. They act as the cross
reference between the tables. Foreign key helps to identify a row of another table.
Foreign key do not have to be linked specifically to primary key in another table.
Unique
Unique constraint ensures the column in a table contain unique values. If a column
contains unique constraints then the column cannot have duplicate values in the table.
The primary key automatically has a unique constraint.
Not null
Not null ensures that a column does not hold any null or empty value. Not null
constraint does not allow updating new records or inserting new records.
d. Display the details payment with the job details and the customer details
using Join queries
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Figure2. 25
Task 2.2
(P3) Implement a query language into the relational database system
a. Explain the usage of DML with below mentioned queries by giving at least
one single example per each case from the developed database.
Select
Update
Delete
A data manipulation language (DML) is a family of computer languages including
commands permitting users to manipulate data in a database. This manipulation
involves inserting data into database tables, retrieving existing data, deleting data from
existing tables and modifying existing data. DML is mostly incorporated in SQL
databases.
The functional capability of DML is organized in manipulation commands like SELECT,
UPDATE, INSERT INTO and DELETE FROM, as described below:

SELECT: This command is used to retrieve rows from a table. The syntax is
SELECT [column name(s)] from [table name] where [conditions]. SELECT is
the most widely used DML command in SQL.
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Figure2. 26

UPDATE: This command modifies data of one or more records. An update
command syntax is UPDATE [table name] SET [column name = value] where
[condition].
Figure2. 27

DELETE: This command removes one or more records from a table according to
specified conditions. Delete command syntax is DELETE FROM [table name]
where [condition].
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Figure2. 28
Task 2.3
(M2) Implement a fully functional database system, which includes system security
and database maintenance.
a. Explain how security mechanisms have been used and the importance of
these mechanisms for the security of the database. Implement proper
security mechanisms (EX: -User groups, access permissions) in the
developed database.
Security mechanisms
Database security is a top priority for today’s organizations. Database security concerns
the use of a broad range of information security controls to protect databases against
compromises of their confidentiality, integrity and availability. It involves various types
or
categories
of
controls,
such
as
technical,
procedural/administrative
and
physical. Database security is a specialist topic within the broader realms of computer
security, information security and risk management.
Types of security control in databases:

Access control

Auditing

Authentication

Encryption

Integrity controls
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
Backups

Application security
Access control (AC) is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource. The
act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a resource
is called authorization.
Database auditing involves observing a database so as to be aware of the actions of
database users. Database administrators and consultants often set up auditing for security
purposes, for example, to ensure that those without the permission to access information
do not access it.
Authentication is the first step in access control, and there are three common factors
used for authentication. It is the process or act of confirming that a user who is attempting
to log in to a database is authorized to do so, and is only accorded the rights to perform
activities that he or she has been authorized to do.
There are three common factors used for authentication:

Something you know (such as a password)

Something you have (such as a smart card)

Something you are (such as a fingerprint or other biometric method)
Encryption is the process that uses an algorithm to transform data stored in a database into
"cipher text" that is incomprehensible without first being decrypted. Encryption does not
itself prevent interference, but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor. In
an encryption scheme, the intended information or message, referred to as plaintext, is
encrypted using an encryption algorithm. For technical reasons, an encryption scheme
usually uses a pseudo-random encryption key generated by an algorithm.
Data integrity is the overall completeness, accuracy and consistency of data. Data
integrity is usually imposed during the database design phase through the use of standard
procedures and rules.
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Three integrity constraints are used in a relational database

Entity Integrity

Referential Integrity

Domain Integrity
Backups are copies of data from your database that can be used to reconstruct that data.
Backups can be divided into physical backups and logical backups.

Logical backups contain logical data exported from a database with an
Oracle export utility and stored in a binary file, for later re-importing into
a database using the corresponding Oracle import utility.

Physical backups are the foundation of any sound backup and recovery
strategy. Logical backups are a useful supplement to physical backups in
many circumstances but are not sufficient protection against data loss
without physical backups.
Task 2.4
(M3) Assess w2`hether meaningful data has been extracted using query tools to
produce appropriate management information.
a. Explain the usage of the below SQL statements with the examples from the
developed database
Group by
Order by
Having
Between
Where
Usage of SQL statements
Group by
The statement is used to group the data by one or more column.
e.g.: Calculating the total of payment
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Figure2. 29
Figure2. 30
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Order by
The statement used to set data in ascending or descending order.
e.g.:
Figure2. 31
Having
It used to apply a condition to the aggregate results to limit the groups of returned rows.
e.g.:
Figure2. 32
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Between
It is used to get set of values in a range.
e.g.:
Figure2. 33
Where
It is apply condition to select, update, insert and delete data.
e.g.:
Figure2. 34
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Task 3 - LO3 Test the systems against user and system requirements
Task 3.1
(P4) Test the system against user and system requirements.
a. Provide a suitable test plan to test the system against user and system
requirements
Test plan
Introduction
The purpose of Smart Movers database is to enter, retrieve and delete data about the
customers, product, transport unit, load, deport payment and job. The customer should
be able to enter all the details using smart movers.
The purpose of test plan is to test:
1. What happens if additional data are added to the tables?
2. What happens wrong if data types are entered to the system
3. Data can be inserted to the system
4. Data can be updated
5. Data can be deleted from the system
Assumptions
There can be only four or five customers in the system
Four transport units are available in the system with four drivers, four containers and
four Lorries.
With four starting locations and four destination locations that the product (chemicals)
can be transported
When the customer makes orders an invoice number will be issued for that customer at
that time
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Tasks
1. Check whether the system give an error message when trying to delete data from a
non-existing table in the database
2. Check whether a value is update
3. Check whether an error message is represented
4. Check whether a created table is in the system
5. Check whether a deleted data still exist.
Hardware requirements
1. A PC with a minimum speed of 1.0 GHz for 32-bit and a minimum speed of 1.4 GHz
for 64-bit implementation. (Recommended 2.0GHz)
2. A system with 4GB RAM
3. A reasonable storage to store data
Risks Involved
1. In the process of testing few or some wanted data would be deleted.
2. In the process of testing some important information could be changed
b. Provide relevant test cases for the database you have implemented
Note:- Learner needs to give expected results in a tabular format and screenshots
of the actual results with the conclusion
b. Test case
Table3. 1. Case 1
Project Name:
Smart Movers
Test
Engineer:
Test Case ID:
Thameena
Test Scenario:
Insert data into the database with correct data type
Test Steps:
Insert the data into the Depot table with correct SQL syntax
Test Data:
Jo no (11,12,13,14)
1
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Expected
Results:
System should give a success message as the output
Actual
Results:
A success message was shown
PASS/FAIL
PASS
Case 2
Table3. 2.Case 2
Project Name:
Smart Movers
Test
Engineer:
Test Case ID:
Thameena
Test Scenario:
Insert data into the database with wrong data types
Test Steps:
Insert the wrong data type into the Load table fields with correct
SQL syntax
Test Data:
Job no (DC3)
Cus no (AB2)
System should give a failure message as the output
Expected
Results:
2
Actual
Results:
A failure message was shown
PASS/FAIL
PASS
Case 3
Table3. 3. Case 3
Project Name:
Smart Movers
Test
Thameena
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Engineer:
Test Case ID:
3
Test Scenario:
Update data in the database
Test Steps:
Update the data in the Customer table fields with correct SQL
syntax
Test Data:
“1” to “2”
Expected
Results:
System should give a success message as the output
Actual
Results:
A success message was shown
PASS/FAIL
PASS
Case 4
Table3. 4.Case 4
Project Name:
Smart Movers
Test
Engineer:
Test Case ID:
Thameena
Test Scenario:
Delete data from the table
Test Steps:
Delete data from the Invoice table with correct SQL syntax
Test Data:
Delete “109” from Invoice table
Expected
Results:
System should give a success message as the output
Actual
Results:
A success message was shown
4
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PASS/FAIL
PASS
Case 5
Table3. 5. Cash 5
Project Name:
Smart Movers
Test
Engineer:
Test Case ID:
Thameena
Test Scenario:
Enter a null value to a foreign key field
Test Steps:
Insert a null value to the Load_Product table ProductID field with
correct SQL syntax
Test Data:
ProductID – “01”
Expected
Results:
System should give a failure message as the output
Actual
Results:
A failure message was shown
PASS/FAIL
PASS
5
Conclusion
As the all the above test case was positive the developed Smart Movers database has no
errors and it is well created and organized as it is ready to be executed.
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Task 3.2
(M4) Assess the effectiveness of the testing, including an explanation of the choice of test
data used.
a. Explain how the selected test data in task 3.1 b) can be used improve the effectiveness
of testing.
Task 3.3
(D2) Evaluate the effectiveness of the database solution in relation to user and system
requirements, and suggest improvements.
a.
Get independent feedback on your database solution from the nontechnical users and some developers (use surveys, questioners, interviews or any
other feedback collecting method) and make recommendations and suggestions for
improvements in a separate conclusion/recommendations section.
Figure3. 1 Feedback form
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Task 4- LO4 Produce technical and user documentation
Task 4.1
(P5) Produce technical and user documentation.
a. Prepare a simple users’ guide and a technical documentation for the support and
maintenance of the software.
User’s Guide
This is the Smart Movers automated system for operational activities. The users’ guide
will help you to work with the system.
Image of home page
Figure 4. 1 Sign In
This is the welcome page which will be shown soon after you run the program.
If you are a existing user
1. Enter your User ID
2. Enter your password
If you are a new user click “Sign up” to create a new account.
This is the new account page for new customers. Enter your details correctly, create a new
password and remember the password for your sign in purpose. After entering all the
relevant details click on “Submit” button to register your account.
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Figure 4. 2. New account registration
If you are a new user click “Sign up” to create a new account.
This is the new account page for new customers. Enter your details correctly, create a new
password and remember the password for your sign in purpose. After entering all the
relevant details click on “Submit” button to register your account and mae your payment.
Figure 4. 3. Payment
In this page type your card details to register with SmartMovers and importantly select
your type of membership from “Category 1/2/3”. And after click on “Pay”to complete
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Figure 4. 4. Profile
This is the Profile of the SmartMovers. After you log in to the system you will get here.
In this page you can make a new delivery by clicking “New Delivery” button, see your
current deliveries by clicking “Current Deliveries” and see your delivery history by
clicking on “Delivery History”.
When you click on “New Delivery” you will be directed to the following Page.
Figure 4. 5. New delivery registration
In this window you have to give your product and load details to make an order. After you
complete filling the details then click on the “Confirm and pay” button and it will
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redirect to the merchant payment site. After you completed the payment your order details
will be shown like this following window.
Figure 4. 6. Order successfully registered
And then finally you can go to the homepage again by clicking on the “Continue to
homepage” button
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Technical Documentation
To run the program smoothly and for better performance and maintenance following
requirements is needed.
For Visual Studio 2017
Table4. 1.Visual Studio 2017
Hardware
1.8 GHz or

faster
processor.
Dual-core
or better
recommended
2 GB of RAM; 4 GB of RAM recommended (2.5 GB

minimum if running on a virtual machine)
Hard disk space: up to 130 GB of available space,

depending on features installed; typical installations require
20-50 GB of free space.
Hard disk speed: to improve performance, install Windows

and Visual Studio on a solid state drive (SSD).
Video card that supports a minimum display resolution of

720p (1280 by 720); Visual Studio will work best at a
Supported
Operating
Systems
resolution of WXGA (1366 by 768) or higher.
Visual Studio 2017 will install and run on the following operating
systems:

Windows 10 version 1507 or higher: Home, Professional,
Education, and Enterprise (LTSB and S are not supported)

Windows Server 2016: Standard and Data center

Windows 8.1 (with Update 2919355): Core, Professional,
and Enterprise

Windows
Server
2012
R2
(with Update
2919355):
Essentials, Standard, Data center

Windows 7 SP1 (with latest Windows Updates): Home
Premium, Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate
[ CITATION Vis18 \l 1033 ]
For Microsoft SQL Server 2012
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Table4. 2. MS SQL Server 2012
Component
Requirement
Memory [1]
Minimum:
Express Editions: 512 MB
All other editions: 1 GB
Recommended:
Express Editions: 1 GB
All other editions: At least 4 GB and should be increased as database
size increases to ensure optimal performance.
Processor
Speed
Minimum:
x86 Processor: 1.0 GHz
x64 Processor: 1.4 GHz
Recommended: 2.0 GHz or faster
Processor
Type
x64 Processor: AMD Opteron, AMD Athlon 64, Intel Xeon with
Intel EM64T support, Intel Pentium IV with EM64T support
x86 Processor: Pentium III-compatible processor or faster
[ CITATION Har14 \l 1033 ]
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Task 4.2
(M5) Produce technical and user documentation for a fully functional system, including
diagrams showing movement of data through the system, and flowcharts describing how
the system works.
b. Your technical documentation should include some of the UML diagrams (Use
case diagram Class diagram, etc.), flow charts for the important functionalities,
context level DFD and the Level 1 DFD
Figure 51
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Figure 52
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Task 4.3
(D3) Assess any future improvements that may be required to ensure the continued
effectiveness of the database system.
b. Suggest the future improvements that may be required to ensure the continued
effectiveness of the database system.
References
Techopedia.com. (2018). What is Data Manipulation Language (DML)? - Definition
from Techopedia. [online] Available at:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1179/data-manipulation-language-dml
[Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Database security. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_security [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
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En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Access control. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Database audit. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_audit [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Authentication. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Encryption. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Data integrity. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Database encryption. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_encryption [Accessed 22 Jun. 2018].
Gibson, D. (2018). Understanding the Three Factors of Authentication |
Understanding the Three Factors of Authentication | Pearson IT Certification. [online]
Pearsonitcertification.com. Available at:
http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1718488 [Accessed 22
Jun. 2018].
Techopedia.com. (2018). What is Data Integrity in Databases? - Definition from
Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/811/dataintegrity-databases [Accessed 22 Jun. 2018].
Docs.oracle.com. (2018). Backup and Recovery Overview. [online]
Available at:
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/backup.102/b14192/intro001.ht
m [Accessed 22 Jun. 2018].
Lifewire. (2018). Protect Your Data by Normalizing It to at Least 2NF.
[online] Available at: https://www.lifewire.com/full-functionaldependency-1019753 [Accessed 23 Jun. 2018].
https://teachcomputerscience.com/validation/
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