Introduction to World
Religio and Belief System
Teacher’s Resource Manual
Philippine Copyright 2016
by Rex Book Store, Inc.
and
Flaudette May Datuin
Roberto Paulino
Eileen Legaspi-Ramirez
Louise Marcelino
RBS Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions
First Edition
ISBN 978-971-23-8051-8
Classification: Worktext (89-CU-00001-0A)
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Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................................................................v
Unit I: ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
LESSON 1:
What is Contemporary Art? ................................................................................................ 1
LESSON 2:
A Brief History of Philippine Art ......................................................................................14
LESSON 3:
The Contexts of Art..............................................................................................................45
LESSON 4:
The Contemporary in Traditional Art: Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
Bayan (Gamaba)....................................................................................................................56
LESSON 5:
National Artists of the Philippines ................................................................................65
LESSON 6:
Support Systems, Institutions, and Initiatives Across the Regions.....................74
Unit II: STREAMING
LESSON 7:
Mediums and Techniques .................................................................................................88
LESSON 8:
Elements of Art and Principles of Composition ......................................................101
LESSON 9:
Themes and Subject Matter ...........................................................................................112
Unit III: SYNCING
LESSON 10: Integrating the Local and the Contemporary ..........................................................122
LESSON 11: Art Production .....................................................................................................................132
Index .................................................................................................................................................................136
iii
iv
Preface
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions is designed to simulate the environment
of the Internet. This is to make a challenging and complex subject less intimidating and
easier to access. As this book unfolds, we encourage you to imagine yourselves going
through an adventure and a journey of exploration. Sometimes, the journey may be rough
and you will find yourself lost in the many twists and turns of Contemporary Art. But keep
on going; make sure you do not lose sight of the signposts that will guide you back to the
main routes.
The signposts that will function as your guides are:
QUEST sets the direction of the lesson and the learning outcomes;
CHAT ROOM signals that the discussion is about to begin;
FLAG lists the key terms to remember and understand;
THREAD links the lesson to previous and succeeding lessons;
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) are formative questions. The questions
make us aware of the main information to remember for each subtopic;
THOUGHT BUBBLES are reflective questions or questions that call our
attention to issues that we may wish to reflect on, in relation to a particular
topic. They complement the FAQs, and also give us time to pause and catch our
breath between long texts, but without breaking the flow of thought or ideas.
Instead thought bubbles spur you to further inquiries and investigations;
TMLSS (To Make Long Story Short) sums up the lessons;
D-I-Y (Do It Yourself ) are hands-on activities;
v
PIN IT are summative questions also known as Guide Questions that sum up the
ideas behind the FAQs and the thought bubbles;
LEVEL UP are further activities; and
TL; DR (Too Long; Did not Read) refers to books and other materials that the
authors consulted. They are also known as Further Readings.
vi
UNIT I
ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
This unit shines a beam of light on the contexts of contemporary art. Context
is not just background or backdrop; it is intricately wedded to form—what art is
made of, and how it is made. Art is shaped by and draws inspiration from the society
and at the same time, art is honed by the specific conditions that engendered
its production. In Lesson 1 we will learn some of the general characteristics of
contemporary art, in the context of the Philippines’ various histories, cultures and
identities. In Lesson 2, we present a more detailed overview of the histories of art in
the Philippines; in the process, we will come to realize that art has many forms and
contexts. In Lesson 3, we will scan the social, political, economic, environmental,
and other contexts of art. Lessons 4 and 5 focus on the artists who have been
declared National Living Treasures and National Artists, respectively. While the aim
is to give you a preliminary exposure to exemplary artists, we also bear in mind
that awards are forms of validation, and comprise but one element of the support
systems of art, discussed in Lesson 6.
This unit also sets the stage and provides the first building block for the final
project. The activities in this unit fall under the pre-production stage. It starts
with an activity on the Creation Story in Lesson 1, which will be developed into a
concept, a narrative, a plot, a setting, and a storyboard in subsequent lessons all
the way to Unit II, and finally a video production in Unit III. This unit culminates
with a Cultural Mapping Research Project. Instructions are found at the end of
Lesson 6. The Cultural Mapping project will take us outside the classroom to our
own communities, enabling us to gain exposure and understanding of our own
contexts.
LESSON 1: WHAT IS CONTEMPORARY ART?
QUEST
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
•
define the term “contemporary art” in art historical, cultural and stylistic
terms;
•
explain the difference between contemporary art and modern art in the
context of the Philippines’ various histories, cultures, and identities;
•
demonstrate the major characteristics of contemporary art through an
artwork that would require teamwork and collaboration;
•
appreciate the role of contemporary art and artists in Philippine contemporary
life; and
•
understand contemporary issues and their relationship to real life situations.
UNIT I: ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
1
FLAG
CHAT ROOM
Contemporary Art
Modern Art
Neo-Realism
Social Realism
Neoclassic
integrative
process-based
site-specific
collaborative
interactive
installation
mixed media
performance art
THREAD
It is a common tendency to describe the present as “modern.” Being modern
means being up to date and technologically advanced. Often, being modern is
equated with being contemporary. Art that is new or current is also often referred
to as “modern” as opposed to “traditional” or “conservative.” In other words, in
everyday parlance, the terms are interchangeable.
In this lesson and in the more detailed history in the next, we will learn that
the terms modern and contemporary refer to vastly different periods. Modern
Art is not the same as Contemporary Art, although they could share some
characteristics, sources and influences. As we will come to realize and learn as we
go along, it is also possible to integrate and transform elements from Modern Art
into Contemporary Art.
FAQ What is contemporary? Is it the same as being modern?
The first difference between the contemporary and modern is historical and
chronological, as the overview of Philippine Art in Lesson 2 will show. Meanwhile,
the table suggested by Arts Studies Professors Fajardo and Flores titled “Historical
Overview of Philippine Art “ (2002) below shows a summary of the periods of
2
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions
Philippine Art from Pre-Conquest to the Contemporary. Please take note that this
table includes painting, sculpture, and architecture only. As you learn more in
succeeding lessons, you can add on your own data on the other arts like music,
dance, literature, and theater.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: PHILIPPINE ART
Form
Painting
Pre-Conquest
Spanish Period
1521-1898
American
Period
1898–1940
Japanese
Period
1941–45
Potter; body
adorment,
ornament (Figure
A)
Religious (icon
and ecclesiastical),
secular
(portraiture).
(Figure B)
Landscape,
portraiture,
genre, interior,
still life
Pottery, carving
and woodwork,
metalwork and
expression
(FIgure C)
Santos, furniture,
reliefs, altar
pieces, jewelry,
metalwork, fieta,
ornamentation
(Figure D)
Free standing,
relief, public
Wartime
scene
(aggression,
nationalism,
atrocities,
symbolic,
protest,
aspiration for
peace)
Dwellings
and houses,
shelters, worship
areas, official
residences,
mosque, masjid,
state edifices
(Figure E)
Church, plaza
complex; town
planning,
fortification,
civic buildings
and installations,
private residences,
commercial
structures,
cemeteries,
bridges,
lighthouse
City planning
parks,
waterfronts,
civic/gov’t.,
structures,
public works,
apartments,
residences,
offices, health
and public
education,
business
chalet
Sculpture
Architecture
Propaganda
Indigenizing
and
orientilizing
works,
genre, idyllis
(Amorosio,
Francisco,
Ocampo)
Public works
Postwar
Republic
1946–1969
Modern,
conservative,
bastract,
experimental,
public art
70sContemporary
Figurative,
non-figurative,
art for art sake,
multimedia,
mixed media,
transmedia
Real estate, safe housing,
accessories, tenements, squatters,
conventon arch, commercial/
business, condos, malls,
subdivisions, development, low
cost housing
Figure 1.1
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C
Figure D
Figure E
UNIT I: ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
3
FAQ What is Contemporary Art? What is Modern Art?
If we talk in terms of Art History (refer to the aforementioned matrix), Contemporary
Art can be defined as art produced by artists living today.
Figure 1.2. Zyza Bacani (2013)
The picture on Figure 1.2 and the painting by HR Ocampo on Figure 1.3 have
the same subject matter: the poor and ordinary people on the streets.
Figure 1.2 was taken around 2013, in Hong Kong, where the photographer,
Zyza Bacani, who hails from Nueva Vizcaya, worked as a domestic helper, and
is now based in New York on a scholarship. On her days off, she shot with her
digicamera. Her first camera was bought from money loaned by her employer.
(http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/ny- times-blog-features-filipino-domesticworkerphotographer)
HR Ocampo’s painting (Figure 1.3) was painted in the early 1960s. At that
time, the painting was considered contemporary. Today, we refer to these works
as examples of Modern Art, produced between the American colonial period to
the Post-war period. Some Modern artists continue to produce work till today. In
that sense, their works can be described as contemporary, by virtue of being “of
the present.” For example, the National Artist Arturo Luz continued to produce
paintings in his 90s and well into the 21st. However, as seen in Figure 1.1 the table
of “Historical Overview” his paintings’ hard-edged and minimalist abstract style
is associated with the Modern style of the late 20th century. The “contemporary”
is therefore a fluid term, and its use can change depending on the con-texts, in
this case historical and stylistic. At times, the Modern and Contemporary can be
4
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions
used simultaneously or interchangeably; however, there is also danger of using
them carelessly or loosely. Thus, it is important to know the historical, and stylistic
contexts of the terms.
Figure 1.3. The Contrast by HR Ocampo
Figure 1.4. Frugal Meal by Cesar Legaspi
There are a number of artists—young and senior, alike—who paint in
styles associated with Modern Art. National Artist Victorio Edades is credited for
initiating the Modern Art movement that challenged the Neoclassic style, which
was dominant at the time he came home from studying in America before the
war. The Neoclassic style depicts reality as closely as possible and idealizes it. The
Modern artists led by Edades challenged what were described as “conservative” art
seen in the works of National Artists Fernando Amorsolo and Guillermo Tolentino.
Modern artists do not aim to copy and idealize reality; instead, they change the
colors and flatten the picture instead of creating illusions of depth, nearness, and
farness. Instead of the beautiful and pastoral, they depict what might be thought
of as “ugly” and unpleasant.
At that time, Modern Art was considered new and shocking; Neoclassic Art
was familiar and comfortable. Neoclassic Art is also described by art historians
like Guillermo as “academic” along with other es-tablished styles imported from
Europe via Spanish colonization. In its simplest sense Neoclassicism is “academic”
as it was and continues to be taught in schools, particularly the then University of
the Philippines School of Fine Arts (now UP College of Fine Arts), where Amorsolo
and Tolentino were most influential. The School of Fine Arts is now the University
of the Philippines College of Fine Arts, where students are being exposed to various
styles. The Neoclassic style associated with Amorsolo and Tolentino continue to
influence a number of practicing artists who have learned to paint in that style
either for-mally as art students in various universities where Neoclassic style is
UNIT I: ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
5
included in the curriculum or infor-mally through workshops and apprenticeships,
or through self-learning or self-study, as in the case of many artists from the regions
outside Manila.
Today, Modern Art is referred to as “traditional,” compared to Contemporary
Art. Contemporary Art is the art of the present, which is continuously in process
and in flux. What is contemporary today might become “academic” or “traditional”
at some point. The styles of Modern Art for example are now part of art school
curricula and have become academic. Thus, the distinction between Modern
Art and Contem-porary Art could also be a matter of perception and reception
depending on the contexts, which will be discussed in detail in the succeeding
lessons. For now, it is important that we are aware of the distinction between
Modern Art and Contemporary Art, their differences as well as similarities.
FAQ What are the similarities and differences between Modern Art and
Contemporary Art?
Figure 1.5. Carlos Francisco, Magpupukot
Figure 1.6. Fernando Amorsolo, Fishing Scene
Figure 1.7. Victorio Edades, The Builders
6
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions