Noakhali Science and Technology University
Noakhali-3814
Assignment On: Cattle Nutrition and Integument
Course Tittle: Veterinary And Agro-Pharmaceuticals
Course Code: PHAR3111
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
Submitted By:
Submitted To:
Md. Ismail Hosen - ASH1903010M
Md. Abdur Rahman Ripon
Mobile no. 01869574371
Lecturer,
Tabassum Islam Nabila – BKH1903037F
Department of Pharmacy
Year-3, Team-1
Noakhali Science and Technology
University
Session: 2018-2019
Date of Submission: 09/03/2022
Cattle Nutrition and Integument
1. Cattle Nutrition
1.1
Nutrition
Nutrition is a process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food
and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduces, and perform.
1.2
Nutrient
Nutrient is a substance or part of feedstuff that is necessary for an organism
to live and grow, also known as a single group of foods of the same general
chemical composition that supports animal life. Required nutrients for cattle
include water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
Water
Minerals
Protein
Six Basic
Nutrients
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Fats
1.3
Water
Water is the most critical nutrient in all livestock production. Animals can go without food for
several days, but can only survive without water for ~3 days. Water makes up 55-65% of an
animal’s body.
Cattle’s water needs to be clean and fresh. If you look at the water and decide that you wouldn’t
drink it then consider why do you make cattle drink it. We should consider having our water source
tested on a semi-routine basis to check for the incidence of contamination by harmful
microorganisms and or chemicals, additionally checking water levels for mineral and heavy metal
contamination could be beneficial.
To ensure availability and control potential contamination of surface water sources, well derived
water is the best option. Additionally, environmental issues may necessitate the restriction of cattle
from surface water.
1.4
Energy
Energy is derived from digestion of feedstuffs:
1. Protein
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fat
Energy is one of the most important things that cattle require. Energy is derived from the digestion
of dietary carbohydrates including fiber and starch, dietary and microbial protein, and dietary fat.
We measure energy content of feeds and talk about energy requirements of cattle in terms of TDN
(total digestible nutrients).
More advance energy discussion relate the energy content of feeds and the energy requirements of
cattle in the Net energy system. The NE system assigns a proportion of the energy in the feedstuff
to meet the cow’s requirement for maintenance, growth, lactation, and gestation. Common sources
of energy include: forage or hay, citrus pulp, molasses, grain by-products, and fat.
There is a direct relationship between TDN and the quality of the
feedstuff. The lower the quality of the feed, the lower the energy
content of the feed, and generally, the lower the intake of the feed will
be. Low quality feeds have a lot of “filler” that takes up space in the
rumen, is not digested and thus provides no energy for the animal. In
this table are some examples of feedstuffs and there approximate
TDN value.
1.4.1 Protein
Proteins are complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Purpose:
1. Develop and repairing body organs and tissues (i.e.: muscles, nerves, skin, hair,
hooves, and feathers).
2. Important in the reproduction process of the developing fetus, transmitting DNA,
and development of young.
Protein requirements of cattle
The protein requirements of cattle are met by three different sources.
1. The first source is the diet, protein is derived from digestion of the forage that is consumed
and any supplemental feeds that are offered.
2. The next protein source is the digestion of the rumen microbes that grow in the rumen
and then are passed to the lower GI tract for digestion. Microbial protein is the main source
of protein for most grazing cattle. This protein is high quality and allows ruminants to
flourish on high-forage diets.
3. The final source of protein is actually the recycling of urea back into the rumen for the
rumen microbes to utilize. Recycling of N is again and adaptation that allows cattle to
consume low-quality forages and yet survive and grow.
Common protein sources include forage, which is the primary source of protein and nitrogen for
the animal and the rumen microbes. Supplemental sources included oilseeds and oilseed meals like
soybean and cottonseed meal, grain by-products are sources of protein (distillers grains, corn
gluten feed), finally approved animal by products like feather meal, fish meal, and porcine blood
meal.
1.4.2 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are feed components that provide energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. They are a major component of plant tissues. Carbohydrates should make up about
75 percent of an animal’s diet. Carbohydrates are not stored in the body. They must be provided
in the animal’s diet every day. Unused carbohydrates are converted into fat to be stored. In addition
to energy, carbohydrates aid in the use of proteins and fats by the body.
Types: Sugars, starch, fiber.
Purpose:
1. Supports body functions, breathing, digesting, etc.
2. Stores fat, and produces heat for body warmth.
1.4.3 Fats
Fat or lipid is a food component that provides energy and is also the form in which animals store
energy. Fats contain the highest amounts of energy. They can contain 2.25 times more energy than
carbohydrates. Fats play an important role in supplying the energy needed by an animal for normal
body maintenance. A key role of fats is they are the only way the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and
K can enter the animal’s body. Fats may be supplemented from vegetable sources such as oil seeds,
animal sources such as tallow, and specialty fat sources that are manufactured to be rumen inert,
ie, not interact with the metabolism of rumen microbes.
1.5
Vitamins
A vitamin is an organic substance needed in small quantities to perform specific functions. They
do not provide energy, but are necessary in using energy. Vitamins aid the animal’s body by
assisting to regulate body functions, keeping the body healthy, and developing resistance to
diseases. The deficiency of a vitamin can lead to disease or death. vitamins are separated into two
different classes, water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
The table on the right breaks down the vitamins according to their
solubility. Ruminants do not normally need to be supplemented
with B vitamins or any of the other water soluble vitamins to meet
their nutritional requirements. The rumen microorganisms
synthesize adequate levels of all of the B vitamins, niacin,
pantothenic acid, and folic acid to satisfy cattle requirements.
The fat soluble vitamins with the exception of vitamin K are often
incorporated into well-formulated good quality vitamin/mineral
supplements. Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in specific tissues
of the body for limited time periods, but cattle benefit by having
adequate levels of fat soluble vitamins supplemented to their diet.
1.6
Minerals
A mineral is an inorganic element found in small amounts in the body. Minerals are essential in
skeleton growth and necessary for body systems to function properly.
There are two groups of minerals:
a) Macro-Minerals -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Salt (NaCl) [Sodium & Chorine]
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Magnesium (Mg)
Potassium (K)
Sulfur (S)
b) Micro-minerals
1. Chromium (Cr)
2. Cobalt (Co)
3. Copper (Cu)
4. Fluorine (F)
5. Iodine (I)
6. Iron (Fe)
7. Manganese (Mn)
8. Molybdenum (Mo)
9. Selenium (Se)
10. Silicon (Si)
11. Zinc (Zn)
Macro-minerals or major minerals are needed in the diet in relatively large amounts.
Microminerals or trace minerals are minerals that are required in small quantities. The forage base,
pasture or hay, is the most important contributor of minerals for cattle just like it is for energy and
protein. However, because of differences in forage type and quality the forage base also causes
some of the major dietary deficiencies.
The need for minerals is paramount because they are essential for many of the basis physiological
process in the body (regulation of osmotic pressure, transmission of nervous impulses,
antioxidants, bone growth, etc.). Generally, our forages are not just deficient in one mineral, thus
mineral supplements to meet cattle requirements should be well-balanced to address all of the
potential mineral concentration shortfalls in the forage.
1.7
What affects cattle nutrient requirements?
Nutrient requirements differ:
1. Age
2. Level of production
3. Current and/or desired body condition
4. Breed
5. Physiology
6. Lactation
7. Gestation
8. Pasture activity
9. Terrain
10. Pest load
11. Feed Additives
12. Ionophore
13. Environment
14. Temperature
15. Season
2 Cattle Integument
2.1 What is the integument?
The Integument is one of the largest and most extensive organ systems in the body. It is composed
of all four tissue types, it covers and protects underlying structures and forms a critical barrier
between the delicate inner workings of the body and the harsh elements of the external world.
The skin together with related structures, forms the integumentary system or common integument.
This includes hair, hooves, horns, claws, and various skin related glands. It includes the mucous
membranes that line the mouth, anus, and nostrils and has a remarkable ability to heal and
regenerate.
2.2 The layers of skin
Skin forms two distinct layers: The epidermis and the dermis. Only
the dermis contains blood Epidermis vessels. A third layer (the
hypodermis) is found below the dermis. Dermis composed primarily
of adipose tissues which act as a thermo-insulator.
2.3 Epidermis
The Epidermis has five distinct layers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Stratum corneum: “horny layer”
Stratum lucidum: “clear layer”
Stratum granulosum: “granular layer”
Stratum spinosum: “spiny layer”
Stratum basale: “basal layer”
2.4 The dermis
The dermis makes up the greatest portion of the integument and is responsible for most of the
structural strength of the skin. The dermis is highly fibrous.
The dermis contains two layers:
1. The Papillary layer
2. The Dermal Papillae
2.5 Special features
Pigmentation: Pigmentation is caused by the presence or absence of melanin granules in
the arm like extensions of the melanocytes.
Paw Pads: The feet of cattle are padded and quiet. The pad’s outer surface is the toughest
and thickest skin on the body. (fig.)
Planum nasale: The top of the nose in the cow and horse, is commonly called the muzzle
and is technically referred to as the planum nasale.(fig.)
2.6 Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
(LSDV) and is included in the OIE list of notifiable animal diseases. It belongs to the genus
Capripoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. Morbidity rates vary between 10 to 20% with a 1-5%
mortality rate.
2.6.1 Transmission and Clinical Signs
The transmission of LSDV mainly takes place mechanically by blood-feeding arthropods such as
mosquitoes, stable flies, and ticks. Less commonly, the virus may be spread by direct contact to
the skin lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, milk, or semen of infected animals. The incubation period
of LSD is 4 to 28 days. It ranges from inapparent to severe disease.
The clinical sign includes Fever (> 41°C), reduction in milk production, depression, anorexia and
emaciation, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, excessive salivation and enlarged superficial lymph nodes.
2.6.2 Impact of LSD in Bangladesh
LSD causes huge economical losses which include permanent hide damage, emaciation, reduced
milk production, abortion, infertility, and death. The outbreak in Bangladesh is having a significant
impact on the livelihoods of small-scale farmers, which make up most cattle owners in the country.
The cost of providing supportive treatment for 2-3 months during the recovery period is unrealistic
for many of these low-income families.
Figure: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) of cattle.
2.6.3 Prevention and Control Strategy
As a vector-borne disease, LSD is almost impossible to control without vaccination. Vaccination
is based on live vaccines.
•
•
•
Vaccination Strategies: Heterologous Vs Homologous approach.
Heterologous vaccination is based on Sheep or Goat live vaccines. It induces an incomplete
and weak protection.
Homologous strains (Neethling strain) confer a solid and durable immunity Live attenuated
Neethling strain vaccine provides the best protection.
References:
1. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Published by Gordon Charles
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8828812/
2. Meeting Nutritional Needs of Animals, Published by Darlene Pearce
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3424441/
3. Nutrition & Feeding, Published by Mabel Goodman
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4403966/
4. The integumentary system, https://www.slideshare.net/amandahendrickson/theintegumentary-system-14643451
5. Unlocking the Problem of Lumpy Skin Disease in Bangladesh,
https://www.aci-bd.com/research-development/unlocking-the-problem-of-lumpy-skindisease-in-bangladesh.html