NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
Name of the Theory
Developer of the
theory
Brief description about the
theory
Application in nursing
1. Psychoanalytic Theory
2. Developmental (or Ego
Developmental) Theory
Sullivan's theory is important to
nursing because, based on this
Harry stack Sullivan had
theory peplau (1952,1963)
introduced development
developed interpersonal relations
theory in the principle that
in nursing theory, and
an individual does not and
cannot exist apart from his or Orlando(1961)based her nursing
theory on Peplau’s theory and
her relations with other
Sullaivan’s theory
people.
3. Interpersonal Theory
Harry Stack
Sullaivan
1892-1949
An American
psychiatrist &
Psychoanalyst
He stated that from the 1st
day of life a baby is
dependent on interpersonal
situations and that this
dependence continues
throughout the life.
Even if the person becomes
isolated and withdrawn from
society, the person carries
the memories of
interpersonal relationships
1
Peplau developed 4 levels of
anxiety based on Sullivan's concept
of anxiety and it is used by nurses
in assessing anxiety of patients.
Peplau believed that nurses ‘s role
is to help the client in reducing
anxiety and improving functioning
through interpersonal relationships
The concept of therapeutic milieu
is also important as stated by
Peplau, that nurses must interact
with the client as human beings
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
which continue to influence
behavior and thinking.
He explained dynamism
which defined as the
relatively enduring pattern
of energy transformation
which recurrently
characterized the organism
in its duration as a living
organism (Sullivan ,1953)
Individual’s dynamisms
characterize interpersonal
relations.
·All people have same
dynamics but mode of
expression is varies with the
situation and life experience
he described 06 stages of
interpersonal development
He had introduced concepts
such as
●
personification,
(self concept)
● energy system /
tension system,
2
with respect, empathy and
acceptance.
Orlando’s theory mainly focuses on
client participation which
correlates with Sullaivan’s and
Peplaus’ concept of participant
observation.
The nurse client relationship is vital
in the caring process.
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
● concept of
participant
observation, and
● 03 fold classification
system of cognitions
includes prototaxic,
parataxic and
syntaxic
● concept of a
therapeutic milieu
4. Operant Conditioning
5. Cognitive Theory
6. Rational Emotive Theory
Cognitive theorist
-Albert Ellis ,
1950
This theory is a type of
cognitive behavioral theory.
This theory focuses on an
interconnectedness between
thoughts, feelings and
actions.
Goal- Help people to
identify irrational beliefs and
negative thinking patterns in
order to overcome
psychological problems and
mental distress through
managing their emotions,
thoughts and behaviours in a
healthier and realistic way
(Ellis, 2014 ; Kendra, 2021).
To change these irrational
beliefs, therapists use
3
1. Provide a concrete method
for monitoring or managing
behaviours
2. Nurses use this approach to
children with chronic
illnesses to change
behaviours
3. Can use to encourage
individuals to change
irrational beliefs through
problem solving approaches
4. To point out specific
qualities of individuals and
helps to reduce self blame
and to improve better
feeling on own self
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
Rational emotive
behavioural therapy (REBT)
and this theory developed
based on the rational
emotive theory.
7. Human Needs Theory
8. Person-Centered Theory
Stress Theories
9. General Adaptation
Syndrome
10. Stress, Coping, and
Adaptation Theory
5. Use by nurses to teach the
person to take responsibility
for own behaviours
6. To point out maladaptive
defense mechanism such as
projection
eh
Lazarus, R. S., &
Folkman, S.
(1988)
This theory deals with how a
person copes with stressful
situations. The theory
focuses on the person’s
psychological responses
which is referred as a
process. Environment
relationship and appraisal are
two major factors that are
precedents to stress are the
person. The person–
environment relationship
includes such factors
as personality, values,
beliefs, commitments, social
networks, social supports,
demands
and constraints, sociocultural
factors, and life events. The
three cognitive appraisals
4
1. Provide a
framework for nurses to assess the
effects of stress, both physical and
psychological,
on the individual and the coping
processes that the individual uses
2. Nurses can use stress theories
as research frameworks
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
are primary, secondary, and
reappraisal.
Social Psychology
11. Health Belief Model
12. Theory of Reasoned
Action (Theory of Planned
Behavior)
Icek Ajzen and
Martin Fishbein
(Social
Psychologists)
1975
TRA explains the
relationship among beliefs,
attitudes, intentions and
behavior. It aims to
understand and predict
behaviors based on the
assumption that people are
rational and make decisions
based on the information
available. TRA was later
modified to Theory of
Planned behavior
(TPB),which regarded
intention as the most
important determinant of a
person’s behavior. This is
determined by three factors
called
(1)attitude towards the
behavior,
(2) subjective norms, and
(3)perceived behavioral
control.
Theories and Models of Disease Causation
5
This theory comes under social
psychology theories which are
useful in promoting healthy
behaviors by making awareness
among people. Nurses frequently
use the TRA/ TPB in nursing
studies which can be used to
examine the beliefs, attitudes and
interventions of health care
providers and to observe healthy
behaviors in diverse areas.
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
13. Germ Theory and
Principles of Infection
14.
Triangle
15.
16.
Disease
17.
Louis Pasteur
(1858)
He found that a specific
organism (Germ) are caused
for infectious diseases. At
the beginning of 21st century
this theory based practices
done to prevent infection.
Eg. Strict hand washing.
Using prophylaxis
antibiotics for surgery
patients.
First this theory used to
search causative agents of an
infection and methods of
transmission.
Then it developed to prevent
and treat the diseases.
Eg. The outbreak of AIDS.
In modern medical care that
theory is used and it helps to
reduce the number of deaths
from infection.
Many nursing research and
guidelines focus on
# prevention and management of
infections.
# identifying factors that place on
individual at risk for developing
infections.
The Epidemiologic
The Web of Causation
Natural History of
Homeostasis
18. Stress and Adaptation:
General Adaptation Syndrome
Dr. Hans Selye
(1907-1982)
Explains how the body
responds to stress. Theory
describes in three stages as
6
●
Can be used for nursing
researches
● Provide guidance for nurses
to assess physical and
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
Thucydides in
Athens, 430 BC
Lady Mary
Wortley Montagu,
1718
19. Theories of Immunity
and Immune Function
Edward Jenner, in
1798
Louis Pasteur,
1881
Elie
Metchnikoff,1883
the changes of organs occur
in three stages.
1.Alarm - Body begins to
react to "fight or flight"
response.CNS & SNS are
activated.
2.Resistanceparasympathetic nervous
system returns many body
functions to normal.
3.Exhaustion- If stressors
continue, the capacity of the
body is unable to produce
hormones as stage 1 or other
organs damaged.
● Immunity involves
specific recognition
of what is designated
as an antigen,
memory for
particular antigens,
and responsiveness
on reexposure.
● Each system is
involved in the
response of
inflammation and has
two characteristics:
(1) recognition of a
stimulating structure by
specific receptors and
7
psychological stress and
coping processes
● Nurses can help to people
for problem solving to
provide effective coping
and adaptation
● Principles of immune
function can be used as a
theoretical framework for
research
● Describes the
interrelatedness of the
nervous, endocrine, and
immune systems on
psychoimmunology
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
Emil von Behring
and Shibasaburo
Kitasato in 1890
20. Genetic Principles and
Theories
Gregor Mendal
(2) response by one or more
effector elements that aims
to alter or eliminate the
stimulating structure.
● The complement
system consists of
around 20 plasma
proteins and initiate
an attack on the cell
membranes of
microorganisms.
● Antibody-mediated
immunity involves
antigen–antibody
actions to neutralize,
eliminate, or destroy
foreign proteins
● Law of Segregation:
An organism has 2
alleles for each gene
but they can only
pass on one.
● Law of Independent
Assortment: Genes
found on separate
chromosomes are
inherited
independently of
each other.
● Law of Dominance:
Some alleles are
dominant and cover
8
Nursing Implication includes:
● Taking appropriate family
history,
● Providing emotional
support.
● Refer to Genetic
counseling.
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
up the recessive
alleles.
21. Cancer Theories
22. Pain Management
23. Modern Social Exchange
Theories
von Bertalanffy
24. Related Theories
25. Symbolic Interactionism
26. Role Theory
Structural Role Theory
Process Role Theory
George Herbert
Blumer
(American
sociologist 18631931)
overall
assumption of this
approach comes
from passages in
william
shakespeare
It is an approach used to
analyze interaction by
focusing on the meanings
that individuals assigns to
things in the world around
them, including words and
objects.
Role theory can be taken as
explanatory framework for
the benefits of volunteering
and helping others for health
and wellbeing.
Structural Role Theory
1.
ROLE
THEORY
American
sociologist
Ralph
linton and
Each and everyone in the
society has structured roles
to play. It was shaped by
cultural norms and beliefs.
9
Key to understanding human
behavior.
Used to explain one’s identity.
Nurses have to play many Roles.
Caregiver
health educator
coordinator
counselor
advocator
etc
and also Nurses have to play
different roles with their patients,
coworkers and also superiors
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
Gergoe
herbert,
Robert
merton(M
erton
1957)
● structural
role theory
Linton and
Parasons
That is similar to roles in
drama and those roles are
play based on script.
Process Role Theory
This is another aspect in
Role Theory. it described
how roles are learned during
process of social interaction.
people interact with others
and they see themselves and
others as occupants of
particular status.during the
process they learn guide for
actions.
27. Feminist theory
28. Critical Social Theory
Max Horkheimer
(1859 to 1973)
German
philosopher and
Sociologist
❖ It is focus on social
justice and
empowerment.
❖ Aim is critique and
changes society as a
whole.
❖ It is necessary to
study the lived
experience of real
people.
10
During their work they have to
shape their roles according to the
institution guidelines , ethics , and
also norms and laws of society. It
can be taken as structural role
theory application to nursing. .
When considering a nurse's role
sometimes nurses have to change
their role during the process. It can
be taken as application of process
role theory.
★ Direct link to practice the
context of nursing
★ Critical theory perspective
used to discuss other
aspects of nursing
★ Attempts to integrate patient
centered care in to health
care organizations
★ Exploring the barriers and
the power issues that
prevent nurses from
NGP9401- Activity
Please refer relevant theory assigned for you and complete requested information in the table below. Prepare to present the assigned
theory for you at the DS on 14th March 2022.
❖ It is useful to
examine hidden
social conditions
29. Chaos Theory
30. Postmodern Social Theory
11
providing person centered
care
★ Help nurses to critique why
they do and what they do