Recent developments in
personality assessment
Recent developments in personality
assessment
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Big five
Robert Hogan – Socio analytical approach,
N.S Endler & Magnusson – Interactionism;
Mc Adams – Narrative Approach;
Hollands –typology
The Big Five personality traits
the five-factor model (FFM)
the OCEAN model
taxonomy
for personality traits.
• This model was defined by several
independent sets of researchers who used
factor analysis of verbal descriptors of human
behavior.
Early research
• In 1884, Sir Francis Galton was the first person - taxonomy of
human personality traits by sampling language: the lexical
hypothesis.
• In 1936, Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton's
hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives - from
the dictionaries at that time.
• In 1940, Raymond Cattell and Sixteen Personality Factor
Questionnaire.
Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal (1961)
• Tupes and Christal (1961) five broad factors
• Based on the work of Cattel-
surgency
agreeableness
dependability
emotional
stability
culture
Warren Norman ( 1963 ) replicated this work, and named the
factors relabeled "dependability" as "conscientiousness“
Acceptance of five factor model
• Cattell ( 1957 ), with a second-order factor analysis of 16
personality traits, discovered five second-order or global
factors
• In a 1980 symposium in Honolulu, four prominent
researchers, Lewis Goldberg, Naomi Takemoto-Chock, Andrew
Comrey, and John M. Digman, reviewed the available
personality instruments of the day.
– This event was followed by widespread acceptance of the
five-factor model among personality researchers during
the 1980s.
• In the 1980s, Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project,
emphasizing five broad factors once again. He later coined the
term "Big Five" as a label for the factors.
Lewis Goldberg
• Goldberg is a Senior Scientist at the
Oregon Research Institute and an
Emeritus Professor of Psychology at
the University of Oregon (US)
• Phd- Harvard university
• Throughout his career, Goldberg has
made substantial contributions to
the measurement of personality.
• His early work examined the
multidimensional structure of
adjectival descriptors sampled from
earlier scholars
Lewis R. Goldberg
• Goldberg (1992 ) derived five
factors and he coined the term
“Big Five” as a label for the
factors.
• More recently, Goldberg and
his colleagues have released
the International Personality
Item Pool which is an
international "Collaboratory"
which contains more than
3,000 short item stems
summarizing the content of
many personality inventories.
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Intellect
Paul T. Costa, Jr. and Robert R.
McCrae
• Costa and McCrae acknowledged the important role that Eysenck played
when he identified extraversion and neuroticism as second-order
personality factors, and for developing the Maudsley Personality
Inventory, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire (the latter test, developed with his wife Sybil, was the first
to include psychoticism; see S. Eysenck, 1997) as tools for measuring these
factors. However, they disagreed with Eysenck regarding psychoticism.
• They initially proposed a different factor called openness. When they
discussed this issue with Eysenck, he felt that openness might be the
opposite pole of psychoticism, but McCrae and Costa believed the factors
were significantly different (see Costa & McCrae, 1986). Since that time,
Costa and McCrae have moved beyond the third factor of openness, and
added two more second-order
factors: agreeableness and conscientiousness (see Costa & McCrae, 1989;
Costa & Widiger, 1994; McCrae & Allik, 2002; McCrae & Costa, 2003).
Big five model
1. Openness to Experience: the tendency to be imaginative, independent, and
interested in variety vs. practical, conforming, and interested in routine.
2. Conscientiousness: the tendency to be organized, careful, and disciplined vs.
disorganized, careless, and impulsive.
3. Extraversion: the tendency to be sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate vs. retiring,
somber, and reserved.
4. Agreeableness: the tendency to be soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful vs. ruthless,
suspicious, and uncooperative.
5. Neuroticism: the tendency to be calm, secure, and self-satisfied vs. anxious,
insecure, and self-pitying.
Paul T. Costa, Jr. and Robert R.
McCrae
• Initially, they found evidence of the existence of the broad
and agreed-upon traits of
– Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E)
– but factor analysis also led them to add a third broad trait, Openness
to Experience (O)
• The Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory (NEO-I)
was designed to measure these traits.
• Later, Costa and McCrae recognized two more factors:
– Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness(C)
– Revised the NEO to include all five traits and renamed the NEO
Personality Inventory (NEO PI).
• They published a Revised NEO (NEO-PI-R) manual, including
six facets for each factor (30 total)
Six facets of each trait
Neuroticism – Anxiety, Hostility, Depression, Self-Consciousness,
Impulsiveness, Vulnerability to Stress
Extraversion – Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity,
Excitement Seeking, Positive Emotion
Openness to Experience – Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas,
Values
Agreeableness – Trust, Straightforward-ness, Altruism, Compliance,
Modesty, Tendermindedness
Conscientiousness – Competence, Order, Dutiful ness, Achievement
Striving, Self-Discipline, Deliberation
Factor
Low Score Description
High Score Description
Neuroticism
Calm, Even-tempered, Self- Worrying, Temperamental,
satisfied, Comfortable,
Self-pitying, Self-conscious,
Unemotional, Hardy
Emotional, Vulnerable
Extraversion
Reserved, Loner, Quiet,
Passive, Sober, Unfeeling
Affectionate, Joiner,
Talkative, Active, Funloving, Passionate
Openness to Experience
Down-to-earth,
Uncreative, Conventional,
Prefer routine, Uncurious,
Conservative
Imaginative, Creative,
Original, Prefer variety,
Curious, Liberal
Agreeableness
Ruthless, Suspicious,
Stingy, Antagonistic,
Critical, Irritable
Softhearted, Trusting,
Generous, Acquiescent,
Lenient, Good-natured
Conscientiousness
Negligent, Lazy,
Disorganized, Late,
Aimless, Quitting
Conscientious,
Hardworking, Wellorganized, Punctual,
Ambitious, Persevering
• At least four sets of researchers have
worked independently within lexical
hypothesis in personality theory for
decades on this problem and have
identified generally the same five
factors:
• These four sets of researchers used
somewhat different methods in finding
the five traits, and thus each set of five
factors has somewhat different names
and definitions.
• However, all have been found to be
highly inter-correlated and factoranalytically aligned
Cattell
Tupes and Christal
Goldberg
Costa and McCrae
Robert Hogan and socio-analytical
approach
•
Dr. Hogan is an international authority on
personality assessment, leadership, and
organizational effectiveness.
• His theory-based work in personality
measurement has contributed to the
development of socioanalytic theory, which
maintains that the core of personality is
based on evolutionary adaptations
• Socioanalytic theory is intended to explain
individual differences in interpersonal
effectiveness, and is rooted in the long
tradition of interpersonal psychology
The theory
is based on
five
assumptions
• personality is best understood in
terms of human evolution;
• people evolved as group-living and
culture-using animals;
• the most important human
motives facilitate group living and
enhance individual survival;
• social interaction involves
negotiating for acceptance and
status;
• finally, some people are more
effective at this than others
The theory is based
on two
generalizations• people always live (work)
in groups (“get along),
and
• groups are always
structured in terms of
status hierarchies (get
ahead)
• Getting along and getting
ahead are familiar themes in
personality psychology
• Their importance is justified
in Darwinian terms:
– people who cannot get
along with others and who
lack status and power have
reduced opportunities for
reproductive success.
Socioanalytic theory specifies
that personality should be
defined from the perspectives of• the actor
• the observer.
• Personality from the actor’s view
is a person’s identity, which is
manifested in terms of the
strategies a person uses to pursue
acceptance and status.
• Personality from the observer’s
view is a person’s reputation and
is defined in terms of trait
evaluations— conforming,
helpful, talkative, competitive,
calm, curious, and so forth.
• Reputation is the link
between the actor’sefforts
to achieve acceptance and
status and how those
efforts are evaluated by
observers.
• Reputation describes a
person’s behavior; identity
explains it.
The FFM
factors are
a
taxonomy
of
reputation
Interactionism