2021 年 8 月 28、29 号最新托福考前小范围机经 这是针对 2021 年 8.28、29 号托福考试 考前好好背下机经词汇 秒杀词汇题 好好做题目预测 团队老师整理资料不易 且用且珍惜 托福模考系统看这里：https://www.vcedu.com 更多托福备考动态、资料请关注公众平台：维夕托福在线 1 目录 一、词汇小范围预测.....................................................................................................................................................3 二、托福口语小范围机经.......................................................................................................................................... 14 三、独立写作小范围机经.......................................................................................................................................... 16 四、托福阅读小范围机经.......................................................................................................................................... 18 2 一、词汇小范围预测 2021 年 8 月 28、29 号托福考前小范围词汇 vicinity surrounding area n.附近 ideally perfectly ad.最合适的 principle standard 原则 grasp understand v.领会;理解 adj. 极端的；极度的； extreme great keenly deeply ad.强烈地 verge border v.接近 lateral side adj.侧面的 astoundingly incredibly ad.使人震惊地 through by prep.通过 composition mixture n.构成；合成物 profound very strong 强烈的 phenomena events n.现象 precisely exactly adv. 精确地；恰恰 wary cautious a.小心的;谨慎的 typical of common in 典型 accompany occur along with v. 陪伴，伴随；伴奏 偏激的；尽头的 3 n. 美德；优点；贞操； virtue desirable quality flee run away from v.逃走 quantify calculate v.量化，计算 embody incorporate v.包含 sponsor support v.支持 merely simply ad.仅仅 severity seriousness n. 严重；严格；猛烈 renowned famous a.有名的 output production n.产量 penetrate enter v.进入;穿透 induce cause the formation of diversity variety suspended 功效 vt. 诱导；引起；引诱； 感应 n.多样性 adj. 悬浮的；暂停的， floating 缓期的（宣判） n. 方法；途径；接近 approach come nearer to resistance obstruction n.阻碍 slight small a.轻微的;少量的 pigmentation coloring n.天然颜色 v. 接近；着手处理 4 tolerate endure v.忍受 conclusive ultimate a.最后的 esteem respect n.尊敬 stride step n.大步;阔步 illusion impression n.错觉;幻像 timber wood n.木材 protrude project v.伸出;凸出 constituent component adj.组成的；构成的 cite quote v.引用 mere subsistence minimal survival 仅仅维持生存 string series n.一系列 distinguish tell apart v.区别;识别 in essence basically 基本上 delicate dainty a.精美的 adj. 规定的；详细说明 specified typical prior previous a.在先的;在前的 crude unsophisticated a.简单的，纯朴的 probe explore v.探查;探测 congeal solidify v.使凝结 sparse thinly distributed a.稀疏的 的 5 create invent v.创作;产生 split divided a.裂开的；分离的 stimulate prompt v.刺激;促使 of legitimacy lawful 合法的 durable existing for a long time without significant damage 耐用的 maintenance of supporting 维护 inclination preference n.意愿 euphoric extremely happy a.心情愉快的 continuous ongoing a.不断前进的 escalate extend v.逐步扩大 postulate hypothesize v.假定 rekindled renewed vt. 复燃 adj.适度的，适中的；谦 modest moderate monitor observe v.监控;监视 brew develop v.酝酿；发展 devastate destroy v. 摧毁、毁灭 discrete separate adj. 离散的，不连续的 pursue 虚的，谦逊的；端庄的， vt. 继续；从事；追赶； engage in 纠缠 6 emit discharge v.排放 figure out map out 计划出;想出 surpass exceed edge advantage n.优势 repercussion effect n.回响;影响 region area n.区域 deluxe lavish a.奢华的 modification alteration n.修改;改变 inevitable certain adj.必然的 fixed firm a.坚固的 duration length of time n. 持续 quarters residence n.住处 correspondence harmony n.一致 primarily chiefly ad.主要地 fertile reproductive a.肥沃的;多产的 abandoned left v.放弃 vt. 超越；胜过，优于； 非…所能办到或理解 adj. 易腐坏的；易毁灭 perishable likely to decay refuge safety n.庇护，庇护所 arduous difficult adj.困难的，艰巨的 的；会枯萎的 7 disguise hidden vt. 掩饰；假装；隐瞒 utilitarian functional a.实用的 settle inhabit v.定居;安顿 restricted to limited in 限制 parcel out distribute 分配 vagary uncertainty n.难以预测的变化 discernible discriminating a.可辨别的 necessary required a.必要的 harsh severe adj.严厉的 intermittent sporadic a.间歇的 mushroom grow quickly v.迅速增长 no wonder unsurprising 难怪 dimension aspect n. 方面；尺寸 tool implement n.工具 vague ambiguous a.模糊的 exploiting making use of 利用 indications signs n.指示.迹象 conceive consider v.构想，考虑 harbor contain v. 庇护；怀有 regenerate renew v.新生，再生 prevailing generally accepted 被接受 8 be subject to be dominated by 受…支配 insight into perceive 洞察 exotic foreign recognized adj. 异国的；外来的； 异国情调的 adj. 公认的；经过验证 accepted 的 adv. 完全地；总共；总 altogether fully exalt glorify v.赞美 meager scanty a.不足的 pledge promise v.保证;誓言 myriad countless a.大量的;无数的 preclude rule out v.排除;阻止 shallow not deep a.浅的 verify confirm v.证实 indicator sign n.指示物 congregate gather vt. 聚集 cling to hold 坚持 furnish equip v.提供 equivalent 而言之 n. 整个；裸体 adj. 等价的，相等的； comparable 同意义的 9 correspondingly accordingly ad.相应地 moderate temperate a.温和的 indigenous native a.当地的 vast extended a.辽阔的 excessive extreme adj.极度的 practically nearly ad.几乎;差不多 sacred holy a.神圣的 mysterious not to know a.难以理解的 monotonous boring 单调的;无聊的 vt. 反击，还击；反向移 countered argued back 动，对着干；反驳，回 答 interval period n.阶段；期间 prized valued a.有价值的 elevated adj. 提高的；高尚的； high 严肃的；欢欣的 n.复合物;（筑有围墙的） compounded added to 场地;复合词 vi.妥协;和解;达成协议 hinder hamper v.妨碍,阻碍 controversy disagreement n.争论 10 premise assumption n.假定;前提 proposed suggested v.建议；提议 consider view as v.考虑;认为 admit let in v.准许进入 concern interest v.感兴趣 huge large a.巨大的 ingenuity cleverness adj.聪明的；巧妙的 n. [物] 畸变，[力] 扭曲 distortions irregularities severely very seriously ad.严重地 infusion introduction n.注入 breakthrough revolution n.突破 emergence rise v.兴起 engages in performs 从事于（参加） monumental enormous supplement add to 增加 channel guide v.引导 astonishing amazing a.惊人的 juncture connection n.连接;接合 appear seem v.似乎 （distortion 的复数） adj. 不朽的；纪念碑的； 非常的 11 initiate start v.开始；发起 merit worth n.价值 durable lasting a.持久的 critically fundamentally ad.关键地 idiosyncrasy peculiarity n.特性 adj. 混沌的；混乱的， chaotic disorganized engulf swallow v.吞没 constrain confine v.限制 detractor critic n.恶意批评者 volume quantity n.数额 无秩序的 adj. 显著的；显而易见 conspicuous easily noticed receptacle receiver n.容器 prominent eminent a.显著的 traces evidence v.查证 concentrate cluster v.聚集 absurd ridiculous a.荒谬的;可笑的 improve refine a case in point a good example 的 vt. 改善，增进；提高… 的价值 恰当的例子 12 interrupt break in v.打断 application use n. 应用 spot identify v.看见;发现 evidence proof n.证据 ferry transport v.运送 scented fragrant a.有气味的 determine figure out v.决定；判决 seething active a.激昂的 antagonist competitor n. 对手;敌手 perishable easy to spoil a.易腐坏的 conducive favorable a.有利的 rigor n. 严厉；精确；苛刻； difficulty 僵硬 adj. 无前途的，没有希 unpromising unfavorable duration of sea ice length of time the ice lasts 望的 结冰期 adv. 精巧地；苦心经营 elaborately with great detail flexible bendable a.灵活的 intricate complex a.复杂的 at intervals periodically 间隔 13 地 二、托福口语小范围机经 1. To be successful in sport, which is more important? Talent or hard work? 2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Friends can maintain friendship even if they have disagreements. 3. Nowadays, many students meet their friends and even hold meetings in the library. Is library a place for quiet reading or for face-to-face discussion? 4. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that celebrities like musician, athletes or performers can set good examples for young people? 5. Do you think it is better to make friends with peers or make friends with people of all ages? 6. Which teacher ’ s courses would you like to take? Explain why? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your choice. 1.a teacher who is humorous in class 2.a teacher who is serious in class 7. Some people prevent their children from making mistakes, while others allow kids do so.Which type of parents do you think is better? 8. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that young children should learn to draw or paint? 9. Suppose your sociology professor has asked all students in you class to do a final project-making a presentation. There are two ways : 1. to make the presentation in class; 2. to record the presentation as a video file in advance and show the video in class later . Which way do you think would be better and why? 10. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: parents should discourage children to join some competitive activities, like sports or entertainment? 14 11. When you study overseas, would you prefer to have roommate from your own country, or would you like to have foreign roommates? 12. Which one do you prefer? Review your notes after class and keep doing this throughout the whole semester or just review at the end of the semester? 13. Do you prefer to prepare something a lot of time before deadline or wait until the last minute before deadline? 14.Some people like surprise visits from their friends, others prefer to be informed ahead of the visit. Which one do you prefer? 15.Do you agree or disagree that to succeed we need to make enemies? 16.All people should be required to stop working and retire by age 65. Do you agree or disagree? 17. Some students enjoy decorating their surroundings; other choose to keep their surroundings simple and free of any decorations. Which do you prefer and why? 18. Your university decided to allow local citizens to listen in the campus. They could enter the class, but can’t ask questions and don’t have assignments. Do you agree or not agree? 19. Do you agree with the statement: Parents should help their children solve problem. 20. Some people think that we don't have to accept gifts that we don't need, while others think we should accept the gifts even if we may never need them. Which one do you agree? 15 三、独立写作小范围机经 1. Do you agree or disagree with the statement: Primary schools should spend more time teaching young students (5—11 years old) technology (like computers) than teaching music and art. 2. Which one is the most important for teacher of high school: 1.The ability to help students plan for their future; 2.The ability to find the students who need help most and help them; 3.Teach students how to learn outside the classroom. 3. Do you agree or disagree with the statement: It is much easier to be well educated today than it was in the past. 4. As a student of university that has a long break between university semesters, the university requires all students to do one of the following for one month during the break: 1.Students must take a course on the subject that has no direct connection to their majors of study. 2. Students must volunteer to work in the university's city or their hometowns to improve some aspects of life of the city or their hometowns. 5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: A university should focus more on its facilities, such as libraries, computers or laboratory, rather than on hiring famous teachers. 6. Some people always follow their dreams even if the dreams are ambitious. Some think we should focus on achieving realistic goals. Which do you agree with 7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Students nowadays are more interested in politics than in the past. 8. Do you agree or disagree with the statement: It is as important for older people to study or learn new things as it is for younger people. 16 9. Some teachers are just lecturing in class and students only take notes; some other teachers spend their class time on discussions and projects, and students share their ideas with their classmates. Which one do you prefer? 10. Which do you think is the best way for a student to make friends: joining a sports team, participating in community activities, or traveling? Use specific examples to support your answer. 11.Which do you prefer with the same rate of pay, an interesting and challenging job with less vacation or a job with more vacation time but less fun? 12. Taking a lot of time to make an important decision is often considered as a bad quality for a person. However, some people think that it is a good quality for a person. 13. Nowadays, many movies or films are based on books. Some people prefer to read the original book before they watch the movie, while others prefer to watch the movie before reading the book. Which one do you prefer? 14.What is the most useful action for people to help protect the environment: 1.Travel by bike or walk to destination. 2.Reuse and recycle waste materials. 3.Purchase local organic food. 15.When you need to complete a creative task, do you prefer to work together with others or to do it alone? 17 四、托福阅读小范围机经 Passage 1 - England's Economy in the Sixteenth Century 1.The word "generated" in the passage is Paragraph 1：In the last half of the sixteenth closest in meaning to century England emerged as a commercial A. produced and manufacturing power in Europe due to a B. strengthened combination of demographic, agricultural and C. followed industrial factors. The population of England D. Dominated and Wales grew rapidly from about 2.5 million in the 1520s to more than 3.5 million in 1580, 2.All of the following are mentioned in reaching about 4.5 million in 1610. Reduced Paragraph 1 as developments that led to mortality rates and increased fertility, the England's emergence as a commercial and latter probably generated by expanding work manufacturing power EXCEPT opportunities in manufacturing and farming A. rapid population growth (leading B. an increase in the number of jobs children),explained C. a trend toward earlier marriages population. D. an end to epidemics and a plague occasionally took their toll, the people in to earlier While marriage this and rapid epidemics and more rise in plague England still suffered less than did those in continental Europe. Furthermore, the country had been pulled out of the war that occurred in France and central Europe during the same period. 3.Why does the author mention that Paragraph 2：England provides the prominent “English land owners brought more dense example of the expansion of agricultural marshes and woodlands into cultivation” ? production well before the general European A. To give an example of a way in which the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth and English increased agricultural production nineteenth centuries. A larger population B. To emphasize the influence of English stimulated the increased woollen through agriculture on the agriculture of other crop civilization. English agriculture became European countries more efficient and market-oriented than C. To emphasize that Spanish agriculture almost anywhere else on the continent. 18 needed to improve their farming methods Between 1450 and 1640 the yield of grain per D. To discuss an intended consequence of crop acre increased by at least thirty percent. In specialization sharp contrast with farming in Spain, English land owners brought more dense marshes and woodlands into cultivation. 4.Why does the author mention that Paragraph 3 ： The great land estates of the farmland owners turned part of their land English society largely remained intact and into pasture land for sheep ? many wealthy A. To explain why the younger sons of land increased the owners had to leave the family land and find precondition other jobs land size for owners of their increased aggressively holdings, a productivity. Marriages between the children of landowners B. To provide an example of a way in which also increased the size of land estates. large farms were eager to improve their Primogeniture (the full inheritance of land by business C. To the eldest son) helped prevent land from explain how the practice of being primogeniture worked subdivided. Younger sons of independent land owners left the family and D. To describe a strategy land owners used to went to find other respective locations. Larger give their lands from being subdivided. farms were conducive more to commercialized farming at the time when an expanding population pushed up demand and prices. Farmland owners turned part of their land into pasture land for sheep in order to adapt to developing woollen trade. 5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned Paragraph 4：Some of the great land owners in paragraph 4 as a way that English as well as Yeomen (farmers whose holdings landlords tried to increase the efficiency of and security of land tenure guaranteed their their farms? prosperity and status), organized their A. encouraging the use of methods as crop holdings in the interest efficiency. Many rotation farmers selected crops for sales in growing B. selecting crops on the basis of demand in London market. In their quest for greater the London market profits, many land owners put their squeeze C. increasing rents and reducing the length of on their tenants. Between 1580 and 1620 land 19 phases lords raised rents and altered conditions of D. hiring Yeomen to work on their farms land tenure in their favor, preferring shorter instead of relying on tenants phases and forcing tenants to pay an entry fee before agreeing to rent them land. Landlords evicted those who could not afford annual, more onerous terms. But they also pushed tenants toward more productive farming methods, including crop rotation. 6.The word "exceptional " in the passage is Paragraph 5：England's exceptional economic closest in meaning to development also drew the country's natural A. predictable resources, including iron, timber, and coal, B. initial extracted C. extraordinary elsewhere in the continent. New industrial D. complex development expanded the production of iron in far greater quantity than and pewter in and around the city of Birmingham. 7.Select TWO answer choices that according Paragraph to paragraph 6 indicate changes 6 ： But above all textile that manufacturing transformed English economy. occurred in the English economy.To receive Woolens, which accounted for eighty percent credit you must select two answer choices. of the exports, worsteds (sturdy yarn spun A. The textile trade products became more from combed wool fibers), and other cloth profitable than manufacturing them. found eager buyers in England as well as in B. Local sales of textile products increased by the continent. Moreover, late in the sixteenth eighty percent. century as English merchants began making C. English textile merchants expanded their forays across the Atlantic these textiles were markets inside and outside England. also sold in the Americas. Cloth manufacturers D. Part of English cloth manufacturing moved undercut production by urban craftspeople by to rural areas. "putting out" work to the villages and farms of the countryside. In such domestic industry poor rural women could spin and make cading (combing fibers in preparation for spin) in their homes. 20 8.Which of the following statements about Paragraph 7 ： The English textile trade was merchants during the sixteenth century can closely tied to Antwerp, in the Spanish be inferred from the information in Netherlands, where workers dyed English paragraph 7? cloth. ■The entrepreneur Sir Thomas Gresham A. Most merchant activity at this time was became England's representative there. ■ He controlled by Spain. so enhanced the reputation of English B. The textile market was less profitable for business in that region that English merchants merchants than were other areas of trade. could operate on credit---the most prominent C. Merchants from different countries in achievement for sixteenth century. ■ He also Europe rarely operated in the same regions. D. During this period most advised the government to explore the European economic possibilities of Americas, which led merchants did not operate on credit. to the first concerted efforts at colonization, undertaken with commercial profits in mind.■ 9.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? In addition to this achievement in Antwerp, Gresham convinced the government at home in England to authorize actions that would make trading in the rest of Europe even more profitable for English merchants. 10.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is 21 worth 2 points. In the last half of sixteenth century England emerged as a commercial and manufacturing power in Europe. A. It is somewhat surprising that England was able to expand its economy during the sixteenth century because its neighbors were involved in many wars during this period. B. In order to make more money England nobles acquired more land, pushed for more efficient farming methods, and introduced new land tenure conditions. C. Two England's economic strengths are its use of natural resources, and its textile manufacturing, which found increased markets at home as well in Europe and in the Americas. D. England experienced an agricultural revolution much earlier than the rest of Europe and agriculture became more efficient and market-oriented. E. Many of the changes that land owners made to land renting rules not only made their lands more profitable but also made a life for their peasants. F. Though he was a successful ambassador to the Spanish Netherlands, Thomas Gresham was unable to convince the English government to start colonies in America. 22 Passage 2 - Removing Dams 1.According to paragraph 1, building dams Paragraph 1：For nearly a century, two United was beneficial in each of the following ways States governmental agencies, the United EXCEPT States Army Corps of Engineers and the A .increasing the amount of land that could be Bureau of Reclamation, have constructed used for farming dams B .strengthening local economies electricity. Building C. increasing the availability of to store water and these to generate dams provided low-cost cheap electricity, created jobs for workers, electricity stimulated regional economic development, D. expanding the aquatic habitats of native and allowed farming on lands that would species otherwise be too dry. But not everyone agrees that big dam projects are entirely beneficial. Their storage reservoirs stop the flow of rivers and often submerge towns, farms, and historic sites. They prevent fish migrations and change aquatic habitats essential for native species. 2.Paragraph 2 supports which of the Paragraph 2 ： The tide may have turned, in following ideas about operating licenses for fact, against dam building. In 1998 the Army large dams? Corps announced that it would no longer be A Since 1999 licenses have been renewed only building large dams. In the few remaining sites for small dams? where dams might be built, public opposition B Before 1999, owners applying for a license is so great that getting approval for projects is renewal were more likely to have their unlikely. Instead, the new focus may be on applications than they were after that date. removing existing dams and restoring natural C Strong public opposition to their renewal habitats. In 1999 Bruce Babbitt, then the was common even before 1999, but it was United States interior secretary, said, “Of the based on safety considerations, not on 75,000 large dams in the United States, most environmental ones. were built a long time ago and are now D The environmental cost of dams has been a obsolete, expensive, and unsafe. They were minor consideration in license renewal built applications since 1999. with no consideration of the environmental costs. As operating licenses 23 come up for renewal, dam removal and habitat restoration to original stream flows will be among the options considered.” 3.According to paragraph 3, why did the Paragraph 3 ： The first active hydroelectric United States Fish and Wildlife Service want dam in the United States to be removed the Edwards Dam removed? against the wishes of its owners was the A. Because the age of the dam made it unsafe 162-year-old Edwards Dam, on the Kennebec B. Because the dam was negatively affecting River in Augusta, Maine. For many years, the various species of fish United States Fish and Wildlife Service had C. Because the dam had caused wetlands to advocated the removal of this dam, which form D.Because prevented the dam no longer migration of salmon, shad, provided sturgeon, and other fish species up the river. In economic benefits a precedent-setting decision, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ordered the 4.Paragraph 3 suggests that one main dam removed after concluding that the consideration for keeping the Edwards Dam environmental and economic benefits of a was free-flowing river outweighed the electricity A. the electricity it generated generated by the dam. In July 1999 the dam B. the length of time it had been in operation was removed and restoration work began on C. the high cost of removing it wetlands and stream banks long underwater. D. the fact that removing it would set a bad example 5.According to paragraph 4, why would Paragraph 4：The next dams likely to be taken removing the Elwha and Glines dams not be down are the Elwha and Glines Dams on the enough to restore salmon to the Elwha Elwha River in Olympic National Park in the River? state of Washington. Built nearly a century A. They are not the only dams on the Elwha ago to provide power to lumber and paper River. mills in the town of Port Angeles, these dams B. The lumber and paper mills in Port Angeles blocked access to upstream spawning beds also block access to upstream spawning beds. for six species of salmon on what once was C. Too many species of salmon are competing one of the most productive salmon rivers in for survival in one river. the world. Simply removing the dams will not 24 D. The dams have left the river ’ s spawning restore the salmon, however. [ ■ ]Where beds in an unusable condition. 50-kilogram king salmon once fought their way up waterfalls to lay their eggs in gravel beds, there now are only concrete walls holding back still water and deep beds of muddy deposits. [ ■ ]Removing the mud, uncovering gravel beds where fish spawn, and finding suitable salmon types to rebuild the population is a daunting task. [■]Congress will have to appropriate somewhere around $300 to $400 million to remove these two relatively small dams and rehabilitate the area.[■] 6.According to environmental paragraph groups want 5, why the do Paragraph 5 ： Environmental groups, Hetch encouraged by these examples, have begun to Hetchy Dam removed? talk about much more ambitious projects. A. To restore salmon and steelhead runs to the Four giant dams on the Snake River in Snake River Washington State, for example, might be B. To allow access to the headwaters of the removed to restore salmon and steelhead fish Columbia River runs to the headwaters of the Columbia River. C. To increase the size of Yosemite National The Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite National Park Park might be taken down to reveal what John D. To restore a valley to its original beauty Muir, the founder of the prestigious environmental organization Sierra Club, called a valley “ just as beautiful and worthy of preservation as the majestic Yosemite.” Some groups have even suggested removing the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. In each of these cases, powerful interests stand in opposition. These dams generate low-cost electricity and store water that is needed for agriculture and industry. Local economies, domestic water supplies, and certain types of recreation all would be severely impacted by 25 destruction of these dams. 7.The phrase "take precedence over " in the Paragraph 6：How does one weigh the many passage is closest in meaning to different economic, cultural, and aesthetic A affect considerations for removing or not removing B have greater importance than these dams? Do certain interests, such as the C get included among rights of native people or the continued D minimize existence of native species of fish or wildlife, take precedence over economic factors, or 8.What is the role of paragraph 6 in the should this be a utilitarian calculation of the passage? greatest good for the greatest number? And A. To propose a method for deciding whether does that number include only humans or do a given dam should be removed other species count as well? B. To emphasize the complexity of the issues involved in deciding what should be done 近一个世纪以来，美国两个政府机构，即美国陆军 about dams 工程兵团和美国垦务局建造了水坝来储水和发电。 C. To suggest that the recent tendency not to 建设这些大坝可以提供廉价的电力，为工人创造了 build new dams may be wrong 就业机会，促进区域经济的发展，并允许人们在原 D. To sum up the points made earlier in the 本干燥的土地上耕作。但并不是每个人都认为大坝 passage about the advantages and 项目是完全有益的。这些蓄水库阻止了河流的流动， disadvantages of removing dams 并会经常淹没城镇，农场和古迹。这种水坝会防止 鱼类洄游，并改变本地物种所必需的水生栖息地。 9.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added 事实上，这场潮汐可能对建坝工程不利。 1998 年， to the passage. 国陆军工程兵团宣布不再建造大型水坝。在其余几 Where would the sentence best fit? 个可能会建设水坝的地方，公众对此持强烈反对意 But aside from the technical challenges, the 见，因此不太可能批准此类项目。相反，工作的新 project will also pose a serious financial 重 点 可 能 是 拆 除 现 有 水 坝 和 恢 复 自 然 栖 息 地 。 challenge. 1999 年，美国内政部长布鲁斯巴比特说：“在美 国的 75,000 座大型水坝中，大部分是在很久以前 10.Directions: An introductory sentence for 建成的，现在这些水坝已经废弃了，昂贵且存在安 a brief summary of the passage is provided 全隐患。这些水坝是在不考虑环境成本的情况下建 below. Complete the summary by selecting 成的。随着续签营运许可证，大坝拆除和栖息地修 the THREE answer choices that express the 复到河川径流将成为考虑的选项之一。“ 26 most important ideas in the passage. Some 美国第一座违反业主意愿建立的水电大坝是具有 answer choices do not belong in the 162 历史的爱德华兹水坝，该水坝位于缅因州奥古 summary because they express ideas that 斯塔的肯纳贝克河上。多年来，美国渔业和野生动 are not presented in the passage or are 物管理署主张拆除这座水坝，防止鲑鱼，鲱鱼，鲟 minor ideas in the passage. This question is 鱼和其他鱼类向河流迁移。在这项首创决策中，联 worth 2 points. 邦能源管理委员会认为自由流动的河流所产生的环 境和经济效益超过了大坝生产的电力所产生的效 Many dams were built in the United States 益，因而下令拆除大坝。 1999 年 7 月，大坝被拆 during the last century, and they provided a 除，湿地和溪岸的修复工作开始在水下进行。 broad range of economic benefits. 下一座可能被拆除的水坝是华盛顿州奥林匹克国家 A. Until recently, the emphasis in dam building 公园艾尔华河上的艾尔华水坝和戈兰斯水坝。这些 was on the economic benefits of low-cost 水坝建于近一个世纪以前，从而为安吉利斯港镇的 energy and water that dams provided, but 木材厂和造纸厂提供动力，但是这些水坝阻止了六 more attention is now being paid to the 种鲑鱼向上游，游至产卵床，该产卵床曾是世界上 damage they cause. 生产鲑鱼数量最多的河流之一。然而，简单地拆除 B. Environmental groups now have a very 水坝不会恢复鲑鱼的数量。 50 公斤重的大鳞大麻 good chance of forcing the removal of two 哈鱼曾经为前往瀑布，将其卵子置于砾石床上，在 major dams, the Glen Canyon Dam on the 这里展开竞争。现在混凝土墙阻碍了静水的流动和 Colorado and the Hetch Hetchy Dam in 泥泞的河床。去除泥土，开发鱼类产卵的砾石床， Yosemite. 寻找适合的鲑鱼类来恢复鱼类的数量，这是一项艰 C. The removal of dams remains controversial 巨的任务。国会将拨款约 3 亿到 4 亿美元，拆除这 because of high restoration costs, loss of 两个相对较小的水坝，并修复该地区。 low-cost electricity, and the loss of water storage facilities. 受到这些案例的鼓舞，环保组织开始探讨许多更为 D. Since the late 1990s, the government has 宏大的项目。例如，可能会拆除华盛顿州斯内克河 stopped building large dams, instead focusing 上的四座巨型水坝，以恢复哥伦比亚河上游的水源， on removing existing dams and restoring 以供鲑鱼和硬头鳟活动。约塞米蒂国家公园的赫奇 natural habitats. 赫奇峡谷水坝可能会被拆除，以恢复久负盛名的峡 E. Until recently, the main reason for removing 谷，环保组织塞拉俱乐部的创始人约翰·缪尔称其为 dams was to restore salmon runs, but it is now “与美丽宏伟的约塞米蒂国家公园一样值得保存”。 recognized that a more important reason to 一些组织甚至建议拆除科罗拉多河上的格伦峡谷大 remove dams is that they are no longer safe. 坝。在每一个案例中，强大的利益都是相互对立的。 F. Although the U. S. government originally 这些水坝产生低成本的电力，并为农业和工业储存 27 planned to remove the Elwha and Glines Dams 其所需的水。地方经济，生活用水供应和某些类型 in Washington, the enormous expense of 的娱乐活动都将严重影响到这些水坝拆除工作。 removal has resulted in a postponement of this effort. 人们应该如何从许多不同的经济，文化和美学因素， 权衡是否拆除这些水坝？如本地人的权利，或者本 地鱼类或野生动物的继续生存等某些权益，是否高 于经济因素，还是应该对绝大多数人的最高利益进 行功利性计算？这个数字是只包括人类，还是也包 括其他物种？ 28 Passage 3 - Constraints on Natural Selection 1. Which of the sentences below best Paragraph 1：Natural selection is the process expresses the essential information in the in which organisms with certain traits survive highlighted sentence in the passage? and reproduce while organisms that are less Incorrect choices change the meaning in able to adapt to their environment die off. As important ways or leave out essential Darwin pointed out, natural selection does not information. necessarily produce evolutionary progress, A. Evolution is an unpredictable process much less perfection. The limits to the because in mass extinctions highly-evolved effectiveness of natural selection are most organisms are exterminated. clearly revealed by the universality of B. Evolution does not progress steadily to extinction. More than 99.9 percent of all ever-higher levels of perfection because, as evolutionary lines that once existed on Earth shown by mass extinctions, lineages favored have become extinct. Mass extinctions remind by evolution can be suddenly replaced by us forcefully that evolution is not a steady those not favored previously when approach to an ever-higher perfection but an circumstances change. unpredictable process in which the C. Catastrophes remind us that evolution is a best-adapted organisms may be suddenly process in which the best-adapted organisms exterminated by a catastrophe and their place are exterminated and their place taken by taken by lineages that prior to the catastrophe lineages shown to be poorly adapted. seemed to be without distinction or prospects. D. When mass extinctions exterminate the best-adapted organisms, less important lineages suddenly become better adapted and take their place. 2.In paragraph 2, why does the author Paragraph 2：There are numerous constraints, discuss the ancestors of vertebrates and or limits, on the power of natural selection to arthropods? bring about change. First, the genetic A. To explain how a single feature can cause variation needed to perfect a characteristic the extinction of entire groups of organisms may not be forthcoming. Second, during B. To identify some factors that determine how evolution, the adoption of one among several large an organism can become C. To illustrate the point possible solutions to a new environmental that earlier opportunity 29 may greatly restrict the developments influence the possibilities for possibilities for subsequent evolution. For future development instance, when a selective advantage for a D. To emphasize the role of the environment in skeleton developed among the ancestors of the development of organisms the vertebrates and the arthropods, the ancestors of 3.Which of the following can be inferred prerequisites from paragraph 2 about arthropods? the for arthropods developing had an the external skeleton, and those of the vertebrates had the A. There are fewer of them than there are of prerequisites vertebrates. for acquiring an internal skeleton. The entire subsequent history of B. Their ancestors had a selective advantage these two large groups of organisms was over the ancestors of vertebrates. affected by the two different paths taken by C. Their ancestors once possessed internal their remote ancestors. The vertebrates were skeletons. able to develop such huge creatures as D. Their body features prevent them from dinosaurs, elephants, and whales. A large crab becoming large organisms. is the largest type that the arthropods were able to achieve. 4.According to paragraph 3, why must Paragraph 3 ： Another constraint on natural organisms compromise between competing selection is developmental interaction. The demands? different components of an individual A. A particular organ or structure may be organism—its structures and organs—are not unable to respond to selection pressures due independent of one another, and none of to the needs of other parts of the organism. them responds B. An organism ’ s ability to respond to the interacting with forces of selection depends on the demands developmental of other organisms within its environment. interacting to the selection others. machinery system. is without The whole a single Organisms are C. An organism ’ s environment and its compromises among competing demands. genotype try at the same time to influence its How far a particular structure or organ can ability to respond to natural selection. respond to the forces of selection depends, to D. Different elements of the environment call a considerable extent, on the resistance for adaptations that are often incompatible offered by other structures and organs, as well with one another. as components of the genotype (the totality of an individual’s genes). 30 5.Paragraph 4 supports all of the Paragraph 4 ： The structure of the genotype statements about genes EXCEPT: itself imposes limits on the power of natural A. Our understanding of the extent to which selection. The classical metaphor of the genes act independently has changed over genotype was that of a beaded string on time. which the genes were lined up like pearls in a B. Genes are classified into groups on the basis necklace. [■]According to this view, each gene of their function. was more or less independent of the others.[■] C. Some genes seem to have no function. Not much is left of this previously accepted D. Studies to identify ways that genes interact image. [ ■ ]It is now known that there are have been largely successful. different functional classes of genes, some charged to produce material, others to regulate it, and still others that are apparently not functioning at all. [ ■ ]There are single coding genes, moderately repetitive DNA, highly repetitive DNA, and many other kinds of DNA. Discovering exactly how they all interact with one another is still a rather poorly understood area of genetics. Paragraph 5：A further constraint on natural selection is the capacity for nongenetic modification. The more plastic the organism’ s body characteristics developmental reduces the flexibility), force pressures. are Plants, of (owing the more adverse and to this selection particularly microorganisms, have a far greater capacity for individual modification than do animals. Natural selection is involved even in this phenomenon, since the capacity for nongenetic adaptation is under strict genetic control. When a population shifts to a new specialized environment, genes will be selected during the following generations that 31 reinforce and may eventually largely replace the capacity for nongenetic adaptation. 6.What point does paragraph 6 make about Paragraph 6：Finally, which organisms survive the individuals that survive a particular and reproduce in a population is partly the natural disaster? result of chance, and this also limits the power A. They were the small number of organisms of natural selection. Chance operates at every that happened to be well-adapted to survive level of the process of reproduction, from the that kind of natural disaster. transmission of parental chromosomes to the B. Their descendants will likely be shaped by survival of the newly formed individual. natural selection to evolve genes that will Furthermore, potentially make them fit to survive the next natural combinations disaster. are favorable often destroyed gene by indiscriminate environmental forces such as C. Their survival may have been due to chance, storms, floods, earthquakes, or volcanic but fitness also contributes to their survival eruptions, without natural selection being over time. given the opportunity to favor these D. They will probably have comparatively weak genotypes. Yet over time, in the survival of offspring because the natural disaster those few individuals that become the eliminated the individuals that had more ancestors of subsequent generations, relative favorable gene combinations. fitness always plays a major role. 7.According to paragraph 6, environmental 在自然选择的过程中，有着某些特质的有机体得以 forces limit the power of natural selection in 生存和繁殖，而不能适应周围环境的有机体则相继 which of the following ways? 死亡。正如达尔文所指明的，自然选择未必会产生 A. They change the reproductive process in 进化性的进步，其实是更不完美的。灭绝的普遍性 significant ways. 很大程度上揭示了自然选择的有效性的限制。曾经 B. They destroy potentially favorable gene 在地球上存在的所有的进化方式中，超过 99.9%的 combinations before they can be selected. 已经消失了。大规模的灭绝强烈地提醒着我们，进 C. They interfere with the transmission of 化不是追求更高完美的一种稳定方式，而是一种不 chromosomes from parent to offspring. 可预知的过程，其间适应性最好的有机体可能会因 D. They weaken the ability of individuals to 为灾难而灭绝，它们就会被世系取代，而在灾难发 maintain high fitness levels. 生前，一切看起来都没有区别和预兆。 8.The word ”indiscriminate” in the passage 32 is closet in meaning to 带来变化的自然选择的力量存在着极大的制约因素 A. dangerous 和限制。首先，基因需完善一种特征的改变可能不 B. random 会马上出现。其次，进化期间，在多种可能的解决 C. common 方法中采取一种可适应新环境的方法也许会极大地 D. powerful 限制后续进化的可能性。例如，当脊椎动物和节肢 动物祖先的骨骼发育有选择性优势时，节肢动物的 9.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate 祖先有发育外部骨骼的先决条件，而脊椎动物的祖 where the following sentence can be added 先有获得外部骨骼的先决条件，从而，这两个大群 to the passage. 有机体的整个后续历史被它们的远古祖先所选的不 同进化方式影响着。像恐龙、大象和鲸鱼这样巨大 Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a 的脊椎动物能够繁衍，而大型螃蟹是节肢动物能够 square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. 达到的最大体型。 New models of the genotype depict a much more complicated relationship among genes. 自然选择的另一个制约因素是发展的相互作用。有 机体个体的不同成分，如它们的结构和器官，不是 10.Directions: An introductory sentence for 相互独立的，它们都是相互影响才能实现自然选择 a brief summary of the passage is provided 的。整个发展是单一的相互作用的系统，有机体在 below. Complete the summary by selecting 争夺需求的过程中妥协。在很大程度上，一种特定 the THREE answer choices that express the 的结构或者器官能够对自然选择的力量做出怎样的 most important ideas in the passage. Some 反应取决于其他结构、器官以及基因型（个体基因 answer choices do not belong in the 的总体）所带来的阻力。 summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are 基因型自身的结构给自然选择的力量带来了限制。 minor ideas in the passage. This question is 基因型的经典隐喻是基因像珍珠般排列的串珠串。 worth 2 points. 据此观点，每个基因或多或少的都是独立于其他基 因的。现在人们知道，基因有不同的功能类型，一 Genetics and environmental factors often 些负责“生产材料”，其他的一部分负责“管理材 prevent organisms from achieving 料”，还有一些显然不起任何作用。除此之外，还 evolutionary perfection. 有一些单一的编码基因、中度重复 DNA 序列、高 度重复 DNA 序列以及其他种类的 DNA。它们之间 A Darwin first challenged the idea of 是如何相互作用的问题仍然是基因领域的一块贫瘠 evolutionary progress by observing that more 之地。 than 99.9 percent of all evolutionary lines that 33 once existed on Earth have become extinct. 自然选择的进一步制约因素是非基因修复的能力。 B A single adaptation to an organism’s 有机体的体特征越是可塑（取决于发育的灵活性）， environment may determine the way in which 不利的自然选择的压力就会越少。植物，尤其是微 the organism’s subsequent ancestors are 生物，比动物拥有的个体修复力的能力要强得多。 able to evolve. 自然选择也存在在这种现象中，因为基因严格控制 C The structure of the genotype itself restricts 着非基因的适应能力。当一个群体转移到一个新的 natural selection, since genes must line up like 特色环境时，基因将会在之后的一代代中强化，最 pearls on a necklace and cannot be moved out 终，可能会大幅度地代替非基因的适应能力。 of their proper order. D The development arthropods from of a vertebrates single and 最后，有机体能在群体中生存和繁衍的部分因素是 ancestor 运气，这也限制了自然选择的力量。从亲代染色体 demonstrates the power of the environment 的传输到新生个体的生存，每一次的繁衍都涉及到 to limit natural selection. 了机会因素。此外，潜在的有利基因组合经常会被 E A single structure or gene in an organism 任意的环境力量破坏，如风暴、洪水、地震或者火 cannot respond to the forces of natural 山喷发，然而，随着时间的推移，在成为祖先的后 selection without affecting the functioning of 代的那些极少数个体的生存中，相对适合度总是起 other structures or genes. 着重要作用。 F Both environmental and genetic chance may prevent even the fittest organisms from surviving and reproducing. 34 Passage 4 - Environmental Impact of the Anasazi 1.According to paragraph 1, Kohler views all Paragraph 1 ： A major question in the of the following as changes that occurred as archaeology of the southwestern region of the a result of increased population growth United States is why so many impressive EXCEPT settlements, and even entire regions, were A. the organization of the people into villages abandoned in prehistoric times. Archaeologist B. the improvement of local soils Tim Kohler has suggested that the nature of C. increased food production human-environmental interaction was an D. a decrease in the number of trees in the important reason in the case of the Anasazi area people. The actual case study that Kohler relies on is from the Dolores River basin of southwest Colorado, where the Anasazi seem to have moved in about A.D. 600. Over the following couple of centuries, the population increased, and they aggregated (or gathered) into villages, but by about A.D. 900 the area began to be abandoned. Other archaeologists have identified the immediate cause of this abandonment to be a series of short growing seasons that would have put pressure on corn production at that high an altitude. Kohler, however, assets that a growing population led to human-environmental interactions that caused people to live in villages, intensify agrarian food production, deforest the region, deplete the local soils, and ultimately abandon the area. 2.All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 2 ： Kohler uses several kinds of paragraph 2 as changes over time in the evidence to show that human effects, not pattern of wood use in prehistoric solely climatic factors, were important factors settlements EXCEPT: in the abandonment of settlements. One key A. Cottonwood was increasingly used in indicator of change in the 35 environment hearths. surrounding these prehistoric settlements is B. Fewer pinon trees were used in building the wood that was used there. Archaeological construction. study of wood charcoal found in hearths C. Juniper wood was increasingly used in dating to the various episodes of occupation hearths. indicated that the species use changed in a D. The pinon wood used in construction came patterned way. Over time there was a decline increasingly from older trees. in the use of juniper and pinon (native, slow-growing species of trees) and an increase 3.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that in woody shrubs and fast-growing juniper cottonwood. The species of wood used in the A. is less valuable nutritionally than pinon is construction of buildings also changed. Fewer B. is easily destroyed by fire pinon were being used, and those that were C. produces fewer seeds per plant than pinon used seem to be from increasingly old trees, does while juniper continued to be from young D. reproduces easily in the presence of pinon trees. The implication is that the forest that did remain was changing to relatively more 4.In paragraph 2, why does the author junipers, a tree that is more fire resistant, compare the use of juniper with pinon in the better able to reproduce in open settings, and construction of buildings? less desirable for construction than pinon. A. To prove that juniper is more suitable for Kohler argues that pinon was disappearing building construction than pinon is from the locale of settlements and that this B. To indicate that the choice of wood for put an additional nutritional strain on the building construction depended on the age of population, which used nuts from the tree as the tree species well as its wood. [■]The relative proportion of C. To support the claim that wood use different species of animals hunted by people changed over time in a patterned way in the region also changed progressively. [■]A D. To identify the features of juniper that made final source of evidence was the seeds found the Anasazi use it more often than pinon for in the archaeological deposits, which had constructing buildings blown or been brought to the settlement. [ ■ ]As time went on, there was a substantial increase in seeds from pioneer plants, attesting both to agricultural intensification and to an increasingly environment.[■] 36 disturbed local 5.The word “ reliance ” in the passage is Paragraph 3 ： This evidence has convinced closet in meaning to Kohler of the importance of human impact in A. dependence degrading B. disagreement interpretation of the situation is that by about C. policy A.D. 840, people had aggregated into villages D. limit in the favorable local settings environment. because of His their competitive organizational advantages over 6.According to paragraph 3, which of the smaller units following is Kohler’s explanation of the fact population that people came together to form villages? in and the face depletion of of growing local wild resources. Hence, the very nature of the initial A. Combining the population into large slash-and-burn agriculture encouraged a villages reduced the negative environmental further dependence on agriculture and the effects of small social groups. aggregation of people into denser B. As the populations increased, the size of the settlements. However, there are costs to small social units expanded so much that by aggregation, such as the increasing distance A.D. 840 they had grown together forming to usable fields, the heavier pressure on local villages. C. soils, and the accompanying increase in Villages provided the efficient social agricultural risk. The Anasazi responded to organization needed to deal with population this growth and reduced resources. by further water-control intensification, mechanisms, to such feed as the D. Villages formed on the land cleared by the increasing population. Such a trajectory is slash and burn agriculture practiced by small fraught with risks, but it is also pushed social groups. forward by advantages it bestows on its participants who organize and cooperate. 7.According to paragraph 3, why did the Advantages might include sharing food across apparent advantages of larger settlements groups in a village, investment in facilities to in fact lead to the failure of the Anasazi improve the processing and storage of food, village system? and cooperative labor pools and social A. The large size of the settlements made groupings larger than villages, which would improving processing and storage of enable organized long-distance hunts and necessary food difficult. participation in trading networks. Larger and B. The trading networks could no longer larger villages became possible, but this also support the growing needs of large villages. made the system vulnerable to collapse. A C. The long-distance hunts that had to be reliance on the management of resources 37 organized took too many resources away from through cooperative action reduced their the labor pool. flexibility of action, so that when poor seasons D. The management system practiced made it difficult the people occurred, people were seriously hurt. Thus an to deal expectable aberration in the climatic regime appropriately with periods of bad harvests. may have been enough to cause the collapse of the village system in the Dolores area. 8.According to paragraph 3, which of the following was a disadvantage of 美国西南地区考古学中的一个主要问题是，一个重 aggregation? 要的问题是为什么这么多令人印象深刻的定居点， A. People lived farther from the fields in which 甚至是整个地区，在史前时代就被抛弃了。考古学 they worked. 家蒂姆科勒认为，就阿纳萨齐人来说，人与环境相 B. Facilities for food processing and food 互作用的本质一个重要原因。科勒所依靠的实际案 storage became inadequate. 例研究来自科罗拉多西南部的多洛雷斯河流域，阿 C. Cooperation between the various groups in 纳萨齐人似乎在公元 600 年左右开始迁徙。在接下 the management of labor pools became 来的几个世纪中，人口增加，他们聚（或聚集）到 difficult to maintain. 村庄，但在公元 900 年左右该地区开始被废弃。其 D. Networks set up to facilitate trade between 他考古学家已经确定，这种抛弃的直接原因是一系 the larger villages broke down over time. 列短时间的生长季节，这会给高海拔地区的玉米生 产带来压力。然而，科勒认为，越来越多的人口导 9.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate 致人类与环境的相互影响，导致人们生活在农村， where the following sentence can be added 加剧了农业粮食生产，森林砍伐，当地土壤枯竭， to the passage. 最终放弃了这一地区。 Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. 科勒利用某几种证据来证明人类的影响，而不仅仅 是气候因素，是放弃定居点的重要因素。在这些史 Earlier, they had pursued animals native to 前定居点周围环境变化的一个关键指标是那里使用 woodlands such as deer and rabbit and later, 的木材。考古研究发现，在与各种职业相关的炉膛 those more at home in open or disturbed 中发现的木炭表明，该物种的使用方式发生了变化。 environments such as antelope and jackrabbit. 随着时间的推移，杜松和松针（本地的，生长缓慢 的树种）的使用有所减少，而木本灌木和快速生长 10.Directions: An introductory sentence for 的杨木有所增加。建筑物中使用的木材种类也发生 a brief summary of the passage is provided 了变化。越来越少的松树被使用，那些被使用的树 below. Complete the summary by selecting 似乎也来自越来越多的老树，而杜松则继续来自幼 the THREE answer choices that express the 树。这意味着，残留下来的森林正在变成相对更多 38 most important ideas in the passage. Some 的桧木，一种更耐火的树木，在开阔的环境下能更 answer choices do not belong in the 好地繁殖，而不如矮松更适合建筑。科勒认为，桧 summary because they express ideas that 木正在从定居点的地区消失，这给人口带来了额外 are not presented in the passage or are 的压力，他们从树上食用坚果和使用木材。该地区 minor ideas in the passage. This question is 人民所猎杀的不同动物种类的相对比例也逐渐发生 worth 2 points. 变化。最终的证据来源是在考古遗址中发现的种子， 这些种子已经吹到或被带到定居点。随着时间的推 Archaeologist Time Kohler has attempted to 移，先锋植物的种子大量增加，证明了农业集约化 explain why villages and areas in the 和日益受到干扰的当地环境。 southwestern part of the United States were abandoned around A.D. 900. 这一证据使科勒相信人类影响对当地环境的破坏的 重要性。他对这种情况的解释是，大约在公元 840 A. Kohler attributes the immediate cause of 年左右，由于面对人口增长和当地野生资源枯竭， the abandonment to problems with corn 人类的组织优势相对较小。因此人们聚集到有利环 production at a high altitude during short 境中的村庄。所以最初的刀耕农业的本质就鼓励人 growing seasons. B. Kohler maintains 们进一步依赖农业，并将人们聚集到更密集的定居 that the Anasazi’s 点。但是，聚集的成本是有代价的，比如可耕地的 transition to living together in villages was a 距离越来越远，当地土壤的压力越来越大以及农业 key factor in the process of the degradation of 风险随之增加。阿那萨齐人通过进一步集约化来应 the environment. 对这一现象，例如控水机制，以满足日益增长的人 C. The development of intensive agricultural 口的需求。这样的方式充满风险，但它也因其组织 methods depleted the soil and resource 和合作参与者的优势而受到推动。其优势可能包括： management strategies made it difficult to 在一个村庄的团体之间共享食物，投资改善食品加 cope with poor growing seasons. 工和储存的设施，以及比村庄更大的合作社劳动力 D. Kohler’s research indicates that in addition 力和社会团体，这将有助于使有组织的长距离狩猎 to agriculture, the Anasazi lived on the pinon 和参与贸易网络，越来越大的村庄成为可能，但这 nuts they grew and the animals they hunted in 也使得该系统容易崩溃。通过合作行动依赖资源管 the area. 理降低了他们的行动灵活性，因此，当季节不佳时， E. Increases in seeds from pioneer plants and 人们就会受到严重伤害。因此，气候条件下的预期 systematic changes in the animals hunted and 偏差可能已经足以导致多洛雷斯地区的乡村系统崩 the trees used for construction and fuel are 溃。 evidence of environmental degradation. F. The dependence of the Anasazi on food supplies from nearby villages with better 39 systems of water control and food storage facilities resulted in the Anasazi abandoning the larger villages. 40 Passage 5 -Documenting the Incas 1.The word " sequentially " in the passage is Paragraph 1：The Incans ruled a vast empire in closest in meaning to western South America when the Spaniards A. secretly encountered them in the sixteenth century. ■ B. one after another Although the Incas had no writing system of C. formerly their own, historical information about Incas is D. in partnership with each other available to researchers because early Spaniards wrote documents about them. ■ 2.According to paragraph 1, why does the However,there are drawbacks to use the written record about the Incan civilization written record. ■ First, the Spanish writers depend on the reports of Spaniards? were describing activities and institutions that A. The Incas destroyed their written records to were very different from their own, but they prevent the Spaniards from benefiting from often described Inca culture in terms of their them. own society. As an example, consider the list B. The Incas did not have a writing system. of kings given by the Incas.■ As presented in C. The Spaniards destroyed all records written the historical chronology, Spanish sources by the Incas. indicate there were thirteen kings who ruled D. Incan records were written on materials that sequentially. The names were given to them do not preserve well. by Inca informants. However, one school of thought in Inca studies suggests that the names were not actual people, but, rather, 3.Which of the following can be inferred titles filled by different individuals. Thus, the from paragraph 1 about the Incan system of number of actual kings may have been fewer, rulers? and several titles may have been filled at the A. It was first introduced when the expansion same time. The early Spanish writers, being of the Incan empire began. B. It required that multi-rulers unfamiliar with such a system of titles, simply share a translated it into something they were familiar particular title at the same time. with (a succession of kings). Given that the C. It was sometimes confusing to the Incan Inca empire expanded only during the time of informants of the Spaniards. the last four kings, or as a result of the actions D. It was unlike the system used in sixteenth of the individuals in those four positions, this century Spain. question is not deemed significant for an understanding of the Incas. But the example 41 shows that biases and inaccuracies may have been introduced inadvertently from the very beginning of the written Spanish reports about the Incas. Moreover, early writers often copied information from each other---so misinformation was likely to be passed on and accepted as true by later scholars. 4.Which of the following is mentioned in Paragraph 2 ： Second, both Spanish writers paragraph 2 as a possible motive for and Incan informants sometimes had motives deliberate inaccuracy in official Spanish for being deliberately deceitful. For example, reports of the Incas? in an effort to gain status in the Spaniards' A. The desire of some Spanish officials to eyes, Incas might say that they formerly had appear more important than they really were been more important in the Inca empire than B. The need to please Spanish rulers by they actually were. Spanish officials as well making productivity seem greater than it really were occasionally untruthful when it served was their purposes. For example, Spaniards might C. The desire of the Incas to make their empire deliberately underreport the productivity of a seem more successful than it really was region under their authority so they could sell D. The desire of most Spanish officials to the enrich themselves additional products and keep the money,rather than hand it over to the Spanish Crown. 5.Why does the author indicate that the Paragraph 3 ： Third, it should be noted that Spaniards' main sources of information the Spaniards' main sources of information were the Incas themselves were the Incas themselves, often members of A. To argue that the Spaniards made great the Inca ruling class. Therefore, what was efforts to obtain the most information recorded was the Incas' point of view about B. To explain why some scholars think that the their own history and empire. Some modern documentary history of the Incan empire may authorities question whether the history of not be correct Incas happened as they said it did. Although C. To question the idea that more recent some of their history is certainly more myth events in the Incan empire are more likely to than truth, many, if not most, scholars agree be accurate than are more ancient ones that the history of the last four Inca kings is 42 D. To explain how scholars are able to probably accurate. The same is true of other determine that the history of the last four things told to the Spanish writers: the more Incan kings is probably correct recently an event is said to have occurred, the more likely it is to have actually happened. 6.According to paragraph 4, why is there Paragraph 4：A fourth problem relates to the some doubt whether Spanish accounts of nature of the Inca conquests of the other the Incan conquests of other people are people in the Americas before the Spanish accurate? arrived and how accurate the accounts of A. The Spaniards included some information those conquests are---whether related by the about which Incan informants disagreed. Spaniards or by the Incas on whom they relied. B. The conquered people's tales of the Incan It was certainly in the Inca's interest to conquests sometimes differed from the Inca's describe themselves as invincible and just. tales of them However, lacking accounts by conquered C. The Spanish accounts of the Incan conquest people about their interactions with the Incas, were based on information from Incan it is unknown how much of the information of informants only. the Inca conquest as related by the ruling class D. Some archaeological evidence does not is factual. support the Spanish accounts. 7.According to paragraph 5, what is a Paragraph 5 ： Finally, there is a certain reason that place names in the historical vagueness in the historical record regarding record are sometimes vague? places and names. Many Spanish writers listed A. When people moved they often gave new places they had visited within the empire, provinces and towns the same names as including both provinces and towns. However, places they came from. other writers traveling along the same routes B. Different writers in historical record listed sometimes recounted different lists of places. different names for places along the same In addition, it is difficult to identify the exact routes. locations of towns and other geographic C. Most writers of the historical record traveled points of reference because of the widespread little within the empire. movements of people over the past five D. The names of provinces and towns often centuries. did not reflect geographic points 43 8.Which of the following is mentioned in Paragraph 6 ： For all these reasons, the paragraph 6 as a method for verifying historical record must be carefully evaluated accuracy of an account of a past event? to determine whether it is accurate and to A. Comparing accounts of the event given by verify the locations of past events. One different writers approach is to cross-check information from a B. Investigating whether a particular author's number of authors. Another approach is to accounts of other events have proved accurate conduct archaeological research. Regardless C. Investigating whether the author of an of the problems, historical documents review account actually presented as the event some important information about the Incas. described. D. Determining whether the author of an account was able to crosscheck information with multiple informants 9.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Official accounts, legal papers, and letters written during that period provide a wealth of information about the Incan empire and the Incas' way of life. 10.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 44 The accuracy of the historical record concerning the Incas is problematic. A. Numerous aspects of Incan life were recorded in the sixteenth century but many historical documents created at this time were lost or destroyed. B. Many Spaniards were interested primarily in the expansion of the Incan empire and therefore ignored other periods of Incan history. C. The fact that the Incan informants remained sources of information about themselves as well as inconsistencies in place names call the sound aspects of the accounts into question. D. Descriptions of Incan society may often be influenced by the cultural biases of people writing about Incas. E. Incorrect information may sometimes have been knowingly included in historical records because it was advantageous to the person including such information. F. The movement of people due to the Incan conquest and the settlement of the Spanish has caused much confusion about place names in the historical record. 45 参考答案 关注微信平台：维夕托福在线 回复：20210828 46