Key Concept of Lecture:
PROKARYOTES - UNIQUE CELLS IN THE
BIOSPHERE,
WHICH
IS
RADICALLY
DIFFERENT FROM EUKARYOTIC CELLS BY
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION .
1. TO GET ACQUAINTED WITH MORPHOLOGY AND
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA AND METHODS OF THEIR
RESEARCH;
2. TO ACQUIRE THE METABOLISM OF BACTERIA, ITS
PECULIARITY;
3. TO FAMILIARIZE WITH THE PROCESS OF BREATHING
OF BACTERIA, TO DIFFERENTIATE MICROORGANISMS
BY TYPE OF BREATHING.
Capsule
Protects against
phagocytosis
Pilus or
fimbria
Common pilus attachment to cell surfaces
sex pilus – attachment of
two bacteria during
conjugation
Flagellum
Motility
Spore
Provides resistance to
unfavourable conditions
Granule
Storage sites of food
Plasmid
Contains a variety of
genes for antibiotic
resistance, toxins
• outside cell envelope
• well defined: capsule
• not defined: slime layer or
glycocalyx
• usually polysaccharide
• often lost during in vitro
culture
• protective in vivo
FEATURES OF CELLS
Cytoplasmic membrane
Nucleus containing a
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
DNA associated with
Chromosome number
Ribosomes
Cell wall containing of
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
DNA associated with
Chromosome number
Ribosomes
Cell wall containing of
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
DNA associated with
Chromosome number
Ribosomes
Cell wall containing of
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
Polyamines
Histone proteins
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
DNA associated with
Chromosome number
Ribosomes
Cell wall containing of
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
DNA associated with
Polyamines
Histone proteins
Chromosome number
1
More then 1
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
Ribosomes
Cell wall containing of
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
DNA associated with
Polyamines
Histone proteins
Chromosome number
1
More then 1
70S
80S
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
Ribosomes
Cell wall containing of
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
DNA associated with
Polyamines
Histone proteins
Chromosome number
1
More then 1
Ribosomes
70S
80S
Cell wall containing of
Yes
No
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
DNA associated with
Polyamines
Histone proteins
Chromosome number
1
More then 1
Ribosomes
70S
80S
Cell wall containing of
Yes
No
No
Yes
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
DNA associated with
Polyamines
Histone proteins
Chromosome number
1
More then 1
Ribosomes
70S
80S
Cell wall containing of
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
DNA associated with
Polyamines
Histone proteins
Chromosome number
1
More then 1
Ribosomes
70S
80S
Cell wall containing of
Yes
No
No
Yes
Endoplasmic reticulum
No
Yes
Golgi apparatus
No
Yes
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
Mitotic division
FEATURES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasmic membrane
Yes
Yes
Nucleus containing a
No
Yes
DNA associated with
Polyamines
Histone proteins
Chromosome number
1
More then 1
Ribosomes
70S
80S
Cell wall containing of
Yes
No
No
Yes
Endoplasmic reticulum
No
Yes
Golgi apparatus
No
Yes
Mitotic division
No
Yes
nuclear membrane
surrounding DNA
peptidoglican
Membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes)
■
Definitions
Metabolism: Sum up all the chemical processes
that occur
within a cell
■ Catabolism: The processes by which a living
organism obtains its energy and raw materials
from nutrients
■ Anabolism: The processes by which energy
and raw materials are used to build
macromolecules and cellular structures
(biosynthesis)
►
►
►
Genetical classification
► Constitutive enzymes
► Induced (or inducible) enzymes
Biochemical classification
► Oxidoreductase
► Transferase
► Hydrolase
► Lyase
► Isomerase
► Lygase
Microbiological classification
► Endoenzymes
► Exoenzymes
► Pathogenicity enzymes
1.
2.
3.
▶
▶
▶