Arduino
Unit 0: Introduction
Circuits
OHM’s Law
Serial/Parallel Circuits
The Arduino Platform
Intro to Circuit - EE 101
SIMPLE CIRCUIT
SWITCH
Voltage
Source
Ground
+
-
L
O
A
D
What is a Circuit?
Circuit - same root word as circle - loop
An electrical circuit is
an uninterrupted path of electricity
between the positive voltage pole and the ground or negative pole.
Electrical Properties
Voltage
V
Current
I
● Defined as the
amount of
potential electrical
energy in a circuit
● The rate of charge
flow in a circuit.
● Units: Volts (V)
●
● Units: Amperes (A)
“Intensity” of current.
Resistance
R
● Opposition to
charge flow
● Units: Ohms (Ω)
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law describes the relationship between the Voltage (V), Current (I), and
Resistance (R) of a circuit.
The three different forms of Ohm’s Law are sometimes written as:
Voltage → Potential Energy
Like height of water tower
Water Tower
Water Tower
V
V
More Energy == Higher Voltage
Less Energy == Lower Voltage
V=IR
V=IR
Physics Lesson: Potential Energy
If you hold two bouncy balls, one in each hand - one hand above your head and
one by your hip, which one will bounce higher?
Of course, the one dropped from a greater height bounces higher
By being held higher, it has greater potential energy
Energy takes many forms
Chemical energy
Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules).Chemical energy is
released in a chemical reaction, often in the form of heat. For example, we use the chemical energy in fuels like wood,
coal by burning them.
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the energy a substance or system has because of its motion. For example machines use
mechanical energy to do work.
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the energy carried by moving electrons in an electric conductor. It is one of the most common and
useful forms of energy. Example – Lightening. Other forms of energy are also converted to electrical energy. For
example, power plants convert chemical energy stored in fuels like coal into electricity through various changes in its
form.
Thermal energy
Thermal energy is the energy a substance or system has related to its temperature, i.e., the energy of moving or vibrating
molecules. For example, we use the solar radiation to cook food.
Voltage Definition:
Electrical
Potential Energy
Water / Current Flow Analogy
Resistance → Size of pipe (same height)
Water Tower
Big Pipe == Lower Resistance
V=I
R
Water Tower
Small Pipe == Higher Resistance
V=IR
Remember -- a Circuit is a “circle”
(+)
Circuit → Circle
Series Circuits - in-line
(and pictured with a separate “ground” though it’s the same as the negative pole)
One path for electricity
Resistors in series - Resistance ADDs
Rtotal=R1+R2+...+Rn
Parallel Circuits
Circuit Splits and creates two or more paths.
Resistors in parallel (more in next unit)
1
Rtotal=
1
1
+
R1
1
+…+
R2
Rn
The Replica Platform
& Arduino
RedBoard - Arduino-compatible
Arduino: Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company,
project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital
world. (Wikipedia)
About the board
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ATmega328 Processor
14 digital input/output pins (six PWM pins)
6 analog input
16MHz crystal oscillator
USB connection
Power jack
Reset button
Assemble the breadboard and
Arduino Uno Replica to the project
baseplate
Arduino Uno Anatomy
Redboard Anatomy
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Power In “Barrel Jack”
Power In USB Port
LED- RX: Receiving
LED- TX: Transmitting
Pin 13 Onboard LED
Digital I/O Pins
Power LED
Reset Button
ISP (In-System Programming) Header
Power Bus and Analog Inputs
RFU (Reserved for Future Use)
SparkFun Qwiic port
A
B
H
C
E
K
D
F
J
I
L
G
The Arduino IDE
Setup instructions on page 6
Instructions vary on each platform (Windows, Mac, Linux)
IDE - Integrated Development Environment
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Text Editor (for code)
Configuration
Syntax Highlighting
Verify Code
Upload code to board
The Arduino IDE Anatomy
Verify and Upload
Save
Serial Monitor
Source Code
(Syntax Highlighting)
Status
Error Messages
(COM) Port
General Workflow
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Construct circuit on board
Select the right port (Tools->Port)
Edit your code
Upload to board
Test the project
Lather, rinse, repeat
Parts and Components
Redboard, Breadboard, and Wires
LED’s and Resistors
Inputs-Potentiometer, Switch, Buttons
Output Devices: LCD Screen, Piezo Buzzer
Special Sensors: Photoresistor, Temperature,
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
Motors: Gearmotor, Servomotor