READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 1
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Questions
Anna is an artist.
1) Anna is
She draws the moon.
She draws clouds.
She draws stars.
A. an artist
B. a doctor
C. an actor
2) Anna draws things that
are in the
A. ground
B. ocean
C. sky
3) Anna draws
A. shells
B. stars
C. flowers
4) Anna does not draw
A. the moon
B. clouds
C. trees
5) Anna probably also draws
A. airplanes
B. trees
C. fish
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
The passage says, “Anna is an artist.” Choice (A) is correct.
2) C
The passage says that Anna draws the moon, clouds, and stars. The moon,
clouds, and stars are all in the sky. Anna draws things that are in the sky. Choice
(C) is correct.
3) B
The passage says, “She draws stars.” Choice (B) is correct.
4) C
The passage says that Anna draws the moon and clouds. Choice (C) is correct.
5) A
The passage says, "Anna draws the moon. She draws clouds. She draws stars."
These are all things that are in the sky. Using this information, we can
understand that Anna likes to draw things in the sky. Trees are not in the sky.
Fish are not in the sky. Airplanes are in the sky. Therefore, Anna probably also
draws airplanes. Choice (A) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 1
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Questions
Erin is at a restaurant.
1) Where is Erin?
She eats cookies.
She eats ice cream.
A. She is at her house.
B. She is at a restaurant.
C. She is at school.
She eats cake.
2) Erin eats
A. breakfast
B. dinner
C. dessert
3) What food does Erin eat?
A. cake
B. cheese
C. bananas
4) Erin does not eat
A. pie
B. cake
C. cookies
5) Erin probably also eats
A. bananas
B. chocolates
C. sandwiches
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
The passage says, “Erin is at a restaurant.” Choice (B) is correct.
2) C
The passage says, "She eats cookies. She eats ice cream. She eats cake."
These are sweet foods. You eat sweet foods for dessert. Choice (C) is correct.
3) A
The passage says, “She eats cake.” Choice (A) is correct.
4) A
The passage says, "She eats cookies. She eats ice cream. She eats cake." The
passage does not say that Erin eats pie. Choice (A) is correct.
5) B
The passage says, "She eats cookies. She eats ice cream. She eats cake."
Cookies, ice cream, and cake are all sweet. Using this information, we can
understand that Erin likes to eats sweets. Bananas are not sweet. Sandwiches
are not sweet. Chocolates are sweet. So, Erin probably also eats chocolates.
Choice (B) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 1
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Questions
Adam is a chef.
1) Adam is a
He cooks chicken.
He cooks steak.
A. waiter
B. chef
C. teacher
He cooks pork.
2) Adam cooks
A. tomatoes
B. steak
C. bread
3) What kind of food does
Adam cook?
A. meat
B. pasta
C. fruit
4) Adam does not cook
A. chicken
B. pork
C. apples
5) Adam probably also cooks
A. green beans
B. asparagus
C. hamburgers
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
The passage says, “Adam is a chef.” Choice (B) is correct.
2) B
The passage says, “He cooks steak.” Choice (B) is correct.
3) A
The passage says that Adam cooks chicken, steak, and pork. These are kinds of
meat. So, Adam cooks meat. Choice (A) is correct.
4) C
The passage says, “He cooks chicken.” The passage also says, “He cooks pork.”
The passage does not say that Adam cooks apples. Choice (C) is correct.
5) C
The passage says, "He cooks chicken. He cooks steak. He cooks pork." These
are all kinds of meat. Using this information, we can understand that Adam cooks
meat. Green beans are not a kind of meat. Asparagus is not a kind of meat.
Hamburgers are a kind of meat. Therefore, Adam probably also cooks
hamburgers. Choice (C) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 1
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Questions
John is at the park.
1) Where is John?
He sees dogs.
He sees birds.
A. at the lake
B. at the park
C. at the store
He sees ducks.
2) What does John see?
A. people
B. friends
C. animals
3) Which animal does John see?
A. pigs
B. tigers
C. birds
4) John not see
A. dogs
B. cats
C. birds
5) John probably also sees
A. squirrels
B. machines
C. computers
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
The passage says, “John is at the park.” Choice (B) is correct.
2) C
The passage says that Johns sees dogs, birds, and ducks. These are animals.
John sees animals. Choice (C) is correct.
3) C
The passage says, “He sees birds.” Choice (C) is correct.
4) B
The passage says, “He sees dogs.” The passage also says, “He sees birds.” The
passage does not talk about cats. Choice (B) is correct.
5) A
The passage says, "He sees dogs. He sees birds. He sees ducks." These are all
kinds of animals. Using this information, we can understand that John sees
animals at the park. Machines are not a kind of animal. Computers are not a kind
of animal. Squirrels are a kind of animal. Therefore, John probably also sees
squirrels. Choice (A) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 1
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Questions
Ben works on a farm.
1) Where does Ben work?
He grows corn.
He grows peas.
A. on a farm
B. at a store
C. at a park
He grows carrots.
2) What kind of food does Ben
grow?
A. flowers
B. vegetables
C. animals
3) Ben grows
A. potatoes
B. carrots
C. onions
4) Ben does not grow
A. corn
B. peas
C. lettuce
5) Ben probably also grows
A. chickens
B. pigs
C. tomatoes
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
The passage says, “Ben works on a farm.” Choice (A) is correct.
2) B
The passage says that Ben grows corn, peas, and carrots. These are all
vegetables. Ben grows vegetables. Choice (B) is correct.
3) B
The passage says, “He grows carrots.” Choice (B) is correct.
4) C
The passage says, “He grows corn.” The passage also says, “He grows peas.”
The passage does not say that Ben grows lettuce. Choice (C) is correct.
5) C
The passage says, "He grows corn. He grows peas. He grows carrots." These
are all kinds of vegetables. Using this information, we can understand that Ben
grows vegetables. Chickens are not a kind of vegetable. Pigs are not a kind of
vegetable. Tomatoes are a kind of vegetable. Therefore, Ben probably also
grows tomatoes. Choice (C) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 2
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
My father is a construction worker. He builds houses. He builds schools. He
builds houses and schools. He uses a hammer and a saw.
My brother is an engineer. He designs buildings. He designs bridges. He designs
buildings and bridges. He uses a pencil and a calculator.
My son is an athlete. He plays soccer. He plays tennis. He plays soccer and
tennis. He uses a racket and a ball.
My daughter is an artist. She draws pictures of animals. She draws pictures of
people. She draws pictures of animals and people. She uses a pencil and a piece of
paper.
Questions
1) Who is a construction worker?
A. my father
B. my daughter
C. my son
2) What does my brother do?
A. He is a construction worker.
B. He is an engineer.
C. He is an artist.
3) Who uses a saw?
A. my father
B. my brother
C. my son
4) Who uses a racket?
A. my daughter
B. my brother
C. my son
5) Who uses a pencil?
I. my brother
II. my daughter
III. my father
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
6) Who probably uses an eraser?
A. my daughter
B. my brother
C. my son
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In paragraph 1 the passage says, "My father is a construction worker." Choice (A) is
correct.
2) B
In paragraph 2 the passage says, "My brother is an engineer." Choice (B) is correct.
3) A
In paragraph 1 the passage talks about my father. It says, "He uses a hammer and a
saw." Choice (A) is correct.
4) C
In paragraph 3 the passage talks about my son. It says, " He uses a racket and a ball."
Choice (C) is correct.
5) B
In paragraph 2 the passage talks about my brother. It says, "He uses a pencil and a
calculator." This lets us know that my brother uses a pencil. This means option (I) is
true. In paragraph 4 the passage talks about my daughter. It says, "She uses a pencil
and a piece of paper." This lets us know that my daughter uses a pencil. This means
option (II) is true. In paragraph 1 the passage talks about my father. It says, "He uses a
hammer and a saw." This lets us know that my father does not use a pencil. This means
option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
6) A
In paragraph 4 the passage talks about my daughter. It says, "My daughter is an artist.
Then it says, "She uses a pencil and a piece of paper." This lets us know that my
daughter draws. If she makes a mistake, then she probably uses an eraser to correct it.
Choice (A) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 2
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
James wants a dog. He walks to the pet store. James sees the animals at the pet
store.
He sees the cats. He sees the rabbits. He sees the birds. He sees the mice. He
sees the dogs.
“How much does the dog cost?” James says.
“Twenty dollars,” the man says.
James gives the man twenty dollars. James buys the dog. The dog walks home
with James. Now James has a pet.
Questions
1) What kind of pet does James want?
A. a bird
B. a cat
C. a dog
2) What kinds of animals does James
see at the pet store?
I. rabbits
II. mice
III. lizards
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
3) James does not see the
4) What pet does James buy?
A. a bird
B. a rabbit
C. a dog
5) How much does the dog cost?
A. 15 dollars
B. 20 dollars
C. 30 dollars
6) What is the best title for this
passage?
A. James Sees the Cats
B. James Buys a Pet
C. Twenty Dollars
A. Mice
B. fish
C. cats
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In the beginning of the passage, it says “James wants a dog.” Choice (C) is correct.
2) B
James goes to the pet store. The passage says, "He sees the rabbits." This means
option (I) is true. James goes to the pet store. The passage says, "He sees the mice."
This means option (II) is true. James goes to the pet store. The passage does not say
that he sees the lizards. This means option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
3) B
James goes to the pet store. The passage says, "He sees the cats. He sees the rabbits.
He sees the birds. He sees the mice. He sees the dogs." The passage does not say that
James sees the fish. Choice (B) is correct.
4) C
At the end of the passage, it says, “James buys the dog.” Choice (C) is correct.
5) B
James asks the man how much the dog costs. The man says “twenty dollars.” James
gives the man twenty (20) dollars. Choice (B) is correct.
6) B
A good title describes the main idea of the passage. In this passage, James goes to the
pet store, looks and the pets, and buys a dog. So, James buys a pet. This is the main
idea of the passage. Choice (B) is correct. James sees the cats, but this is only one kind
of animal that he sees. So, this is a detail, not the main idea. Choice (A) is incorrect.
James pays twenty dollars for the dog. But this is also a detail, not the main idea. Choice
(C) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 2
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Rebecca likes to make cookies. She makes chocolate cookies. She makes nut
cookies. Rebecca makes chocolate and nut cookies.
Rebecca likes to make cakes. She makes yellow cakes. She makes white cakes.
Rebecca makes yellow and white cakes.
Rebecca likes to make pies. She makes apple pies. She makes lemon pies.
Rebecca makes apple and lemon pies.
Questions
1) What kinds of cookies does
Rebecca make?
A. chocolate and nut
B. fudge and nut
C. chocolate and oatmeal
2) What color are Rebecca’s cakes?
A. white and brown
B. yellow and blue
C. yellow and white
3) What kind of pie does Rebecca
make?
I. lemon pie
II. cherry pie
III. chocolate pie
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
4) Rebecca does not make
A. cakes
B. bread
C. pies
5) Rebecca makes
I. cakes
II. cookies
III. muffins
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
6) Rebecca makes
A. nut pies and apple cakes
B. chocolate pies and lemon
cookies
C. yellow cakes and chocolate
cookies
7) Rebecca is a
A. waiter
B. baker
C. chef
8) Rebecca probably also makes
A. bread
B. eggs
C. candy
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In paragraph 1, the passage says “Rebecca makes chocolate and nut cookies.” Choice
(A) is correct.
2) C
In paragraph 2, the passage says that “Rebecca makes yellow and white cakes.” Choice
(C) is correct.
3) A
In paragraph 3, the passage says “Rebecca makes apple and lemon pies.” This means
option (I) is true. The passage does not say that Rebecca makes cherry pies. This
means option (II) is not true. The passage does not say that Rebecca makes chocolate
pies. This means option (III) is not true. Choice (A) is correct.
4) B
In paragraph 2, the passage says that “Rebecca likes to make cakes.” In paragraph 3,
the passage says that “Rebecca likes to make pies.” The passage does not talk about
bread. Choice (B) is correct.
5) B
In paragraph 2, the passage says, Rebecca likes to make cakes.” This means option (I)
is true. In paragraph 1, the passage says “Rebecca likes to make cookies.” This means
option (II) is true. The passage does not say that Rebecca makes muffins. This means
option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
6) C
In paragraph 2, the passage says that Rebecca “makes yellow cookies.” In paragraph 1,
the passage says that Rebecca “makes chocolate cookies.” Using this information, we
know that Rebecca makes yellow cakes and chocolates cookies. Choice (C) is correct.
7) B
In paragraph 1, we learn that "Rebecca likes to make cookies." In paragraph 2, we learn
that "Rebecca likes to make cakes." In paragraph 3, we learn that "Rebecca likes to
make pies." So, we know that Rebecca likes to make cookies, cakes, and pies. These
are all foods that you bake. A baker is someone who makes these things. Choice (B) is
correct.
8) A
In paragraph 1, we learn that "Rebecca likes to make cookies." In paragraph 2, we learn
that "Rebecca likes to make cakes." In paragraph 3, we learn that "Rebecca likes to
make pies." So, we know that Rebecca likes to make cookies, cakes, and pies. These
are all foods that you bake. Bread is another food that you bake. You do not bake eggs.
You do not bake candy. Choice (A) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 2
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Yoshi is hungry. Yoshi wants to eat.
Yoshi walks to the store. Yoshi walks to the grocery store. Yoshi walks to the
grocery store because he wants something to eat.
Yoshi arrives at the grocery store. It is late. The sky is dark.
Yoshi buys an orange, an apple, a banana, and a mango.
The orange costs 50 cents. The apple costs 60 cents. The banana costs 10
cents. The mango costs 90 cents.
Questions
1) Yoshi walks to the grocery store because
A. he wants something to buy
B. he wants something to eat
C. he cannot sleep
2) What time does Yoshi arrive at the store?
A. at night
B. in the morning
C. in the afternoon
3) Yoshi buys
A. a pineapple
B. a tomato
C. a banana
© Copyright EnglishForEveryone.Org, 2012. All rights reserved.
4) Yoshi does not buy
A. a mango
B. a plum
C. an apple
5) What kind of food does Yoshi buy?
A. fruit
B. meat
C. vegetables
6) How much does the orange cost?
A. 50 cents
B. 60 cents
C. 70 cents
7) What is the most expensive thing at the store?
A. the orange
B. the mango
C. the banana
8) What is the least expensive thing?
A. the mango
B. the apple
C. the banana
9) How much money does Yoshi spend at the store?
A. 2 dollars
B. 2 dollars and 10 cents
C. 2 dollars and 20 cents
© Copyright EnglishForEveryone.Org, 2012. All rights reserved.
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In the beginning of the passage, it says “Yoshi walks to the grocery store because he
wants something to eat." Choice (B) is correct.
2) A
In the middle of the passage, it says “Yoshi arrives at the grocery store. It is late. The
sky is dark.” This means that Yoshi arrives at night. Choice (A) is correct.
3) C
In the middle of the passage, it says "Yoshi buys an orange, an apple, a banana, and a
mango." This lets us know that Yoshi buys a banana. Choice (C) is correct.
4) B
In the middle of the passage, it says "Yoshi buys an orange, an apple, a banana, and a
mango." This lets us know that Yoshi does not buy a plum. Choice (B) is correct.
5) A
In the middle of the passage, it says "Yoshi buys an orange, an apple, a banana, and a
mango." These are all kinds of fruit. Choice (A) is correct.
6) A
At the end of the passage, it says "The orange costs 50 cents." Choice (A) is correct.
7) B
At the end of the passage, it says "The orange costs 50 cents. The apple costs 60 cents.
The banana costs 10 cents. The mango costs 90 cents." The most expensive thing is the
mango, because the mango costs 90 cents. The mango is more expensive than all
others. Choice (B) is correct.
8) C
At the end of the passage, it says " The orange costs 50 cents. The apple costs 60
cents. The banana costs 10 cents. The mango costs 90 cents." The least expensive
thing is the banana, because the banana costs 10 cents. The banana is less expensive
than all others. Choice (C) is correct.
9) B
Yoshi buys an orange. The orange costs 50 cents. Yoshi buys an apple. The apple costs
60 cents. Yoshi buys a banana. The banana costs 10 cents. Yoshi buys a mango. The
mango costs 90 cents. 50+60+10+90 = $2.10 Yoshi spends 2 dollars and 10 cents.
Choice (B) is correct.
© Copyright EnglishForEveryone.Org, 2012. All rights reserved.
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 2
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Tom is going on a trip to the mountains.
Tom needs to take his bag. The bag is brown. The bag is small. The bag is small
and brown.
Tom opens the bag. Tom wants to put things in the bag. Tom wants to pack his
bag.
Tom puts a toothbrush in the bag.
Tom puts a map in the bag.
Tom puts boots in the bag.
Tom puts a camera in the bag.
Tom puts a book in the bag.
Tom closes the bag. But the bag cannot close!
Tom takes the boots out of the bag. He puts them on his feet.
Snap! Snap!
Now the bag can close. Tom is ready to go!
Questions
1) Where is Tom going?
A. He is going on a trip to the city.
B. He is going on a trip to the beach.
C. He is going on a trip to the mountains.
2) Tom has a bag. His bag is
I. small
II. brown
III. old
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
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1
3) What does Tom put in the bag?
A. a map
B. money
C. a jacket
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
4) Tom does not put _________ in the bag.
A. boots
B. a camera
C. a hat
5) If you pack a bag, this mean you
A. take things out of it
B. put things into it
C. open and close it
6) Using the things in the bag, Tom can _________ on the trip.
A. go fishing
B. take pictures
C. make a tent
7) After Tom puts his things in the bag, he _________ the bag.
A. puts
B. closes
C. opens
8) What does Tom take out of the bag?
A. boots
B. a camera
C. a toothbrush
9) What is the best title for this passage?
A. A Trip to the Mountains
B. Tom Packs His Bag
C. Tom Puts a Camera in the Bag
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In the beginning of the passage, it says "Tom is going on a trip to the mountains."
Choice (C) is correct.
2) B
In the beginning of the passage, it says " The bag is brown." This means option (I) is
true. In the beginning of the passage, it says " The bag is small." This means option (II)
is true. The passage does not say that the bag is old. This means option (III) is not true.
Choice (B) is correct.
3) A
In the middle of the passage, it says "Tom puts a map in the bag." Choice (A) is correct.
4) C
In the middle of the passage, it says, "Tom puts boots in the bag. Tom puts a camera in
the bag." The passage does not say that Tom puts a hat in the bag. (C) is correct.
5) B
In the middle of the passage, it says, "Tom wants to put things in the bag. Tom wants to
pack his bag." Tom continues to put things into his bag. This lets us know that pack
means to put things into a bag. Choice (B) is correct.
6) B
In the middle of the passage, it says, "Tom puts a camera in the bag." Tom can use the
camera to take pictures on the trip. Choice (B) is correct.
7) B
First, Tom opens the bag. Tom wants to put things in the bag. After Tom puts things in
the bag, Tom closes the bag. Choice (B) is correct.
8) A
At the end of the passage, it says "Tom takes the boots out of the bag." Choice (A) is
correct.
9) B
A good title describes the main idea of the passage. In the beginning, middle, and end of
the passage, it talks about Tom as he packs his bag. This is the main idea. So choice
(B) is correct. In the beginning of the passage, it says "Tom is going on a trip to the
mountains." But the passage does not talk about his trip. So this is only a detail. It is not
the main idea. Choice (A) is incorrect. In the middle of the passage, it says " Tom puts a
camera in the bag." But the passage does not talk about his camera. So this is only a
detail. It is not the main idea. Choice (C) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 3
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Seagulls live on the beach. They eat small fish, bread, and seaweed. Seagulls run
quickly on the sand and fly quickly in the sky. Seagulls will run or fly away if you try to catch them.
There are many seagulls on the beach.
Crabs also live on the beach. They eat shrimp, ocean plants, and small fish. Crabs crawl
quickly on the sand and in the ocean. Crabs will crawl away if you try to catch them. There are
many crabs on the beach, but it is not always easy to see them.
Starfish live on the beach, too. They eat clams, oysters, and small fish. Starfish move
slowly on the sand and in the ocean. Starfish will not move away if you try to catch them. There
are few starfish on the beach.
Questions
1) Seagulls, crabs, and starfish all eat
A. clams
B. bread
C. fish
2) Which animal does not move quickly?
A. starfish
B. seagulls
C. crabs
3) Based on information in the passage, which sentence is false?
A. Starfish are hard to catch.
B. Crabs eat shrimp and ocean plants.
C. Seagulls move quickly on the sand and in the air.
4) The passage does not talk about
A. what starfish eat
B. how crabs catch food
C. how fast beach animals move
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
5) According to the passage, seagulls
I. live on the beach
II. move quickly in the ocean
III. eat bread only
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
6) Based on information in the passage, which animal would you be most likely to see at the
beach?
A. crabs
B. seagulls
C. starfish
7) Based on information in the passage, we can understand that
A. the beach is not as nice as the mountains
B. the beach is a good place to vacation
C. many animals live at the beach
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In paragraph 1 the passage says, "Seagulls live on the beach. They eat small fish, bread, and seaweed." So, seagulls eat
fish. In paragraph 2 the passage says, "Crabs also live on the beach. They eat shrimp, ocean plants, and small fish." So,
crabs eat fish. In paragraph 3 the passage says, " Starfish live on the beach, too. They eat clams, oysters, and small fish."
So, starfish eat fish. Using this information, we know that seagulls, crabs, and starfish all eat fish. Choice (C) is correct.
2) A
In paragraph 3 the passage says, “Starfish move slowly on the sand and in the ocean.” If starfish move slowly, that means
that they do not move quickly. Slowly is the opposite of quickly. Choice (A) is correct.
3) A
In paragraph 3 the passage says, “Starfish will not move away if you try to catch them.” Using this information, we can
understand that starfish are easy to catch because they do not move away. Choice (A) is correct.
4) B
The passage does not talk about is how crabs catch food. Choice (B) is correct. In paragraph 3 the passage says,
"Starfish live on the beach, too. They eat clams, oysters, and small fish." Using this information, we can understand that
the passage talks about what starfish eat. Choice (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 1 the passages says, “Seagulls run quickly
on the sand and fly quickly in the sky." In paragraph 2 the passages says, “Crabs crawl quickly on the sand." In paragraph
3 the passages says, “Starfish move slowly on the sand and in the ocean." Since seagulls, crabs, and starfish all live at
the beach, we can understand that the passage talks about how fast beach animals move. Choice (C) is incorrect.
5) A
In paragraph 1 the passage says, “Seagulls live on the beach.” This means option (I) is true. In paragraph 1, the passage
says that seagulls “move quickly on the sand and in the sky.” However, the passage does not say that seagulls move
quickly in the ocean. This means option (II) is not true. In paragraph 1, the passage says that seagulls “small fish, bread,
and seaweed.” Because the passage says that seagulls eat two foods in addition to bread (small fish and seaweed), this
means that seagulls do not eat bread only. This means option (III) is not true. Choice (A) is correct.
6) B
In paragraph 1 the passage says, “There are many seagulls on the beach.” This means you will be very likely to see a
seagull at the beach. Choice (B) is correct. In paragraph 2 the passage says “There are many crabs on the beach, but it is
not always easy to see them." This means you will be unlikely to see a crab at the beach. Choice (A) is incorrect. In
paragraph 3 the passage says “There are few starfish on the beach.” This means you will be unlikely to see a starfish at
the beach. Choice (C) is incorrect.
7) C
In paragraph 1 the passage talks about the seagulls that live at the beach. In paragraph 2 the passage talks about the
crabs that live at the beach. In paragraph 3 the passage talks about the starfish that live at the beach. This passage talks
about animals that live at the beach. Moreover, the passage says that these animals eat other animals like "clams,
oysters, and small fish." This lets us know that many animals live at the beach. Choice (C) is correct. The passage does
not talk about the mountains. Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage does not talk about whether or not the beach is a good
place to vacation at. The passage only talks about animals that live at the beach. Choice (B) is incorrect.
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3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 3
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
There are many kinds of boats.
One kind of boat is called a sailboat. A sailboat uses the wind to move. Wind makes a
sailboat move in the water. The wind pushes the sailboat. Wind fills the sails. The sailboat moves
when the wind blows.
One kind of boat is called a motorboat. A motorboat uses a motor to move. The motor
gives power to the boat. The motorboat moves when the motor is running. The motorboat makes
a loud noise.
One kind of boat is called a rowboat. A rowboat needs people to move it. People make a
rowboat move in the water. People use oars to move a rowboat. Oars are long and flat. Oars go
into the water. A rowboat moves when people use the oars.
As you can see, there are many kinds of boats.
Questions
1) Which boat uses the wind to move?
A. a sailboat
B. a rowboat
C. a motorboat
2) Which boat makes a loud noise?
A. a sailboat
B. a motorboat
C. a rowboat
3) What is used to move a rowboat?
A. wind
B. a motor
C. oars
4) According to the passage, oars are
A. short and fat
B. long and flat
C. big and heavy
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1
5) This passage is mainly about
A. different kinds of boats
B. where to use a rowboat
C. how to make a boat
6) Which boat(s) can still move if there is no wind?
I. a motorboat
II. a rowboat
III. a sailboat
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
7) Tom doesn't like loud noises. Which boat(s) does he probably like to ride in?
I. a sailboat
II. a rowboat
III. a motorboat
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
8) What would be the best title for this passage?
A. Boats that Make Noise
B. The Sailboat and the Motorboat
C. Three Kinds of Boats
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2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In paragraph 2 the passage says, "A sailboat uses the wind to move.” Choice (A) is correct.
2) B
At the end of paragraph 3 the passage says, “The motorboat makes a loud noise.” Choice (B) is correct.
3) C
In paragraph 4 the passage says, “People use oars to move a rowboat.” Choice (C) is correct.
4) B
In paragraph 4 the passage says, “Oars are long and flat.” Choice (B) is correct.
5) A
The passage talks about three different kinds of boats. In paragraph 2, the passage talks about the sailboat. In paragraph
3, the passage talks about the motorboat. In paragraph 4, the passage talks about the rowboat. Using this information, we
can understand that the passage is mainly about different kinds of boats. Choice (A) is correct.
6) B
In paragraph 3 the passage says, "A motorboat uses a motor to move." A motorboat can still move if there is no wind.
This means option (I) is true. In paragraph 4 the passage says, "A rowboat needs people to move it." A rowboat can still
move if there is no wind. This means option (II) is true. In paragraph 2 the passage says, "A sailboat uses the wind to
move." A sailboat cannot move if there is no wind. This means option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
7) B
In paragraph 2, we learn that wind moves a sailboat. So, a sailboat is probably very quiet. Tom would probably like to ride
in a sailboat. This means option (I) is true. In paragraph 4, we learn that people move a rowboat using oars. So, a
rowboat is probably very quiet. Tom would probably like to ride in a rowboat. This means option (II) is true. In paragraph
3 the passage says, "The motorboat makes a loud noise." So, Tom would not like to ride in a motorboat because it makes
a loud noise. This means option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
8) C
A good title describes the main idea of the passage. In paragraph 2 the passage talks about one kind of boat: the sailboat.
In paragraph 3 the passage talks about another kind of boat: the motorboat. In paragraph 4 the passage talks about
another kind of boat: the rowboat. Using this information, we can understand that the main idea of the passage is to talk
about three kinds of boats. Choice (C) is correct. In paragraph 3 the passage says, "The motorboat makes a loud noise."
However, this is only one of the three boats that are discussed in the passage. The other two boats, the sailboat and the
rowboat, do not make any noise. This means choice (A) is incorrect. In paragraphs 2 and 3 the author talks about the
sailboat and the motorboat. However, this is only two of the three boats that are discussed in the passage. The other boat,
the rowboat, is not included in this title. Therefore (B) is incorrect.
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3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 3
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Christmas is my favorite holiday. My grandmother makes ham, salad, and cupcakes on
Christmas. I also get a present on Christmas! Last year I got a new set of paint brushes. This
year I hope to get new pencils and a drawing pad. I always have fun on Christmas.
Halloween is another good holiday. My grandmother makes candy corn and cupcakes on
Halloween. People wear costumes during Halloween. Last year I wore a skeleton costume. This
year I am going to wear a zombie costume.
July 4 is a good holiday. July 4 is the birthday of the United States of America. My
grandmother makes hot dogs and salad on July 4. I don’t have to go to school on July 4. But I
don’t get any presents either. If I got presents on July 4 it would be my favorite holiday.
Questions
1) When does the author’s grandmother make cupcakes?
I. Christmas
II. Halloween
III. July 4
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
2) Which holiday does the author like most?
A. Christmas
B. Halloween
C. Easter
3) Based on the things the author gets for Christmas, we can understand that he likes
A. sports
B. art
C. music
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1
4) What is the author’s favorite thing about holidays?
A. not going to school
B. eating candy
C. getting presents
5) What costume did the author wear for Halloween last year?
A. a skeleton costume
B. a zombie costume
C. a pumpkin costume
6) Based on what you know about the author, what costume will he probably wear next year?
A. a pumpkin costume
B. a flower costume
C. a ghost costume
7) This story is mainly about
A. why the author likes some holidays
B. how someone can get out of school
C. which foods are the best to eat on different holidays
8) What is the best title for this passage?
A. The Holidays I Like
B. Why Christmas is Best
C. Hot Dogs and Salad
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2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In paragraph 1, the author says "My grandmother makes ham, salad, and cupcakes on Christmas." This means option (I)
is true. In paragraph 2, the author says "My grandmother makes candy corn and cupcakes on Halloween." This means
option (II) is true. In paragraph 3 the author says "My grandmother makes hot dogs and salad on July 4." This means
option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
2) A
In paragraph 1, the author writes, “Christmas is my favorite holiday.” Choice (A) is correct.
3) B
In paragraph 1 the author says, "Last year I got a new set of paint brushes. This year I hope to get new pencils and a
drawing pad." Paint brushes, pencils, and a drawing pad are all used to make art. This means that the author must like
art. Choice (B) is correct.
4) C
In paragraph 1, the author says that Christmas is his or her favorite holiday. This is because the author gets "a present on
Christmas!" In paragraph 3, the author says "If I got presents on July 4 it would be my favorite holiday." This lets us know
that the author's favorite thing about the holidays is getting presents. Choice (C) is correct.
5) A
In paragraph 1 the author says "Last year I wore a skeleton costume." Choice (A) is correct.
6) C
In paragraph 1 the author says "Last year I wore a skeleton costume. This year I am going to wear a zombie costume."
Using this information, we can understand that the author likes dark and scary costumes. A ghost costume is dark and
scary. Therefore the author will probably wear a ghost costume next year. Choice (C) is correct. Neither a pumpkin
costume nor a flower costume are dark and scary. This means (A) and (B) are incorrect.
7) A
The author writes about three different holidays: Christmas, July 4, and Easter. The author explains what happens these
holidays, and what he likes about each one. Choice (A) is correct. In paragraph 3 the author says, "I don’t have to go to
school on July 4." However, this is only a detail of the passage. It is not what the passage is mainly about. Therefore (B) is
incorrect. In paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 the author tells about the food he eats on each holiday. However, these are only
details of the passage. They are not what the passage is mainly about. Therefore (C) is incorrect.
8) A
A good title describes the main idea of the passage. In paragraph 1 the author talks about why he likes Christmas. In
paragraph 2 the author talks about why he likes Halloween. In paragraph 3 the author talks about why he likes July 4. The
main idea of this passage is the holidays the author likes. Choice (A) is correct. In paragraph 1 the author says,
"Christmas is my favorite holiday." However, why Christmas is best is only one part of this passage. It is not the main
idea. Choice (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 3 the author says, "My grandmother makes hot dogs and salad on July 4."
However, hot dogs and salad is only a detail of this passage. It is not the main idea. Choice (C) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 3
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
On Monday, Robert works at the bank. He plants three bushes. He plants eight yellow
flowers. He plants three trees.
On Tuesday, Robert works at the school. He plants five red flowers. He digs a hole with a
shovel.
On Wednesday, Robert works at the hospital. He plants twelve bushes.
On Thursday, Robert works at the school. He plants two trees. He plants sixteen white
flowers. He digs four holes with a shovel.
On Friday, Robert works at the grocery store. He plants two bushes. He plants one tree.
Questions
1) Where does Robert work on Wednesday?
A. at the hospital
B. at the school
C. at the grocery store
2) What does Robert do on Tuesday?
A. He plants twelve purple bushes.
B. He plants five red flowers and digs a hole with a shovel.
C. He plants two trees, plants sixteen white flowers, and digs four holes with a shovel.
3) How many holes does Robert dig during the week?
A. one
B. three
C. five
4) How many yellow flowers does Robert plant?
A. five
B. eight
C. sixteen
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1
5) How many bushes does Robert plant during the week?
A. twelve
B. fifteen
C. seventeen
6) Where does Robert plant white flowers?
A. at the bank
B. at the school
C. at the hospital
7) Robert works at the school on
I. Tuesday
II. Thursday
III. Friday
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
8) Robert plants bushes at the
I. bank
II. hospital
III. grocery store
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
9) Based on information in the passage, we can understand that Robert is a
A. doctor
B. teacher
C. landscaper
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2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “On Wednesday, Robert works at the hospital.” Choice (A) is correct.
2) B
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “On Tuesday, Robert works at the school. He plants five red flowers. He digs a hole
using a shovel.” Choice (B) is correct.
3) C
In paragraph 2, we learn that Robert "digs a hole using a shovel.” This is one hole. In paragraph 4, we learn that Robert
"digs four holes with a shovel." This is four holes. One plus four equals five. (1+4=5) Choice (C) is correct.
4) B
In paragraph 1, we learn that on Monday Robert plants "eight yellow flowers." Choice (B) is correct.
5) C
In paragraph 1, we learn that Robert "plants three bushes." In paragraph 3, we learn that Robert "plants twelve bushes."
In paragraph 5, we learn that Robert "plants two bushes." Three plus twelve plus two equals seventeen. (3+12+2=17)
Choice (C) is correct.
6) B
In paragraph 4, we learn that Robert works at the school. He "plants sixteen white flowers” there. Choice (B) is correct.
7) B
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “On Tuesday, Robert works at the school.” This means option (I) is true. In paragraph
4, the author writes, “On Thursday, Robert works at the school.” This means option (II) is true. In paragraph 5, the author
writes, “On Friday, Robert works at the grocery store.” This means option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
8) C
In paragraph 1, the author writes, “On Monday, Robert works at the bank. He plants three bushes.” This means option (I)
is true. In paragraph 3, the author writes, “On Wednesday, Robert works at the hospital. He plants twelve bushes.” This
means option (II) is true. In paragraph 5, the author writes, “On Friday, Robert works at the grocery store. He plants two
bushes.” This means option (III) is true. Choice (C) is correct.
9) C
In this passage, Robert plants bushes, flowers, and trees. He also digs holes. This describes the job of a landscaper. A
landscaper is someone who works in the garden. Choice (C) is correct.
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3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 3
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Passage
Ann rides her bicycle. Ann rides her little bicycle to work. Ann rides her little, red
bicycle to work every day.
Nina rides the bus. Nina rides the big bus to work. Nina rides the big, slow bus to
work every day.
Luis rides the train. Luis rides the big train to work. Luis rides the big, fast train to
work every day.
Carlos walks. Carlos walks to work. Carlos walks on the crowded sidewalk to
work every day.
Questions
1) Where do Ann, Nina, Luis, and Carlos go every day?
A. They go to work.
B. They go to the bus stop.
C. They go to the bicycle store.
2) Who rides a bicycle to work?
A. Ann
B. Nina
C. Luis
3) What does Nina ride to work?
A. the train
B. her bicycle
C. the bus
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1
4) Who rides to work?
A. Ann, Nina, and Luis
B. Nina, Luis, and Carlos
C. Ann and Luis
5) According to the passage, what is big?
I. the train
II. the bus
III. the bicycle
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
6) According to the passage, what is little?
I. the bicycle
II. the bus
III. the train
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
7) Who probably uses the most energy to get to work?
A. Ann
B. Nina
C. Luis
8) How is Carlos different than Ann, Nina, and Luis?
A. Carlos rides the bus to work and the others ride the train.
B. Carlos walks to work and the others ride a vehicle.
C. Carlos rides his bicycle and the others ride the bus.
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2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In paragraph 1 the passage says, "Ann rides her little, red bicycle to work every day." In paragraph 2 the passage says,
"Nina rides the big, slow bus to work every day." In paragraph 3 the passage says, "Luis rides the big, fast train to work
every day." In paragraph 4 the passage says, "Carlos walks on the crowded sidewalk to work every day." Using this
information, we can understand that Ann, Nina, Luis, and Carlos go to work every day. Choice (A) is correct.
2) A
In paragraph 1 the passage says, "Ann rides her little bicycle to work." Choice (A) is correct.
3) C
In paragraph 2 the passage says, "Nina rides the big bus to work." Choice (C) is correct.
4) A
In paragraph 1 the passage says, "Ann rides her little bicycle to work." In paragraph 2 the passage says, "Nina rides the
big bus to work." In paragraph 3 the passage says, "Luis rides the big train to work." Using this information, we can
understand that Ann, Nina, and Luis ride to work. Choice (A) is correct.
5) B
In paragraph 2 the passage says, "Nina rides the big bus to work." This lets us know that the bus is big. This means
option (I) is true. In paragraph 3 the passage says, "Luis rides the big train to work." This lets us know that the train is big.
This means option (II) is true. In paragraph 1 the passage says, "Ann rides her little bicycle to work." This lets us know
that the bicycle is little, or small. This means option (III) is not true. Choice (B) is correct.
6) A
In paragraph 1 the passage says, "Ann rides her little bicycle to work." This lets us know that the bicycle is little, or small.
This means option (I) is true. In paragraph 2 the passage says, "Nina rides the big bus to work." This lets us know that
the bus is big, not little. This means option (II) is not true. In paragraph 3 the passage says, "Luis rides the big train to
work." This lets us know that the train is big, not little. This means option (III) is not true. Choice (A) is correct.
7) A
In paragraph 1 we learn that "Ann rides her little bicycle to work." Ann must pedal the bicycle. So, Ann probably uses a lot
of energy to get to work. In paragraph 2 we learn that "Nina rides the big bus to work." Nina sits on the bus. So, Nina
probably does not use much energy to get to work. In paragraph 3 we learn that "Luis rides the big train to work." Luis sits
on the train. So, Luis probably does not use much energy to get to work. Using this information, we can understand that
Ann probably uses the most energy to get to work. Choice (A) is correct.
8) B
In paragraph 1 the passage says, "Ann rides her little bicycle to work." In paragraph 2 the passage says, "Nina rides the
big bus to work." In paragraph 3 the passage says, "Luis rides the big train to work." This lets us know that Ann, Nina, and
Luis all ride to work. In paragraph 4 the passage says, "Carlos walks to work." This lets us know that Carlos walks to
work. Using this information, we can understand that Carlos is different than Ann, Nina, and Luis because Carlos walks to
work. Choice (B) is correct.
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3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 4
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Today, Mike and his mom are going to the library. Mike wants to find a book to read. His
mom wants to use a computer there.
When they get to the library, Mike finds a book about detectives. He also finds a book
with chapters about a friendly ghost. Finally, he finds a book about a man who lives in the woods
without food or water. He puts the books on the front desk and waits for his mom.
Mike's mom sits at one of the computers in the library. She checks her email and looks at
pictures of flowers on the internet. Then she reads a news article on a website.
Mike's mom leaves the computer and walks over to Mike, holding up something out for
him. Mike looks at her quizzically. It takes him a moment to recognize what she is holding. “I got
that movie for us to watch tonight," says Mike's mom. “Are you ready to leave?”
"Sure," Mike says, now holding the movie out in front of him. He reads the cover while
walking back to the library entrance. He puts his books and the movie on the front desk to check
out. A librarian stands behind the counter holding an electronic scanner. "How long can we keep
them?" Mike asks her.
"Three weeks," says the librarian.
"Cool," says Mike.
Suddenly, Mike is surprised. His mother is checking out something else that is too big to
put on the desk. It’s a picture of the ocean.
"What is that for?" Mike asks.
"To put on our wall at home," says Mike's mom.
"You can do that?" Mike asks.
Mike's mom smiles at the librarian. "Yes," she says, "but we have to return it in three
months."
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) Based on the books Mike finds to check out, we can tell that he is interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
science
nature
mystery
adventure
2) While at the computer, Mike's mom
I. checks her mail
II. looks at pictures
III. reads an article
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
3) According to the passage, how long can Mike and his mother use the books and the movie
before they must return them to the library?
A.
B.
C.
D.
one week
two weeks
three weeks
four weeks
4) Based on its use in paragraph 4, it can understood that quizzically belongs to which of the
following word groups?
A.
B.
C.
D.
abnormally, strangely, weirdly
casually, carelessly, indifferently
passionately, keenly, intensely
inquisitively, questioningly, curiously
5) As used in paragraph 5, the phrase "check out" most nearly means
A.
B.
C.
D.
to see
to rent
to find
to buy
6) What does Mike's mom want to do with the picture of the ocean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
She wants to buy it.
She wants to hang it on her wall.
She wants to give it to her friend as a gift.
She wants to donate it to the library.
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2
7) Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that you can check out which of the
following things from the library?
I. pictures
II. furniture
III. computers
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
8) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mike's Mom
A Picture of the Ocean
At the Library
Books, Computers, Movies, and Pictures
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3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In paragraph 2, the passage talks about the books that Mike finds. It says, "Mike finds a book about detectives. He also
finds a book with chapters about a friendly ghost. Finally, he finds a book about a man who lives in the woods without food
or water." The first book is about detectives. Detectives solve mysteries. The second book is about ghosts. Ghosts are
mysterious. The third book is about a man who lives without food or water. This is also mysterious. Using this information,
we can tell that Mike is interested in mystery. Choice (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support
choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 3, the passage says that Mike's mom "sits at one of the computers in the library. She checks her email and
looks at pictures of flowers on the internet. " This supports option (I) and option (II). At the end of paragraph 3, the
passage says that Mike's mom "reads a news article on a website." This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
3) C
In the middle of the passage, Mike puts the books and the movie on the front desk to check out. Then he asks the
librarian how long he can keep them. The librarian tells him that he can keep them for three weeks. Choice (C) is correct.
The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) D
quizzically (adverb): in a questioning or puzzled manner.
In paragraph 4, the passage says, "Mike's mom leaves the computer and walks over to Mike, holding up something out for
him. Mike looks at her quizzically. It takes him a moment to recognize what she is holding." Given that it takes Mike a
moment to recognize what his mother is holding, we can understand that he must be looking at it inquisitively,
questioningly, or curiously. Therefore, we can understand that quizzically belongs to the word group in (D). The passage
does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
5) B
check out (idiom): to itemize or sort to obtain the amount due for purchase or record.
Both Mike and his mom go to the librarian in order to check out things from the library. We know that Mike has to return
the books and the movie to the library in three weeks. We also know that Mike's mom has to return the picture to the
library in three months. Using this information, we can understand that if you check out something, you must return it later.
Similarly, if you rent something, you must return it later. Therefore, check out means rent. Choice (B) is correct. The
passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
6) B
At the end of the passage, Mike asks his mom what the picture is for. She says that it is "to put on our wall at home." This
lets us know that (B) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore
they are incorrect.
7) A
In the end of the passage, it says that Mike's mother "is checking out something else that is too big to put on the desk. It’s
a picture of the ocean." This lets us know that you can check out pictures from the library. This supports option (I).
Although Mike's mother does check out a picture from the library, the passage does not provide information to support the
idea that you can check out furniture from the library. Pictures are not commonly considered articles of furniture. This
eliminates option (II). Although Mike's mother uses a computer at the library, the passage does not provide information to
support the idea that you can check out computers from the library. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (A) is correct.
8) C
A good title describes the main idea of the passage. In this passage, Mike and his mom go to the library. There, they read
books, use the computer, check out a movie and a picture. Using this information, the reader can understand what
happens at the library. Since the passage concentrates on Mike and his mother's experience at the library, this is the main
idea. Choice (C) is correct. (A) is incorrect because Mike's mom is just one of the characters in the passage. She is not
the main idea. Although Mike's mom checks out a picture of the ocean, this is only a detail of the passage. It is not the
main idea. Therefore (B) is incorrect. While the passage does involve books, computers, movies, and pictures, this is not
the main idea of the passage. Rather, these are just details that are part of the overall theme of the passage, which
involves a description of things you can do at the library. This means (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 4
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Next week I am on vacation. While I am on vacation, I will work on two projects.
First, I will fix the washing machine. The washing machine has been broken for two
weeks. To fix it, I will need three tools: a screwdriver, a wrench, and a clamp. It will take one day
to fix the washing machine.
Next, I will fix our back porch. This is a bigger project. It will probably take about two days
to fix the back porch, and will require a screwdriver, a hammer, nails, and a saw.
My vacation starts on Monday. I have a lot of work to do, but hopefully I can relax after I
finish my work
Questions
1) Which of these tools will the author use more than once?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a screwdriver
a hammer
a clamp
a saw
2) As used in paragraph 3, what does require mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
need
use
find
buy
3) Which of the following tools does the author not need to fix the back porch?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a screwdriver
a wrench
nails
a saw
4) What is the earliest day that the author can finish both projects?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
5) On which project will the author need to use the most tools?
A.
B.
C.
D.
fixing the washing machine
fixing the back porch
both projects need the same number of tools
neither project needs any tools
6) According to the passage, fixing the back porch will take longer because
A.
B.
C.
D.
the author really doesn’t want to do it
it has been broken longer
it needs more tools
it is a bigger project
7) The author of this passage can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
interesting
lazy
constructive
intelligent
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In paragraph 2, the author says that to fix the washing machine, he or she will need “a screwdriver, a wrench, and a
clamp.” In paragraph 3, the author says that to fix the back porch, he or she will need “a screwdriver, a hammer, nails, and
a saw.” The author needs the screwdriver for both projects, so it will be used more than once. Choice (A) is correct. The
passage does not contain information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) A
require (verb): to have a need for.
In paragraph 2, the author writes that to fix the washing machine, “I will need three tools: a screwdriver, a wrench, and a
clamp.” In paragraph 3, the author talks about the next job, which is fixing the porch. Like in paragraph 2, the author writes
that, “It will probably take about two days to fix the back porch, and will require a screwdriver, a hammer, nails, and a
saw." In paragraph 3, the author is telling us about the tools he or she will require, or need, to complete the job, just like in
paragraph 2. Using this information, it can be understood that require means need. Therefore (A) is correct. The passage
does not provide information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
3) B
In paragraph 3, the author says that he or she requires, or needs, “a screwdriver, a hammer, nails, and a saw” to fix the
back porch. The author does not say that he or she needs a wrench. Therefore (B) is correct. The passage does not
contain information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) B
In the final paragraph, the author writes, “My vacation starts on Monday.” In paragraph 1, the author writes, "While I am on
vacation, I will work on two projects." This lets us know that the author plans to start working on Monday. In paragraph 2,
the author writes that, “It will take one day to fix the washing machine.” In paragraph 3, the author writes that, “It will
probably take about two days to fix the back porch.” If the author starts the projects on Monday, the first day of vacation,
and it takes 3 days to finish both projects, the earliest that he or she can be finished is Wednesday. Therefore (B) is
correct. The passage does not contain information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
5) B
In paragraph 2, the author writes that to fix the washing machine, “I will need a screwdriver, a wrench, and a clamp.” This
is 3 tools. In paragraph 3, the author writes that to fix the back porch, he or she will require, or need, “a screwdriver, a
hammer, nails, and a saw.” This is 4 tools. 4 is greater than 3, so (B) is correct. The passage does not contain information
to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
6) D
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Next, I will fix our back porch. This is a bigger project. It will probably take about two
days to fix the back porch.” The author says that fixing the porch is a bigger project just before he or she says that it will
take two days to fix the back porch. Since these ideas are next to each other, the reader can understand that being a
bigger project is the reason the back porch will take longer to fix. Choice (D) is correct. The passage does not contain
information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
7) C
The author tells us about the projects that he or she plans to complete during vacation. Both projects involve fixing things.
Since the author is willing to work during his or her vacation, and since the author plans to fix things using tools, we can
understand that he or she can best be described as constructive. Choice (C) is correct. Although the author may seem
like an interesting person, we cannot know this simply because he or she fixes things during vacation. Therefore (A) is
incorrect. The author plans to work during his or her vacation. This means that he or she is not lazy. (B) is incorrect. The
author talks about fixing things. However, the author does not talk about how he or she plans to fix them. It may be the
case that the author plans to fix them in a unintelligent way. Therefore, we cannot tell if the author is intelligent or not.
Choice (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 4
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Most human beings are awake during the day and sleep all night. Owls live the opposite
way. Owls are nocturnal. This means that they sleep all day and stay awake at night. Because
owls are nocturnal, this means they must eat at night. But finding food in the dark is difficult. To
help them, they have special eyes and ears.
Owls have very large eyes. These eyes absorb more light than normal. Since there is
little light during the night, it is helpful to be able to absorb more of it. This helps owls find food in
the dark.
Owls also have very good hearing. Even when owls are in the trees, they can hear small
animals moving in the grass below. This helps owls catch their prey even when it is very dark.
Like owls, mice are also nocturnal animals. Mice have an excellent sense of smell. This
helps them find food in the dark.
Being nocturnal helps mice to hide from the many different animals that want to eat them.
Most of the birds, snakes, and lizards that like to eat mice sleep at night—except, of course, owls!
Questions
1) In paragraph 1, we learn that "Owls are nocturnal." The word diurnal is the opposite of the
word nocturnal. Using information in the passage as a guide, we can understand that an
animal that is diurnal
A.
B.
C.
D.
sleeps at night and is awake during the day
hunts during the day and is awake at night
sleeps every other night and is awake during the day
hunts during the day and night
2) Based on information in paragraph 2, it can be understood that an animal with small eyes
A.
B.
C.
D.
must be diurnal
has trouble seeing in the dark
can see very well at night
is likely to be eaten by an owl
3) According to the passage, owls can find food in the dark using their sense of
I. sight
II. sound
III. smell
A.
B.
C.
D.
l only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
4) In paragraph 3 the author writes, "This helps owls catch their prey even when it is very dark."
Based on its use in the passage, we can understand that prey is
A.
B.
C.
D.
a noise that an animal makes during the night
a small animal such as a pet dog or cat
an animal that is hunted by other animals
an animals that hunts other animals
5) Based on information in the final paragraph, it can be understood that mice sleep during the
day in order to
A.
B.
C.
D.
find food that other animals can not
keep themselves safe
store energy for night time activities
release stress
6) Based on information in the final paragraph, it can be understood that
A.
B.
C.
D.
owls hunt mice
mice can hide from owls
mice and owls both hide from birds, snakes, and lizards
birds and snakes often hunt lizards
7) If added to the end of this passage, which of the following conclusions would fit best?
A. The owl is a nocturnal animal. This means it is active at night. The owl's excellent sense
of sight and sound enable it to find food in the dark.
B. Mice are nocturnal animals. This means they are active at night. Similar to the owl, mice
use their excellent sense of smell to find food in the dark.
C. Both mice and owls are nocturnal. This means they are active at night. Because these
animals are active at night, they must sleep during the day. This makes them especially
vulnerable to attack from diurnal animals.
D. Some animals are nocturnal. This means they are active at night. The owl and the mouse
are good examples of nocturnal animals that use their senses to find food in the dark.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
nocturnal (adjective): active by night, happening during the night.
diurnal (adjective): active by day, happening during the day.
In paragraph 1 the author writes, "Owls are nocturnal. This means that they sleep all day and stay awake at night." If
diurnal is the opposite of nocturnal, then a diurnal animal would sleep all night and stay awake during the day. Choice (A)
is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) B
In paragraph 2 we learn that "Owls have very large eyes. These eyes absorb more light than normal. Since there is little
light during the night, it is helpful to be able to absorb more of it." Using this information, we can understand that an animal
that has small eyes has trouble seeing in the dark. This is because small eyes are able to absorb less light than large
ones. Choice (B) is correct. (A) is incorrect because animals like mice do not have large eyes. Nonetheless, they are
nocturnal. They are still able to find food in the dark using their sense of smell. (C) is incorrect because small eyes do not
absorb as much light, making it harder to see at night. Therefore an animal with small eyes probably does not see well at
night. If an animal has small eyes, this does not necessarily mean that it is likely to be eaten by an owl. After all, many
animals that have small eyes (like fish, birds, etc.) are not likely to be eaten by an owl. Therefore choice (D) is incorrect.
3) B
In paragraph 2 we learn that "Owls have very large eyes." This helps them "find food in the dark." This supports option (I).
In paragraph 3 we learn that "Owls also have very good hearing." This helps them "catch their prey even when it is very
dark." This supports option (II). In paragraph 4 we learn that "Like owls, mice are also nocturnal animals. Mice have an
excellent sense of smell." This helps them "find food in the dark." However, the question asks about owls, not mice. The
passage does not provide information to support the idea that owls can find food in the dark using their sense of smell.
This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
4) C
prey (noun): an animal that is hunted by other animals.
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In paragraph 2, the author writes that the owl's large eyes helps
it “find food in the dark.” In paragraph 3, the author gives more information about how owls find food in the dark. The
author says that an owl's sense of hearing helps it to hear “small animals” moving around in the night. This hearing “helps
owls catch their prey even when it is very dark.” Owls have to find food in the dark. This food is the “small animals” moving
beneath them. Owls use their eyesight and hearing to catch their prey, which is another word for an animal that is hunted
by other animals. Choice (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choice (A). Therefore, it is
incorrect. Although the passage does say that the owl hunts "small animals," this does not necessary mean that only
small animals are prey. Small animals are the prey of owls, but not necessarily of other animals. The prey of a lion, for
example, could be a large animal, such as an elephant. Therefore (B) is incorrect. (D) is incorrect because this defines a
predator, which is the opposite of prey.
5) B
In the final paragraph, the author writes: “Being nocturnal helps mice to hide from the many different animals that want to
eat them.” In other words, sleeping during the day helps mice to keep themselves safe. This means choice (B) is correct.
The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (C),and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
6) A
In the final paragraph, the author writes: “Being nocturnal helps mice to hide from the many different animals that want to
eat them. Most of the birds, snakes, and lizards that like to eat mice sleep at night—except, of course, owls!” Because
mice are nocturnal, they can hide from most animals that sleep at night. Owls, however, do not sleep at night. For this
reason, it is likely that owls hunt mice. This means (A) is correct. (B) is incorrect because mice cannot hide from owls
because, like mice, owls are awake during the night. The owls can use their excellent senses of sight and sound to find
the mice. Although the author says that mice hide from birds, snakes, and lizards, this does not necessarily mean an owl
needs to hide from these animals as well. After all, an owl is not likely to be eaten by a snake or a lizard. This means (C)
is incorrect. The passage does not provide information to support choice (D). Therefore it is incorrect.
7) D
A good conclusion restates the main ideas or points of the passage. In paragraph 1, the author introduces the fact that
some animals are nocturnal. In paragraphs 2 and 3, the author describes how the owl is nocturnal, and uses its senses to
find food at night. In paragraphs 4 and 5, the author describes another nocturnal animal, the mouse, and how it uses its
senses to find food at night. Using this information, it can be understood that (D) provides the best conclusion because it
accurately restates the main ideas or points of the passage. Although the passage discusses owls, it also talks about
mice. The conclusion in (A) fails to mention this, and is therefore incorrect. Although the passage discusses mice, this is
not the main idea. Rather, this is used as an example of another animal (in addition to the owl) that is nocturnal, and how
that animal uses its sense to find food in the dark. Therefore (B) is incorrect. While the passage does say that both mice
and owls are nocturnal, it does not conclude that this makes them especially vulnerable to attack from diurnal animals. In
fact, the final paragraph contains information that states the opposite: "Being nocturnal helps mice to hide from the many
different animals that want to eat them." This means (C) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 4
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Lilly loves her new town. She loves the mall. She loves the parks. She also loves her
school. Most of all, though, Lilly loves the seasons. In her old town, it was hot all of the time.
Sometimes it is cold in Lilly's new town. The cold season is in winter. Once in a while it
snows. Lilly has never seen snow before. So for her, the snow is exciting as well as very
beautiful. Lilly has to wear gloves to keep her hands warm. She also wears a scarf around her
neck.
In spring, flowers bloom and the trees turn green with new leaves. Pollen falls on the cars
and windowsills and makes Lilly sneeze. People work in their yards and mow their grass.
In summer, Lilly wears her old shorts and sandals— the same ones she used to wear in
her old town. It’s hot outside, and dogs lie in the shade. Lilly and her friends go to a pool or play in
the water sprinkler. Her father cooks hamburgers on the grill for dinner.
Lilly’s favorite season is autumn. In autumn, the leaves on the trees turn yellow, gold, red,
and orange. Halloween comes in autumn, and this is Lilly’s favorite holiday. Every Halloween,
Lilly wears a costume. Last year she wore a mouse costume. This year she will wear a fish
costume.
One evening in autumn, Lilly and her mom are on sitting together on the porch. Mom tells
Lilly that autumn is also called “fall”. This is a good idea, Lilly thinks, because in fall all of the
leaves fall down from the trees.
Questions
1) Which of the following words best describes the way Lilly feels about living in her new town?
A.
B.
C.
D.
skeptical, meaning questioning or showing doubt
apprehensive, meaning anxious or worried
overjoyed, meaning extremely happy
content, meaning satisfied with what one is or has
2) This passage is mainly about
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lilly’s favorite season
Lilly and the four seasons
Lilly’s favorite activities during winter
Lilly's favorite Halloween costumes
3) What is Lilly’s favorite thing about her new town?
A.
B.
C.
D.
her school
going to the pool
the food
the seasons
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1
4) In paragraph 2 the author writes, "She also wears a scarf around her neck.” What is the best
way to rewrite this sentence while keeping its original meaning?
A.
B.
C.
D.
In addition, she wears a scarf around her neck.
However, she wears a scarf around her neck.
Nevertheless, she wears a scarf around her neck.
As a result, she wears a scarf around her neck.
5) Which of the following best describes the structure of this passage?
A. The author talks about Lily's new town, and then talks about how the seasons are
changing.
B. The author introduces Lilly, and then describes her in relation to the four seasons.
C. The author introduces Lilly, and then explains why autumn is her favorite season.
D. The author discusses the four seasons, and then describes which one Lilly likes best.
6) How is Lilly’s new town different from her old town?
I. It snows in her new town.
II. Lilly wears different summer clothes in her new town.
III. Lilly wears a Halloween costume in her new town.
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
7) Based on information in paragraph 5, which of the following costumes is Lilly most likely to
wear next year?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a princess costume
a fairy costume
a ghost costume
a bird costume
8) Based on information in the passage, we can understand that, which season has two names?
A.
B.
C.
D.
spring
summer
fall
winter
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2
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In paragraph 1 we learn that "Lilly loves her new town." The author continues to explain all of the things she loves about
her town. Since love is a strong word, we can understand that Lilly feels overjoyed about living in her new town. Choice
(C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
2) B
The passage talks about Lilly and the four seasons. In the first paragraph, Lilly is introduced. In the following paragraphs,
the author describes Lilly in the four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and fall. This makes (B) correct. Although the
passage does say in paragraph 5 that Lilly’s favorite season is autumn, this is only a detail, and is not what the passage is
mainly about. Therefore (A) is incorrect. Although we learn about Lilly’s activities during winter, we also learn about what
she does during the other seasons. Therefore (C) is incorrect. In paragraph 5, we learn about the costume Lilly wore last
year, as well as the costume she plans to wear this year. However, this is only a detail, and is not what the passage is
mainly about. This eliminates choice (D).
3) D
In paragraph 1, the author describes the things Lilly likes about her new town. In the middle of paragraph 1, the author
says, “Most of all, Lilly loves the seasons.” This means that Lilly’s favorite thing about her new town is the seasons.
Therefore (D) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they
are incorrect.
4) A
In paragraph 2, the passage says that it is cold in winter. For this reason, Lilly “has to wear gloves to keep her hands
warm. She also wears a scarf around her neck.” This means that "in addition" to her gloves, Lilly wears a scarf. The scarf
is something extra. The conjunction "in addition" is used to describe something that is extra or more. Therefore (A) is
correct. (B) is incorrect because the conjunction "however" is used to introduce a contradiction. This conjunction does not
fit in this context. (C) is incorrect because the conjunction "nevertheless" is used to introduce the idea that something is
true in spite of or regardless of something else. This conjunction does not fit in this context. (D) is incorrect because the
conjunction "as a result" is used to introduce an effect that was caused by something that came before it. This conjunction
does not fit in this context.
5) B
In the first paragraph, the author introduces Lilly. In the following paragraphs, the author describes Lilly in relation to the
four seasons. Paragraph 2 talks about Lilly in winter. Paragraph 3 talks about Lilly in spring. Paragraph 4 talks about Lilly
in summer. Paragraphs 5 and 6 talk about Lilly in autumn (or fall). This lets us know that (B) is correct. (A) is incorrect
because the author introduces Lilly, not her new town. In addition, the rest of the passage does not talk about how the
seasons are changing. (C) is incorrect because it leaves out the other three seasons that the author describes: winter,
spring, and summer. (D) is incorrect because the author does not begin by discussing the four seasons. In addition, the
author does not spend the rest of the passage describing which season Lilly likes best. Rather, the author describes Lilly
in relation to all four seasons.
6) A
In paragraph 2, the author says, “Once in a while it snows. Lilly has never seen snow before.” If Lilly has never seen snow
before, this means that it did not snow in her old town. This is a way in which her new town is different from her old town.
This supports option (I). In paragraph 4, the author says, “In summer, Lilly wears her old shorts and sandals—the same
ones she used to wear in her old town.” This means Lilly wears the same summer clothes in her new town that she did in
her old town. This is not a way in which her new town is different from her old town. This eliminates option (II). In
paragraph 5, the author says, “Every Halloween, Lilly wears a costume. Last year she wore a ghost costume. This year
she will wear a fish costume.” Last year, Lilly lived in her old town. If Lilly wore a costume last year, this means she wore a
costume in her old town. So Lilly wears Halloween costumes in both her old town and her new town. This is not a way in
which her new town is different from her old town. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (A) is correct.
7) D
In paragraph 5, we learn about the costumes that Lilly likes to wear. The author writes, "Last year she wore a mouse
costume. This year she will wear a fish costume." Using this information, we can understand that Lilly likes to wear animal
costumes. Therefore, it makes sense that she would wear a bird costume next year. Choice (D) is correct. The passage
does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
8) C
In the last paragraph the author says, “Mom tells Lilly that autumn is also called ‘fall’.” Using this information, we can
understand that (C) is the correct choice. Autumn and fall are two different names for the same season. The passage
does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 4
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
The living room does not look good. It looks bad without a carpet. Mary and Dan want to
buy a carpet. They want to buy a carpet for their living room.
They go to the store. They look at the carpets. There are many colors. There are many
sizes. Some have patterns. Some are plain.
Mary likes a pink and purple carpet. It has dots. It has pink and purple dots. Dan says no!
He does not like the colors. He does not like the pattern. He does not like the size. The pink and
purple carpet is too big.
Dan likes a green and red carpet. It has stripes. It has green and red stripes. Mary says
no! She does not like the colors. She does not like the pattern. She does not like the size. The
green and red carpet is too small.
Mary and Dan see a tan carpet. It does not have dots. It does not have stripes. It is plain.
It is tan and plain. Dan likes the tan carpet. Mary likes the tan carpet. They both like the color.
They both like the size. They both say yes!
Mary and Dan buy the tan carpet. They put the carpet in the living room. The living room
looks wonderful with the new carpet.
Questions
1) According to the passage, Mary and Dan want to put the new carpet in their
A.
B.
C.
D.
bedroom
dining room
living room
bathroom
2) According to the passage, the pink and purple carpet
A.
B.
C.
D.
has dots
has stripes
is too small
is too plain
3) According to the passage, the green and red carpet
A.
B.
C.
D.
is plain
has dots
is too big
is too small
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
4) According to the passage, both Mary and Dan like the
A. pink and purple carpet
B. green and red carpet
C. tan carpet
D. blue carpet
5) Mary and Dan do not see a
A.
B.
C.
D.
black and blue carpet
pink and purple carpet
tan carpet
green and red carpet
6) According to the passage, Mary and Dan see a
I. dotted carpet
II. striped carpet
III. plain carpet
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
7) Based on information in the passage, it can be understood that both Mary and Dan would like
which of the following carpets best?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a grey carpet with no dots or stripes
a pink and yellow carpet with dots
a blue and green carpet with stripes
a black and white carpet with both dots and stripes
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In paragraph 1, the passage says that Mary and Dan “want to buy a carpet for their living room.” Choice (C) is correct.
The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) A
In paragraph 3, the passage talks about the pink and purple carpet. It says the pink and purple carpet “has dots.” Choice
(A) is correct. We know that the pink and purple carpet does not have stripes because it has dots. This makes (B)
incorrect. We know that the pink and purple carpet is not too small because in paragraph 3 we learn that "The pink and
purple carpet is too big.” This makes (C) incorrect. We know that the pink and purple carpet is not too plain because it has
dots. This makes (D) incorrect.
3) D
In paragraph 4, the passage talks about the green and red carpet. It says the green and red carpet “is too small.” This
makes (D) correct. We know that the green and red carpet is not plain because in paragraph 4 we learn that it “has
stripes.” This makes (A) incorrect. We know that the green and red carpet does not have dots because it has stripes. This
makes (B) incorrect. We know that the pink and purple carpet is not too small because in paragraph 4 we learn that "The
green and red carpet is too small.” This makes (C) incorrect.
4) C
In paragraph 5, Mary and Dan see a tan carpet. The passage says “Dan likes the tan carpet. Mary likes the tan carpet.
They both like the color. They both like the size. They both say yes!” This lets us know that Mary and Dan both like the
plain carpet. Choice (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C).
Therefore they are incorrect.
5) A
Mary and Dan do not see a black and blue carpet. Choice (A) is correct. In paragraph 3, Mary and Dan see a pink and
purple carpet. This means (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 5, Mary and Dan see a tan carpet. This means (C) is incorrect. In
paragraph 4, Mary and Dan see a green and red carpet. This means (D) is incorrect.
6) D
In paragraph 3, Mary and Dan see a carpet with dots. This is a dotted carpet. This supports option (I). In paragraph 4,
Mary and Dan see a carpet with stripes. This is a striped carpet. This supports option (II). In paragraph 5, Mary and Dan
see a carpet with no dots and no stripes. It has no design. It is plain. This is a plain carpet. This supports option (III).
Therefore (D) is correct.
7) A
In paragraph 5, Mary and Dan see a carpet that they both like. They see "a tan carpet. It does not have dots. It does not
have stripes. It is plain." This lets us know that both Mary and Dan would like a grey carpet with no dots or stripes. It has
only one color and is plain. This is most similar to the carpet that both Mary and Dan like in the passage. Using this
information, we can understand that Mary and Dan would like this carpet best. This means (A) is correct. In paragraph 3,
Mary and Dan see a carpet that Mary likes but Dan does not. They see a "pink and purple carpet. It has dots. It has pink
and purple dots." This lets us know that because the carpet in (B) has dots, Dan will not like it. Therefore this choice is
incorrect. In paragraph 4, Mary and Dan see a carpet that Dan likes but Mary does not. They see "green and red carpet. It
has stripes. It has green and red stripes." This lets us know that because the carpet in (C) has stripes, Mary will not like it.
Therefore this choice is incorrect. In paragraph 3, Mary and Dan see a "pink and purple carpet. It has dots. It has pink and
purple dots." Dan does not like this carpet. This lets us know that because the carpet has dots, Dan will not like it. In
paragraph 4, Mary and Dan see a "green and red carpet. It has stripes. It has green and red stripes." This lets us know
that because the carpet has stripes, Mary will not like it. Using this information, we can understand that neither Mary nor
Dan would like a black and white carpet with both dots and stripes. This means (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 5
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Marcia says that all of her friends have a cell phone, but Marcia’s mom doesn't want to buy her
one. Marcia's mom doesn't want Marcia to play video games either. What is more, the Internet scares her.
Marcia's mom says, “If Marcia has a cell phone, how do we know whom she is talking to? Video games
are bad for you. The Internet is dangerous and uncontrolled. It’s like having a gun in the house. We
should just ban her from using the computer, and I'm not buying her a cell phone until she is eighteen.
This is the only way we can be sure that Marcia is safe."
Marcia’s dad disagrees with Marcia's mom. Although he agrees that there are some dangers to it,
he likes the Internet, and finds it to be very useful. “The trouble is,” he says, “We just can’t stop Marcia
from using the Internet, as this would put her at a disadvantage. What is more, I like video games. I think
that, when played in moderation, they are fun. Obviously, it is not good to play them without restraint or
self-control. Finally, I think Marcia needs a cell phone. We can’t take these things away.”
Questions
1) Which of the following best describes the difference between Marcia's mom and Marcia's dad?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mom wants to ban Marcia from using the computer, while dad likes to play video games.
Mom thinks technology is dangerous, while dad thinks it can be useful.
Mom cares little about Marcia's future, while dad is very supportive.
Mom is very strict while Dad is open minded.
2) Which of the following best describes the similarity between Marcia's mom and Marcia's dad?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mom and dad both like technology.
Mom and dad both think video games are bad.
Mom and dad both think the internet is dangerous.
Mom and dad both care about Marcia's wellbeing.
3) In paragraph 1, Marcia's mom says, "It's like having a gun in the house." She says this in order to
A.
B.
C.
D.
support the idea that the Internet is dangerous
reject the claim that guns can be safe if used responsibly
encourage Marcia's dad to purchase a gun
explain why the Internet is uncontrolled
4) In paragraph 2, Marcia's dad says, "We just can’t stop Marcia from using the Internet, as this would
put her at a disadvantage." What does Marcia's dad mean by this?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Marcia needs to learn how to use the internet if she wants to have friends in the future.
Marcia should not stop using the internet because this will seriously slow her learning.
If a person's ability to use the internet becomes important in the future, Marcia will be at a loss.
If Marcia does not learn to use the internet on her own, then she will never learn to recognize its
dangers.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
5) In paragraph 2, Marcia's dad says, "Finally, I think Marcia needs a cell phone." Given what you know
about Marcia’s mom’s concerns, what is the best reason Marcia's dad can provide to convince
Marcia's mom that Marcia needs a cell phone?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Marcia can use her cell phone to talk to her friends, instead of needing to borrow one of ours.
Having a cell phone will teach Marcia how to use new technology.
Because all of her friends have one, it would be unfair to disallow Marcia to have a cell phone.
If Marcia's is in trouble she can use her cell phone to call for help.
6) Which of the following describes a level of game play that Marcia' dad would disapprove of?
A. On Saturday, Marcia plays video games all evening. The next day, she wakes up early and goes
for a walk through the woods near her house. When her friend calls Marcia, they talk about the
what they are going to wear to school on Monday.
B. Marcia plays video games for an hour or two. Then she eats lunch and meets her friends at the
skating rink. That night, Marcia and her friends go to see a movie.
C. Marcia plays video games all morning. When her friends ask her to come play outside, Marcia
tells them that she is too busy and continues to play.
D. Marcia plays video games for an hour every day for five days straight. During these days, she
does not watch any TV.
7) Marcia's mom can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
ridiculous
careful
cruel
rude
8) Marcia's dad can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
shameless
foolish
wild
reasonable
9) Which of the following would be the best way for Marcia to change the way her mom thinks about
technology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Read her a newspaper article that talks about the importance of technology.
Provide her an instruction manual detailing how the latest cell phone functions.
Take her to the library and show her the top five most popular internet websites.
Spend the weekend playing video games with her.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In paragraph 1, Marcia's mom says, "The Internet is dangerous and uncontrolled," and "Video games are bad for you." This lets us
know that mom thinks cell phones and the Internet are dangerous and that video games are bad for you. In paragraph 2 we learn
that although he agrees with mom that there are some dangers involved with using the internet, he "likes the Internet, and finds it to
be very useful." Moreover, dad thinks Dad continues to say, "I like video games." At the end of paragraph 2 dad says, "I think Marcia
needs a cell phone." This let us know that dad thinks the Internet is useful, video games are fun (when played in moderation), and
that Marcia needs a cell phone. Cell phones, video games and the Internet are all examples of technology. Mom thinks these things
are dangerous and Dad thinks these things are useful. Therefore (B) is correct. Mom does want to ban Marcia from the computer
and Dad does like playing video games. However, (A) is not the best choice because these are not the only differences between
Marcia’s Mom and Dad. In addition, Mom doesn’t want Marcia using certain technologies because she is worried that they are
dangerous or bad for Marcia. Marcia’s dad thinks that Marcia should use the technology because it is useful and fun. This means
that both parents want the best for Marcia. Since both parents support Marcia and care about her future, (C) is incorrect. Finally, just
because Mom is concerned about the use of certain technologies doesn’t mean that she is strict in general. Just because Dad is
pro-technology does not mean that he is open minded about everything. Since choice (D) makes generalizations not supported by
the passage, it is incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 1, Marcia's mom describes why she thinks technology is bad. She says that the internet, cell phones, and video games
are dangerous. At the end of the paragraph she says, "This is the only way we can be sure that Marcia is safe." This lets us know
that the reason why she dislikes technology is because it will put Marcia's safety at risk. This lets us know that Marcia's mom cares
about Marcia's wellbeing. In paragraph 2, we learn about why Marcia's dad thinks technology is good for Marcia. According to him,
technology is "very useful." Moreover, he does not want to take technology away from Marcia, as this will "put her at a
disadvantage." This lets us know that Marcia's dad also cares about Marcia's wellbeing. Therefore (D) is correct. The passage does
not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
3) A
Feedback: To answer this question, it helps to use context. In paragraph 1, Mom says “The Internet is dangerous and uncontrolled.
It’s like having a gun in the house.” Since Mom says that the Internet is dangerous immediately before she compares it to having a
gun in the house, we can understand that Mom draws this comparison to illustrate how dangerous she thinks the Internet is. This
makes (A) the correct choice. Mom is not arguing that guns can never be safe. Rather, she compares the Internet to guns to
express how dangerous she finds the Internet. This makes (B) incorrect. Mom does not encourage Dad to buy a gun, so (C) is not
the best choice. Mom compares having the Internet to having a gun in the house. She does this to explain how dangerous the
internet is, not explain why the Internet is uncontrolled. This rules out (D).
4) C
disadvantage (noun): an unfavorable or poor condition.
In paragraph 2, we learn about why Marcia's dad thinks technology is good for Marcia. According to him, technology is "very useful."
Moreover, he does not want to take technology away from Marcia, as this will "put her at a disadvantage." This lets us know that
Marcia's dad also cares about Marcia's wellbeing. So, it makes sense to think that if Marcia does not learn to use the internet, and
the internet becomes important in the future, Marcia will be at a loss. Choice (C) is correct. The passage does not provide
information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
5) D
In paragraph 1, we learn that Marcia’s mom does not want Marcia to have a cell phone. This is because if Marcia had a cell phone,
Marcia's mom would not know who Marcia was talking to. In addition, Marcia's mom wants to ban Marcia from using the computer
because she thinks the Internet is dangerous. We can understand from this that Mom is very concerned about Marcia’s safety.
Since Marcia could use her cell phone to call for help, the cell phone may actually make Marcia safer. Since Marcia’s mother is very
concerned about safety, this reason would be most likely to change her mind about Marcia having a cell phone. This makes (D) the
best choice. The passage does not provide any information to make us think that Marcia’s mom is concerned about Marcia
borrowing her cell phone. Since this reason does not address any of Mom’s concerns, (A) is not a good choice. Moreover, Marcia’s
mom does not appreciate any of the technology discussed in the passage, so it is very unlikely that she thinks Marcia needs to learn
how to use new technology. This makes (B) incorrect. As explained above, Marcia’s mom is very concerned with safety and what is
best for her daughter. The fact that all of Marcia’s friends have cell phones does not address any these concerns. Moreover, in the
opening line of the passage we learn that, "Marcia says that all of her friends have a cell phone, but Marcia’s mom doesn't want to
buy her one." This lets us know that Marcia's mom does not care about the fact that all of Marcia's friends have cell phones. This
means (C) is incorrect.
6) C
In paragraph 2, Marcia's dad says, "What is more, I like video games. I think that, when played in moderation, they are fun.
Obviously, it is not good to play them without restraint or self-control." From this, we can understand that Marcia's dad thinks it is
okay to play video games in moderation. When you do something in moderation, you exercise restraint, and do not do it too much.
Using this information, we can understand that if Marcia plays games all morning and then declines an invitation to play outside with
her friends, then she is not playing in moderation. This means (C) is correct. (A) is incorrect because although Marcia plays video
games all evening, she goes for a walk the next day. When her friend calls, they talk about school. This shows that Marcia has other
interests in addition to playing video games. What is more, she plays the video games on a Saturday, which is a weekend.
Weekends are good times to play games. (B) is incorrect because Marcia only plays video games for an hour or two. Then she goes
to the skating rink with her friends. This is a social activity in which Marcia can get some exercise. Later, they go to a movie. This
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
shows that Marcia has other interests in addition to playing video games. (D) is incorrect because although Marcia plays video
games for five days straight, she only plays them for one hour each day. This is a moderate level of play. What is more, she does
not watch TV. This is good because it means she is spending her time doing something other than looking at a screen. For example,
she might be doing homework, playing outside, or doing arts and crafts.
7) B
In paragraph 1, we learn about how Marcia's mom thinks the internet is "dangerous and uncontrolled." For this reason, she does not
want Marcia to use technological devices. She is very concerned about her daughter's wellbeing, and does not want her to take any
risks. Using this information, we can understand that Marcia's mom can best be described as careful. Although Marcia's mom
seems to have an extreme view of technology, she does this only because she cares about her child, Marcia. Caring about one's
child is not ridiculous. Choice (B) is correct. Although Marcia's mom seems to have an extreme view of technology, she does this
only because she cares about her child, Marcia. Caring about one's child is not ridiculous. Therefore (A) is incorrect. (C) is incorrect
because it is wrong to think that Marcia's mom is cruel, or mean, simply because she has an extreme view of technology. She does
this only because she cares about her child, Marcia. (D) is incorrect because Marcia's mom is never rude, or impolite.
8) D
In paragraph 2, we learn that Marcia's dad thinks that although "there are some dangers to it, he likes the Internet, and finds it to be
very useful." Marcia's dad continues to say, "We just can’t stop Marcia from using the Internet, as this would put her at a
disadvantage. What is more, I like video games. I think that, when played in moderation, they are fun. Obviously, it is not good to
play them without restraint or self-control." This lets us know that Marcia's dad cares about Marcia's future. He realizes that there
are dangers involved in using technology, such as the risk of playing video games too much, but that the world is changing. If Marcia
does not change with it, she will be left behind. This is a reasonable way to think. This makes (D) correct. Although Marcia's dad is
more willing to take the risks involved in allowing Marcia to use technology, this does not mean that he is shameless, foolish, or wild.
These words are too strongly negative. In life, risks must be taken. One must face these risks, and think about ways to overcome
them. This means choices (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect.
9) A
In paragraph 1, we learn that Marcia's mom does not like the internet and other forms of technology because she thinks they are
"dangerous and uncontrolled." In order to change the way she thinks about technology, it makes sense to read her a newspaper
article that talks about the importance of technology. This is a good idea because it involves a form of communication that is not
technological. Also, a newspaper article is typically viewed as a reputable source. Marcia's mom will be most likely to consider the
opinion of a newspaper article author. Therefore (A) is correct. (B) is incorrect because an instruction manual will not provide
arguments in favor of the idea that a child should be able to use technology. Although it may be a good idea to take Marcia's mom to
the library to show her the internet, it is not a good idea to show her the top five most popular websites. The most popular websites
may not demonstrate the true value to be gained by using the internet. This means (C) is incorrect. Although it may be a good idea
for Marcia to play a video game with her mom to show her what they are like, it is not a good idea to play them all weekend with her.
This would be bad because you should not play video games for such a long time. Marcia's mom would not like this. Even Marcia's
dad, who is in favor of using technology, would consider this level of game play to be excessive, or immoderate. Choice (D) is
incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 5
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Have you ever heard someone use the phrase “once in a blue moon?” People use this
expression to describe something that they do not do very often. For example, someone might say that
he tries to avoid eating sweets because they are unhealthy, but will eat chocolate “once in a blue moon.”
Or someone who does not usually like to go to the beach might say “I visit the shore once in a blue
moon.” While many people use this phrase, not everyone knows the meaning behind it.
The first thing to know is that the moon itself is never actually blue. This is just an expression. The
phrase “blue moon” actually has to do with the shape of the moon, not the color.
As the moon travels around the earth, it appears to change shape. We associate certain names
with certain shapes of the moon. For example, when we can see a small part of the moon, it is called a
crescent moon. A crescent is a shape that looks like the tip of a fingernail. When we cannot see the moon
at all, it is called a new moon. When we can see the entire moon, it is called a full moon. Usually, there is
only one full moon every month. Sometimes, however, there will be two full moons in one month. When
this happens, the second full moon is called a “blue moon.”
Over the next 20 years, there will only be 15 blue moons. As you can see, a blue moon is a very
rare event. This fact has led people to use the expression “once in a blue moon” to describe other very
rare events in their lives.
Questions
1) Which of the following would be a good example of someone doing something “once in a blue
moon”?
A. Mary likes to go to the mountains every weekend. Mary goes to the mountains once in a blue
moon.
B. Tom rarely remembers to take out the trash. Tom takes out the trash once in a blue moon.
C. Cindy hates to wash the dishes. Nevertheless, she does it every day. Cindy washes the dishes
once in a blue moon.
D. Ming sometimes forgets to do his homework. Ming forgets to do his homework once in a blue
moon.
2) When does a blue moon happen in nature?
A.
B.
C.
D.
when there are two full moons in one month
when the moon has a blue color
when we cannot see the moon at all
when we can only see a small part of the moon
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3) Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that which of the following sentences does not
contain an expression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Thomas has lost his mind.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
I'll mow the grass after I finish my homework.
It's never a bad time to start something new.
4) As described in paragraph 3, what is another example of something that has a crescent shape?
A.
B.
C.
D.
your thumb
a distant star
the letter “C”
the letter "H"
5) In the final paragraph, the author states: “Over the next 20 years, there will only be 15 blue moons.”
This means that over the next 20 years, a blue moon will happen
A.
B.
C.
D.
once a year
less than once a year
more than once a year
not enough information is provided
6) As used in the final paragraph, which is the best antonym for rare?
A.
B.
C.
D.
common
strange
colorful
infrequent
7) In the final paragraph the author writes, "As you can see, a blue moon is a very rare event." The
purpose of this statement is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
answer an earlier question
provide an example
support an upcoming conclusion
challenge a previous statement
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In the first and last paragraphs, we learn that the phrase “once in a blue moon” describes very rare events. If Tom rarely remembers
to take out the trash, then it makes sense to say he takes out the trash “once in a blue moon.” Therefore (B) is correct. (A) is
incorrect because Mary goes to the mountains every weekend. This happens more often than the blue moon. (C) is incorrect
because Cindy washes the dishes every day. This happens more often than the blue moon. (D) is incorrect because Ming
sometimes forgets to do his homework. This happens more often than the blue moon.
2) A
In the third paragraph, the author tells us that when there are two full moons in one month, the second moon will be called a “blue
moon.” Choice (A) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
3) C
In paragraph 1 the author introduces the phrase "once in a blue moon." Then the author tells us that "People use this expression to
describe something that they do not do very often." This lets us know that the phrase "once in a blue moon" is an expression. In
paragraph 2 the author writes, "The first thing to know is that the moon itself is never actually blue. This is just an expression." This
lets us know that an expression contains information or facts that are not actually true. The sentence in (C) does not contain any
facts that are not actually true. Therefore it is the correct choice. (A) is incorrect because a person cannot actually lose his or her
mind. (B) is incorrect because eating an apple a day does not necessarily keep someone from having to visit the doctor. (D) is
incorrect because there are some times in which it is indeed a bad idea to start something new. For example, it's a bad idea to learn
how to fly a kite in a lightning storm.
4) C
crescent (noun): the figure of the moon in its first or last quarter, resembling the segment of a ring thinning to points at the ends.
In paragraph 3, the author says that “a crescent is a shape that looks like the tip of a fingernail.” Of all the choices, the letter “C” is
the one most similar to this shape. Therefore (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B),
and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
5) B
This question involves some math. If a blue moon will happen 15 times over the next 20 years, this is the same as saying it will
happen 15 out of 20 times, or 15/20. Since 15/20 is less than one, we know that the blue moon will happen less than one time per
year. This means (B) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
6) A
rare (adjective): something that does not happen very often.
The question asks us to find the best antonym. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. In the last paragraph, the author
describes a blue moon as a “very rare event.” In this paragraph and the rest of the passage, blue moons are described as events
that do not happen very often. Therefore, common, a word that means happening very often, is the best opposite of rare. Choice (A)
is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
7) C
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In the final paragraph the author writes, "As you can see, a blue moon is a
very rare event. This fact has led people to use the expression “once in a blue moon” to describe other very rare events in their
lives." The key phrase here is "This fact has led people to." This is meant to show that the fact that a blue moon is a very rare event
lends support to the conclusion that the expression “once in a blue moon” to describe other very rare events in their lives. This
means choice (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 5
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Many people who are looking to get a pet dog get a puppy. There are many reasons why people
get puppies. After all, puppies are cute, friendly, and playful. But even though puppies make good pets,
there are good reasons why you should consider getting an adult dog instead.
When you get a puppy, you have to teach it how to behave. You have to make sure that the
puppy is housebroken so that it does not go to the bathroom inside the house. You have to teach the
puppy not to jump up on your guests or chew on your shoes. You have to train the puppy to walk on a
leash. This is a lot of work.
On the other hand, when you get an adult dog, there is a good chance that it will already know
how to do all of the previously mentioned things. Many adult dogs have already been housebroken. Many
adult dogs will not jump on or chew things that you do not want them to jump on or chew. Many adult
dogs will be able to walk on a leash without pulling you to the other side of the street.
Puppies also have a lot of energy and want to play all of the time. This can be fun, but you might
not want to play as much as your puppy does. Puppies will not always sleep through the night or let you
relax as you watch television.
On the other hand, most adult dogs will wait on you to play. What is more, they will sleep when
you are sleeping and are happy to watch television on the couch right beside you.
There is one last reason why you should get an adult dog instead of a puppy. When most people
go to the pound to get a dog, they get a puppy. This means that many adult dogs spend a lot of time in
the pound, and some never find good homes. So if you are looking to get a dog for a pet, you should think
about getting an adult dog. They are good pets who need good homes.
Questions
1) The author apparently thinks that puppies are
A.
B.
C.
D.
bad pets because they take too much work to own
friendly, playful, and a lot of work
not as cute as adult dogs
not as playful as adult dogs
2) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best synonym for behave?
A.
B.
C.
D.
listen
understand
train
act
3) The main purpose of paragraph 2 is to explain how puppies
A.
B.
C.
D.
are very immature
do not make good pets
can be very destructive
are a lot of work
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
4) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best example of a dog that is housebroken?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Spot goes outside to use the bathroom.
Rex always breaks things inside of the house.
Rover never jumps on guests.
Muffin chews on people’s shoes.
5) According to the passage, why are adult dogs easier to take care of than puppies?
I. Puppies need to learn how to walk nicely on a leash.
II. Adult dogs have less energy than puppies do.
III. It is harder for adult dogs to find a home than it is for puppies.
A.
B.
C.
D.
l only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
6) Based on information in the passage, which of the following statements is false?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Puppies have a lot of energy.
Puppies need a lot of attention.
Adult dogs do not like to play.
Adult dogs do not need eat very much.
7) As used in paragraph 4, which is the best synonym for relax?
A.
B.
C.
D.
work
leave
play
rest
8) The author begins paragraphs 3 and 5 with the phrase, "On the other hand." This phrase is used to
A.
B.
C.
D.
highlight an example
contrast previous information
contradict a later statement
support the upcoming paragraph
9) In the final paragraph, the author says, "many adult dogs spend a lot of time in the pound, and some
never find good homes." Based on what you have read in the passage, why is this most likely the
case?
A. People see adult dogs as unhappy and dangerous, while they see puppies as cute and friendly.
B. People understand that most adult dogs still need to a lot of training before they understand how
to behave properly.
C. People think that puppies are cute and playful and do not always think about how much work it
will take to train them.
D. People do not want to get a dog that does not have much time left to live.
10) Based on information in the passage, it can be understood that someone who owns a puppy must be
A.
B.
C.
D.
strict
serious
careful
responsible
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In paragraph 1, the author says that "puppies are cute, friendly, and playful." In paragraph 2, the author talks about all of the things
you have to do to care for a puppy. At the end of the paragraph the author says, "This is a lot of work." These ideas are presented in
(B), making it the correct choice. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
2) D
behave (verb): to act.
The question asks us to find the best synonym. Synonyms are words that have nearly the same meanings. In paragraph 2, the
author says, "When you get a puppy, you have to teach the puppy how to behave." The author continues to talk about how the
puppy goes to the bathroom, jumps on guests, chews your shoes, and walks on a leash. These are all ways in which the puppy
acts. This means act is a good synonym for behave. Therefore (D) is correct. The passage does not contain information to support
choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
3) D
In paragraph 2, the author describes the things you will have to teach your puppy in order to make it behave properly. At the end of
this paragraph, the author says, "This is a lot of work." Using this information, we can understand that the main idea of paragraph 2
is to explain how puppies are a lot of work. Choice (D) is correct. Paragraph 2 does describe ways in which puppies are immature
and destructive, but this is not the main purpose. These are details used to support the idea that puppies are a lot of work. This
means (A) and (C) are incorrect. (B) is incorrect because the author does not mean to say that puppies do not make good pets. We
know this because the author says "puppies are cute, friendly, and very playful" in the first paragraph.
4) A
housebroken (adjective): trained to avoid excreting inside the house or in improper places.
In paragraph 2 the author says that “you have to make sure that the puppy is housebroken so that it does not use the bathroom
inside of your house.” Using this information, we can understand that if a dog is housebroken, then it will go outside to use the
bathroom. Choice (A) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
5) B
In paragraph 2, the author says you need to teach puppies how to do things that adult dogs already know how to do. The author
tells us that you "have to train the puppy to walk on a leash." This supports option (I). In paragraph 4, the author says, "Puppies
also have a lot of energy and want to play all of the time." On the other hand, in paragraph 5 the author says that adult dogs "sleep
when you are sleeping and are happy to watch television on the couch right beside you." This lets us know that the author thinks
that adult dogs have less energy than puppies do. This supports option (II). In the final paragraph, the author tells us that "many
adult dogs spend a lot of time in the pound, and some never find good homes." This lets us know that it is harder for adult dogs to
find a home than it is for puppies However, this is not meant to be a reason why adult dogs are easier to take care of than puppies.
This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
6) C
In paragraph 5, the author says, "most adult dogs will wait on you to play." This is not meant to say that adult dogs do not like to
play. The author says this simply to contrast adult dogs with puppies, as described in paragraph 4. This makes (C) false, and
therefore the correct choice. In paragraph 4, the author says, "Puppies also have a lot of energy and want to play all of the time."
This means (A) is incorrect. Also in paragraph 4, the author says, "Puppies will not always sleep through the night or let you relax as
you watch television." Since puppies don't sleep through the night and don't let you relax, it can be understood that they need a lot
of attention. So (B) is incorrect. The passage does not provide information to support choice (D). Therefore it is incorrect.
7) D
relax (verb): to rest, especially after doing work.
The question asks us to find the best synonym. Synonyms are words that have nearly the same meanings. In paragraph 3 the
author says that puppies have a lot of energy and always want to play. They will not “let you relax as you watch television.” Given
that people typically want to rest while watching television, we can understand that rest is a good synonym for relax. Choice (D) is
correct. Work and play are not synonyms. Rather, they are antonyms (words that have the opposite meaning). Therefore (A) and
(C) are incorrect. The passage does not provide information to support choice (B). Therefore it is incorrect.
8) B
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In paragraphs 2 and 4, the author gives reasons why puppies are more
work to teach than adult dogs. In paragraphs 3 and 5, the author gives reasons why adult dogs are easier to teach than puppies.
Given that paragraphs 2 and 4 come previous to, or before, paragraphs 3 and 5, and that they supply contrary information, we can
understand that this phrase is used to contrast previous information. Choice (B) is correct. The passage does not provide
information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
9) C
In paragraph 1, the author talks about how many people want to get a pet puppy because they "are cute, friendly, and playful." The
author spends the rest of the passage describing how in reality, puppies take a lot of work before they learn to behave properly.
Using this information, we can understand that the author believes people think that puppies are cute and playful and do not always
think about how much work it will take to train them. This means (C) is correct. The author does not talk about how people see adult
dogs as unhappy and dangerous. This means choice (A) is incorrect. (B) is incorrect because the author describes how adult dogs
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
do not need much training. Rather, the author describes how puppies need a lot of training. While it may be true that adult dogs do
not have much time left to live, this is not a reason the author gives for why puppies are more likely to find good homes. Therefore
(D) is incorrect.
10) D
In paragraph 1, the author writes, "But even though puppies make good pets, there are good reasons why you should consider
getting an adult dog instead." The author spends the rest of the passage telling us how much care a puppy needs. According to the
author, it takes "a lot of work" to teach a puppy how to behave. Using this information, we can understand that someone who owns a
puppy must be very responsible. Choice (D) is correct. Although in paragraph 2 the author says that "When you get a puppy, you
have to teach it how to behave," this does not necessarily mean that you have to be strict, or severe, with it. Therefore (A) is
incorrect. The author lets us know that someone who owns a puppy must be responsible. This does not mean that someone must
also be serious, however. You can be humorous or happy and still be responsible. (B) is incorrect. Although you have to "do a lot of
work" to teach a puppy how to behave properly, you do not necessarily have to be careful to do this. This makes (C) incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 5
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Many people like to eat pizza, but not everyone knows how to make it. Making the perfect pizza
can be complicated, but there are lots of ways for you to make a more basic version at home.
When you make pizza, you must begin with the crust. The crust can be hard to make. If you want
to make the crust yourself, you will have to make dough using flour, water, and yeast. You will have to
knead the dough with your hands. If you do not have enough time to do this, you can use a prepared
crust that you buy from the store.
After you have chosen your crust, you must then add the sauce. Making your own sauce from
scratch can take a long time. You have to buy tomatoes, peel them, and then cook them with spices. If
this sounds like too much work, you can also purchase jarred sauce from the store. Many jarred sauces
taste almost as good as the kind you make at home.
Now that you have your crust and your sauce, you need to add the cheese. Cheese comes from
milk, which comes from cows. Do you have a cow in your backyard? Do you know how to milk the cow?
Do you know how to turn that milk into cheese? If not, you might want to buy cheese from the grocery
store instead of making it yourself.
When you have the crust, sauce, and cheese ready, you can add other toppings. Some people
like to put meat on their pizza, while other people like to add vegetables. Some people even like to add
pineapple! The best part of making a pizza at home is that you can customize it by adding your own
favorite ingredients.
Questions
1) The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
describe the history of pizza
teach a healthier way to make pizza
outline steps to make a basic pizza at home
provide tips about how to make your pizza especially delicious
2) As used in paragraph 1, which word means the opposite of complicated?
A.
B.
C.
D.
difficult
simple
easy
manageable
3) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best synonym for purchase?
A.
B.
C.
D.
forget
buy
ask
cook
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
4) In paragraph 3, the author writes, "Many jarred sauces taste almost as good as the kind you make at
home." The purpose of this statement is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
clarify a later statement
provide an example
clarify an earlier statement
support the previous paragraph
5) In paragraph 4, the author asks a series of questions in order to
A.
B.
C.
D.
support the idea that most people cannot make homemade cheese
reinforce the idea that most people probably live on farms
prove that store-bought cheese tastes better than homemade cheese
emphasize the superiority of homemade cheese over store bought cheese
6) As used in paragraph 5, which is the best definition for customize?
A.
B.
C.
D.
to make personal
to prepare for more than one
to eat while hot
to desire
7) According to the author, which of the following ingredients do you need to have ready before you can
add the toppings?
I. crust
II. sauce
III. cheese
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
8) Which of the following words best describes how the author feels about making a pizza from scratch?
A.
B.
C.
D.
helpful
understanding
enthusiastic
negative
9) Which of the following conclusions would work best at the end of this passage.
A. Although the crust, sauce, and toppings are all important ingredients in pizza, it is clear that the
cheese is most important. Therefore, be sure your cheese is homemade.
B. It can be understood that making your pizza from scratch should be avoided at all costs. Use
store bought ingredients and save yourself a heap of trouble.
C. As you can see, cooking a pizza can be fun, but it can also be very expensive. But, as you can
see, the best things are worth paying for.
D. Once you have prepared the crust, sauce, cheese, and toppings, you are ready to bake your
pizza. I think you will see that making pizza at home can be a good alternative to purchasing it
from the store.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In the first paragraph, the author introduces the main idea. The author says, "Making the perfect pizza can be complicated, but there
are lots of ways for you to make a more basic version at home." Here, the author tells us that he or she wants to give us some ways
to make a more basic pizza at home. The author spends the rest of the passage outlining the steps we need to take to make the
pizza. This means (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
2) B
complicated (adjective): difficult to explain, understand, or analyze.
In paragraph 1, the author says, “Making the perfect pizza can be complicated, but there are lots of ways for you to make a more
basic version at home.” Given that making pizza at home can be complicated or difficult, the author wants to explain a way that is
more basic. So, the author wants to explain a way to make pizza that is basic, or not complicated. Simple is the only choice that
means something similar to basic, or not complicated. Therefore (B) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support
choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
3) B
purchase (verb): to acquire through the payment of money or its equivalent; to buy.
The question asks us to find the best synonym. Synonyms are words that have nearly the same meanings. The author tells us that if
making homemade tomato sauce sounds like too much work, we can “purchase jarred sauce from the store.” Using context, we can
understand that another word for purchase is buy. If you are unfamiliar with the word “purchase,” you might still be able to guess
that people usually go to a store in order to buy things. Choice (B) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support
choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) C
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. At the end of paragraph 3 the author writes, "If this sounds like too much
work, you can also purchase jarred sauce from the store. Many jarred sauces taste almost as good as the kind you make at home."
The author tells us that as a substitute for something that takes too much work, we can purchase jarred sauce. This may seem like a
poor substitute, but the author explains that this is not necessarily the case; many jarred sauces taste almost as good as the kind
you make at home. Using this information, we can understand that the purpose of the statement in question is to clarify an earlier
statement. Choice (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
5) A
In paragraph 4, the author asks the reader, "Do you have a cow in your backyard? Do you know how to milk the cow? Do you know
how to turn that milk into cheese?" The author thinks that he or she knows the answer to these questions. The author thinks that you
probably do not have a cow in your backyard, do not know how to milk a cow, and do not know how to turn milk in cheese. After all,
not many people would answer these questions positively. Given that the author expects that most people would not answer
positively to these questions, then it is fair to assume that most people are unable to make home-made cheese. The author’s
question is intended to be rhetorical, or perhaps even sarcastic. This means choice (A) is correct. The passage does not provide
information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
6) A
customize (verb): to build according to personal preferences or tastes.
In order to answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In paragraph 5, the author says, “The best part of making a pizza
at home is that you can customize it by adding your favorite ingredients.” After the author says this, he or she continues to give
examples: some people like to add vegetables, meat, or even pineapple. Since the author tells us that different people like different
things on their pizza, we can understand that the choice of toppings is personal, or special for each person. Therefore, you can
customize things to make them personal. This lets us know that (A) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support
choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
7) D
In paragraph 2, the author says, "When you make pizza, you must begin with the crust." This comes before the author instructs you
to add the toppings. This supports option (I). In paragraph 3, the author says, "After you have chosen your crust, you must then add
the sauce." This comes before the author instructs you to add the toppings. This supports option (II). In paragraph 4, the author
says, " Now that you have your crust and your sauce, you need to add the cheese." This comes before the author instructs you to
add the toppings. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
8) D
In paragraph 2 the author writes, "If you want to make the crust yourself, you will have to make dough using flour, water, and yeast.
You will have to knead the dough with your hands.." In paragraph 3 the author writes, "Making your own sauce from scratch can
take a long time. You have to buy tomatoes, peel them, and then cook them with spices." In paragraph 4 the author writes, "Do you
have a cow in your backyard? Do you know how to milk the cow? Do you know how to turn that milk into cheese?" In all of these
quotations, the author talks about how hard it is to make a pizza from scratch. The author uses negative language to highlight this
difficulty. This lets us know that the author is feels negative about making pizza from scratch. Choice (D) is correct. Choices (A), (B),
and (C) all contain positive words. However, the author is negative about making a pizza from scratch. Therefore these choices are
incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
9) D
A good conclusion restates the main idea and the basic points (or thesis) of the passage. In paragraph 1 the author introduces the
idea of making a pizza at home. In paragraph 2 the author talks about the crust. In paragraph 3 the author talks about the sauce. In
paragraph 4 the author talks about the cheese. In paragraph 5 the author talks about the toppings. Using this information, we can
understand that (D) is correct. (A) is incorrect because the passage does not provide information to support the idea that cheese is
the most important ingredient in pizza. Although the author does advise against making your own ingredients, this is not the main
idea of the passage. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The author does not talk about the cost of making pizza in this passage. Therefore
(C) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 5
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Dan, Sarah, Ted, and Rebecca have been playing a friendly game of poker for almost an hour.
So far, Ted has the biggest pile of winnings, with a total of $5.45. Sarah has won a small sum, and
Rebecca has lost more than Dan.
Questions
1) At this stage of the game, who has lost the most money?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ted
Sarah
Dan
Rebecca
2) How much money might each player have started with, if each player started with the same amount?
A.
B.
C.
D.
$4
$6
$8
Not enough information is provided
3) If the game started at 7:00, what time might it be at this stage of the game?
A.
B.
C.
D.
7:30
7:50
8:00
8:45
4) At this stage of the game, who has/have won money?
I. Ted
II. Sarah
III. Dan
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) D
The passage tells us that "Rebecca has lost more than Dan." This lets us know that Rebecca and Dan have lost money. Since
Rebecca has lost more than Dan, we know that she has lost the most money. This means choice (D) is correct. The passage tells
us that Ted "has the biggest pile of winnings," and that "Sarah has won a small sum." This lets us know that Ted and Sarah have
won money. This eliminates choices (A) and (B). The passage also tells us that "Rebecca has lost more than Dan." Choice (C) is
incorrect.
2) A
The passage says that, "Ted has the biggest pile of winnings, with a total of $5.45." Since Ted has the biggest pile of winnings, and
each player started with the same amount, he must have started with less than $5.45. Answer (A) is correct. The values in choice
(B), (C), and (D) are all higher than $5.45. Therefore they are incorrect.
3) B
The passage says that "Dan, Sarah, Ted, and Rebecca have been playing a friendly game of poker for almost an hour." If the game
started at 7:00, and has been going on for almost an hour, then the only time that makes sense is 7:50. Therefore (B) is correct. The
passage does not provide information to support choice (A), (C), or (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) B
We know that Ted has won money, because the passage tells us that he "has the biggest pile of winnings." This supports option (I).
We also know that Sarah has won money, because the passage says that Sarah has "won a small sum." This supports option (II).
Finally, we know that Dan has not won money. This is because the passage says that "Rebecca has lost more than Dan." If
Rebecca has lost more than Dan, this implies that Dan has also lost money in addition to Rebecca. This eliminates option (III).
Therefore (B) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 6
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
When we are young, we learn that tigers and sharks are dangerous animals. We might be scared
of them because they are big and powerful. As we get older, however, we learn that sometimes the most
dangerous animals are also the smallest animals. In fact, the animal that kills the most people every year
is one that you have probably killed yourself many times: the mosquito.
While it may seem that all mosquitoes are biters, this is not actually the case. Male mosquitoes
eat plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes feed on animal blood. They need this blood to live
and produce eggs. When a female mosquito bites a human being, it transmits a small amount of saliva
into the blood. This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease. The result of the bite can be as
minor as an itchy bump or as serious as death.
Because a mosquito can bite many people in the course of its life, it can carry diseases from one
person to another very easily. Two of the most deadly diseases carried by mosquitoes are malaria and
yellow fever. More than 700 million people become sick from these diseases every year. At least 2 million
of these people will die from these diseases.
Many scientists are working on safer and better ways to kill mosquitoes, but so far, there is no
sure way to protect everyone in the world from their deadly bites. Mosquito nets can be placed over beds
to protect people against being bitten. These nets help people stay safe at night, but they do not kill any
mosquitoes. Mosquitoes have many natural enemies like bats, birds, dragonflies, and certain kinds of
fish. Bringing more of these animals into places where mosquitoes live might help to cut down the amount
of mosquitoes in that area. This is a natural solution, but it does not always work very well. Mosquitoes
can also be killed with poisons or sprays. Even though these sprays kill mosquitoes, they may also harm
other plants or animals.
Although mosquitoes may not seem as scary as larger, more powerful animals, they are far more
dangerous to human beings. But things are changing. It is highly likely that one day scientists will find a
way to keep everyone safe from mosquitoes and the diseases they carry.
Questions
1) According to the author, some people are more afraid of tigers and sharks than mosquitoes because
tigers and sharks
A.
B.
C.
D.
kill more people than mosquitoes
are big and powerful
are found all over the world
have no natural enemies
2) Based on the information in paragraph 2, we can understand that
I. male mosquitoes and female mosquitoes have different eating habits
II. male mosquitoes are harmless to humans
III. female mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting diseases to humans
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3) In paragraph 2 the author writes, "This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease." The purpose
of this statement is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
oppose a previous argument
question an upcoming conclusion
confirm a hypothesis
support a later statement
4) As used in paragraph 2, minor most nearly means
A.
B.
C.
D.
insignificant
deadly
frustrating
dangerous
5) Based on information in paragraph 3, it can be understood that if you get sick with malaria or yellow
fever, your chances of survival are
A.
B.
C.
D.
terrible
mediocre
good
excellent
6) It can be understood that the introduction of dragonflies might reduce the number of flies in a given
area because dragonflies
A.
B.
C.
D.
work together with mosquitoes
kill mosquitoes
cannot be killed by poisons or sprays
attract bats
7) Which of the following best summarizes the information in paragraph 4?
A. Mosquito nets provide adequate protection from deadly mosquitoes.
B. Poisons and sprays provide adequate protection from deadly mosquitoes.
C. The introduction of the mosquito's natural enemies provides adequate protection from deadly
mosquitoes.
D. There is no perfect solution to the mosquito problem.
8) Which of the following words best describes the author's overall attitude towards the prospect of
solving the mosquito problem?
A.
B.
C.
D.
despondent, meaning hopeless or dejected
exasperated, meaning extremely irritated or annoyed
equivocal, meaning doubtful or uncertain
optimistic, meaning hopeful or taking a favorable view
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In the first paragraph the author says, "We might be scared of them because they are big and powerful." In the last paragraph, the
author says that we might be more afraid of tigers and sharks than we are of mosquitoes because tigers and sharks are "larger, and
more powerful." This lets us know that (B) is correct. In paragraph 1, the author tells us that of all animals, the mosquito "kills the
most people every year." This eliminates (A). The passage does not contain information to support choices (C) and (D). Therefore
they are incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 2 the author writes, "Male mosquitoes eat plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes feed on animal blood."
Using this information, we can understand that male mosquitoes and female mosquitoes have different eating habits. This supports
option (I). In paragraph 2 the author writes, "Male mosquitoes eat plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes feed on
animal blood. They need this blood to live and produce eggs. When a female mosquito bites a human being, it transmits a small
amount of saliva into the blood. This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease." Since male mosquitoes eat plant nectar (and
not animal blood), and it is the bite that causes the transmission of diseases, we can understand that male mosquitoes do not bite
humans. Therefore they are harmless to humans. This supports option (II). In paragraph 2 the author writes, "Male mosquitoes eat
plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes feed on animal blood. They need this blood to live and produce eggs. When a
female mosquito bites a human being, it transmits a small amount of saliva into the blood. This saliva may or may not contain a
deadly disease." Since male mosquitoes eat plant nectar (and not animal blood), and it is the bite that causes the transmission of
diseases, we can understand that female mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting diseases to humans. This supports option
(III). Therefore (D) is correct.
3) D
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. At the end of paragraph 2 the author writes, "This saliva may or may not
contain a deadly disease." In the next sentence the author writes, "The result of the bite can be as minor as an itchy bump or as
serious as death." Using this information, we can understand that the reason why the result of the bite can be as minor as an itchy
bump or as serious as death is because the mosquito's saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease. This lets us know that the
purpose of the statement in question is to support a later statement, which, in this case, is the next sentence. Choice (D) is correct.
The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B). and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) A
minor (adjective): relatively small in size, quantity, or degree.
In paragraph 2, the author says that when a mosquito bites a person, “The result of the bite can be as minor as an itchy bump or as
serious as death.” Here, the author contrasts an itchy bump with death. An itchy bump is not very serious when compared to death.
An itchy bump is a small, insignificant problem, while death is aptly described as "serious." This makes (A) the correct choice.
Although itchy bumps can be frustrating, this is not as good a contrast for "serious" as insignificant. Therefore (C) is incorrect. (B)
and (D) are incorrect because the author contrasts the itchy bumps with deadly ones. The author means to show that an itchy bump
is harmless, not deadly or dangerous.
5) D
At the end of paragraph 3 the author writes, "More than 700 million people become sick from these diseases every year. At least 2
million of these people will die from these diseases." This lets us know that of the 700 million people who become sick, only around
2 million do not survive. Because 2 million is an extremely small percentage of 700 million (2/700 or .002%), we can understand that
if you get sick with malaria or yellow fever, your chances of survival are excellent. This means (D) is correct. The passage does not
provide information to support choices (A), (B). and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
6) B
In paragraph 4, the author says that, “Mosquitoes have many natural enemies like bats, birds, dragonflies, and certain kinds of fish.
Bringing more of these animals into places where mosquitoes live might help to cut down the amount of mosquitoes in that area.”
(B) is the only choice that uses information supported by the passage to provide a reason why dragonflies would reduce (or make
less) the number of mosquitoes in a given area. Therefore it is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices
(A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
7) D
In paragraph 4, the author writes, "Many scientists are working on safer and better ways to kill mosquitoes, but so far, there is no
sure way to protect everyone in the world from their deadly bites." The author continues to discuss possible solutions and their
respective drawbacks. This lets us know there is not perfect solution to the mosquito problem. Choice (D) is correct. The passage
does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
8) D
In the final paragraph the author concludes the passage by saying, "But things are changing. It is highly likely that one day scientists
will find a way to keep everyone safe from mosquitoes and the diseases they carry." This lets us know that although the problem
may look grim now, there is a good chance that scientists will be able to solve it in the future. Thus, the author's attitude towards the
prospect of solving the mosquito problem can best be described as optimistic. Therefore (D) is correct. Despondent and
exasperated are too negative to accurately describe the author's attitude. Therefore choices (A) and (B) are incorrect. The author
does not express uncertainty about the prospect of solving the mosquito problem. Therefore the author is not equivocal. Choice (C)
is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 6
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
It is bad to have food stuck between your teeth for long periods of time. This is because food
attracts germs, germs produce acid, and acid hurts your teeth and gums. Flossing helps to remove the
food that gets stuck between your teeth. This explains why flossing helps to keep your mouth healthy, but
some doctors say that flossing can be also good for your heart.
It may seem strange that something you do for your teeth can have any effect on your heart.
Doctors have come up with a few ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy. One idea is
that the germs that hurt your teeth can leave the mouth and travel into your blood. Germs that get into the
blood can then attack your heart. Another idea is based on the fact that when there are too many germs
in your mouth, the body tries to fight against these germs. For some reason, the way the body fights
these mouth germs may end up weakening the heart over time.
Not every doctor agrees about these ideas. Some doctors think that the link between good
flossing habits and good heart health is only a coincidence. A coincidence is the occurrence of two or
more events at one time apparently by mere chance. The incidence of these events is completely
random, as they do not admit of any reliable cause and effect relationship between them. For example,
every time I wash my car, it rains. This does not mean that when I wash my car, I somehow change the
weather. This is only a coincidence. Likewise, some doctors think that people who have bad flossing
habits just happen to also have heart problems, and people who have good flossing habits just happen to
have healthy hearts.
The theory that flossing your teeth helps to keep your heart healthy might not be true. But every
doctor agrees that flossing is a great way to keep your teeth healthy. So even if flossing does not help
your heart, it is sure to help your teeth. This is enough of a reason for everyone to floss their teeth every
day.
Questions
1) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Why Doctors Disagree about Flossing
How to Keep Your Teeth Healthy
Flossing Your Way to a Healthy Heart
Flossing by Coincidence
2) Flossing effectively helps to keep your mouth healthy by preventing
A.
B.
C.
D.
germs from producing acid
food from entering your body
germs from entering into your blood
acid from contacting your teeth and gums
3) In paragraph 2, the author introduces ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy.
Exactly how many of these ideas does the author put forth in this paragraph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
4) Based on information in paragraph 2, it can be understood that germs in the mouth may harm your
heart by
I. getting into the blood that flows to the heart
II. forcing the body to fight against too many of them
III. causing food to get stuck in the arteries
A.
B.
C.
D.
l only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) In paragraph 2, the author explains how having too many germs in your mouth can "end up
weakening the heart." Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that with respect to the
actual way in which this occurs, doctors are
A.
B.
C.
D.
reluctant to hypothesize
confident in their estimations
extremely knowledgeable
uncertain but speculative
6) In paragraph 3 the author writes, "Not every doctor agrees about these ideas." The author's purpose
in writing this sentence is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
provide an example
introduce a new topic
change a previous statement
clarify an earlier assertion
7) Using information in paragraph 3 as a guide, which of the following is the best example of a
coincidence?
A. Jim wakes up with a sore throat. He eats a piece of bacon for breakfast. By noon, he feels much
better. Jim decides that the bacon has cured his sore throat.
B. Laura remembers to brush her teeth every day, but she only remembers to floss once a week.
She writes a note to herself, reminding herself to floss and sticks it to her bathroom mirror.
C. Mario is not very good at baseball. He practices playing every day. After a several months of
practice, he is a much better baseball player.
D. Jai has a bad heart. Her doctor tells her to eat more vegetables and less junk food. After nearly a
year of doing this, the doctor tells Jai that her heart is doing much better.
8) Based on its use in the final paragraph, it can be inferred that theory belongs to which of the
following word groups?
A.
B.
C.
D.
query, question, interrogation
assertion, declaration, affirmation
hypothesis, supposition, belief
idea, thought, notion
9) Which of the following best states the main idea of the final paragraph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Because doctors do not agree that flossing will help your heart, it is useless to floss.
It is a fact that flossing can help your heart as well as your teeth.
Even if flossing is only good for your teeth, you should still do it every day.
There is no good reason to believe that flossing will help your heart, but it is still a good idea to do
it every day.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) C
A good title summarizes the main idea of the passage, letting the reader know what to expect should he or she continue reading.
The main idea of this passage is that flossing may be linked to having a healthy heart. This idea is introduced at the end of the first
paragraph, when the author states, "This explains why flossing helps to keep your mouth healthy, but some doctors say that flossing
can be also good for your heart." In paragraph 2, the author gives possible reasons for this idea. In paragraph 3, the author talks
about how flossing and heart health may be a coincidence. In the final paragraph, the author gives concluding remarks about the
benefits of flossing. Using this information, we can understand that the best title for the passage would be Flossing Your Way to a
Healthy Heart, as it best summarizes the main idea of the passage. Choice (C) is correct. Even though the passage does mention
that not all doctors agree about whether or not flossing is good for your heart, and that flossing is good for your teeth, these are not
the main ideas. They are merely details the author uses to support a larger idea: that flossing is good for your teeth and may also be
good for your heart. Therefore (A) and (B) are incorrect. The author does not state the idea that flossing occurs by coincidence.
Rather, the author uses the idea of coincidence to illustrate why some "doctors think that the link between good flossing habits and
good heart health,"—an idea explained in paragraph 3. This lets us know that choice (D) is incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 1, the author tells us that "food attracts germs, germs produce acid, and acid hurts your teeth and gums." The author
continues to tell us that "Flossing helps to remove food that gets stuck between your teeth." Using this information, we can
understand that flossing helps remove food from between your teeth. This, in turn, removes germs from your mouth. If there are no
germs in your mouth, the acid they produce cannot get on your teeth and gums. If the acid cannot get on your teeth and gums, it
cannot harm them. This is how flossing effectively helps to keep your mouth healthy. This idea is reflected in (D), making it the
correct choice. Although flossing helps prevent food from attracting germs, it does not prevent germs from producing acid. Germs
will produce acid regardless of flossing. Flossing simply makes sure that germs don't produce acid in your mouth. This lets us know
that flossing does not help to keep your mouth healthy by preventing germs from producing acid. This means (A) is incorrect.
Technically speaking, flossing may indeed prevent miniscule pieces of food from entering your body. However, this is unrelated to
the way in which it helps you teeth. This lets us know that flossing does not help to keep your mouth healthy by preventing food from
entering your body. Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not discuss the possibility that germs will enter the blood. Rather, the
author says that acid may enter the blood. However, this is unrelated to the way in which flossing helps your teeth. This lets us know
that flossing does not help to keep your mouth healthy by preventing germs from entering your blood. Choice (C) is incorrect.
3) B
In paragraph 2, the author introduces two ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy. The first idea is introduced as
the author writes, "One idea is that the germs that hurt your teeth can leave the mouth and travel into your blood." The second idea
is introduced as the author writes, "Another idea is based on the fact that when there are too many germs in your mouth, the body
tries to fight against these germs." This means (B) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (C),
and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) B
In paragraph 2, the author introduces two ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy. First, the author says, "One
idea is that the germs that hurt your teeth can leave the mouth and travel into your blood. Germs that get into the blood can then
attack your heart." This supports option (I). Second, the author says, "Another idea is based on the fact that when there are too
many germs in your mouth, the body tries to fight against these germs. For some reason, the way the body fights these mouth
germs may end up weakening the heart over time." This supports option (II). The author does not provide information to suggest
that germs may harm your heart by causing food to get stuck in the arteries. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
5) D
At the end of paragraph 2, the author writes, "Another idea is based on the fact that when there are too many germs in your mouth,
the body tries to fight against these germs. For some reason, the way the body fights these mouth germs may end up weakening
the heart over time." After explaining how having too many germs in your mouth causes the body to fight against them, the author
introduces the explanation behind this using the phrase, "For some reason." This phrase is used to signify that doctors are uncertain
about the actual cause of this. Nonetheless, they venture to speculate that it has something to do with the way the body fights these
mouth germs and how that may end up weakening the heart over time. Using this information, we can understand that doctors are
uncertain but speculative with respect to the actual way in which this occurs. Choice (D) is correct. Although doctors may be
reluctant, they still venture to speculate, or hypothesize, about the actual way in which this occurs by positing that "the way the body
fights these mouth germs may end up weakening the heart over time." This lets us know that (A) is incorrect. Choices (B) and (C)
depict the doctors as more confident in their suppositions than the passage leads us to believe. Therefore they are incorrect.
6) D
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In paragraph 2 the author writes, "Doctors have come up with a few ideas
about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy." The author continues to describe these ideas in the remainder of paragraph 2.
At the beginning of paragraph 3, the author tells us that "Not every doctor agrees about these ideas." This lets us know that the
author plans to use paragraph 3 to clarify his or her earlier assertion presented in paragraph 2. This means (D) is correct. The
passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
7) A
coincidence (noun): a striking occurrence of two or more events at one time apparently by mere chance.
In paragraph 3, the author tells us that “A coincidence is the occurrence of two or more events at one time apparently by mere
chance. The incidence of these events is completely random, as they do not admit of any reliable cause and effect relationship
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
between them.” In Jim’s case, Jim eats bacon and his sore throat happens to go away. These two events do not admit of any
reliable cause and effect relationship. Jim's eating of the bacon (cause) does not mean that bacon cured his sore throat (effect).This
is a single occurrence that intuitively seems very unlikely to happen again. This fits the author's description of a coincidence.
Therefore choice (A) is correct. (B) is unrelated to the idea of a coincidence and is therefore incorrect. In choice (C), Mario’s
practice makes him a better player. A reliable cause (several months of practice) and effect (getting better at baseball) relationship
is readily identifiable. This is not a coincidence. In choice (D), Jai’s healthier diet makes her heart healthier. A reliable cause (nearly
a year of eating more vegetables and less junk food) and effect (her heart is doing much better) relationship is readily identifiable.
These effects are directly linked to their causes.
8) C
theory (noun): a proposed explanation whose status is still conjectural and subject to experimentation, in contrast to wellestablished propositions that are regarded as reporting matters of actual fact.
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In the final paragraph, the author writes, "The theory that flossing your
teeth helps to keep your heart healthy might not be correct. Nonetheless, every doctor agrees that flossing is a great way to keep
your teeth healthy. So even if flossing does not help your heart, it is sure to help your teeth." Using this text, we can understand that
the idea that flossing your teeth helps to keep your heart healthy is a theory. We also learn that this idea may or may not be correct.
So, this idea is a speculative, or uncertain, attempt to state a fact about the world or how it works. A theory is not merely an idea, it
is a speculative assertion. The words hypothesis, supposition, belief capture this definition nicely. This lets us know that choice (C)
is correct. In his or her use of the word theory, the author does not pose a query, question, or interrogation. Rather, the author
makes a speculative assertion, as explained above. This means (A) is incorrect. In his or her use of the word theory, the author
does not make an assertion, declaration, or affirmation. Rather, the author makes a speculative assertion, as explained above. This
is different than a straightforward assertion, which is a simple claim that is not intended to be speculative. This means (B) is
incorrect. In his or her use of the word theory, the author does not illustrate an idea, thought, or notion. Given the above explanation,
we can understand that this idea is a speculative, or uncertain, attempt to state a fact about the world or how it works. A theory is
not merely an idea, it is a speculative assertion. This means (D) is incorrect.
9) C
In the final paragraph, the author says that “even if flossing does not help your heart, it is sure to help your teeth. This is enough of a
reason for everyone to floss their teeth every day.” This statement is intended to mean that while it may be true that flossing might
not really help your heart, it definitely is good for your teeth. Therefore, the author recommends that you should do it every day.
Choice (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A) or (B). Therefore they are incorrect. (D) is
incorrect because the author does not suggest that you should floss merely because it may be good for your heart. Rather, the
author says that flossing is good for your teeth, and that the fact that it may also be good for your heart is a potential added benefit.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 6
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
When you imagine the desert, you probably think of a very hot place covered with sand. Although
this is a good description for many deserts, Earth’s largest desert is actually a very cold place covered
with ice: Antarctica.
In order for an area to be considered a desert, it must receive very little rainfall. More specifically,
it must receive an average of less than ten inches of precipitation—which can be rain, sleet, hail, or
snow—on the ground every year. Antarctica, the coldest place on earth, has an average temperature that
usually falls below the freezing point. And because cold air holds less moisture than warm air, the air in
Antarctica does not hold much moisture at all. This is evident in the low precipitation statistics recorded
for Antarctica. For example, the central part of Antarctica receives an average of less than 2 inches of
snow every year. The coastline of Antarctica receives a little bit more—between seven and eight inches a
year. Because Antarctica gets so little precipitation every year, it is considered a desert.
When precipitation falls in hot deserts, it quickly evaporates back into the atmosphere. The air
over Antarctica is too cold to hold water vapor, so there is very little evaporation. Due to this low rate of
evaporation, most of the snow that falls to the ground remains there permanently, eventually building up
into thick ice sheets. Any snow that does not freeze into ice sheets becomes caught up in the strong
winds that constantly blow over Antarctica. These snow-filled winds can make it look as if it is snowing.
Even though snowfall is very rare there, blizzards are actually very common on Antarctica.
Questions
1) The main purpose of paragraph 1 is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
accept a conclusion
introduce an argument
provide a brief history
deny a common belief
2) The best title for this passage would be
A.
B.
C.
D.
Earth’s Many Deserts
Antarctica: The Coldest Place on Earth
A Desert of Ice
Unusual Blizzards
3) Africa’s Sahara Desert is the second-largest desert on earth. Based on the information in the
passage, what characteristic must the Sahara share with Antarctica?
A.
B.
C.
D.
low temperatures
high temperatures
frequent blizzards
low precipitation
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
4) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for precipitation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
moisture in the air that falls to the ground
any type of weather event
weather events that only happen in very cold areas
a blizzard that occurs in areas with limited snowfall
5) In paragraph 2 the author writes, "And because cold air holds less moisture than warm air, the air in
Antarctica does not hold much moisture at all." Using this information, it can be understood that
A.
B.
C.
D.
air in Africa holds more moisture than the air in Antarctica
air surrounding a tropical island holds less moisture than the air in Antarctica
air in the second floor of a house is typically warmer than air on the first floor
air at the mountains is typically colder than the air at the beach
6) According to the final paragraph, any snow that falls over Antarctica
I. becomes part of the Antarctic ice sheet
II. is blown around by strong winds
III. evaporates back into the atmosphere
A.
B.
C.
D.
l only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
7) Based on the information in the final paragraph, it can be understood that blizzards in Antarctica are
mainly the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
freezing cold temperatures
large amounts of snowfall
low amounts of precipitation
strong winds
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) D
In paragraph 1 the author writes, "When you imagine the desert, you probably think of a very hot place covered with sand." This lets
us know that the author thinks that deserts are commonly believed to be very hot places covered with sand. However, as the author
continues to explain, this is not actually the case, stating "Many other deserts, like Antarctica, are just the opposite." Using this
information, we can understand that the main purpose of paragraph 1 is to deny a common belief. This means (D) is correct. The
author does not mention any conclusion. Therefore (A) is incorrect. The author does not argue the idea that Antarctica is a desert.
This is factual information that is documented to be true. Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not provide any history. This
means (C) incorrect.
2) C
A good title summarizes the main idea of a passage and lets the reader know what to expect should he or she read further. This
passage is mostly devoted to explaining why Antarctica is a desert of ice, which most people may find surprising, because deserts
are stereotypically hot and sandy. This idea is introduced in the first paragraph. The subsequent paragraphs are devoted to
explaining this idea. Therefore (C) is correct. In this passage, the author presents information about Antarctica only. It does not
discuss any other of earth's deserts. The title in (A) is too general for a passage that is just about Antarctica, making this choice
incorrect. Although the passage does mention the fact that Antarctica is the coldest place on earth, and discusses Antarctica’s
blizzards, these are details. The main idea of the passage involves the fact that Antarctica is a desert. Therefore (B) and (D) are
incorrect.
3) D
In paragraph 2, the author writes: “In order for an area to be considered a desert, it must receive very little precipitation. More
specifically, it must receive an average of less than ten inches of precipitation—which can be rain, sleet, hail, or snow—on the
ground every year." Like Antarctica, the Sahara is a desert. Therefore, it must also have low precipitation. This means (D) is correct.
The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) A
precipitation (noun): moisture in the air that falls to the ground.
In paragraph 2, the author states that precipitation “can be rain, sleet, hail, or snow.” All of these are forms of air moisture that falls
to the ground. Using this information, we can understand that (A) is the correct choice. Although rain, sleet, hail, and snow are all
types of weather events, the phrase “any type of weather” is too general, as it may include other types of weather such as high wind,
clouds, heat, humidity, etc. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Even though it is very cold in Antarctica, rain can fall in any climate. This
means precipitation isn’t specific to very cold areas. This eliminates (C). (D) is incorrect because a blizzard that occurs in areas with
limited snowfall is only something that happens in extremely cold, windy places like Antarctica, and is not representative of
precipitation in general.
5) A
In paragraph 2 the author writes, "And because cold air holds less moisture than warm air, the air in Antarctica does not hold much
moisture at all." Because Africa is widely known to have a warm, if not hot, climate, we can understand that the air in Africa holds
more moisture than the freezing cold air in Antarctica. Therefore (A) is correct. (B) is incorrect because a tropical island has hot
climate. This means it should hold more moisture than the air in Antarctica. Although choices (C) and (D) may provide accurate
information, they are incorrect because the quote from paragraph 2 does not discuss how air temperature is related to geographical
location.
6) B
In the final paragraph, the authors tells us that any snow that falls over Antarctica either “remains there permanently, eventually
building up into thick ice sheets.” or “becomes caught up in the strong winds." This supports options (I) and (II). In the beginning of
this paragraph, the author says “the air over Antarctica is too cold to hold water vapor, so there is very little evaporation.” This
eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
7) D
In the final paragraph, the author informs us that the blizzards in Antarctica are caused when strong winds blow snow around.
Although there is a very low amount of precipitation that falls over Antarctica, some of the snow that does fall “becomes caught up in
the strong winds that constantly blow over Antarctica.” Because of these high winds, “even though snowfall is very rare there,
blizzards are actually very common on Antarctica.” Using this information, we can understand that (D) is correct The passage does
not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 6
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Mona doesn’t like to ask people for help. But it is hard for her to perform daily activities
on her own. She is almost 13, yet she is no larger than a 5-year-old. Mona has trouble keeping
her balance and can’t walk very far. When she uses a wheelchair, she can’t push it herself.
Fortunately, Mona has a wonderful service dog named Sam. A service dog is a dog that
has been trained to assist someone who has a physical problem. Sam lets Mona lean on him
when she walks. He also pulls her wheelchair and turns lights on and off. When Mona drops
something, Sam picks it up. He even pulls her socks off at night.
Sam also helps Mona with everyday tasks at school. He carries her books from class to class in
a special backpack. He puts Mona’s completed assignments in her teachers’ homework trays.
In the lunchroom he throws away her trash.
Besides making Mona less dependent on other people, Sam helps her lead a fuller life.
Mona’s classmates flock around Sam like geese. This has helped her make friends. Sam also
helps Mona be more active. With his aid, she raised over $500 in a walk-a-thon for her local
humane society.
Because of Sam, Mona doesn’t have to ask people for help. Sam brings her closer to
other kids. And he even helps her contribute to her community.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Why Mona Loses Her Balance
How Mona’s Service Dog Helps Her
Sam Helps Mona at School
Raising Money for the Humane Society
2) Using the passage as a guide, which of the following dogs is most likely a service dog?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Frank's dog, who turns on the lights when Frank enters the room.
Raul's dog, who fetches the newspaper for Raul while he is busy getting dressed.
Mei's dog, who licks Mei’s face when she cries.
Teddy's dog, who loves to play catch, go on walks, and watch movies with the family.
3) According to the passage, Sam helps Mona by
I. helping her to walk
II. performing everyday tasks for her
III. bringing her closer to her classmates
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
4) In paragraph 4, the author writes, “Mona’s classmates flock around Sam like geese.” Which
of the following literary techniques is used in this sentence?
A. allusion, characterized by a reference to, or representation of, people, places, events,
literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication
B. personification, characterized by giving human traits to nonhuman things, such as
animals or objects
C. irony, characterized by the use of words to express the opposite of their usual meaning
D. simile, characterized by the making of a comparison using the words “like” or “as”
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
A good title summarizes the main idea of the passage and lets the reader know what to expect should he or she read further. In
paragraph 1, the author illustrates Mona's need for assistance with routine activities. In the beginning of paragraph 2, the author
tells us that Mona has a service dog and explains that a service dog helps someone who has a physical problem. In paragraph 3,
the author shows how Mona’s service dog helps her lead a fuller life. In the final paragraph, the author sums up the main ways that
Mona’s service dog helps her. Using this information, we can understand that the main idea of this passage is to explain how
Mona’s service dog, Sam, helps her. Therefore, the best title for the passage would be How Mona’s Service Dog Helps Her, since it
best summarizes the main idea. Choice (B) is correct. The author never explains why Mona has trouble keeping her balance. So (A)
is incorrect. The passage does show that Sam helps Mona at school (C), and that Mona raised money for her local humane society
(D), but these are not main ideas. They are merely details the author uses to support a larger idea. Therefore they are incorrect.
2) A
In paragraph 2, the author tells us a service dog is “a dog that has been trained to assist someone who has a physical problem.”
Later in the paragraph, the author tells us that Mona's service dog "pulls her wheelchair and turns lights on and off." This lets us
know that a service dog does things that help someone who has a physical problem. Since Frank's dog turns on the lights when
Frank enters the room, we can understand that this is something that a dog would do to help someone who has a physical problem.
Therefore, it is most likely that Frank's dog is a service dog. This means choice (A) is correct. Raul's dog helps Raul by fetching the
newspaper while he gets dressed. Although this is helpful, there is no indication that Raul is disabled, or that he needs a dog to do
this work for him. This eliminates choice (B). Although it seems sweet that Mei's dog licks Mei’s face when she cries, this is not an
act of helping her do something that she cannot do on her own. This means (C) is incorrect. (D) is incorrect because Teddy's dog
does not do anything beyond what an ordinary dog would do.
3) C
In paragraph 2, the author tells us that "Sam lets Mona lean on him when she walks." This supports option (I).In paragraph 2, the
passage shows us that Sam performs everyday tasks for Mona, such as pulling off her socks and carrying her schoolbooks. This
supports option (II). In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Mona’s classmates flock around Sam like geese. This has helped her make
friends.” This supports option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
4) D
The sentence in question uses the word “like” to compare Mona’s classmates to geese. Therefore the above sentence is a simile,
making (D) the correct choice. The above sentence does not reference to, or representation of, people, places, events, literary
work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication. Therefore, the above sentence is not an allusion. (A) is incorrect.
Saying that “Mona’s classmates flock around Sam like geese” gives animal traits to human beings, not the reverse. Therefore, the
above sentence does not use personification, and (B) is incorrect. Finally the phrase “flock around Sam like geese” uses words to
express their ordinary meaning. Therefore, the above sentence does not use irony. So (C) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 6
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
To Whom it May Concern:
On March 5, 2010, I bought a Perfect Muffin Kit from your store at Midfield Mall. The cashier who
assisted me was George. George was very friendly and assured me that the Perfect Muffin Kit would live
up to the guarantee on the box: “Perfect Muffins Every Time!”
Unfortunately, this product did not live up to its claim. Although the box promised, as I stated
above, to provide “Perfect Muffins Every Time,” the muffins I made were far from perfect. I followed the
directions included in the package very carefully. First, I removed the bag of mix from the box. Then, I
poured it into a bowl. Next, I added the correct amount of water to the mix and stirred it. The directions
said that after stirring the mixture, I could, and I quote, “add half a cup of raisins, nuts, berries, or another
favorite ingredient.” My favorite ingredient happens to be hot sauce. I find that a dash of hot sauce makes
pizza, pasta, and soup taste very delicious. So, continuing to follow the directions, I added half a cup of
hot sauce to the mix and stirred it. Finally, I poured the mix into muffin tins and baked it in the oven at 350
degrees for exactly 20 minutes.
When the muffins finished baking, I was very excited to eat the “Perfect Muffins” as promised on
the box. You can imagine my disappointment when, upon tasting the muffins, I discovered that they were
not perfect. These muffins were, in fact, absolutely terrible. Not even my dog was interested in eating
these supposedly “perfect” muffins.
I would appreciate a full refund ($3.99) for this product as soon as possible. Enclosed are the
receipt, the empty box, and one of the un-perfect muffins so that you can experience it for yourself. Thank
you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Sincerely,
Michelle Bauer
Questions
1) This letter is most likely addressed to
A.
B.
C.
D.
the owner of the muffin mix company
a local storeowner
the clerk at a local muffin bakery
George, the cashier who sold Michelle the muffin mix
2) The tone of the author can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
furious
disgusted
embarrassed
frustrated
3) As used in paragraph 1, which is the best synonym for guarantee?
A.
B.
C.
D.
lie
warning
promise
sentence
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
4) Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 2?
A. The paragraph follows chronological order, in which events are presented in the sequence that
they occur.
B. The author explains a problem and then proposes a solution to that problem.
C. The author makes an argument and then provides evidence to support that argument.
D. The paragraph follows a cause-and-effect order, in which a series of causes are given, followed
by their effects.
5) It can be understood that the author is disappointed by the product because
A.
B.
C.
D.
it was worth less money than she paid for it
it did not fulfill the promise made on the box
the directions included with the product contained a mistake
the directions included with the product were too difficult to follow
6) It can be understood that the author put hot sauce in the muffins because she
A.
B.
C.
D.
wanted to get a full refund
did not read the directions carefully
was out of raisins, nuts, and berries
considered it one of her favorite ingredients
7) The author’s main purpose in writing this letter is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
complain about how bad the muffins tasted
obtain a full refund for her money
prevent others from making the same mistake she did
persuade the company to change the wording on their box
8) Which of the following words best describes the author?
A.
B.
C.
D.
shrewd
senseless
unreasonable
careful
9) Instead of hot sauce, which of the following ingredients might the author have reasonably added to
enhance the flavor of the muffins?
I. raspberries
II. banana nuts
III. chocolate chips
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
10) According to the author, the muffins tasted "absolutely terrible." This is the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
misinterpretation
negligence
forgetfulness
recklessness
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In the first paragraph, the author writes that she “bought a Perfect Muffin Kit from your store at Midfield Mall.” This lets us know that
the author is most likely addressing the owner of the store from which she bought the muffin mix. Therefore (B) is correct. The
passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) D
In this passage, the author requests a refund for her product. In writing this request, she seems annoyed, or irritated, that the
muffins did not live up to their expectations, even though she took extra care to follow the directions included in the package "very
carefully." In paragraph 3, the author expresses excitement about eating the "Perfect Muffins" as promised on the box. However,
upon trying them, she notices that they taste terrible. Given that she took special care to ensure that she made them correctly, yet
still found them to taste terrible, we can understand that she feels disappointed or thwarted. The word frustrated accurately captures
this sentiment. Therefore (D) is correct. Although she is upset, it is wrong to think the author is furious. This is too strongly negative.
Therefore (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 3 the author says that the muffins tasted "absolutely terrible." Although the muffins may
have tasted disgusting, this is different than saying that the author was disgusted. If someone is disgusted, he or she is offended or
revolted. This is too strongly negative. What is more, this does not capture the idea that the author feels thwarted, as her careful
efforts were not properly rewarded. This means (B) is incorrect. (C) is incorrect because the author is very explicit, or clear and
forthright, in her explanation of why she deserves a refund. Since she holds no reservations in telling the letter's recipient her exact
thoughts, we can understand that her tone is not embarrassed.
3) C
guarantee (noun): a promise of quality; something that assures a specific outcome.
The question asks us to find the best synonym. Synonyms are words that have nearly the same meanings. In the first paragraph,
the author states that the Perfect Muffin Kit had a “guarantee on the box: ‘Perfect Muffins Every Time!’” Using the context in
paragraph 2, we can figure out the meaning of this word. In paragraph 2, the author writes: “Unfortunately, this product did not live
up to this claim. Although the box promised, as I stated above, to provide “Perfect Muffins Every Time,” the muffins I produced were
far from perfect.” The words “claim” and “promise” should help readers understand that a “guarantee” is a promise. This lets us
know that (C) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
4) A
In paragraph 2, the author explains the steps she followed in making the muffin using the words “First,” “Then,” “Next,” and “Finally.”
Since these words all are used to describe the order of events in time, this lets us know that the author is using a chronological
order. Therefore (A) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
5) B
According to the author, the Perfect Muffin Kit box guarantees, or promises, that the product will produce “Perfect Muffins Every
Time!” The author’s muffins are not perfect, as they turn out to be “absolutely terrible.” Since this qualifies (in the author's opinion) a
violation of the product's guarantee, we can understand that (B) is correct. (A) is incorrect because although the author requests a
refund in her letter, this does not mean that she thinks the product was worth less money than she paid for it. Rather, she requests a
refund for the product. This means that she would like the full amount paid for the product to be returned to her. Her disappointment
does not result from anything involving the actual price of the product. It may seem like the directions that came with the product
contained a mistake. After all, the author did follow them perfectly as they were written. However, this is not actually the case. Using
the passage as a guide, it can be understood that directions were written with the understanding that their reader is able to
reasonably conclude that "one of your favorite ingredients" does not include something as extreme as hot sauce. Rather, as the
directions suggests, something like raisins, nuts, or berries would be more suitable. Although hot sauce may indeed by one of the
author's favorite ingredients, it is unreasonable to believe that it could be a tasty ingredient in muffins. In any case, one does not
have to be a chef to understand that hot sauce does not go well with muffins. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Although the author did fail
to follow the directions properly, she is unaware of this fact. Therefore, she could not be disappointed by this. This means (D) is
incorrect.
6) D
In paragraph 2, the author states that the directions for the muffin mix tell her to add “half a cup of raisins, nuts, berries, or another
favorite ingredient.” Because the author’s favorite ingredient is hot sauce (and she wants to follow the instructions "very carefully"),
she puts half a cup of hot sauce into the mix. This lets us know that (D) is correct. The passage does not provide information to
support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
7) B
Paragraphs 1-3 in the author's letter are all intended to provide reasoning behind why the author should be eligible for a "full refund,"
which she asks for in the final paragraph. Given that the majority of the letter is reserved for this purpose, we can understand that it
is the main purpose. This lets us know that (B) is correct. Although the author complains about how bad the muffins tasted, probably
does not want others to make the same mistake as she did, and suggests that the wording on the box was misleading, her main
purpose for writing this letter is to get her money back. Therefore (A), (C), and (D) are incorrect.
8) C
The author lacks the common sense necessary to realize that hot sauce would not be a good ingredient in muffins. Given that the
vast majority of people know that these two foods do not mix well, it is unreasonable of her to request a "full refund" simply because
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
she fails to understand this. Choice (C) is correct. Although the author may seem shrewd in her willingness to write a letter
requesting monetary compensation for her own mistake, this is not as defining an aspect of her character as her inability to reason
properly. Therefore (A) is incorrect. (B) is incorrect because senseless is too strongly negative. We know that the author has some
sense (albeit very little), otherwise she wouldn't have come to the conclusion that hot sauce and muffins don't mix well. While the
author follows the instructions on the box "very carefully," she misses the larger idea that some ingredients simply do not mix well
with others. The failure of her to see this larger idea is a more defining aspect of her character than her desire to follow the
instructions carefully, as it results in her writing of the letter. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
9) D
In paragraph 2, we learn that the directions on the box say to "add half a cup of raisins, nuts, berries, or another favorite ingredient."
Since raspberries are a kind of berry, it is reasonable to think they would enhance the flavor of the muffins. This supports option (I).
Since banana nuts are a kind of nut, it is reasonable to think they would enhance the flavor of the muffins. This supports option (II).
Since chocolate chips are a common favorite, and they are a reasonable ingredient to add to muffins, we can understand that they
would enhance their flavor. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
10) A
In paragraph 2, we learn that the directions say to "add half a cup of raisins, nuts, berries, or another favorite ingredient." The author
reads these directions literally, meaning she reads them following the strict meaning of the words. She does not think for herself
about what they may actually mean. So, she does not reason that, although it is one of her favorite ingredients, hot sauce would be
a bad ingredient to add to muffins. Since the author fails to interpret these directions properly, we can understand that they muffins
tasted terrible as a result of a misinterpretation. Choice (A) is correct. The author does not make any careless errors. Actually, her
error comes from following the directions too carefully. Since negligence is carelessness, we can understand that (B) is incorrect.
(C) is incorrect because the author does not forget anything while making the muffins. (D) is incorrect because the author is never
reckless, or wild and irresponsible.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 7
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Fleas are perfectly designed by nature to feast on anything containing blood. Like a shark in the
water or a wolf in the woods, fleas are ideally equipped to do what they do, making them very difficult to
defeat. The bodies of these tiny parasites are extremely hardy and well-suited for their job.
A flea has a very hard exoskeleton, which means the body is covered by a tough, tile-like plate
called a sclerite. Because of these plates, fleas are almost impossible to squish. The exoskeletons of
fleas are also waterproof and shock resistant, and therefore fleas are highly resistant to the sprays and
chemicals used to kill them.
Little spines are attached to this plate. The spines lie flat against the flea’s thin, narrow body as
the flea scurries through an animal’s fur in search of food. However, if anything (like fingers or a selfgrooming pet) tries to pull a flea off through the hair coat, these spines will extend and stick to the fur like
Velcro.
Fleas are some of the best jumpers in the natural world. A flea can jump seven inches, or 150
times its own length, either vertically or horizontally. An equivalent jump for a person would be 555 feet,
the height of the Washington Monument. Fleas can jump 30,000 times in a row without stopping, and they
are able to accelerate through the air at an incredibly high rate—a rate which is over ten times what
humans can withstand in an airplane.
Fleas have very long rear legs with huge thigh muscles and multiple joints. When they get ready
to jump, they fold their long legs up and crouch like a runner on a starting block. Several of their joints
contain a protein called resilin, which helps catapult fleas into the air as they jump, similar to the way a
rubber band provides momentum to a slingshot. Outward facing claws on the bottom of their legs grip
anything they touch when they land.
The adult female flea mates after her first blood meal and begins producing eggs in just 1 to 2
days. One flea can lay up to 50 eggs in one day and over 2,000 in her lifetime. Flea eggs can be seen
with the naked eye, but they are about the size of a grain of salt. Shortly after being laid, the eggs begin
to transform into cocoons. In the cocoon state, fleas are fully developed adults, and will hatch immediately
if conditions are favorable. Fleas can detect warmth, movement, and carbon dioxide in exhaled breath,
and these three factors stimulate them to emerge as new adults. If the flea does not detect appropriate
conditions, it can remain dormant in the cocoon state for extended periods. Under ideal conditions, the
entire life cycle may only take 3 weeks, so in no time at all, pets and homes can become infested.
Because of these characteristics, fleas are intimidating opponents. The best way to control fleas,
therefore, is to take steps to prevent an infestation from ever occurring.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
educate the reader about the physical characteristics of fleas
compare fleas to other members of the animal kingdom
relate the problems that can result from a flea infestation
explain why a flea infestation is hard to get rid of
2) The author’s tone in the passage is best described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
concerned
passionate
informative
opinionated
3) According to the passage, fleas are resistant to sprays and chemicals because they
A.
B.
C.
D.
have waterproof sclerites
are excellent jumpers
reproduce very rapidly
can stick to fur like Velcro
4) Fleas are difficult to squish because they have
I. sclerites
II. tough spines
III. resilin in their joints
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fleas extend their little spines if threatened.
Fleas have the ability to jump higher than humans.
Humans can jump higher if they consume foods containing resilin.
The resilin found in fleas is used to make rubber bands.
6) According to the passage, fleas are able to jump
I. with a high rate of acceleration
II. up and down and from side to side
III. because the blood they eat contains resilin
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
7) Based on information in the passage, the reader can understand that
A.
B.
C.
D.
fleas will die without access to blood
fleas survive at a higher rate in outdoor habitats
fleas will die after they produce 2,000 eggs
newly hatched fleas are the size of a grain of salt
8) The author mentions the Washington Monument in order to
A.
B.
C.
D.
estimate the extreme distance that a flea is able to jump
illustrate a comparison made between fleas and humans
clarify a point made regarding fleas and acceleration
demonstrate the superiority of fleas over humans
9) It can be inferred that fleas will emerge from eggs as adults
A.
B.
C.
D.
when they outgrow the cocoon
after a period of 3 weeks
when they sense there is access to blood
if there is too much carbon dioxide in the cocoon
10) Using the information in the passage as a guide, it can be concluded that
A. humans do not possess the physical characteristics of the flea because they have no use for
them
B. humans do not pay much attention to fleas because they do not pose a serious threat
C. fleas have many physical advantages, although these are outweighed by their many
disadvantages
D. fleas are designed in such a way as to give them unique physical advantages in life
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) D
In paragraph 1, we learn that “fleas are ideally equipped to do what they do, making them very difficult to defeat.” In paragraph 2 the
author explains why fleas are hard to squish and why they resist so many sprays designed to kill them. In paragraphs 3-6, the
author explains what makes fleas so difficult to get rid of, both in terms of their physical characteristics and the way they reproduce.
In the last paragraph, the author calls fleas “intimidating opponents” and suggests that preventing an infestation is easier that getting
rid of an infestation. From this we can understand that the primary purpose of the passage is to explain why a flea infestation is hard
to get rid of. Therefore (D) is correct. The passage does provide information about the physical characteristics of fleas, but it also
educates readers about the life cycle and reproduction process of a flea. Furthermore, these details all support the author’s main
point, which is that a flea infestation is very hard to get rid of. Because it is too narrow in scope, (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 1, the
author briefly compares a flea to “a shark in the water or a wolf in the woods.” Later the author says that fleas “are some of the best
jumpers in the natural world.” However, the author does not expand on these comments; rather, the author describes in detail why a
flea infestation is hard to get rid of. Because the comparisons are only minor details in the passage, (B) is incorrect. The passage
does not contain any information about the problems that can result from a flea infestation, so (C) is incorrect.
2) C
The author presents facts about the characteristics of fleas without expressing any emotions or opinions in the passage. Since the
author’s main purpose is to present information, we can conclude that the tone is informative. Therefore (C) is correct. Concerned
means worried or anxious. The author does not express any anxiety about fleas, so (A) is incorrect. Passionate means caused by
strong feelings. Since the author does not express emotions in the passage, (B) is incorrect. Opinionated means certain of one’s
opinions or stubborn. The author is presenting facts, not opinions, so (D) is incorrect.
3) A
In paragraph 2, we learn that “a flea has a very hard exoskeleton, which means the body is covered by a tough, tile-like plate called
a sclerite.” From this we can understand that, on a flea, a sclerite forms the exoskeleton. Later in paragraph 2, the author says that
“the exoskeletons of fleas are also waterproof and shock resistant, and therefore fleas are highly resistant to the sprays and
chemicals used to kill them.” Since we know that the exoskeleton on a flea is called a sclerite, we can infer that the sclerite is
waterproof, which makes fleas resistant to sprays and chemicals. Therefore (A) is correct. The other answer choices are all
characteristics of fleas mentioned in the passage, but none of them make fleas resistant to chemicals. Therefore (B), (C), and (D)
are incorrect.
4) A
In paragraph 2, we learn that “a flea has a very hard exoskeleton, which means the body is covered by a tough, tile-like plate called
a sclerite. Because of these plates, fleas are almost impossible to squish.” From this we can understand that the sclerite makes a
flea difficult to squish. This supports option (I). In paragraph 3, we learn that fleas do have spines attached to the sclerite, but these
spines make a flea difficult to pull off, not difficult to squish. This eliminates option (II). In paragraph 5, we learn that fleas have a
protein in their joints called resilin, “which helps catapult fleas into the air as they jump.” From this we can understand that resilin
helps fleas jump, but it does not make them difficult to squish. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (A) is correct.
5) A
In paragraph 3, we learn that fleas have little spines that normally lie flat, but “if anything (like fingers or a self-grooming pet) tries to
pull a flea off through the hair coat, these spines will extend and stick to the fur like Velcro.” From this we can understand that if a
flea is threatened by something trying to remove it, it will extend its spines in order to stick to the fur. This means that (A) is correct.
In paragraph 4, we learn that “a flea can jump seven inches, or 150 times its own length.” This means that fleas are able to jump
higher in proportion to their body sizes than humans are, but fleas can only jump 7 inches. A human can jump higher than 7 inches,
so (B) is incorrect. There is no reference in the passage to humans consuming resilin, which makes (C) incorrect. In paragraph 5,
we learn that resilin “helps catapult fleas into the air as they jump, similar to the way a rubber band provides momentum to a
slingshot.” This means the resilin found in fleas joints helps them spring in a way similar to rubber bands, but the passage does not
state that rubber bands contain resilin. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
6) B
In paragraph 4, we learn that “fleas are able to accelerate through the air at an incredibly high rate—a rate which is over ten times
what humans can withstand in an airplane.” From this we can understand that fleas are able to jump with a high rate of acceleration.
This supports option (I). Also in paragraph 4, we learn that fleas are able to jump “horizontally and vertically.” From this we can
understand that fleas can jump up and down and from side to side. This supports option (II). In paragraph 5, we learn that “several
of their joints contain a protein called resilin.” This means that resilin is not consumed by fleas, but rather it is found in their joints.
This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
7) A
In paragraph 1, we learn that fleas are parasites that “feast on anything containing blood.” Since blood is their food source, we can
infer they will die if they do not have access to blood. This means (A) is correct. The passage does not provide us any information
about the best habitat for fleas, so (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 6, we learn that “one flea can lay up to 50 eggs in one day and over
2,000 in her lifetime.” Although a flea may stop producing eggs after approximately 2,000, it does not logically follow that a flea will
die once it produces 2,000 eggs. It could continue to live without producing eggs. This means (C) is incorrect. In paragraph 6, we
learn that flea eggs are the size of a grain of salt, but newly hatched fleas emerge from the cocoon, where they become “fully
developed adults.” We cannot assume that a fully developed adult flea is the same size as a flea egg. This means (D) is incorrect.
8)
B
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
In paragraph 4, the author writes, “A flea can jump seven inches, or 150 times its own length….An equivalent jump for a person
would be 555 feet, the height of the Washington Monument.” The author uses the example of a human jumping the height of the
Washington Monument to compare a human’s ability to jump with that of a flea. This example shows why the flea’s ability to jump
150 times its own length is so amazing, when compared to a human’s ability to jump. This means the mention of the Washington
Monument illustrates a comparison between fleas and humans. Therefore (B) is correct. A flea is not able to jump the height of the
Washington Monument. It can only jump 7 inches, so (A) is incorrect. The author mentions the Washington Monument while
discussing how high fleas can jump. The author does not discuss fleas and acceleration until later in the paragraph, so (C) is
incorrect. Although in proportion to its body size, a flea can jump higher than a human can, this fact does not necessarily
demonstrate the superiority of fleas over humans. This means (D) is incorrect.
9) C
In paragraph 6, we learn that fleas “will hatch when conditions become favorable. Fleas can detect warmth, movement, and carbon
dioxide in exhaled breath, and these three factors stimulate them to emerge as adults.” We can infer those three factors are crucial
because they indicate the presence of living things that contain blood, which the new adults need in order to live. This means that
fleas only emerge from eggs as adults when they sense there is access to blood. Therefore (C) is the correct answer. The passage
does not provide information to support answer choices (A) and (D), so they are incorrect. In paragraph 6, we learn the entire life
cycle of a flea take only 3 weeks “under ideal conditions.” However: “If the flea does not detect appropriate conditions, it can remain
dormant in the cocoon state for extended periods.” This means that fleas can emerge as adults after different periods of time, not
necessarily 3 weeks, so (B) is incorrect.
10) D
In paragraph 1, we learn that fleas are “designed by nature” to be “ideally equipped to do what they do.” The rest of the passage
describes the unique advantages of the flea’s physical body as well as the way a flea reproduces. These advantages make fleas an
“intimidating opponent,” because they help fleas survive and thrive. From this information we can conclude that fleas are designed in
such a way as to give them unique physical advantages in life. Of all the answer choices, this is the only conclusion that can be
made using only the information presented in the passage. Therefore (D) is the correct answer. Choices (A), (B), and (C) may seem
like plausible conclusions that can be made about fleas and humans. However, the question asks about a conclusion that can be
made using the information presented in the passage as a guide. The passage does not provide enough information to validate
these answer choices. Although they may seem like they could be true, they would require additional outside information to validate.
Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 7
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
For two months, I have been trying to decide who makes the best ice cream. I have narrowed it
down to my four favorite manufacturers: Randolph Farms, Goodies, Disco, and Twinkle.
Let's start with Randolph Farms. Randolph Farms makes very good ice cream. They have lots of
different flavors, but this doesn't really matter to me. That's because I always get coffee flavor. They make
the best coffee ice cream in the world. I've never had hot coffee (the drink) but people tell me that
Randolph Farms coffee ice cream tastes just like the real thing. Also, Randolph Farms uses all natural
ingredients to make their ice cream. This is a good idea, I think.
Second, we have Goodies. Goodies makes excellent ice cream. Like Randolph Farms, Goodies
uses all natural ingredients. They only make three different flavors—strawberry, vanilla, and chocolate—
but they make them very well. The strawberry is amazing. Every bite of it reminds me of the strawberries
that I used to pick behind my old house. The vanilla is wonderful. It is very smooth and has a refreshing,
creamy taste. The chocolate is outstanding. It is made with real cocoa beans from Bolivia. I didn't know
where Bolivia is so I decided to look for it on a map. After hunting awhile, I discovered that it is in South
America! That's a long way to go to get cocoa, so it must be good. I would say that the only drawback to
Goodies ice cream is that they only make three different flavors.
Third, we have Disco. Disco ice cream is okay. They don't have many good flavors. Actually, the
only Disco flavor I like is Bubblegum. It is vanilla ice cream with little chunks of bubblegum in it. After you
eat the ice cream, you can blow bubbles with the gum. That's pretty fun.
Finally, there is Twinkle. Twinkle ice cream is mediocre. The only good thing about Twinkle is that
it is relatively inexpensive. You can buy a whole carton of twinkle ice cream for $4.50. That's only two
weeks' allowance for me.
Questions
1) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2)
Strawberry, Vanilla, Chocolate, and Bubblegum Too!
The Four Top Ice Cream Manufacturers
The Finest Ice Cream in the World
Picking the Best Ice Cream Manufacturer
If the author wanted to get a scoop of coffee ice cream, where would he or she probably go?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Randolph Farms
Goodies
Disco
Twinkle
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3)
In paragraph 1, the author uses a colon. A colon (:) looks like two dots, one on top of the other.
Colons are used to separate different parts of a sentence. The part before the colon introduces an
idea and can stand alone as a sentence. The part after the colon gives more detailed information
about this idea, often as a list. If the colon could talk, it would say, "And here they are!"
Using this information, it can be understood that which of the following sentences contains the correct
use of a colon?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4)
My friends are: sweet, young, and generous.
I like: to talk on the phone at night.
I have three pets: Toto, Spot, and Rover.
I want a new bicycle: or new roller skates.
According to the passage, the author likes Randolph Farms ice cream because it
I. is all natural
II. is made in Bolivia
III. comes in many flavors
A.
B.
C.
D.
5)
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
In paragraph 3 the author writes, "That's a long way to go to get cocoa, so it must be good." Using
this information, we can understand that the author believes that
A.
B.
C.
D.
Goodies loses money on sales of chocolate ice cream
Bolivia makes the best cocoa in the world
things that are hard to get must be high quality
cocoa from the United States is not very good
6) According to the passage, the author likes Disco ice cream because it
A.
B.
C.
D.
is relatively inexpensive
has bubblegum in it
is made in Bolivia
is okay
7) According to the passage, how is Randolph Farms ice cream different than Goodies?
I. Randolph Farms has many different flavors and Goodies does not.
II. Randolph Farms uses all natural ingredients and Goodies does not.
III. Randolph Farms is very expensive and Goodies is not.
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
8) An adjective is a word that is used to describe a thing. For example, in the sentence, "The car is
fast," the word "fast" is an adjective. Using this information, which of the following are adjectives used
in paragraph 3?
I. flavors
II. excellent
III. old
A.
B.
C.
D.
9)
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
According to the author, what is the only drawback to Goodies ice cream?
A.
B.
C.
D.
cheap ingredients
expensive price
mediocre quality
a lack of flavors
10) How much money does the author receive in his or her weekly allowance?
A.
B.
C.
D.
$2.25
$4.50
$9.00
Not enough information is provided
11) Given the information included in the passage, which of the following statements would the author
most likely agree with?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Each manufacturer has its strengths and weaknesses.
The best manufacturers are the ones with the most flavors.
Goodies is certainly not the best manufacturer, as they only have three flavors.
Each manufacturer is good for different reasons.
12) If the author did decide that one manufacturer is best, which one would he or she probably choose?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Randolph Farms
Goodies
Disco
Twinkle
13) How many weeks would it take for the author to save enough money to buy two cartons of Twinkle
ice cream?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) D
A good title summarizes the main idea of the passage and lets the reader know what to expect should he or she continue reading.
At the beginning of the passage the author writes, "For two months, I have been trying to decide who makes the best ice cream."
The next four paragraphs explain the reasons why the narrator likes each individual manufacturer. We can understand from this
information that the passage is about picking the best ice cream manufacturer. Choice (D) is correct. (A) is incorrect because it only
states 4 flavors of ice cream, while the passage is about more than just ice cream flavors. (B) is incorrect because the author is
trying to decide which of the four manufacturers is the best, not inform us about the world’s four best manufacturers. (C) is incorrect
because the author is trying to decide who the best ice cream maker is, not which ice cream is the best.
2) A
In paragraph 2 the author discusses Randolph Farms ice cream. The author tells us that "They make the best coffee ice cream in
the world." Using this information, we can understand that the author would probably go to Randolph Farms to get a scoop of coffee
ice cream. This means (A) is correct. In paragraph 3 the author discusses Goodies ice cream. The author tells us that "They only
make three different flavors—strawberry, vanilla, and chocolate." Since Goodies does not make coffee ice cream, this rules out
choice (B). Bubblegum is the only flavor of Disco ice cream that the author likes. This rules out (C). In paragraph 5, we learn that the
author thinks that all Twinkle ice cream is “mediocre.” Therefore the author would probably not go to Twinkle for coffee ice cream.
This rules out (D).
3) C
(C) is correct because the part of the sentence that comes after the colon contains a list that gives us more detailed information
about the idea presented before the colon. This fits the description of a colon as explained in the question and as used in the
passage. Choices (A) and (B) are incorrect because the part of the sentence that comes before the colon cannot stand alone as a
sentence. The part after the colon is necessary to complete the idea started before the colon. (D) is incorrect because the part of the
sentence that comes after the colon does not give more information about the idea introduced before the colon.
4) A
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Randolph Farms uses all natural ingredients to make their ice cream. This is a good idea, I think.”
We can understand from this information that one of the things the author likes about Randolph Farms ice cream is that it is made
using all natural ingredients. This supports option (I). In paragraph 3 the author tells us that Goodies' chocolate ice cream is "is
made with real cocoa beans from Bolivia." Nothing in the passage supports the idea that Randolph Farms makes their ice cream in
Bolivia. This eliminates option (II). In paragraph 2, the author writes that Randolph Farms has “lots of different flavors, but this
doesn't really matter to me." This eliminates option (III). Therefore (A) is correct.
5) C
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In paragraph 3 the author discusses Goodies chocolate ice cream. The
author tells us that Goodies gets their cocoa from Bolivia. This is a long way from the author's home. Because of this, the author
concludes that this cocoa must be good. Using this information, we can understand that the author believes that things that are hard
to get must be high quality. This makes (C) the correct choice. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A),
(B), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
6) B
In paragraph 4, the author says, “the only Disco flavor I like is Bubblegum. It is vanilla ice cream with little chunks of bubblegum in it.
After you eat the ice cream, you can blow bubbles with the gum. That's pretty fun.” This lets us know that the author likes
bubblegum ice cream because you can blow bubbles with the gum after you eat the ice cream. Since bubblegum is the only Disco
ice cream that the author likes, we can understand that the author likes Disco ice cream because it has bubblegum in it. This means
(B) is correct. The author likes Twinkle ice cream because it is inexpensive, not Disco. This rules out (A).No ice cream is made in
Bolivia. Bolivia is where Goodies gets cocoa beans. This means (C) is incorrect. In paragraph 4 the author does say that Disco ice
cream "is okay," but this is not why the author likes Disco. This means (D) is incorrect.
7) A
In paragraph 2, the author says that Randolph Farms has “lots of different flavors." On the other hand, in paragraph 3 the author
says that Goodies only makes "three different flavors—strawberry, vanilla, and chocolate…" Using this information, we can
understand that Randolph Farms has many different flavors and Goodies does not. This supports option (I).In paragraph 2 the
author says, “Randolph Farms uses all natural ingredients to make their ice cream." In paragraph 3 the author says, "Like Randolph
Farms, Goodies uses all natural ingredients." Using this information, we can understand that both Randolph Farms and Goodies use
all natural ingredients. This eliminates option (II). Although the passage says in paragraph 5 that Twinkle ice cream "is relatively
inexpensive," it does not mention the price of Randolph Farms nor Goodies ice cream. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (A) is
correct.
8) C
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “They only make three different flavors…" The word flavors refers to the types of ice cream. Since
flavors are things, they are not adjectives. They are nouns. This eliminates option (I).In paragraph 3, the author writes “Goodies
makes excellent ice cream.” The word excellent is a word that describes ice cream, which is a thing. Therefore this word is an
adjective. This supports option (II).In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Every bite of it reminds me of the strawberries that I used to
pick behind my old house.” Old is a word that describes the house, which is a thing. Therefore this word is an adjective. This
supports option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
9) D
In paragraph 3 the author says, "I would say that the only drawback to Goodies ice cream is that they only make three different
flavors." Choice (D) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are
incorrect.
10) A
In the last paragraph, the author says, “You can buy a whole carton of Twinkle ice cream for $4.50. That's only two weeks'
allowance for me.” Since $4.50 is two weeks’ allowance, we can determine one week’s allowance by dividing $4.50 by 2. This
means the author’s allowance is $2.25 a week. Therefore (A) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support
choices (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
11) D
In paragraph 1 the author tell us that he or she has been trying to decide which of four different ice cream manufacturers is the best.
Then the author discusses what is good about each manufacturer and what is bad about some of them. Since each manufacturer
has something good about it, we can understand that the author thinks that each is good for different reasons. This means (D) is
correct.(A) is incorrect because the author does not mention any weaknesses about Randolph Farms ice cream. Therefore not each
manufacturer has its weaknesses. In addition to number of flavors produced, the author considers taste, price and fun in order to
arrive at the best ice cream manufacturer. The author does not rely on number of flavors alone to make his or her decision. This
rules out (B) and (C).
12) B
The author uses the most positive words to describe Goodies ice cream. In paragraph 3 the author says that Goodies ice cream is
“excellent,” “amazing,” and “outstanding”. Although Goodies only makes 3 flavors, the author loves all of them. According to the
author, the only drawback about Goodies ice cream is that "they only make three flavors." We can understand from this information
that the author thinks Goodies is the best ice cream manufacturer. Therefore, the author would probably choose Goodies. (B) is
correct. While the author does like the Randolph Farms ice cream—a manufacturer who makes "a lot of flavors"—he or she always
only gets one flavor. Also, the author says that Randolph Farms ice cream is “very good,” but describes Goodies ice cream as
“excellent”. Since the author enjoys more flavors from Goodies and uses more positive words to describe Goodies, we can
understand that the author prefers Goodies, even though he or she also likes Randolph Farms. This means (A) is incorrect. The
author only likes only one flavor of Disco ice cream. Moreover, the author uses vaguely positive words to describe them, such as
"okay" and "pretty fun." So (C) is incorrect. Since the author describes Twinkle ice cream as “mediocre,” the author would be
unlikely to choose Twinkle. This rules out (D).
13) D
At the end of the passage, the author writes, “You can buy a whole carton of twinkle ice cream for $4.50. That's only two weeks
allowance for me.” Two cartons of ice cream cost twice as much as one carton of ice cream. Since it takes two weeks of allowance
to buy one carton of ice cream, it will take twice that amount to buy two cartons. Two times two weeks is four weeks. (D) is correct.
The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 7
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Have you ever wondered what keeps a hot air balloon flying? The same principle that keeps food
frozen in the open chest freezers at the grocery store allows hot air balloons to fly. It's a very basic
principle: Hot air rises and cold air falls. So while the super-cooled air in the grocery store freezer settles
down around the food, the hot air in a hot air balloon pushes up, keeping the balloon floating above the
ground. In order to understand more about how this principle works in hot air balloons, it helps to know
more about hot air balloons themselves.
A hot air balloon has three major parts: the basket, the burner, and the envelope. The basket is
where passengers ride. The basket is usually made of wicker. This ensures that it will be comfortable and
add little extra weight. The burner is positioned above the passenger's heads and produces a huge flame
to heat the air inside the envelope. The envelope is the colorful fabric balloon that holds the hot air. When
the air inside the envelope is heated, the balloon rises.
The pilot can control the up-and-down movements of the hot air balloon by regulating the heat in
the envelope. To ascend, the pilot heats the air in the envelope. When the pilot is ready to land, the air in
the balloon is allowed to cool and the balloon becomes heavier than air. This makes the balloon descend.
Before the balloon is launched, the pilot knows which way the wind is blowing. This means that
she has a general idea about which way the balloon will go. But, sometimes the pilot can actually control
the direction that the balloon flies while in flight. This is because the air above the ground is sectioned into
layers in which the direction of the wind may be different. So even though the pilot can't steer the balloon,
she can fly or higher or lower into a different layer of air. Some days the difference between the direction
of the wind between layers is negligible. But other days the difference is so strong that it can actually
push the balloon in a completely different direction!
Questions
1) According to the passage, balloon pilots control the balloon’s altitude by
A.
B.
C.
D.
moving into a different layer of air
regulating the air temperature inside the balloon
adjusting the amount of air in the envelope
changing the amount of weight contained in the basket
2) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best synonym for ascend?
A.
B.
C.
D.
move
fly
sink
climb
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best antonym for descend?
A.
B.
C.
D.
fall
float
rise
drop
4) According to the author, wicker is
I. comfortable
II. lightweight
III. durable
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) If the hot air balloon pilot wants to change directions during flight, what might he or she do to
accomplish this?
A.
B.
C.
D.
head toward a mountain peak
wait for it to rain
fly into a cloud
fly higher
6) Using the passage as a guide, it can be inferred that which of the following statements is not true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Air goes up and out the top of a chimney when you light a fire.
Cool air collects about the ceiling when you open a refrigerator.
Smoke from a candle rises after you blow out the flame.
Cold air coming from an air conditioning vent settles about the floor.
7) Based on its use in paragraph 4, it can be understood that negligible belongs to which of the
following word families?
A.
B.
C.
D.
solemn, grave, serious
substantial, considerable, large
exhilarating, thrilling, exciting
insignificant, small, unnoticeable
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In paragraph 3, the author talks about how the pilot can "control the up-and-down movements of the hot air balloon." This is done by
regulating the air temperature inside the balloon. Because hot air rises, the balloon ascends when filled with hot air. Because cold
air falls, the balloon descends when filled with cool air. Choice (B) best describes this idea. Choice (A) is incorrect because moving
into a different layer of air is used to change the direction of the balloon, not the altitude. Choice (C) is incorrect because although
the passage does talk about adjusting the temperature of the air in the envelope, it does not mention the adjusting of the amount of
air in the envelope. Choice (D) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss changing the amount of weight contained in the
basket.
2) D
ascend (verb): to climb or move upward.
The question asks us to find the best synonym. Synonyms are words that have nearly the same meanings. In paragraph 3, the
author says, "The pilot can control the up-and-down movements of the hot air balloon by regulating the heat in the envelope. To
ascend, the pilot heats the air in the envelope." Given what we know from paragraph 1 about hot and cold air (hot air rises, cold air
falls), we can infer that if you heat the air in the envelope, this will cause the hot air balloon to climb. Using this information, we know
that climb means almost the same thing as ascend. Therefore, we know that climb is the best synonym for ascend. Therefore (D) is
correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
3) C
descend (verb): to fall or move downward.
The question asks us to find the best antonym. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. In paragraph 3, the author says,
"When the pilot is ready to land, the air in the balloon is allowed to cool and the balloon becomes heavier than air. This makes the
balloon descend." Given that the author is describing a situation in which the pilot wants to land, we can infer that the pilot will need
to go down, or descend. Rise is the best antonym, or opposite, of descend. Therefore (C) is correct. The passage does not provide
information to support choices (A), (B), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
4) B
Paragraph 2 states that the basket is made of wicker. This "ensures that the basket will be comfortable and add little extra weight."
This supports option (I). Also, given that this ensures that the basket will add little weight, we can infer that wicker is a lightweight
material. This supports option (II). The author does not mention anything about how durable wicker is. If anything, we can infer that
something comfortable and lightweight is probably not very durable. This supports eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
5) D
In the last paragraph, the author tells us that "sometimes the pilot can actually control the direction that the balloon flies while in
flight" This is because the air above the ground is sectioned into layers in which the direction of the wind may be different. The
author concludes by saying that "even though the pilot can't steer the balloon, she can fly or higher or lower into a different layer of
air." Using this information, we can understand that if the hot air balloon pilot wants to change directions during flight, he or she
might fly higher. Choice (D) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C). Therefore
they are incorrect.
6) B
In paragraph 1, we learn that "Hot air rises and cold air falls." Therefore, the cool air inside a refrigerator would fall to the floor when
you open the door, not collect about the ceiling. This means (B) is not true, and therefore correct. When you have a fire, the air
inside the chimney is hot. Therefore, it can be inferred that air goes up and out the top of a chimney when you have a fire. (A) is
incorrect. Smoke is hot. So it rises. Therefore, it can be inferred that smoke from a candle rises after you blow out the flame. (C) is
incorrect. Cold air falls. Therefore, it can be inferred that cold air coming from an air conditioning vent settles about the floor. (D) is
incorrect.
7) D
In paragraph 4, the author says "Some days the difference between the direction of the wind between layers is negligible." The
author then contradicts this idea by telling us, "But other days the difference is so strong that it can actually push the balloon in a
completely different direction!" Since the author contrasts the negligible effect of the wind with the strong, or substantial, effect of the
wind, we can understand that negligible and strong are opposites. Because insignificant, small, and unnoticeable are all opposites
for strong, we can understand that (D) is correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), and (C).
Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 7
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
th
Claude Monet, a 19 -century French painter, was the most famous artist associated with the
movement known as Impressionism. Monet was born on November 14, 1840, and even as a young man
he was known for producing small portraits in charcoal. In 1858 Monet met the artist Eugène Boudin, who
became his mentor and introduced Monet to painting outdoors, or “en plein air” as it came to be known. In
1859, at the age of 19, Monet moved to Paris to become a professional artist. Most artists of his time tried
to imitate nature realistically, but in his landscape painting Monet instead sought to portray nature as it
appeared to him. In particular, he was interested in how light affects the ways that we perceive color. In
one of his most famous series of works, Monet painted the cathedral in Rouen, France at several different
times of day, showing how changes in natural light make the cathedral appear to change color. In 1883,
Monet moved to a small French town called Giverny, where he built an elaborate garden. This garden, in
particular its water lily ponds, became the chief subject of Monet’s later paintings. Monet’s paintings of
th
water lilies were extremely influential to 20 -century modern artists. In these paintings, Monet used the
landscape merely as a starting point, creating abstract fields of vibrant color. These paintings relied on
broad, thick brushstrokes. The texture of these brushstrokes gave the canvases a tactile quality that
contrasted sharply with the smooth canvases produced by more traditional artists. Though he struggled
financially throughout his life, when Monet died in 1926, he was one of the most famous and influential
painters in the world.
Questions
1)
This passage would most likely be found in
A.
B.
C.
D.
a newspaper
an encyclopedia
a magazine
a blog
2) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the phrase “a tactile quality” suggests that
Monet’s canvases were
A.
B.
C.
D.
colorful
beautiful
smooth
rough
3) According to the passage, Monet moved to Paris in 1859 to
A.
B.
C.
D.
join the Impressionism movement
paint cathedrals
become a professional artist
build an elaborate garden
4) The tone of the passage can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
factual
passionate
clever
adoring
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) B
Encyclopedia articles summarize factual information about a particular subject or topic. The passage contains general facts and
background information about one topic, the painter Claude Monet, so (B) is correct. Newspapers, magazines, and blogs all tend to
focus on current events, recent trends, or news that might change from day to day. The passage does not mention any current or
recent events; in fact, the most recent thing that occurs in the passage is Monet’s death in 1926. Therefore (A), (C), and (D) are
incorrect.
2) D
The author states, “These paintings relied on broad, thick brushstrokes. The texture of these brushstrokes gave the canvases a
tactile quality that contrasted sharply with the smooth canvases produced by more traditional artists.” The author contrasts Monet’s
canvases with more traditional artists’ smooth canvases, so we can infer that “a tactile quality” is different from “smooth.” The author
also claims the “texture” of the brushstrokes was the cause of the tactile quality. From these details we can infer that Monet’s thick
brushstrokes, rather than creating a smooth surface, gave his paintings an interesting texture that looked as if it could be touched or
felt. This is what is meant by “a tactile quality.” From this we can understand that Monet’s canvases were not smooth like those of
other artists, but somewhat rough. Therefore (D) is correct. While Monet’s canvases may be colorful and beautiful, neither of these
words describes texture, as “a tactile quality” does. Since a tactile quality does not indicate anything about color or beauty, (A) and
(B) are both incorrect. Smooth describes a texture, but it refers to the canvases of more traditional artists, which contrast “sharply”
with the tactile quality of Monet’s canvases. This means that Monet’s canvases were not “smooth,” so (C) is incorrect.
3) C
The author states, “In 1859, at the age of 19, Monet moved to Paris to become a professional artist.” In this sentence the author
identifies the specific reason for Monet’s move: becoming a professional artist. Therefore (C) is correct. Although Monet was
“associated with the movement known as Impressionism,” he did not move to Paris in order to join it. This means (A) is incorrect.
Monet did paint cathedrals after he moved to Paris, but he did not move there to do so, which makes (B) incorrect. Monet “built an
elaborate garden” in Giverny, not in Paris, so (D) is incorrect.
4) A
The author’s language throughout the passage is very matter-of-fact, without emotion. The passage also consists solely of objective
facts rather than opinions, so we can describe the tone as factual. Therefore (A) is correct. The author does not express any strong
emotion about the topic, so the tone is not passionate. This means (B) is incorrect. The passage does not contain any wordplay,
jokes, or other literary techniques that we might describe as clever, so (C) is incorrect. It may seem like the tone could be described
as adoring, because the author gives the impression that Monet is a great artist. But the words which create this impression—terms
such as “influential” and “famous”—are objective facts about how people saw Monet rather than the author’s own opinions. This
makes (D) incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 7
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
It is easy to make a delicious-looking hamburger at home. But would this hamburger still look
delicious after it sat on your kitchen table under very bright lights for six or seven hours? If someone took
a picture or made a video of this hamburger after the seventh hour, would anyone want to eat it? More
importantly, do you think you could get millions of people to pay money for this hamburger?
These are the questions that fast food companies worry about when they produce commercials or
print ads for their products. Video and photo shoots often last many hours. The lights that the
photographers use can be extremely hot. These conditions can cause the food to look quite unappealing
to potential consumers. Because of this, the menu items that you see in fast food commercials are
probably not actually edible.
Let’s use the hamburger as an example. The first step towards building the perfect commercial
hamburger is the bun. The food stylist—a person employed by the company to make sure the products
look perfect—sorts through hundreds of buns until he or she finds one with no wrinkles. Next, the stylist
carefully rearranges the sesame seeds on the bun using glue and tweezers for maximum visual appeal.
The bun is then sprayed with a waterproofing solution so that it will not get soggy from contact with other
ingredients, the lights, or the humidity in the room.
Next, the food stylist shapes a meat patty into a perfect circle. Only the outside of the meat gets
cooked—the inside is left raw so that the meat remains moist. The food stylist then paints the outside of
the meat patty with a mixture of oil, molasses, and brown food coloring. Grill marks are either painted on
or seared into the meat using hot metal skewers.
Finally, the food stylist searches through dozens of tomatoes and heads of lettuce to find the
best-looking produce. One leaf of the crispest lettuce and one center slice of the reddest tomato are
selected and then sprayed with glycerin to keep them looking fresh.
So the next time you see a delectable hamburger in a fast food commercial, remember: you’re
actually looking at glue, paint, raw meat, and glycerin! Are you still hungry?
Questions
1) The author’s primary purpose is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
convince readers not to eat at fast food restaurants
explain how fast food companies make their food look delicious in commercials
teach readers how to make delicious-looking food at home
criticize fast food companies for lying about their products in commercials
2) According to the passage, fast food companies use things like glue and glycerin on hamburgers that
appear in advertisements because
I. no one actually has to eat the food used in the commercial
II. it is important that people who see these advertisements would pay for the food being advertised
III. filming a commercial or a print ad can take a very long time
A.
B.
C.
D.
l only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3) As used in paragraph 2, something is edible if it
A.
B.
C.
D.
can safely be eaten
looks very delicious
seems much smaller in real life
tastes good
4) According to the passage, a food stylist working on a hamburger commercial might use glue to
A.
B.
C.
D.
make sure the meat patty stays attached to the bun
keep the sesame seeds on the bun in perfect order
arrange the lettuce on the tomato
hold the entire hamburger together
5) Based on information in the passage, it is most important for the lettuce and tomato used in a fast
food hamburger commercial to
A.
B.
C.
D.
have a great taste
be the perfect shape and size
appear natural
look fresh
6) Imagine that the author decides to change this passage so that it talks about a cheeseburger instead
of a hamburger. Assume that the cheese goes directly on top of the hamburger patty. If the author
wants to include a paragraph about how the food stylist designs the cheese and places it on the meat
patty, this new paragraph would best fit into the passage
A.
B.
C.
D.
between paragraph 2 and paragraph 3
between paragraph 3 and paragraph 4
between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5
between paragraph 5 and paragraph 6
7) As used in the final paragraph, which is the best synonym for delectable?
A.
B.
C.
D.
disgusting
familiar
fake
delicious
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In paragraph 1, the author poses a series of questions about how to keep a hamburger looking delicious for hours under hot lights.
In paragraph 2, the author suggests that this problem is exactly what fast food companies must worry about when they make
advertisements for their food. The author explains that the conditions used during photo shoots “can cause the food to look quite
unappealing to potential consumers. Because of this, the menu items that you see in fast food commercials are probably not
actually edible.” In paragraphs 3-5, the author gives a step-by-step explanation of what the food stylist does to keep a hamburger
looking delicious for hours. Since the author poses a question and then delivers an explanation, we can understand that the author’s
purpose is to explain how fast food companies make their food look delicious in commercials. Therefore (B) is correct. The author
does not use a persuasive tone or try in other ways to convince people not to eat at fast food restaurants. This means (A) is
incorrect. Although a reader might be able to use the information presented in the passage to make similar food at home, the
primary purpose is to explain, not to teach. This means (C) is incorrect. The author does not use a harsh tone to criticize fast food
companies; instead, he or she explains the facts about how food commercials are made. This means (D) is incorrect.
2) C
Although it is likely that no one actually has to eat the food used in commercials, the author does not state this in the passage. This
eliminates option (I). In paragraph 1, the author asks readers to imagine making a hamburger and letting it sit under hot lights for
six or seven hours. The author then asks: “If someone took a picture or made a video of this hamburger after the seventh hour,
would anyone want to eat it? More importantly, do you think you could get millions of people to pay money for this hamburger?”
Then, in paragraph 2, the author states that fast food companies have to worry about these questions. These sentences suggest
that fast food companies think that it is important that people would pay for the food being advertised, so they must make the food
look very good. Glue and glycerin are some of the things they use to make the food look good. This supports option (II). In
paragraph 2, the author states, “Video and photo shoots often last many hours.” Since these photo shoots can take a very long time,
the food stylist uses things like glue and glycerin to keep the food looking fresh. This supports option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
3) A
edible (adjective): suitable for a human being to eat; eatable.
In paragraph 2, the author states that “the menu items that you see in fast food commercials are probably not actually edible.” In the
rest of the passage, the author explains that the food used in fast food commercials contains things like glue, paint, and raw meat,
which are not things that people should eat. From the context, we can understand that the food used in commercials is probably not
suitable to be eaten. This means that if something is edible, you can eat it safely. Therefore (A) is correct. The food in fast food
commercials looks delicious, but it is not actually edible. This means that edible cannot mean to look very delicious. Therefore (B) is
incorrect. The passage does not contain any information about the size of the food in commercials versus real life, so (C) is
incorrect. Since the food contains glue and paint, it probably does not taste good, but more importantly it is not safe to eat. The big
question when considering whether something is edible is one of safety, not a question of taste. This means (D) is not the best
answer.
4) B
In paragraph 3, the author notes that a food stylist uses glue and tweezers to carefully rearrange “the sesame seeds on the bun…for
maximum visual appeal.” Therefore (B) is correct. The passage does not contain information to support answer choices (A), (C),
and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
5) D
In paragraph 3, the author claims that a food stylist looking for the perfect lettuce and tomato searches for the “crispest lettuce” and
“the reddest tomato.” The food stylist then sprays the lettuce and tomato with glycerin “to keep them looking fresh.” From these
sentences, we can understand that freshness is the most important quality when the food stylist deals with lettuce and tomatoes.
Therefore (D) is correct. There is no information in the passage to make us think the lettuce and tomato should have a great taste; in
fact, if they are sprayed with glycerin, they probably do not taste good at all. This eliminates (A). Although the food stylist may
choose produce based on shape and size, and he or she may want the food to appear natural, the passage suggests that the most
important quality is that the lettuce and tomato look fresh. This rules out (B) and (C).
6) C
After paragraphs 1 and 2, which introduce the main idea, this passage is organized according to the steps one generally follows in
making a hamburger: first the bun (paragraph 3), then the meat (paragraph 4), and finally the lettuce and tomatoes (paragraph 5). If
the author wanted to include a paragraph about cheese, which goes directly on top of the meat, but beneath the lettuce and
tomatoes, it would likely come between paragraphs 4 and 5. Therefore (C) is correct. It would not make sense to talk about putting
the cheese on the hamburger before you explain how the hamburger patty is made, so this rules out (A) and (B). Putting the
paragraph about cheese after the paragraph about the lettuce and tomato would indicate that the lettuce and tomato are put on the
hamburger, then the cheese on top of the lettuce and tomato. But the question tells us that the cheese goes on top of the
hamburger patty, not on top of the produce. This means (D) is incorrect.
7) D
delectable (adjective): greatly pleasing to the taste; delicious.
The question asks us to find the best synonym. Synonyms are words that have nearly the same meanings. In the final paragraph,
the author writes: “So the next time you see a delectable hamburger in a fast food commercial, remember: you’re actually looking at
a glue, paint, raw meat, and glycerin! Are you still hungry?” We understand that the hamburgers in fast food commercials are
designed to look delicious, because in paragraph 1 the author discusses the problem of making “a delicious-looking hamburger” that
people would pay money for. According to the rest of the passage, however, the hamburger in a fast food commercial is not actually
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
delicious, because it is made of things like glue and paint. While it looks delectable, or delicious, it is not good to eat. Therefore (D)
is correct. It does not make sense to say “the next time you see a disgusting hamburger in a fast food commercial,” because we
have learned in the passage that the food stylist works very hard to make the hamburger look like it tastes good. This means (A) is
incorrect. A hamburger in a commercial would look familiar whether it tastes good or not. But the meaning of the final sentence is
that while the hamburger looks good, it actually would taste terrible. This means (B) is incorrect. A hamburger in a commercial does
not look fake, as we have learned from the passage that the food stylist works to make it look fresh and appetizing. Therefore (C) is
incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 8
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Right now, I am looking at a shelf full of relics, a collection of has-beens, old-timers, antiques,
fossils. Right now I am looking at a shelf full of books. Yes, that's right. If you have some spare cash (the
going rate is about $89) and are looking to enhance your reading experience, then I highly suggest you
consider purchasing an e-reader. E-readers are replacing the books of old, and I welcome them with
open arms (as you should).
If you haven't heard of an e-reader and don't know what it is, then please permit the following
explanation. An e-reader is a device that allows you to read e-books. An e-book is a book-length
publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, and produced on, published through, and
readable on computers or other electronic devices. Sometimes the equivalent of a conventional printed
book, e-books can also be born digital. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines the e-book as "an
electronic version of a printed book," but e-books can and do exist without any printed equivalent.
So now you know what an e-reader is. But you still may be wondering why they put printed books
to shame. E-readers are superior to printed books because they save space, are environmentally friendly,
and provide helpful reading tips and tools that printed books do not.
E-readers are superior to printed books because they save space. The average e-reader can
store thousands of digital books, providing a veritable library at your fingertips. What is more, being the
size and weight of a thin hardback, the e-reader itself is relatively petite. It is easy to hold and can fit in a
pocketbook or briefcase easily. This makes handling ponderous behemoths such as War and Peace,
Anna Karenina, and Les Misérables a breeze. Perhaps the only drawback to the space-saving aspect of
an e-reader is that it requires you to find new things to put on your shelves.
In addition, e-readers are superior to books because they are environmentally friendly. The
average novel is about 300 pages long. So, if a novel is printed 1000 times, it will use 300,000 pieces of
paper. That's a lot of paper! If there are about 80,000 pieces of paper in a tree, this means it takes almost
4 trees to make these 1000 books. Now, we know that the average bestseller sells about 20,000 copies
per week. That means that it takes over 300 trees each month to sustain this rate. And for the super
bestsellers, these figures increase dramatically. For example, the Harry Potter book series has sold over
450 million copies. That's about 2 million trees! Upon viewing these figures, it is not hard to grasp the
severe impact of printed books on the environment. Since e-readers use no trees, they represent a
significant amount of preservation in terms of the environment and its resources.
Finally, e-readers are superior to books because they provide helpful reading tips and tools that
printed books do not. The typical e-reader allows its user to customize letter size, font, and line spacing. It
also allows highlighting and electronic bookmarking. Furthermore, it grants users the ability to get an
overview of a book and then jump to a specific location based on that overview. While these are all nice
features, perhaps the most helpful of all is the ability to get dictionary definitions at the touch of a finger.
On even the most basic e-reader, users can conjure instant definitions without having to hunt through a
physical dictionary.
It can be seen that e-readers are superior to printed books. They save space, are environmentally
friendly, and provide helpful reading tips and tools that printed books do not. So what good are printed
books? Well, they certainly make nice decorations.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) As used in paragraph 1, it can be inferred that "relics,” “has-beens, old-timers, antiques, fossils" are
all words that describe something
A.
B.
C.
D.
ancient
useless
outdated
pathetic
2) The tone of the author can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
shrewd
conniving
persuasive
authoritative
3) According to the author, e-books
I. were all once printed books
II. may be "born digital"
III. are able to display images
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
4) As used in paragraph 3, which of the following describes something that has been "put to shame"?
A. A dog is left outside on a frigid, dreary winter night.
B. Team A defeats Team B in a humiliating rout.
C. Martha is caught stealing at the mall and is arrested in front of a crowd of curious bystanders.
D. The machine has countless moving parts and Dustin has trouble assembling it.
5) A thesis statement is a sentence that clearly describes what the author plans to discuss. Based on
this information, which of the following sentences from the passage is the thesis statement?
A. If you have some spare cash (the going rate is about $89) and are looking to enhance your
reading experience, then I highly suggest you consider purchasing an e-reader.
B. E-readers are replacing the books of old, and I welcome them with open arms (as you should).
C. An e-reader is a device that allows you to read e-books. An e-book is a book-length publication in
digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, and produced on, published through, and
readable on computers or other electronic devices.
D. E-readers are superior to printed books because they save space, are environmentally friendly,
and provide helpful reading tips and tools that printed books do not.
6) Based on its use in paragraph 4, it can be inferred that petite belongs to which of the following word
families?
A.
B.
C.
D.
jubilant, euphoric, playful
compact, diminutive, little
cute, attractive, charming
light, airy, spacious
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
7) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that War and Peace, Anna Karenina, and Les
Misérables are all
A.
B.
C.
D.
authored by Europeans
dense and impenetrable
timeless classics
awkward or unwieldy
8) As used in paragraph 5, which is the best synonym for sustain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
maintain
allow
enforce
yield
9) Which of the following, if true, would present the biggest challenge to the author's argument set forth
in paragraph 5?
A. Books are not made only from whole trees, but from wood chips and forest waste as well.
B. The natural resources required to read an e-book on an e-reader are greater than the natural
resources required to make a printed book.
C. The results of a recent survey show that people who read e-books are more likely to be distracted
during their reading and remember less of the book.
D. Although the printing of the extremely popular Harry Potter book series had significant
environmental impact, the Harry Potter movie series cost almost no trees to make and was also
very well-liked.
10) According to the author, which of the following reading tips and tools are offered by the e-reader?
I. line spacing customization
II. the ability to quickly jump to the end of a book
III. access to an online thesaurus at the touch of a finger
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
11) Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
introduction, thesis statement, supporting paragraphs, conclusion
history, thesis statement, supporting paragraphs, conclusion
advertisement, background, introduction, supporting paragraphs, examples, conclusion
introduction, background, thesis statement, supporting paragraphs, conclusion
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In paragraph 1, the author describes a shelf full of books as a shelf full of "relics,” “has-beens, old-timers, antiques, fossils." From
this we can understand that the author believes that books share some quality with "relics,” “has-beens, old-timers, antiques," and
"fossils." Later in paragraph 1, the author claims that "e-readers are replacing the books of old." We can infer that the author
believes that e-readers are replacing books because books are outdated. Books are no longer the best way to read, in the author's
opinion. Being outdated is the quality books share with "relics,” “has-beens, old-timers, antiques," and "fossils." So in this context, all
of these terms refer to things which have been replaced in some way, or are no longer useful, and thus are outdated. This means
that (C) is correct. Something ancient is very old. Although "relics,” “has-beens, old-timers, antiques," and "fossils" all can refer to
something very old, in this context the author wants to highlight the fact that they have all been replaced, just as e-readers are
replacing books, and thus now they are outdated. The quality these things all share with books cannot be old age, because many
books are new. The author is not arguing that books are old, but that they are outdated. This means (A) is incorrect. Something
useless no longer has any relevant function or use. Although "relics,” “has-beens, old-timers, antiques," and "fossils" are things that
are outdated, they are not all necessarily useless. For instance, a typewriter is a relic when compared to a new computer, but a
typewriter can still function and be used. It is not useless. Books themselves are not useless, either, since they still function fine.
Therefore (B) is incorrect. Something pathetic is something that is miserably inadequate. "Relics,” “has-beens, old-timers, antiques,"
and "fossils" are things that are outdated, but they are not necessarily inadequate. Books themselves are not inadequate, either, as
they still function fine. This means (D) is incorrect.
2) C
The author presents a clear opinion in paragraph 1: "E-readers are replacing the books of old, and I welcome them with open arms
(as you should)." Not only does the author embrace e-readers, he or she attempts to persuade readers that they should too. In
paragraph 3, the author continues to argue that e-readers "put printed books to shame." In paragraph 7, the author reiterates that
"e-readers are superior to printed books." Because the author has a clear opinion that e-readers are better than books, attempts to
persuade readers, and presents reasons why readers should agree with him or her, we can understand the author's tone as
persuasive. Therefore (C) is correct. Shrewd means keenly aware or intelligent. The author does not present any insight about ereaders to make us think he or she is more keenly aware or intelligent than the average observer. This makes (A) incorrect.
Conniving means conspiring to do something immoral or illegal. Although the author is attempting to persuade readers, he or she is
straightforward and does not conspire with the readers or anyone else. This means (B) is incorrect. Authoritative means exercising
authority or commanding. While it is true the author presents information about e-readers with authority, he or she is not
commanding. The author tries to convince readers, not command them, to choose e-readers over books. We must also consider the
purpose of the essay. The author's overall purpose is to persuade, not to command. This means that the tone is more persuasive
than it is authoritative, so (D) is incorrect.
3) C
In paragraph 2, we learn that "the Oxford Dictionary of English defines the e-book as 'an electronic version of a printed book,' but ebooks can and do exist without any printed equivalent." From this we can understand that some e-books were not ever printed
books. Instead they only exist in electronic form. This eliminates option (I). Also in paragraph 2, we learn that "e-books can…be
born digital." Since "can" and "may" are words with similar meanings, we can infer that e-books may be "born digital." This supports
option (II). In paragraph 2, the author defines an e-book as "a book-length publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, or
both." From this we can understand that e-books must be able to display images. This supports option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
4) B
put to shame (idiom): to prove superiority over something else.
In paragraph 3, the author claims that e-readers "put printed books to shame" and are "superior" for three reasons. From this
information, we can understand that to put something to shame is to prove one's superiority over it. When Team A defeats Team B
in a humiliating rout, Team A has proved its superiority over Team B. This makes (B) correct. A dog left outside on a frigid, dreary
winter night does not prove its superiority over anything else. It may be a cause for shame, or it may have been done in order to
shame the dog, but these interpretations draw on the literal meaning of shame rather than the meaning of the idiom “put to shame."
Therefore (A) is incorrect. Martha, arrested for stealing in front of a crowd, may feel ashamed, but she is not proving her superiority
over anything else. This interpretation also draws on the literal meaning of shame rather than the meaning of the idiom "put to
shame." This makes (C) incorrect. If Dustin has trouble assembling a machine with countless moving parts, he may feel frustrated
by the machine, but neither he nor the machine has been proven superior. This makes (D) incorrect.
5) D
Since a thesis statement is a sentence that clearly describes what the author plans to discuss, a thesis statement must lay out the
main ideas of an argument. In paragraph 3, the author states, "E-readers are superior to printed books because they save space,
are environmentally friendly, and provide helpful reading tips and tools that printed books do not." In this sentence, the author clearly
states his or her argument (that e-readers are superior to books). The author also lays out the three main ideas, or reasons, why he
or she believes this to be so: "they save space, are environmentally friendly, and provide helpful reading tips and tools." Because
this sentence clearly describes what the author plans to discuss, including the main ideas of his or her argument, this sentence must
be the thesis statement. This means (D) is correct. The sentence "If you have some spare cash (the going rate is about $89) and
are looking to enhance your reading experience, then I highly suggest you consider purchasing an e-reader" indicates the opinion of
the author, but it does not describe the main ideas or reasons that the author plans to discuss. Therefore (A) is incorrect. The
sentence "E-readers are replacing the books of old, and I welcome them with open arms (as you should)" also gives the author's
opinion. However, this sentence does not describe the main ideas or reasons that the author plans to discuss, either. This makes
(B) incorrect. A definition is not a description of what the author plans to discuss, but rather background information. The sentences
"An e-reader is a device that allows you to read e-books. An e-book is a book-length publication in digital form, consisting of text,
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
images, or both, and produced on, published through, and readable on computers or other electronic devices" are a definition, not a
thesis statement. Therefore (C) is incorrect.
6) B
petite (adjective): small, slender, and trim.
In paragraph 4, we learn that "being the size and weight of a thin hardback, the e-reader itself is relatively petite. It is easy to hold
and can fit in a pocketbook or briefcase easily." From this information, we can understand that being "petite" means being "thin,"
"easy to hold" and being able to "fit in a pocketbook or briefcase easily." All of these descriptions refer to a small size or shape.
Something petite is something small, slender and trim. This meaning fits best in the word family compact, diminutive, little. Therefore
(B) is correct. Jubilant, euphoric, playful is a word family that refers to feelings, not to size, so petite does not fit. This means (A) is
incorrect. Cute, attractive, charming is a word family that refers to a favorable appearance or attribute, not to size, so petite does not
fit. This means (C) is incorrect. Light, airy, spacious is a word family that refers to lightness or roominess. While roominess and
spaciousness refer to size, they refer to something large, and petite means small. This means (D) is incorrect.
7) D
In paragraph 4, the author claims that e-readers "save space." The author explains that because an e-reader is "the size and weight
of a thin hardback," it "is relatively petite. It is easy to hold and can fit in a pocketbook or briefcase easily." From this information we
can understand that one of the benefits of an e-reader is its relatively small size, which makes it more convenient to carry around
than heavy books. In contrast, the author describes War and Peace, Anna Karenina, and Les Misérables as "ponderous
behemoths." They are all much harder to carry as physical books than they would be on an e-reader. From this we can understand
that these books are all the opposite of petite: physically heavy, awkward or unwieldy due to their length. This means (D) is correct.
Although it is true that these books were all authored by Europeans, there is no information in the passage on which to infer this
knowledge. Therefore (A) is incorrect. Dense and impenetrable are words which refer to the language of a book that is difficult to
understand. The author is concerned with the length and thus the size of these books, not with the language of these books. This
makes (B) incorrect. Many people would consider these books to be timeless classics, but there is no information in the passage on
which to base this knowledge. Therefore (C) is incorrect.
8) A
sustain (verb): to keep in existence; to maintain.
In paragraph 5, the author describes the amount of paper contained in a tree, and how many trees it takes to print books. The
author claims that a bestseller sells 20,000 copies each week. Then the author states, “That means that it takes over 300 trees each
month to sustain this rate.” Without these trees, this rate of production could not exist. 300 trees is the number of trees it takes to
keep this rate of production in existence, or to maintain it. Therefore (A) is the best answer. Allow means to permit. The 300 trees do
not grant permission to the rate; rather, they keep it in existence. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Enforce means to obtain by force or
compulsion. The 300 trees do not compel or force the rate. This means (C) is incorrect. Yield means to produce. The 300 trees do
not just produce this rate; rather, they keep it in existence and maintain it over time. This makes (D) incorrect.
9) B
In paragraph 5, the author argues that "e-readers are superior to books because they are environmentally friendly." The author
claims that printing books on paper wastes trees, a natural resource, whereas e-readers do not use paper, and therefore trees, at
all. The author is comparing the use of the primary natural resource of printed books (paper) to the same use in e-readers, which
makes it appear that printed books waste resources and e-readers do not. However, the author does not include any information
about the natural resources required to make and read an e-book. If it were true, the fact that "the natural resources required to read
an e-book on an e-reader are greater than the natural resources required to make a printed book" would present the biggest
challenge to the author's argument. This fact would mean that e-readers are actually more wasteful of natural resources than printed
books, and thus not more environmentally friendly. Therefore (B) is correct. If books were "not made only from whole trees, but from
wood chips and forest waste as well," the process of printing books would be less wasteful than the author implies. However, this
fact would not necessarily mean that e-readers are less environmentally friendly than printed books. This makes (A) incorrect. The
argument that people who read e-books "are more likely to be distracted during their reading and remember less of the book" does
not have anything to do with environmental friendliness, so it does not challenge the author's argument in paragraph 5. This means
(C) is incorrect. The argument that the Harry Potter movie series "cost almost no trees to make and was also very well-liked" does
not dispute the author's main point in paragraph 5, which is that a book series like Harry Potter is environmentally wasteful when
produced in printed form. This means (D) is incorrect.
10) B
In paragraph 6, we learn that "the typical e-reader allows its user to customize letter size, font, and line spacing." This means that
the e-reader offers line spacing customization. This supports option (I). Also in paragraph 6, we learn that an e-reader "grants users
the ability to get an overview of a book and then jump to a specific location based on that overview." This means a reader has the
ability to quickly jump to the end of the book. This supports option (II). In paragraph 6, we learn that the e-reader provides readers
with "the ability to get dictionary definitions at the touch of a finger." However, it does not mention any access to an online
thesaurus. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
11) D
This passage consists of 7 paragraphs. Paragraph 1 introduces the topic of e-readers and gives the author's opinion that "e-readers
are replacing the books of old." Paragraph 2 provides background information and a definition of an e-reader. Paragraph 3 sets forth
the author's argument that e-readers are superior and outlines three reasons why this is the case. This description of the author's
main ideas is known as a thesis statement. Paragraphs 4, 5, and 6 give supporting information about each of these three reasons.
Paragraph 7 offers a conclusion and summary of the author's point-of-view. This means the organization of the passage is:
introduction, background, thesis statement, supporting paragraphs, and conclusion. Therefore (D) is correct. Choices (A), (B), and
(C) do not include all of the parts of the essay’s organizational structure. Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 8
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Most importantly, though, the highway bypass would have disastrous effects on the area’s
homeowners. As planned, the new road would cut directly through the middle of the Ellwood Acres
subdivision. Not only would this send more cars through the neighborhood, but these cars would be
traveling at much higher speeds, putting children at risk. What is more, homeowners would have to deal
with the increased noise and pollution that would result from such a heavily trafficked road. Finally, the
new road would cause residential properties to depreciate. This means that families who chose to move
away would have to sell their homes for far less than their current value.
Questions
1) This passage would most likely be found in
A.
B.
C.
D.
an editorial in a local newspaper
a brochure for prospective homeowners in Ellwood Acres
an encyclopedia article about the history of highways
a personal letter from a son to his father
2) Where in the full article is this paragraph most likely to appear?
A.
B.
C.
D.
near the beginning
near the end
in the middle
it could appear anywhere
3) As used in the passage, which is the best definition for depreciate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
to diminish in popularity
to decrease in value
to accumulate over time
to improve with age
4) Which of the following pieces of information, if included, would provide the best additional support for
the author’s argument as presented in this passage?
A. In 2008, the author's youngest child was killed by a drunk driver.
B. Pollution is harmful to the environment.
C. According to a recent magazine study, white noise (similar to that produced by traffic) was rated
the number one cause of daytime napping.
D. In 2011, homeowners who live near interstate traffic saw a 20% reduction in the value of their
homes.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
The passage presents a strong opinion about a proposed highway project. Since the highway is likely only a matter of interest for
people in the author’s area, the passage’s target audience is probably local people. The editorial section of the newspaper usually
contains writing that expresses strong opinions about topics or issues. Since this passage contains a strong opinion about a local
issue, it would most likely be found in an editorial in a local newspaper, which means (A) is the best choice. A brochure aimed at
people thinking about buying a home in Ellwood Acres would probably only discuss the positive aspects of living there. This means
(B) is incorrect. Encyclopedia articles are usually factual and unbiased, meaning they do not express strong opinions. Thus (C) is
incorrect. The tone of the passage is formal, whereas most personal letters have a familiar tone. It is unlikely a son would write to
his father about such a topic in this formal tone. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
2) B
The first sentence of the passage begins with “Most importantly, though.” This phrase lets us know that the author has explained
other reasons earlier in the article. It also tells us that he or she has intentionally organized these reasons in order of importance,
ending with the most important. Since this is the most important and presumably last reason the author is going to present, this
paragraph is likely to appear near the end of the article. Therefore (B) is correct. The passage does not contain information to
support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
3) B
depreciate (verb): to lower the price or estimated value of.
Near the end of the passage, the author writes, “Finally, the new road would cause residential properties to depreciate. This means
that families who chose to move away would have to sell their homes for far less than their current value.” Since families would be
forced to sell their homes in the future for less than the current value, we can infer that the values of the homes will have gone
down, or decreased. From this fact we can understand that depreciate means to decrease in value. Therefore (B) is correct.
Although depreciate does mean to diminish, it refers specifically to price or value and not to popularity. This makes (A) incorrect.
Accumulate is the opposite of decrease, so (C) is incorrect. The values of the homes will not improve with age; rather, they will
decrease. This means (D) is incorrect.
4) D
While elsewhere in the article the author may have provided many different arguments against the proposed bypass, this paragraph
focuses solely on the bypass’s potential effects on homeowners. The author argues that the heavier traffic would put “children at
risk,” cause “increased noise and pollution,” and “cause residential properties to depreciate.” Providing statistics for exactly how
much property values dropped elsewhere because of new road construction would add credibility to this last point, and thus add
support to the author’s argument. This means (D) is correct. While the author does discuss the bypass putting children at risk, the
passage focuses on the effects of the bypass, not on the effects of drunk driving. This makes (A) incorrect. The author does
mention pollution as a negative effect of the bypass, but the statement, “Pollution is harmful to the environment,” is too broad to be
the best support for this argument. The author argues that there will be specific, immediate negative effects for homeowners if the
bypass is built. A decrease in home values is a more specific, immediate consequence for homeowners than general harm to the
environment. Also, there are many different causes of pollution, so even if the bypass was not built, pollution could still harm the
environment. For these reasons, (B) is not the best answer. Napping is irrelevant to the author’s argument about how the bypass
will affect homeowners. Therefore (C) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 8
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Philadelphia is a city known for many things. It is where the Declaration of Independence was
signed in 1776, and it was also the first capital of the United States. But one fact about Philadelphia is not
so well-known: it is home to nearly 3,000 murals painted on the sides of homes and buildings around the
city. In fact, it is said that Philadelphia has more murals than any other city in the world, with the exception
of Rome. How did this come to be?
More than 20 years ago, a New Jersey artist named Jane Golden started a program pairing
troubled youth with artists to paint murals on a few buildings around the city. From this small project,
something magical happened. The young people involved helped to create magnificent pieces of art, but
there were other, perhaps more important benefits. The young people learned to collaborate and get
along with many different kinds of people during the various steps required to paint and design a mural.
They learned to be responsible, because they needed to follow a schedule to make sure the murals were
completed. They also learned to take pride in their community. It is hard for any resident to see the
spectacular designs and not feel proud to be a part of Philadelphia.
Take a walk around some of the poorest neighborhoods in Philadelphia, neighborhoods full of
broken windows and littered front steps, and you will find beautiful works of art on the sides and fronts of
buildings. Of course the murals are not just in poor neighborhoods, but more affluent ones as well.
Special buses take tourists to different parts of the city to see the various murals, which range from huge
portraits of historical heroes, to cityscapes, to scenes depicting the diverse ethnic groups that call
Philadelphia home.
As a result of its success, the mural program created by Jane Golden has now become the
nation’s largest public art program and a model for other cities throughout the country seeking to help
troubled youth.
Questions
1) The main focus of the passage is
A.
B.
C.
D.
an art program designed to help troubled youth
the many tourists who come to Philadelphia to see murals
the reasons why Philadelphia is a unique city
how Jane Golden came up with the idea to start a mural program
2) As used in paragraph1, the phrase “it is said” suggests that the author is
A.
B.
C.
D.
knowingly misleading the reader
using a quote from someone else
referring to something that is widely believed, but may be untrue
referring to something that he or she does not personally believe
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3) As used in paragraph 1, the phrase “with the exception of Rome” means that
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rome has fewer murals than Philadelphia
Philadelphia has fewer murals than Rome
Rome has the most beautiful murals of all
Rome and Philadelphia are the only cities with murals
4) According to the passage, the murals in Philadelphia
I. draw tourists who want to see them
II. instill responsibility and pride in the people who paint them
III. are solely designed by the youth who paint them
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best definition of affluent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
popular
clean
well-known
wealthy
6) Based on information in the passage, the author most likely believes that
A.
B.
C.
D.
there are too many murals in Philadelphia
the mural program was an inspirational idea
all troubled youth should learn how to paint
every city in the country should adopt the mural program
7) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author believes the two best reasons
for other cities to adopt the mural program are to
A.
B.
C.
D.
beautify their city and draw tourists
help troubled youth and beautify their city
have as many murals as Philadelphia and help troubled youth
draw tourists and surpass Philadelphia in terms of number of murals
8) In order to make this passage more engaging to readers, the author could have included
I. a brief history of Philadelphia
II. pictures of some of the murals
III. an interview with a program muralist
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
The main focus of a passage is the controlling idea. To identify the controlling idea, it is helpful to review the content and structure of
the passage. Paragraph 1 introduces a little-known fact about Philadelphia: that “it is home to nearly 3,000 murals painted on the
sides of homes and buildings.” Paragraph 2 explains that these murals are the product of an art program designed to pair “troubled
youth with artists.” It also identifies some of the benefits for the community in addition to the art. Paragraph 3 describes where the
murals are and what they depict. Paragraph 4 states that the art program has gone on to become “the nation’s largest public art
program and a model for other cities.” From this information we can understand that the main focus of the passage is the formation
of an art program designed to help troubled youth and its effects on the community. Therefore (A) is correct. Paragraph 3 mentions
the tourists who come to see the murals, but because that is only one small detail in the passage, it is not the main focus. This
makes (B) incorrect. Only paragraph 1 mentions well-known facts about Philadelphia; the rest of the passage focuses on the art
program rather than the reasons why Philadelphia is unique. This means (C) is incorrect. Although Jane Golden is mentioned in the
passage, it does not contain information about how she came up with her idea, so (D) is incorrect.
2) C
In paragraph 1, the author states that Philadelphia is “home to nearly 3,000 murals.” Next, the author writes, “In fact, it is said that
Philadelphia has more murals than any other city in the world, with the exception of Rome.” The author does not offer this statement
as absolute truth. We can infer that the author has not personally counted all the murals in both Philadelphia and Rome—perhaps
no one has. Yet the phrase “it is said” implies that this is a statement that is often repeated by people, so while it may not be true, it
is widely believed. Therefore (C) is correct. Though the author may not know for sure whether this statement is true, there is no
evidence in the passage that he or she is knowingly misleading the reader. Rather, the author uses the phrase “it is said” to
acknowledge that he or she cannot verify the statement as fact. This disclosure is an attempt to be straightforward with the reader,
not misleading. This makes (A) incorrect. If the statement were a quote from someone else, it would most likely appear in quotation
marks and be attributed to a specific person. This means (B) is not the best choice. Although the statement might not be true, there
is no sarcasm to suggest that the author does not believe it. Instead, it is a piece of information which, though unverified, is offered
in good faith. This means (D) is incorrect.
3) B
In paragraph 1, the author states, “It is said that Philadelphia has more murals than any other city in the world, with the exception of
Rome.” From this information we can understand that Philadelphia has the most murals except for Rome, or in other words, Rome is
the only city which has more murals than Philadelphia. Another way to say this is that Philadelphia has fewer murals than Rome.
This means (B) is correct. The passage does not contain information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are
incorrect.
4) B
In paragraph 3, the author states, “Special buses take tourists to different parts of the city to see the various murals.” From this we
can understand that the murals are a tourist attraction, which means that they draw tourists to the city. This supports option (I). In
paragraph 2, the author claims that the young people “learned to be responsible, because they needed to follow a schedule to make
sure the murals were completed,” and “they also learned to take pride in their community.” This information supports option (II).
Although in paragraph 2 we learn that the youth participate in “the various steps required to paint and design a mural,” the passage
also tells us that the program is a joint effort between the youth and artists, so there is no evidence that the murals are solely
designed by the youth who paint them. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
5) D
affluent (adjective): having a great deal of money; wealthy.
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Of course the murals are not just in poor neighborhoods, but more affluent ones as well.” From
this sentence we can understand that affluent is the opposite of poor. The opposite of poor is wealthy, so (D) is correct. Popular is
not the opposite of poor, so (A) is incorrect. Though the passage describes the poor neighborhoods as “full of broken windows and
littered front steps,” it is not true that poor and “littered,” meaning dirty, are synonyms. Therefore clean cannot be the opposite of
poor, which means (B) is incorrect. Well-known is not the opposite of poor, so (C) is incorrect.
6) B
When the author first describes the art program in paragraph 2, he or she states, “From this small project, something magical
happened.” The author continues to say that the project created “magnificent pieces of art,” but that it also had “other, perhaps more
important benefits.” These benefits include the young people involved learning to “collaborate,” to be “responsible,” and to “take
pride in their community.” In paragraph 4, the author informs us that “as a result of its success, the mural program created by Jane
Golden has now become the nation’s largest public art program and a model for other cities throughout the country seeking to help
troubled youth.” Based on words like “magical” and “magnificent,” we can infer that the author has a positive view of the program
and its effects on the community of Philadelphia. Since the author thinks the program is a good thing, he or she most likely believes
that it was an inspirational idea. Therefore (B) is correct. Although in paragraph 1 the author states that there are lots of murals in
Philadelphia, there is no information in the passage to imply that the author thinks there are too many murals. Therefore (A) is
incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author describes the benefits for the young people who became involved in the mural project, but it is
too extreme to infer that the author thinks all troubled young people should learn how to paint. There are many reasons why learning
to paint would not help some troubled young people. For example, they may not like painting, or they may face challenges in their
lives which cannot be fixed through a mural project. This means (C) is incorrect. In paragraph 4, the author states that the program
has become a “model for other cities,” but this is a fact, not an opinion. The author does not imply that every city should adopt the
mural program. This means (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
7) B
Paragraph 2 details the benefits of this program. The author states that the first benefit is the creation of “magnificent pieces of art,”
but that there are other benefits for the community. The author notes that the young people involved learn to “collaborate,” to be
“responsible,” and to “take pride” in their city. Indeed, paragraph 4 describes Philadelphia’s program as “a model for other cities
throughout the country seeking to help troubled youth.” From this we can infer that the two main accomplishments of this program
are the beautification of the city and the help for troubled youth. This suggests that the two best reasons for other cities to begin a
similar program are to help troubled youth and to beautify their cities. Therefore (B) is correct. While the program in Philadelphia
does beautify the city and draw tourists, the author claims that “perhaps more important benefits” are the lessons learned by the
youth involved. Since (A) does not include what is, in the author’s view, the most important reason to begin such a program, it is
incorrect. Helping troubled youth is a good reason for other cities to begin similar programs, but there is no information in the
passage to suggest that other cities would try to compete with Philadelphia for the highest number of murals. This makes (C)
incorrect. While the murals do draw tourists, according to the passage this is not one of the most important benefits. Also, there is
no information in the passage to suggest that other cities would try to compete with Philadelphia for the highest number of murals.
This makes (D) incorrect.
8) C
Although the author mentions some historical facts about Philadelphia in paragraph 1, the focus of the passage is on the mural
program, not Philadelphia’s history. A piece of writing is most engaging when it remains focused on the main topic, so including a
brief history of the city would make the passage less focused and therefore less engaging. This eliminates option (I). In paragraph
3, the author describes the images on the murals as ranging “from huge portraits of historical heroes, to cityscapes, to scenes
depicting the diverse ethnic groups that call Philadelphia home.” To support this description and help readers visualize the murals,
the author could have included pictures of some of the murals. Seeing the murals for themselves would make this passage more
engaging to readers, so this supports option (II). Paragraph 2 describes the skills and lessons learned by the troubled youth
involved in the mural program. Hearing one of the young people describe these teachings in his or her own words would not only
add credibility to the author’s claims, but it would also be more engaging for the readers to hear a different voice. This supports
option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 8
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
On January 3, 1961, nine days after Christmas, Richard Legg, John Byrnes, and Richard
McKinley were killed in a remote desert in eastern Idaho. Their deaths occurred when a nuclear reactor
exploded at a top-secret base in the National Reactor Testing Station (NRTS). Official reports state that
the explosion and subsequent reactor meltdown resulted from the improper retraction of the control rod.
When questioned about the events that occurred there, officials were very reticent. The whole affair, in
fact, was not discussed much, and seemed to disappear with time.
In order to grasp the mysterious nature of the NRTS catastrophe, it helps to know a bit about how
nuclear reactors work. After all, the generation of nuclear energy may strike many as an esoteric process.
However, given its relative simplicity, the way in which the NRTS reactor functions is widely
comprehensible. In this particular kind of reactor, a cluster of nine-ton uranium fuel rods are positioned
lengthwise around a central control rod. The reaction begins with the slow removal of the control rod,
which starts a controlled nuclear reaction and begins to heat the water in the reactor. This heat generates
steam, which builds pressure inside the tank. As pressure builds, the steam looks for a place to escape.
The only place this steam is able to escape is through the turbine. As it passes through the turbine on its
way out of the tank, it turns the giant fan blades and produces energy.
On the morning of January 3, after the machine had been shut down for the holidays, the three
men arrived at the station to restart the reactor. The control rod needed to be pulled out only four inches
to be reconnected to the automated driver. However, records indicate that Byrnes yanked it out 23
inches, over five times the distance necessary. In milliseconds the reactor exploded. Legg was impaled
on the ceiling; he would be discovered last. It took one week and a lead-shielded crane to remove his
body. Even in full protective gear, workers were only able to work a minute at a time. The three men are
buried in lead-lined coffins under concrete in New York, Michigan, and Arlington Cemetery, Virginia.
The investigation took nearly two years to complete. Did Byrnes have a dark motive? Or was it
simply an accident? Did he know how precarious the procedure was? Other operators were questioned
as to whether they knew the consequences of pulling the control rod out so far. They responded, “Of
course! We often talked about what we would do if we were at a radar station and the Russians came.
We’d yank it out.”
Official reports are oddly ambiguous, but what they do not explain, gossip does. Rumors had it
that there was tension between the men because Byrnes suspected the other two of being involved with
his young wife. There is little doubt that he, like the other operators, knew exactly what would happen
when he yanked the control rod.
Questions
1) As used in paragraph 1, which is the best antonym for reticent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
nosy
talkative
reserved
concerned
2) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for esoteric?
A.
B.
C.
D.
risky or dangerous
highly scientific
kept secret
understood by few
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3) According to the paragraph 2, which of the following is directly responsible for energy production?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the turning of the turbine blades
the escape of pressurized steam
the removal of the control rod
the positioning of the uranium fuel rods
4) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that, after the explosion and subsequent
meltdown, the reactor was
A.
B.
C.
D.
not mentioned in any official documents about the incident
contaminated with toxic elements
completely annihilated
honored as a memorial to the tragic incident
5) Which of the following literary techniques does the author use in the passage?
I. hyperbole, characterized by the use of exaggeration for effect
II. foreshadowing, characterized by the use of hints that depict future events in the narrative or story
III. flashback, characterized by the description of a scene set in a time earlier than the main story
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
6) As used in paragraph 4, which is the best synonym for precarious?
A.
B.
C.
D.
slow
difficult
risky
involved
7) The tone of the author can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
neutral
dejected
sarcastic
ominous
8) As used in paragraph 5, which is the best synonym for ambiguous?
A.
B.
C.
D.
vague
disturbing
detailed
strange
9) Based on information in the final paragraph, which of the following statements would the author likely
agree with?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Official reports about the disaster were detailed and conclusive.
Legg, Byrnes, and McKinley were best friends.
Byrnes deliberately yanked the control rod.
Rumors about the disaster are dubious and uninteresting.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
reticent (adjective): disposed to be silent or not to speak freely; reserved.
To understand the meaning of words, it is often helpful to look at them in context. In this case, we need to look to the following
sentence for clarification. In paragraph 1, the author states, “When questioned about the events that occurred there, officials were
very reticent. The whole affair, in fact, was not discussed much, and seemed to disappear with time.” From this information we can
understand that the officials were reticent because they did not discuss the affair very much. This means that reticent means silent
or reserved, so a good antonym is talkative. Therefore (B) is correct. Nosy means snooping into or investigating others’ affairs.
Though the officials may have been investigating the incident thoroughly, they were not talking about it. Since the passage does not
contain information about how thoroughly the officials investigated the incident, or how curious they were about it, (A) is incorrect.
Reserved is a synonym for reticent, not an antonym, so (C) is incorrect. We do not know the level of the officials’ concern about the
incident based on the information in the passage; what we do know is that they were not discussing it. This means (D) is incorrect.
2) D
esoteric (adjective): understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge of interest.
To understand the meaning of words, it is often helpful to look at them in context. In this case, we need to look to the following
sentence for clarification. In paragraph 2, the author states, “After all, the generation of nuclear energy may strike many as an
esoteric process. However, given its relative simplicity, the way in which the NRTS reactor functions is widely comprehensible."
First, the author tells us that the process is esoteric. Then, the author contrasts this idea by telling us that the way in which this
particular reactor functions is widely comprehensible. Given that something esoteric is contrasted with something widely
comprehensible, we can infer that a good definition for esoteric is understood by few. This means (D) is correct. Although the
generation of nuclear energy is may seem risky or highly scientific based on information in the passage, context does not support
this definition. Therefore, (A) and (B) are incorrect. The passage does not provide information to support the idea that esoteric
means kept secret. Therefore (C) is incorrect.
3) A
In paragraph 2, the author describes the process under which nuclear energy is created. At the end of this paragraph, the author
outlines the role of steam in the turning of the turbine. The author concludes this explanation with the final cause that is directly
responsible for energy production: "As it passes through the turbine on its way out of the tank, it turns the giant fan blades and
produces energy." This lets us know that it is the turning of the turbine blades which is directly responsible for energy production.
Therefore (A) is correct. Although the escape of pressurized steam, removal of the control rod, and the positioning of the uranium
fuel rods are all involved in the process of creating energy, none of them is directly responsible for turning the turbine. This means
(B), (C) and (D) are incorrect.
4) B
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “It took one week and a lead-shielded crane to remove [Legg’s] body. Even in full protective gear,
workers were only able to work a minute at a time.” Because both the equipment (the crane) and the workers required protection,
we can infer that the reactor was a hazardous place to be. Contamination with toxic elements from the explosion would cause the
site to be hazardous. Later in paragraph 3, the author writes, “The three men are buried in lead-lined coffins under concrete.” Since
the victims’ bodies, even buried underground, must be covered in layers of lead and concrete, we can also infer that the victim's
bodies were so thoroughly contaminated with toxic elements that they must be contained after death. This means (B) is correct.
Although in paragraph 5, the author tells us that “official reports are oddly ambiguous” and do not explain everything, that does not
suggest that the reports do not mention the victims or the reactor at all. It only means that some details are missing. Therefore (A) is
incorrect. Since the bodies of the victims were recovered in the wreckage, and the site still existed, neither the victims’ remains nor
the site were completely annihilated, or destroyed. This means (C) is incorrect. Though the victims and the reactor would likely be
honored in a memorial to the incident, the passage does not discuss any such memorial. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
5) C
There is no example of exaggeration for effect in this passage. Even extreme statements, such as “in milliseconds the reactor
exploded” or “Legg was impaled on the ceiling,” are reported as facts, not as exaggerations. This eliminates option (I). Several
times the author hints at the mystery of the disaster and the rumored motive of Byrnes before it is revealed in the final paragraph. In
paragraph 1, the author states that “the whole affair…was not discussed much” by the officials, implying that something might have
been covered up. In paragraph 4, the author asks, “Did Byrnes have a dark motive?” Both of these quotes foreshadow the
suspected motive which the author reveals in paragraph 5. This supports option (II). The meltdown is described in paragraphs 1 as
an event in the past. Then, in paragraph 3, the author goes back in time to recreate the scene “on the morning of January 3,” when
the explosion happens. Because this scene flashes back to exactly what happened during the meltdown, it is considered a
flashback. This supports option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
6) C
precarious (adjective): doubtful; perilous; risky.
In paragraph 4, the author asks, “Did [Byrnes] know how precarious the procedure was?” Earlier, in paragraph 2, the author states
that the procedure begins with “the slow removal of the control rod.” In paragraph 3, the author describes the procedure even more
specifically, writing that “the control rod needed to be pulled out only four inches to be reconnected to the automated driver.” From
this information, we can understand that in the procedure, the rod had to be pulled out slowly and only four inches. When Byrnes
“yanked it out 23 inches,” the reactor exploded. This means that pulling out the rod too far and too quickly caused the explosion.
From this information we can understand that the procedure was precarious because it was dangerous, so in this context risky is a
good synonym. Therefore (C) is correct. Although the author does tell us that the removal of the control rod had to be slow, it was
also crucial that the rod was not pulled out too far. Since the procedure was precarious for these two reasons, slow is not a good
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
synonym for precarious. This means (A) is incorrect. Removal of the control rod by four inches had to be done slowly and with care,
but it was a procedure that was not particularly difficult, only dangerous. This makes (B) incorrect. Again, because the removal of
the rod only required pulling it out four inches slowly, it was not an involved procedure, but relatively simple. This means (D) is
incorrect.
7) D
To identify the tone of the author, it is helpful to examine both the content and the author’s language. The subject of the passage,
which is the mysterious deaths of three young men due to a nuclear explosion, is serious and even upsetting. The fact that the
“accident” could have been caused intentionally is even more unsettling. The author also uses words such as “oddly,” “rumors,”
“gossip,” and “dark.” Because of the unsettling subject and the words which hint at a mystery, we can describe the tone as ominous.
Therefore (D) is correct. The tone would be neutral if the author’s language were different. However, the words such as “oddly,”
“rumors,” “gossip,” and “dark” lend a mysterious feeling to the piece which is not neutral. This means (A) is incorrect. Although the
sad subject matter could be viewed as depressing, the author does not express personal sadness or dejection about the incident.
The author’s concern is primarily with the mystery of it. This makes (B) incorrect. While the author does hint at a dark motive behind
the explosion, there is no place where the author is sarcastic, or bitterly ironic, about the incident. This means (C) is incorrect.
8) A
ambiguous (adjective): allowing the possibility of several different meanings; unclear; inexact.
In paragraph 5, the author states, “Official reports are oddly ambiguous, but what they do not explain, gossip does.” From this
information we can understand that the reports were ambiguous because there was information that the official reports did not
explain: gossip explained what the reports left out. Since the reports did not contain enough information to give a clear picture of
what happened, it can be inferred that the reports were vague, which is a good synonym for ambiguous. Therefore (A) is correct.
Although the passage suggests that the incident was disturbing and strange, there is no information in the passage to suggest that
the reports were disturbing or strange. Therefore (B) and (D) are incorrect. A detailed report would explain the incident in great
detail, but the passage tells us that there are things the reports “do not explain.” This means (C) is incorrect.
9) C
In the final paragraph, the author writes, "There is little doubt that [Byrnes], like the other operators, knew exactly what would
happen when he yanked the control rod." Since Byrnes knew exactly what would happen if he yanked the control rod, we can infer
that the author would likely agree with the idea that he did so deliberately. Therefore, (C) is correct. In the final paragraph, the author
writes, "Official reports are oddly ambiguous, but what they do not explain, gossip does." This lets us know that the author thinks the
disaster reports are not detailed and conclusive. This rules out choice (A). The author also writes, "Rumors had it that there was
tension between the men because Byrnes suspected the other two of being involved with his young wife." This lets us know that the
author thinks the men were not on good terms, and therefore were certainly not best friends. This means (B) is incorrect. The author
also writes, "Official reports are oddly ambiguous, but what they do not explain, gossip does. Rumors had it that..." This lets us know
that the author subscribes to rumors about the disaster and finds them trustworthy and interesting. This makes (D) incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 8
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
According to Greek mythology, Atlas was a Titan of enormous strength. After being
defeated by the god Zeus, Atlas was forced to carry the earth and the sky for an eternity. In
depictions of Atlas, he is shown as a stooped figure carrying the globe on his shoulders.
Because of his association with the globe, maps began to be decorated with this image of Atlas.
Accordingly, the word “atlas” became a nickname for a collection of maps. Today, an atlas
refers to any book that consists of a bound collection of maps. For example, an atlas can be
made up of maps of the countries of the world or of the states of the United States. Sometimes
an atlas will also contain graphs and charts with other statistical information about the culture,
religion, climate, or government of the population of a given area.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that Atlas supported the earth and
the sky because he was
A.
B.
C.
D.
a Titan of enormous strength
punished after losing to Zeus
associated with maps and globes
a slave to the god Zeus
2) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that which of the following people or
groups might use an atlas?
I. a group of explorers on the Nile River
II. a backpacker planning a tour of Europe
III. army generals preparing for battle
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
3) Conjunctions (or conjunctive phrases) are used to indicate or emphasize the existence of a
relationship between ideas. As used in the passage, which of the following conjunctions
could be used in place of the conjunction Accordingly?
I. Although
II. As a result
III. Consequently
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
4) Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that the additional charts and
graphs in an atlas could include information about
I. major languages
II. average temperatures
III. historical events
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) B
The passage states, “After being defeated by the god Zeus, Atlas was forced to carry the earth and the sky for an eternity.” From
this information we can infer that Atlas was “forced” to support the earth and the sky as a punishment after losing to Zeus. Therefore
(B) is correct. Although the passage states that Atlas was a Titan of enormous strength, this is not the reason that Atlas supported
the earth and the sky, so (A) is incorrect. Atlas did become associated with maps and globes, but this happened after he was forced
to support the earth and the sky, so it was not the reason why he had to support them. This means (C) is incorrect. While the
passage tells us that Atlas was “defeated by the god Zeus” and “forced to carry the earth and the sky,” it does not imply that Atlas
was Zeus’ slave. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
2) D
The passage tells us that “an atlas refers to any book that consists of a bound collection of maps.” A group of explorers would likely
need maps to determine where to explore, so this supports option (I). A backpacker planning a trip would be likely to consult maps
so that he or she would know where to go. This supports option (II). Military commanders such as army generals would also be
likely to consult maps when preparing for battles, so they would know where to direct soldiers. This supports option (III). Therefore
(D) is correct.
3) C
accordingly (adverb): because of the reason given; consequently.
The passage states, “Because of his association with the globe, maps began to be decorated with this image of Atlas. Accordingly,
the word ‘atlas’ became a nickname for a collection of maps.” Using this information we can understand that the word “atlas”
became associated with books of maps because the image of Atlas had so frequently appeared as a figure on maps. This tells us
that the association between the word “atlas” and a book of maps was a consequence of a previous action, specifically Atlas’
frequent appearance on maps. Since the conjunction although is used to introduce a contradiction or to show that something
happens in spite of something else (and we need to indicate a consequence or result), it could not be used in place of accordingly.
This eliminates option (I). Given the reasons outlined above, we can infer that accordingly must be used to introduce a statement
that comes as a result or consequence of something else. This means that the conjunctions As a result and Consequently work well
in place of accordingly, as they, too, are used to introduce a statement that comes as a result or consequence of something else.
This means the conjunctions As a result and Consequently could be used in place of accordingly. This supports options (I) and (II).
Therefore (C) is correct.
4) B
The last sentence of the passage states, “Sometimes an atlas will also contain graphs and charts with other statistical information
about the culture, religion, climate, or government of the population of a given area.” The major languages of a population could be
included in statistical information about culture. This supports option (I). The average temperatures could be included in statistical
information about climate. This supports option (II). Historical events would not be considered “statistical information about the
culture, religion, climate or government” of a population. The passage implies that this statistical information about a “given
population” is current factual information, not that it tells the history of a place. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 9
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
In the early 1920's, settlers came to Alaska looking for gold. They traveled by boat to the coastal
towns of Seward and Knik, and from there by land into the gold fields. The trail they used to travel inland
is known today as the Iditarod Trail, one of the National Historic Trails designated by the Congress of the
United States. The Iditarod Trail quickly became a major thoroughfare in Alaska, as the mail and supplies
were carried across this trail. People also used it to get from place to place, including the priests,
ministers, and judges who had to travel between villages. In the winter, the settlers’ only means of travel
down this trail was via dog sled.
Once the gold rush ended, many gold-seekers went back to where they had come from, and
suddenly there was much less travel on the Iditarod Trail. The introduction of the airplane in the late
1920’s meant dog teams were no longer the standard mode of transportation, and of course with the
airplane carrying the mail and supplies, there was less need for land travel in general. The final blow to
the use of the dog teams was the appearance of snowmobiles.
By the mid 1960's, most Alaskans didn’t even know the Iditarod Trail existed, or that dog teams
had played a crucial role in Alaska’s early settlements. Dorothy G. Page, a self-made historian,
recognized how few people knew about the former use of sled dogs as working animals and about the
Iditarod Trail’s role in Alaska’s colorful history. To raise awareness about this aspect of Alaskan history,
she came up with the idea to have a dog sled race over the Iditarod Trail. She presented her idea to an
enthusiastic musher, as dog sled drivers are known, named Joe Redington, Sr. Soon the Pages and the
Redingtons were working together to promote the idea of the Iditarod race.
Many people worked to make the first Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race a reality in 1967. The Aurora
Dog Mushers Club, along with men from the Adult Camp in Sutton, helped clear years of overgrowth from
the first nine miles of the Iditarod Trail. To raise interest in the race, a $25,000 purse was offered, with
Joe Redington donating one acre of his land to help raise the funds. The short race, approximately 27
miles long, was put on a second time in 1969.
After these first two successful races, the goal was to lengthen the race a little further to the ghost
town of Iditarod by 1973. However in 1972, the U.S. Army reopened the trail as a winter exercise, and so
in 1973, the decision was made to take the race all the way to the city of Nome—over 1,000 miles. There
were many who believed it could not be done and that it was crazy to send a bunch of mushers out into
the vast, uninhabited Alaskan wilderness. But the race went! 22 mushers finished that year, and to date
over 400 people have completed it.
Questions
1) The primary purpose of this passage is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
recount the history of the Iditarod trail and the race that memorializes it
describe the obstacles involved in founding the Iditarod race
outline the circumstances that led to the establishment of the Iditarod Trail
reestablish the important place of the Iditarod Trail in Alaska’s history
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
2) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that all of the following contributed to the
disuse of the Iditarod Trail except
A.
B.
C.
D.
more modern forms of transportation
depleted gold mines
highway routes to ghost towns
reduced demand for land travel
3) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for mode?
A.
B.
C.
D.
formula
way
preference
option
4) According to the passage, the initial Iditarod race
A.
B.
C.
D.
was funded through the sale of musher entrance fees
was founded by an advocate for Alaskan history
ended at the ghost town of Iditarod
boasted a total of 400 entrants
5) As used in paragraph 3, the phrase “self-made historian” implies that Dorothy G. Page
A.
B.
C.
D.
was employed by the state to keep its dog sled history alive
was determined to honor the glories of the gold rush in spite of her questionable credentials
had pursued the study of Alaska’s history out of her own interest
had personally educated others about Alaska’s history
6) In 1925, when a diphtheria outbreak threatened the lives of people in the remote town of Nome, the
government used the Iditarod Trail to transport medicine nearly 700 miles to the town. If the author
chose to include this fact in the passage, it would best fit in
A.
B.
C.
D.
paragraph 1
paragraph 2
paragraph 3
paragraph 5
7) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that because the U.S. Army reopened the
Iditarod Trail in 1972,
A.
B.
C.
D.
more people could compete in the Iditarod race
the mushers had to get permission from the U.S. Army to hold the race
the trail was cleared all the way to Nome
the Iditarod race became a seasonal Army competition
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) A
An author’s purpose is directly related to the content of the passage. In paragraph 1, the author gives a brief history of the Iditarod
Trail. Paragraph 2 identifies the reasons why the trail fell out of use. Paragraph 3 describes the inspiration behind the Iditarod race.
Paragraph 4 explains the efforts that made the race a reality. Paragraph 5 describes how the race was lengthened and changed
over the years. From this overview, we can understand that the content of the passage discusses the history of the Iditarod Trail and
the race that memorializes it. This means the author’s primary purpose is to recount this history. Therefore (A) is correct. Although
paragraph 4 identifies the efforts that made the race a reality, the passage does not overtly discuss the obstacles to founding the
race. This makes (B) incorrect. Paragraph 1 outlines the circumstances that led to the establishment of the Iditarod Trail, but the rest
of the passage goes on to describe how the trail fell into disuse and was eventually memorialized with a race. Because it is too
narrow in scope, (C) is incorrect. Dorothy G. Page’s purpose was to reestablish the important place of the Iditarod Trail in Alaska’s
history, as the author explains in paragraph 3. Yet the author’s purpose is different from Page’s purpose. The author merely tells the
story of this history; he or she does not seek to reestablish the important place of the trail in history. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
2) C
In paragraph 2, the author identifies the factors that contributed to the disuse of the Iditarod Trail. The author does not mention
highway routes to ghost towns, so (C) is correct. In paragraph 2, the author states, “The introduction of the airplane in the late
1920’s meant dog teams were no longer the standard mode of transportation…The final blow to the use of the dog teams was the
appearance of snowmobiles.” From this we can infer that more modern forms of transportation, like airplanes and snowmobiles,
contributed to the disuse of the trail. Therefore (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Once the gold rush ended, many
gold-seekers went back to where they had come from, and suddenly there was much less travel on the Iditarod Trail.” From this we
can infer that depleted gold mines reduced the amount of travel on the trail, so (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author writes,
“With the airplane carrying the mail and supplies, there was less need for land travel in general.” From this we can infer that a
reduced demand for land travel contributed to the disuse of the trail. This makes (D) incorrect.
3) B
mode (noun): a way or manner in which something is done.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “The introduction of the airplane in the late 1920’s meant dog teams were no longer the standard
mode of transportation.” In paragraph 1, the author tells us that in the past, “in the winter, the settlers’ only means of travel down this
trail was via dog sled.” From this we can understand that previously the only means of travel in the winter was by dog sled, but once
airplanes were introduced, dog sleds were not the standard mode of transportation, or not the only means of travel. Way is a good
definition for mode or means in this context, so (B) is correct. Formula means a recipe or prescription for doing something, often
with more than one step. Since using dog sleds is not a formula for transportation, (A) is incorrect. Preference means something
that is chosen over something else. Since the dog sleds were the “only” means of travel, it was not a preference. This makes (C)
incorrect. Option means choice, but because the dog sleds were the “only” means of travel, people did not have a choice to use
something else. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
4) B
In paragraph 3, the author tells us that “Dorothy G. Page, a self-made historian, recognized how few people knew about the former
use of sled dogs as working animals and about the Iditarod Trail’s role in Alaska’s colorful history. To raise awareness about this
aspect of Alaskan history, she came up with the idea to have a dog sled race over the Iditarod Trail.” From this we know that the
founder of the initial Iditarod race was a “historian” who wanted to “raise awareness about…Alaskan history.” Another way to say
this is that Dorothy G. Page was an advocate for Alaskan history. Therefore (B) is correct. The passage does not contain
information to support choices (A), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
5) C
In paragraph 3, we learn that “Dorothy G. Page, a self-made historian, recognized how few people knew about the former use of
sled dogs as working animals and about the Iditarod Trail’s role in Alaska’s colorful history.” To describe Page as “self-made”
implies that she did not hold formal credentials as a historian, but rather had pursued the study of Alaska’s history out of her own
interest. Therefore (C) is correct. The passage does not contain information to support choice (A). Therefore it is incorrect. The
passage tells us that Page wanted people to remember the Iditarod Trail as well as the history of dog sledding in Alaska. This is not
the same thing as honoring the glories of the gold rush. This means (B) is incorrect. The passage tells us that Page wanted people
to remember Alaska’s history, and we can infer that she likely did educate others about Alaska’s history through the creation of the
Iditarod race. However, the phrase “self-made historian” does not imply anything about educating others. This means (D) is
incorrect.
6) A
This is a fact about the history of the Iditarod Trail. Since paragraph 1 is devoted to the history of the trail, and particularly its
historical uses, this fact would fit in well there. Also, paragraph 1 discusses the early 1920’s, whereas paragraph 2 discusses the
late 1920’s and beyond. This means that a fact about the 1925 medicine run best fits in paragraph 1 chronologically as well.
Therefore (A) is correct. Paragraph 2 identifies the reasons why the trail fell out of use, so this fact would not fit in well. This means
(B) is incorrect Paragraph 3 describes the inspiration behind the Iditarod race, so this fact would not fit in well. This means (C) is
incorrect. Paragraph 5 describes how the race was lengthened and changed over the years, so this fact would not fit in well. This
means (D) is incorrect.
7) C
In paragraph 4, we learn that in order to put on the first race, men had to “clear years of overgrowth from the first nine miles of the
Iditarod Trail.” In the same paragraph, we learn that the original two races were only “27 miles long.” Then, in paragraph 5, the
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
author states, “After these first two successful races, the goal was to lengthen the race a little further to the ghost town of Iditarod by
1973. However in 1972, the U.S. Army reopened the trail as a winter exercise, and so in 1973, the decision was made to take the
race all the way to the city of Nome—over 1,000 miles.” From this we can infer that originally the creators of the race planned to
lengthen the 1973 race only to the ghost town of Iditarod. Based on the fact that men had to clear the first nine miles of the trail, we
can assume they would have to clear the trail further to make it suitable for a longer race. However, the U.S. Army reopened the
trail, “and so…the decision was made to take the race all the way to the city of Nome—over 1,000 miles.” The words “and so” tell us
that taking the race all the way to Nome was a result of the U.S. Army reopening the trail. Because the U.S. Army reopened the trail,
we can infer that the trail was cleared all the way to Nome, and therefore making the race go all the way to Nome was a possibility
for the first time. This means (C) is correct. In paragraph 5, we learn that 22 people finished the race in 1973. However, we do not
know whether this is more or fewer people than in the previous years. This means (A) is incorrect. The passage does not contain
information to support choices (B) and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 9
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the
adventures of brothers Frank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after
another. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar series was created
for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy Drew. The cover of each volume of The
Hardy Boys states that the author of the series is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are
supposedly written by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have been
surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not real people. If Franklin W. Dixon
and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who wrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew books were written through a process called ghostwriting. A
ghostwriter writes a book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing the
books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear on the published books.
Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults, the content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they
work on book series with a lot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man
named Edward Stratemeyer, who owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s books.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing popularity of mysteries among adults, and surmised that children
would enjoy reading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify. Stratemeyer first
developed each book with an outline describing the plot and setting. Once he completed the outline,
Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to convert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the
ghostwriter had written a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who would make a
list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The ghostwriter would revise the book according to
Stratemeyer’s instructions and then return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready
for publication.
Because each series ran for so many years, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a
number of different ghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwriter for each series proved to
be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a Canadian journalist named Leslie
McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt, a young writer from Iowa, began writing the Nancy Drew
books. Although they were using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the
characters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy Drew arose directly from
McFarlane’s and Wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt had been a star college athlete and gave
Nancy similar athletic abilities. The ghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting
details. Leslie McFarlane used elements of his small Canadian town to create Bayport, the Hardy Boys’
fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books were very popular with children, not everyone
approved of them. Critics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most teenagers
did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew did. The way the books were
written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and librarians objected to the ghostwriting process,
claiming it was designed to produce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries—
including the New York Public Library—even refused to include the books in their children’s collections.
Ironically, this decision actually helped sales of the books, because children simply purchased them when
they were unavailable in local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about their literary merit, each series of books has exerted an
undeniable influence on American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward
Stratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred Wirt, but people throughout the world are familiar with Nancy
Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) According to the passage, the Nancy Drew mystery series was introduced in
A.
B.
C.
D.
1925
1927
1929
1930
2) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ghostwriting: A Way of Life
Who Were Leslie McFarlane and Mildred A. Wirt?
The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew: Ghostwriting a Series
The Dubious yet Profitable Practice of Ghostwriting
3) According to the passage, which of the following people was a real writer?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Carolyn Keene
Franklin W. Dixon
Leslie McFarlane
Tom Hardy
4) According to the passage, a ghostwriter is someone who
I. writes about mysterious or strange events
II. does not receive credit as the author
III. bases his or her books on predetermined guidelines
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best definition for surmised?
A.
B.
C.
D.
guessed
questioned
knew
proved
6) According to the passage, The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books were created based on the idea
that
I. mystery books for adults are popular
II. children enjoy reading about characters they can relate to
III. girls and boys are not interested in the same things
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only (CORRECT)
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
7) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that Leslie McFarlane and Mildred Wirt
A.
B.
C.
D.
disliked writing according to a specific formul
respected the art of ghostwriting
were unsuccessful in their previous occupations
found it helpful to write from personal experience
8) According to the passage, some teachers and librarians objected to ghostwritten books such as The
Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew Mystery Stories because they
A.
B.
C.
D.
disapproved of mystery stories
thought the books were too expensive
believed the books were not quality literature
disliked Edward Stratemeyer’s questionable business practices
9) Which of the following best describes the author's attitude toward The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew
book series?
A.
B.
C.
D.
balanced and respectful
doubtful and critical
hostile but forgiving
overwhelmingly praising
10) Which of the following best describes the structure of this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
introduction, explanation, history, controversy, conclusion
introduction, history, controversy, explanation, conclusion
history, explanation, summary, conclusion, controversy
history, controversy, explanation, summary, conclusion
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) D
In paragraph 1, the author writes, “The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar series was created for
girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy Drew.” Using this information, we can understand that this “similar
series…for girls” was the Nancy Drew mystery series. Therefore (D) is correct. In paragraph 1, the author states, "First introduced in
1927, The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers Frank and Joe Hardy, teenaged
detectives who solve one baffling mystery after another." This means that it was the Hardy Boys mystery series that was introduced
in 1927, not the Nancy Drew mystery stories. Since the question asks about the Nancy Drew books, (B) is incorrect. The passage
does not contain information to support answer choices (A) and (C). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) C
A good title summarizes the main idea of a passage and lets readers know what to expect should they continue reading. In
paragraph 1, the author introduces the subject of this passage: The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew book series. However, the author
only briefly discusses the content of these books. At the beginning of paragraph 2, the author states, "The Hardy Boys and the
Nancy Drew books were written through a process called ghostwriting." This sentence further narrows the author’s subject to a
discussion of how the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books were created. In the following paragraphs, the author continues to
describe the process of ghostwriting in general and the specific role it played in the creation of the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew
series. Since the author uses the examples of the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew to explain the process of ghostwriting a series, a
good title would be “The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew: Ghostwriting a Series.” Therefore (C) is correct. The passage focuses not
just on ghostwriting, but specifically on its role in the creation of the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew series. Because it is too general,
(A) is incorrect. The passage does answer the question, “Who Were Leslie McFarlane and Mildred A. Wirt?” However, this is a
detail in the passage, not the main idea. The main idea is the process of ghostwriting a series, not the lives of the ghostwriters
themselves. This means (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 5 the author states, “Many teachers and librarians objected to the
ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to produce books quickly rather than create quality literature.” But the rest of the
passage is devoted to explaining ghostwriting, not to criticizing it. Since the title “The Dubious yet Profitable Practice of Ghostwriting”
is critical of ghostwriting, it does not fit the neutral tone of the passage. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
3) C
In paragraph 2, the author defines a ghostwriter as a person who “writes a book according to a specific formula.” This means that a
ghostwriter is an actual writer. In paragraph 4, the author discusses the ghostwriters behind the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew series.
The author states, “The initial ghostwriter for the Hardy Boys was a Canadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane.” Since we know
that a ghostwriter is a writer, Leslie McFarlane was a real writer. Therefore (C) is correct. In paragraph 1, we learn that Carolyn
Keene and Franklin W. Dixon “are not real people,” but rather phony names created in place of the actual authors. Since they are
not real people, they cannot be real writers, so (A) and (B) are incorrect. Tom Hardy is not a real writer either, as he is a character
used in the Hardy Boys series. This means (D) is incorrect.
4) C
The process of ghostwriting is primarily discussed in paragraph 2. Although the ghostwriters for the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew
books did write about mysterious or strange events, this does not necessarily mean that all ghostwriters do this. The author states,
“While ghostwriters are paid for writing the books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear on the
published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults, the content of which is unspecific.” Being a ghostwriter is
defined as not being acknowledged for authoring a book. It is not defined by the content of the book written. This eliminates option
(I). In paragraph 2, the author says that "ghostwriters are paid for writing the books, but their authorship is not acknowledged, and
their names do not appear on the published books." Since ghostwriters write the books, but are not recognized as authors, then it
can be understood that a ghostwriter does not receive credit as the author. This supports option (II). In paragraph 2, the author
states that a ghostwriter writes a book “according to a specific formula." This is another way of saying that ghostwriters write books
based on predetermined guidelines. This supports option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
5) A
surmise (verb): to think or infer based on incomplete evidence; to guess.
In paragraph 3, the author states, “Stratemeyer noticed the increasing popularity of mysteries among adults, and he surmised that
children would enjoy reading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.” Using this information, we can
understand that Stratemeyer saw that adults liked mysteries and then surmised, or guessed, that children might also enjoy reading
about characters they could relate to. Therefore (A) is correct. Stratemeyer did not merely question whether children would enjoy
reading mysteries; he guessed that they would. This means (B) is incorrect. While Stratemeyer did rely on good reasoning, he did
not arrive at a determination, but rather at a guess, which is less substantial. Stratemeyer did not know for certain, he merely
guessed. In addition, he didn't prove anything with his initial idea. Because they are too strong, answer choices (C) and (D) are both
incorrect.
6) B
In paragraph 4, the author discusses the "initial idea" for The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books: "Stratemeyer noticed the
increasing popularity of mysteries among adults, and he surmised that children would enjoy reading mysteries about younger
detectives with whom they could identify." In other words, Stratemeyer saw that mystery books for adults were popular and guessed
that they might also be popular for children. This supports option (I). The reason why Stratemeyer thought that this would be the
case is that he believed children would enjoy reading about characters “with whom they could identify,” meaning characters they
could relate to. This supports option (II). Although The Hardy Boys books are generally presumed to be oriented towards boys, and
the Nancy Drew books towards girls, it is not necessarily true that only boys read The Hardy Boys and only girls read Nancy Drew.
Moreover, the passage never indicates that Stratemeyer's decision to create these books was based on the idea that girls and boys
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
are not interested in the same things. In fact, in some ways Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys books are the same thing, because
they are both mystery series. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
7) D
In the second half of paragraph 4, the author writes, “The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy Drew arose directly from
McFarlane’s and Wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt had been a star college athlete and gave Nancy similar athletic
abilities. The ghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details. Leslie McFarlane used elements of his small
Canadian town to create Bayport, the Hardy Boys’ fictional hometown.” Using this information, we can understand that Leslie
McFarlane and Mildred Wirt used their personal experiences (being an athlete for Wirt, and living in a small Canadian town for
McFarlane) to provide character development and setting details in their stories. Therefore we can infer that they must have found
writing from personal experience to be helpful. This means (D) is correct. Although it may have been difficult to write according to a
formula at times, the author does not mention that either of the writers disliked this aspect of ghostwriting. Therefore (A) is incorrect.
The author also does not mention Leslie McFarlane and Mildred Wirt's respect for the “art of ghostwriting,” so (B) is incorrect. While
the author does mention the previous occupations of both writers in paragraph 4, it is never stated that the writers were
unsuccessful in these occupations. There are many reasons why people might switch jobs other than a lack of success. Therefore
(C) is incorrect.
8) C
In paragraph 5, we learn, “Many teachers and librarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to produce
books quickly rather than create quality literature.” Since The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew series were ghostwritten books, we can
understand that many teachers and librarians thought they were not “quality literature.” Therefore (C) is correct. Although in
paragraph 5, the author states that “not everyone approved of them,” the specific reason why teachers and librarians disapproved is
given later in the paragraph. They did not disapprove of mystery stories, but rather of ghostwritten stories. Therefore (A) is incorrect.
The passage does not contain information to support answer choices (B) and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
9) A
In order to identify the author’s attitude, meaning how the author generally feels about the subject of his or her writing, it is helpful to
look at the introduction and the conclusion. In this passage, the conclusion is especially helpful in this regard. In the conclusion, the
author states that the influence of The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books is “undeniable,” “regardless of the debates about their
literary merit”. This shows that the author is balanced, or unbiased, in his or her feeling toward the literature because he or she
acknowledges both the criticism of the books and their popularity. Furthermore, the author states that “even though most Americans
have not heard of Edward Stratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred Wirt, people throughout the world are familiar with Nancy Drew
and Frank and Joe Hardy.” This statement tells us that the author is willing to look past the controversy involved in the books’
production and concentrate instead on the impact of the books at large. The author writes respectfully of the books’ “undeniable
influence on American and even global culture.” Using this information, we can understand that the author’s attitude is balanced and
respectful towards The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew book series. Therefore (A) is correct. Answer choices (B) and (C) imply too
much negativity on behalf of the author by using words such as “critical,” “hostile,” and “reluctant.” Since the author never expresses
any personal negative feeling towards the books, they are incorrect. Conversely, choice (D) implies too much positivity on behalf of
the author. Although the author approves of the books and notes their success, he or she does not overwhelmingly praise them.
Since the author never expresses such strong positive feelings towards the books, this choice is incorrect
10) A
In formal writing, the first sentence in each paragraph usually introduces the topic to be addressed that paragraph. Therefore, to
identify the structure and function of each paragraph, it is helpful to examine its first sentence. In paragraph1, the opening sentence
is: “First introduced in 1927, The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers Frank and Joe
Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after another.” This sentence, along with the paragraph that follows,
introduces the topic. So, we can infer that paragraph 1 is the introduction. The first sentence of paragraph 2 reads: “The Hardy Boys
and the Nancy Drew books were written through a process called ghostwriting.” Paragraph 2 goes on to explain this process, so we
can understand that this paragraph is an explanation. The first sentence of paragraph 3 is: “The initial idea for both the Hardy Boys
and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer, who owned a publishing company that
specialized in children’s books.” This identifies how the series was created. Then, in paragraph 4, the author continues: “Because
each series ran for so many years, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different ghostwriters producing books;
however, the first ghostwriter for each series proved to be the most influential.” Paragraph 4 continues to explore the series over the
years. Therefore we can understand that paragraphs 3 and 4 contain history about the series. The first sentence of paragraph 5
reads: “Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.”
Paragraph 5 goes on to describe the controversy surrounding these books, so we can say that paragraph 5 contains controversy.
The first sentence of paragraph 6 reads: “Regardless of the debates about their literary merit, each series of books has exerted an
undeniable influence on American and even global culture.” Because this paragraph offers a concluding statement about the impact
of the two series, we can say that paragraph 6 contains the conclusion. The order as outlined above is introduction, explanation,
history, controversy, conclusion. Therefore (A) is correct. Answer choices (B), (C), and (D) either include parts which are not in the
passage, such as summary, or else they list the parts in the wrong order. Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 9
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Just announced: existing home sales hit an annualized rate of 5.03 million units during
August. That exceeds the 4.70 million unit rate that had been expected, on average, among
economists polled by InstaPoll.com. The pace is also up from the rate of 4.67 million units
recorded during the previous month. The broad market hasn't reacted strongly to the data.
However, homebuilders Genix (GEN 14.32, +0.22), ND Home (NDH 6.59, +0.15), and Home
Group (HMG 4.54, +0.03) are all up nicely as investors anticipate that a rise in existing home
sales portends an acceleration of the rate of new home sales.
Questions
1) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Investors Favor Homebuilders
A Better Way to Build a Home
GEN and ND Home Register Big Gains
Led by Homebuilders, Stocks Hit New Highs
2) As used in the passage, which is the best synonym for portends?
A.
B.
C.
D.
predicts
decreases
affects
authorizes
3) This passage would most likely be found
A.
B.
C.
D.
in a high school economics textbook
in a book on twenty-first century economics
in a manual outlining stock market rules and regulations
on a real-time stock market trading website
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
A good title summarizes the main idea of a passage and lets readers know what to expect should they continue reading. At the
beginning of the passage, the author announces that the current rate of existing home sales has surpassed expectations and the
previous rate. In the last sentence of the passage, the author lists three stocks (GEN, NDH, and HMG) that are "all up nicely as
investors anticipate that a rise in existing home sales portends an acceleration of the rate of new home sales." Given that
homebuilders’ stocks are all "up nicely," we can infer that investors have a positive outlook about them, and are therefore investing
in them. This investment has caused the stocks to appreciate, or go up. The main idea of this passage is that recent news about
home sales has caused investors to look favorably upon homebuilder stocks, so a good title would be “Investors Favor
Homebuilders.” Therefore (A) is correct. The passage does not discuss better ways to build a home. This rules out (B). A title that
includes GEN and ND Home but leaves out HMG, another stock mentioned to have big gains, is too narrow to capture the main idea
of the passage. This makes (C) incorrect. The passage does not say that all stocks have hit new highs. It only says that
homebuilding stocks are "up nicely.” This means (D) is incorrect.
2) A
portend (verb): to indicate in advance; foreshadow; predict.
The last sentence of the passage tells us that homebuilder stocks “are all up nicely as investors anticipate that a rise in existing
home sales portends an acceleration of the rate of new home sales.” Since investors are buying homebuilder stocks based on the
fact that sales have risen for existing homes, they must think that this fact indicates or predicts there will be an increase in the sale
of new homes, and therefore in the demand for homebuilders’ skills. The fact that the investors “anticipate” this development means
that it is likely, but not certain, so a good synonym for portends is predicts. Therefore (A) is correct. Decrease means to make
something smaller. The investors would not invest in homebuilder stocks if they anticipated that the rise in existing home sales
would decrease, or lower, an acceleration of the rate of new home sales. Instead, they expect the rate of new home sales to
increase. This rules out (B). Affect means to have an effect on something. However, that effect can be either positive or negative.
Since the investors think that “a rise in existing home sales will portend an acceleration of the rate of new home sales,” and they are
therefore looking favorably on homebuilding companies, we can understand that they believe this to be a positive effect; that is, they
believe the “rise” will predict an increase in the acceleration of the rate of new home sales, not a decrease. Since it could be positive
or negative, (C) is not the best choice. Authorize means to give official power or to allow. We cannot infer from the passage that
investors anticipate the news about existing homes will necessarily allow an acceleration of new home sales. The news signals a
possible acceleration, but we cannot assume that it directly allows the acceleration to happen. This means that authorizes is not a
good synonym for portends. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
3) D
This passage announces how existing home sales have had a positive effect on the price of homebuilding company stocks. Since
the passage opens with the words “just announced,” we can infer that the passage is found in a place where breaking news about
the stock market is posted. A real-time stock market trading website provides up-to-the-minute information about stock prices and
market conditions, so this information would likely be found there. Therefore (D) is correct. A high school economics class teaches
students about the basics of investing, but the textbook would not include the kind of stock-specific information found in the
passage. Furthermore, books do not contain the kind of time-sensitive information included here. This makes (A) incorrect. A book
on twenty-first century economics would likely discuss both home sales and stocks, but would not contain the kind of specific
information included in the passage. This rules out (B). A manual outlining stock market rules and regulations would only discuss
what can be done when buying, selling, and trading stocks. It would not discuss the current market or specific stocks, so (C) is
incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 9
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Some people say that the best defense is a good offense; an octopus, however, would disagree.
In addition to being one of the strangest and most beautiful creatures in nature, the octopus has some of
the most inventive and effective defense mechanisms imaginable. While other animals have teeth, horns,
or claws to help defend them from predators, the octopus concentrates its energy on hiding from and
confusing its attackers. When it wants to get away, the octopus has an impressive arsenal of tricks at its
disposal.
The most well-known of the octopus’s defense mechanisms is its ability to squirt clouds of ink into
the water. Some octopi use this cloud of ink as camouflage; after squirting the ink, the octopus retreats
into the ink cloud where the predator cannot see it. Other octopi use the ink cloud as a decoy. If a large,
intelligent predator such as a shark knows that octopi use ink clouds for camouflage, it might simply
attack the ink cloud blindly, hoping to make contact with the octopus inside. However, some sneaky
octopi will release the ink cloud in one direction and scurry away in another direction, leaving the predator
with nothing but a mouthful of ink. In addition to confusing predators’ sense of sight, these ink clouds also
confuse their sense of smell. The ink is composed primarily of melanin (the same chemical that gives
human skin its color), which can shut down a predator’s sense of smell. If an octopus cannot be seen or
smelled, it has a much higher chance of escaping an attack.
Another defense mechanism possessed by many octopi is the ability to change color, much like a
chameleon. Most animals get their skin color from chemicals in the skin called chromatophores (melanin
is one of these chromatophores). Chromatophores might contain yellow, orange, red, brown, or black
pigments, and the amount of each pigment present in the skin determines an animal’s color. While most
animals are always the same color, some species of octopi can control the amount of each color pigment
in their skin cells, allowing them to change color. Some poisonous octopi, when provoked, will change
their skin to a bright, eye-catching color to warn predators that they are dangerous and ready to strike.
Other octopi use this ability to change their skin to the color and texture of seaweed or coral, allowing
them to blend in with their environment. Finally, some octopi—such as the mimic octopus—use this colorchanging ability to masquerade as another type of animal. The body of an octopus is highly flexible, and
some species can combine this flexibility with their color-changing skills to make themselves resemble
more dangerous animals such as sea snakes or eels.
Yet another defense mechanism possessed by some octopi is the ability to perform an autotomy,
or self-amputation, of one of their limbs and regrow it later. Many species of skink and lizard also possess
this ability, which allows them to shed their tails when caught by a predator and therefore get away. When
a predator catches a tentacle the octopus can amputate this tentacle, thereby unfettering itself, and
regrow the tentacle later. Some octopi, however, are even cleverer. When threatened by a predator,
these octopi will shed a tentacle before being attacked in the hope that the predator will go after the
detached tentacle rather than the octopus itself.
While the octopus may not be the most vicious creature in the ocean, its numerous and clever
defense mechanisms help it to survive in the dangerous undersea world.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) Which of the following sentences from the passage best expresses the main idea?
A. The most well-known of the octopus’s defense mechanisms is its ability to squirt clouds of ink into
the water.
B. Some people say that the best defense is a good offense; an octopus, however, would disagree.
C. Another defense mechanism possessed by many octopi is the ability to change color, much like a
chameleon.
D. When it wants to get away, the octopus has an impressive arsenal of tricks at its disposal.
2) The author claims in paragraph 1 that an octopus would disagree with the statement “the best
defense is a good offense” because
A.
B.
C.
D.
octopi employ more defensive than offensive capabilities
octopi possess good defensive and offensive capabilities
octopi can protect themselves from teeth, horns, and claws
not all octopi possess the same defense mechanisms
3) Which of the following statements best describes the organizational structure of paragraphs 2-4?
A. The author lays out several reasons to support the argument that the octopus has the best
defense mechanisms of any sea creature.
B. The author devotes one paragraph each to explaining three different defense mechanisms
possessed by the octopus.
C. The author devotes one paragraph each to highlighting three potential threats to the octopus and
how the octopus deals with each one differently.
D. The author compares and contrasts three different defense mechanisms employed by the
octopus.
4) According to the passage, which of the following statements about the chemical melanin are true?
I. An octopus’s ink is composed primarily of melanin.
II. Melanin is a chromatophore.
III. Like the octopus, chameleons use melanin to change color.
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) As used in paragraph 4, which of the following is the best synonym for unfettering?
A.
B.
C.
D.
freeing
regrowing
amputating
sacrificing
6) The final paragraph can best be described as a
A. prediction conclusion, in which the author looks toward the future
B. full circle conclusion, in which the author incorporates and builds on a word or theme from the
introduction
C. solution conclusion, in which the author proposes a solution to a problem posed earlier in the
passage
D. summary conclusion, in which the author restates the passage’s main idea
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) D
When looking for the main idea of a passage, a good place to start is the end of the first paragraph. Many passages begin by
introducing the reader to the topic in the opening sentences and then establishing the author’s argument or main idea at the end of
the first paragraph in what is commonly known as a thesis statement. Such a pattern holds true for this passage. The last sentence
of paragraph 1, “When it wants to get away, the octopus has an impressive arsenal of tricks at its disposal,” lets the reader know
that the author intends to discuss the “impressive arsenal of tricks” possessed by the octopus for escaping predators. This is
confirmed by the organizational structure of the essay, which devotes one paragraph each to describing three of the octopus’s most
important defense mechanisms, or its “impressive arsenal of tricks.” Therefore (D) is correct. The first sentence of the passage,
“Some people say that the best defense is a good offense; an octopus, however, would disagree,” might seem to introduce the
passage’s topic—defense and the octopus—but it does so only vaguely. Based on this sentence, the reader might be able to guess
that the passage is about defense and the octopus, but the sentence gives no indication of how these ideas are related, and
therefore does not express the main idea clearly. This means (B) is incorrect. Choices (A) and (C) contain details that support the
author’s main idea, but these details do not express the main idea. Therefore they are incorrect.
2) A
Even if the reader is not familiar with the saying “the best defense is a good offense,” he or she can figure out what it means by
examining the phrase closely. How could an offense also serve as a defense? The reader can infer that if an offense is extremely
effective, it would render opponents unable to mount their own offense. In this way, the offense can also serve as a defense. In
other words, if you attack first, others don’t have the chance to attack you, and so you don’t need to defend yourself. As the author
notes in paragraph 1, however, “while other animals have teeth, horns, or claws to help defend them from predators, the octopus
concentrates its energy on hiding from and confusing its attackers.” This means that the octopus concentrates on defensive
strategies rather than offensive ones. The author does note in paragraph 3 that there are some species of octopus that are
poisonous, but the rest of the passage explains the numerous ways in which an octopus can defend itself. Since the octopus
employs more defensive than offensive capabilities, it would likely disagree that the best defense is a good offense. Therefore (A) is
correct. The passage does not contain information to support the idea that octopi possess good offensive capabilities. Therefore (B)
is incorrect. Although the author tells us that octopi can protect themselves from predators in some situations, he or she does not
indicate that octopi can protect themselves specifically from the teeth, horns, and claws of their predators. Instead, teeth, horns, and
claws are mentioned as examples of other animals’ offensive capabilities. This means (C) is incorrect. While the passage does
imply that not all octopi possess the same defense mechanisms, this fact does not explain why an octopus would disagree with the
statement “the best defense is a good offense.” This makes (D) incorrect.
3) B
The purpose of this passage is to provide information about the octopus’s defense capabilities. The reader can infer this purpose
from the author’s main idea, which is stated at the end of the first paragraph: “When it wants to get away, the octopus has an
impressive arsenal of tricks at its disposal.” The author is not arguing a position or comparing and contrasting, but merely informing
the reader about a topic. Paragraph 2 describes the octopus’s defense mechanism of the ink cloud. Paragraph 3 describes the
octopus’s defense mechanism of changing skin color. Paragraph 4 describes the octopus’s defense mechanism of autotomy. Each
of these three paragraphs explains one of the octopus’s defense mechanisms, describing how it works and how the octopus uses it.
Therefore (B) is correct. The author does not suggest in the passage that the octopus’s defense mechanisms are the best of any
sea creature, so (A) is incorrect. The three defense mechanisms described are not unique responses to different threats. In fact,
they could all be employed to escape the same threat, so (C) is incorrect. The author describes three different defense mechanisms
in paragraphs 2-4, but the author does not compare and contrast them. The paragraphs merely explain each defense mechanism
without going into detail about how they relate to one another. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
4) B
In paragraph 2, the author writes that an octopus’s “ink is composed primarily of melanin.” This supports option (I). In paragraph 3,
the author writes, “Most animals get their skin color from chemicals called chromatophores (melanin is one of these
chromatophores).” This supports option (II). In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Another defense mechanism possessed by many
octopi is the ability to change color, much like a chameleon.” The author notes that both the octopus and the chameleon have the
ability to change color, but the passage does not state that both animals use melanin to do so. This eliminates option (III).
Therefore (B) is correct.
5) A
unfetter (verb): to set free.
In paragraph 4, the author explains how the octopus uses the process of autotomy, or self-amputation, in order to escape a
predator. The author begins by describing how skinks and lizards—other species that possess this ability—use autotomy, a
maneuver that “allows them to shed their tails when caught by a predator and therefore get away.” The reader can infer from this
description that when a predator catches one of these animals by the tail, the animal can shed the tail and escape to safety. The
author then describes how the octopus uses this same method: “When a predator catches a tentacle the octopus can amputate this
tentacle, thereby unfettering itself, and regrow the tentacle later.” As with the skink and the lizard, shedding its limb is part of the
octopus’s effort to free itself, or get away, from its predator. This means that by unfettering itself, an octopus is freeing itself.
Therefore (A) is correct. The author does say that the octopus can “regrow the tentacle later,” but the octopus unfetters itself by
amputating the tentacle, not by regrowing it. This means (B) is incorrect. The process of autotomy is a process of amputating, but
unfettering itself is a result of the octopus’s self-amputation. Therefore unfettering does not mean amputating, so (C) is incorrect.
The octopus sacrifices the tentacle in order to save itself. It therefore does not sacrifice itself, so sacrificing is not a good synonym
for unfettering. This makes (D) incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
6) D
The final paragraph of this passage contains only one sentence: “While the octopus may not be the most vicious creature in the
ocean, its numerous and clever defense mechanisms help it to survive in the dangerous undersea world.” This sentence restates
the main idea, or thesis statement, of the passage: that the octopus possesses many different defense mechanisms that help it to
survive in the wild. This idea is expressed at the end of paragraph 1 in the following sentence: “When it wants to get away, the
octopus has an impressive arsenal of tricks at its disposal.” This restatement of the main idea means that the final paragraph can
best be described as a summary conclusion. Therefore (D) is correct. The author does not make a prediction about the future in the
final paragraph, so (A) is incorrect. The author returns to the passage’s main idea, but he or she does not incorporate and build on a
particular word or theme. This would constitute a more nuanced conclusion. Instead the author simply restates the passage’s main
idea in slightly different words. This makes (B) not the best choice. The author does not propose a solution to a problem, so (C) is
incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 9
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
The piranha is a much-maligned fish. Most people think that this is a deadly creature that swarms
through rivers and creeks of the Amazon rainforest looking for victims to tear apart. And woe betide anyone
unlucky enough to be in the same water as a shoal of piranhas. It takes only a few minutes for the vicious
piranhas to reduce someone to a mere skeleton.
The truth is that the piranha is really a much more nuanced animal than the mindless killer depicted in
the media. In fact, piranhas are a group made up of approximately twelve different species. Each piranha
species occupies its own ecological niche. One type of piranha takes chunks out of the fins of other fish.
Another type eats fruit falling from trees into the river. Each piranha species plays a unique role in the ecology
of the rainforest floodplains. So what should you do next time you hear someone talking about the “deadly
piranha”? You can remind them that the piranha is not always the notorious killer fish that the tough, muscular
heroes of popular nature television shows would have us believe.
Questions
1)
The primary purpose of the author is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
2)
In paragraph 1, the author most likely uses the old-fashioned expression “woe betide” to
A.
B.
C.
D.
3)
frame an argument that is supported in a later paragraph
create ambiguity so the reader cannot be sure which position the writer supports
juxtapose the myth of the piranha with the truth about the fish
evoke vivid images of nature television shows in the reader’s mind
As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for unique?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5)
highlight the danger posed by piranhas
suggest that the reputation of the piranha is well-deserved
emphasize the sarcastic tone
indicate that the passage was written in the 19th century
In paragraph 1, the author uses hyperbole—characterized by the use of exaggeration for effect—to
describe the piranha. The author most likely uses hyperbole to
A.
B.
C.
D.
4)
correct misconceptions about the piranha
illustrate the importance of piranhas in rainforest ecology
describe two different species of piranhas
instruct the reader on what to say if someone describes the piranha as “deadly”
irreplaceable
important
individual
unusual
As used in paragraph 2, which is the best synonym for notorious?
A.
B.
C.
D.
celebrated
disreputable
notable
renowned
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Answers and Explanations
1) A
An author’s purpose is related to the content of the passage. In the first sentence the author describes the piranha as “muchmaligned.” Even if the reader does not know that this phrase means that people speak harmful untruths about the piranha, the
reader can infer this meaning from the following sentences. The next sentence identifies what “most people think” about the piranha:
that it is “deadly” and “vicious,” always “looking for victims to tear apart.” The deliberate exaggeration of the language indicates that
the author is mocking common misconceptions about the piranha. In contrast, the next paragraph begins, “The truth is that the
piranha is really a much more nuanced animal than the mindless killer depicted in the media.” This paragraph goes on to describe
accurate facts about piranhas, which contradict the misconceptions identified in paragraph 1. This structure suggests that the
author’s primary purpose is to correct misconceptions about the piranha. Therefore (A) is correct. Although the author briefly
mentions the role of piranhas in rainforest ecology, he or she uses this detail to support the larger argument that most people are
misinformed about the piranha. This means (B) is incorrect. The author does provide facts about two different species of piranha,
but he or she uses these details to support the larger argument that most people are misinformed about the piranha. This makes (C)
incorrect. In the final sentence, the author instructs the reader on what to say the next time they hear someone “talking about the
‘deadly piranha.’” However, this minor point is used to reinforce the larger point that nature television shows often portray the
piranha inaccurately, furthering misconceptions. This means instructing the reader on what to say in this situation is not the author’s
primary purpose, so (D) is incorrect.
2) C
In modern writing, the old-fashioned expression “woe betide” is rarely used. It is so uncommon that its use today often draws
attention to itself, and therefore it becomes a comedic or exaggerated element. In this passage, the author mockingly describes
“what most people” think about the piranha. In paragraph 1, the author writes: “And woe betide anyone unlucky enough to be in the
same water as a shoal of piranhas.” Even if the reader does not know the literal meaning of “woe betide,” it can be inferred from the
sentence above that it means something like “misery will come to.” The author also uses exaggerated adjectives such as “deadly”
and “vicious” to describe the fish in a tongue-in-cheek manner. The sarcastic depiction of the piranha as deadly in paragraph 1
contrasts with what the author clarifies as “the truth” about the piranha in the following paragraph—that it is not a “mindless killer.”
Based on this information, the reader can infer that the author most likely uses the old-fashioned phrase “woe betide” to emphasize
the sarcastic tone in paragraph 1. Therefore (C) is correct. In this context, “woe betide” is an expression that introduces a comedic,
sarcastic element. In paragraph 2, the author makes it clear that he or she was not serious in paragraph 1 about the danger posed
by piranhas. Therefore (A) is incorrect. The passage clearly implies that the reputation of the piranha is not well-deserved, but a
misconception. This means (B) is incorrect. The passage does not contain information to indicate when it was written. With the
exception of “woe betide,” the language is modern, and the author even makes a reference to television, which was invented after
the 19th century. Furthermore, the use of one old-fashioned phrase is not a definitive indication of when a passage was written.
Based on this information, we can understand that the old-fashioned expression is being used for effect, not because the passage
was written long ago. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
3) C
The author uses hyperbole in paragraph 1 to describe piranhas as “deadly,” “vicious” creatures that can “reduce someone to a mere
skeleton” in “a few minutes.” This exaggeration contrasts with the factual approach of paragraph 2. This contrast emphasizes the
point that piranhas are not the deadly creatures depicted in popular media. In the paragraph 1, the author creates a mental picture
of piranhas that “tear apart” their “victims.” Yet in paragraph 2, the author refers to piranhas that “eat fruit” and that play “a unique
role in the ecology of the rainforest.” Based on this information we can determine that the author most likely uses hyperbole to
juxtapose the myth of the piranha with the “truth” about the fish in order to persuade the reader that the piranha is not just a
“mindless killer.” Therefore (C) is correct. The use of hyperbole frames the argument of the piranha as deadly. Since this argument
is contradicted in a later paragraph, not supported, (A) is incorrect. The intent of the author is to contrast an exaggerated position
with a factual position. The sarcastic tone and hyperbole in paragraph 1 are clues to suggest that the author supports the factual
position conveyed in paragraph 2. Since the use of hyperbole clarifies the author’s position rather than creates ambiguity, (B) is
incorrect. Although the exaggerated language may evoke vivid images of the piranha in the reader’s mind, the author does not
mention nature television shows until later in the passage, so we can infer that the author did not intend to evoke images of nature
television shows in paragraph 1. Furthermore, the author most likely uses hyperbole not merely to create imagery, but to contrast
the myth of the piranha with the facts. This means (D) is incorrect.
4) C
unique (adjective): existing as the only one or as the sole example; individual.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Each piranha species occupies its own ecological niche.” From this we can understand that each
species holds an individual place in the ecosystem. To elaborate on this idea, the author gives two examples of piranha species that
behave differently, and then he or she writes, “Each piranha species plays a unique role in the ecology of the rainforest floodplains.”
From these two sentences, we can infer that the author is using the word unique to indicate that the different species of piranha play
distinct roles in the rainforest ecology. This means that individual is a good definition of unique in this context. Therefore (C) is
correct. The passage does not suggest that each piranha species plays an irreplaceable role in the ecology of the rainforest, merely
that each species plays a distinct role. This means (A) is incorrect. The passage does not provide judgment about whether the roles
of the varying piranha species are important, merely that they are different. This makes (B) incorrect. Although the roles each
piranha species plays are distinct, and therefore different from each other, the passage does not suggest that they are inherently
unusual roles. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
5) B
notorious (adjective): widely and unfavorably known for negative attributes; infamous.
The author writes, “So what should you do next time you hear someone talking about the ‘deadly piranha’? You can remind them
that the piranha is not always the notorious killer fish that the tough, muscular heroes of popular nature television shows would have
us believe.” Here the author uses the word notorious to emphasize the point that piranhas do not deserve their negative reputation,
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
even though “the tough muscular heroes of popular nature television shows” depict piranhas as “notorious” and “deadly.” In
paragraph 2 the author also claims piranhas are depicted as “mindless killer[s]…in the media.” Based on this information, the reader
can infer that the media and television shows depict piranhas as something very negative. This means that disreputable is a good
synonym for notorious. Therefore (B) is correct. The author notes that the piranha is depicted in a negative light on “popular nature
television shows” and in the “media.” Celebrated, notable, and renowned all can mean famous in a positive sense, so they are not
good synonyms for notorious. This means that choices (A), (C), and (D) are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 10
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Xandersol, a new, potentially lethal drug, is being blamed for numerous illnesses and the deaths of six
Anchorstown residents. According to water and sewer authority officials, the drug has somehow found its way
into the city water system, resulting in the contamination of household drinking water for thousands of local
residents.
The question lies not in determining how, but, more importantly, where the drug entered the city water
system; once the leak is found it can quickly be contained. Experts agree that, given the relative scarcity of
Xandersol in amounts large enough to affect an entire community, the leak could only have occurred in the
following three locations: 1) the Griffen Pharmaceuticals Production Facility (GPPF), 2) the Waste
Pharmaceuticals Processing Plant (WPPP), or 3) the Riverdale Testing Center (RTC).
Support for the claim that Xandersol entered the city water system at the GPPF is widespread.
According to a recent poll, an overwhelming majority of local residents—nearly 80%—believe this to be the
case. Marcia Downing, a mother of three, advocates that the GPPF is to blame. "It seems pretty obvious that
the leak happened at the GPPF," she says. "Just ask around. Nearly everyone on the block will tell you so. I
mean, I don't understand what the big mystery is. If everyone says it's true, then it's probably true. Strength in
numbers," she says. "That's what my mom used to say." As a result of the disaster, Marcia has had to take off
work to care for her children, whom she believes have been adversely affected by the contaminated water. "I've
taken off three days since the disaster. And those are unpaid days. I don't have the luxury of paid sick days like
some people." She shakes her head. "You know things are bad when you can't even drink the water."
While support for the claim that Xandersol entered the water at the GPPF is popular, this theory lacks
the support of widely recognizable figures such as big name actor Evert Milkin. Milkin, on location for a shoot
for his upcoming blockbuster movie, had a chance to spend two days in Anchorstown. Upon being warned
about the drinking water problem, he decided to investigate for himself. Milkin was shocked at what he found.
He purports to have discovered a dried pool of Xandersol residue collected about the entrance of a city sewer
opening just outside the WPPP. Acting upon these findings, Milkin has galvanized many to support the claim
that the Xandersol entered the city water system at the WPPP. Alyssa Davis, one of Milkin's newest followers,
explains, "If a nationally recognized and highly respected actor like Milkin tells you it's true, you can rest
assured it most definitely is." Milkin says that he won't comment on his plans to indict the WPPP for negligence,
but he says that the "wheels are in motion."
Since Milkin's investigation, the WPPP has come under increased scrutiny. But that is not to say the
RTC is not also feeling the heat. According to local engineer Todd Severs, the RTC is the one at fault. "It
should be pretty clear to everyone that the RTC is responsible for the disaster. Just take a look at their past
record. In the last two years alone, the RTC has incurred 16 citations for noncompliance with federal and state
drug testing standards." Severs continues, "Make no mistake, a corporation like that is the one to turn your
attention to in a situation like this." In recent days, Severs' statements have begun to resonate with the public.
When confronted with growing concern, the RTC issued the following statement in its defense: "We of the RTC
are troubled by the recent accusations regarding our involvement in the contamination of the city water system.
While we understand that much of this blame stems from our poor record of upholding testing standards, we
would like to remind local residents of the simple, yet important facts: The RTC has been testing the drugs that
the people have come to depend on. What is more, we have done it on a shoestring budget. Many of our
employees are forced to work under meager circumstances—circumstances that few would put up with unless
they weren't so dutifully driven to carry out this noble endeavor. Several of our employees are barely able to
clothe their children and put food on the table. In our quest to create safe, helpful, reliable drugs, regardless of
the hardships we suffer, it seems we have now become completely unappreciated."
Reports of those adversely affected by Xandersol are on the rise. In desperation, residents have
resorting to fitting out their taps with makeshift Xandersol filters. For many, it seems no solution is on the
horizon. In passing, we conducted a final interview with a man pushing a cart who, despite our efforts, evades
identification. "Instead of wasting time blaming everybody," says the man, "why not just check all three?" It
seems he is referring to the GFFC, WPPP, and RTC—the three potential leak sites. "I'm thirsty," he continues,
moving away. "You wouldn't happen to have any bottled water, would you?"
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1)
In which of the following publications would this passage be most likely to appear?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2)
Based on its use in paragraph 3, it can be inferred that advocate belongs to which of the following word
families?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3)
a magazine about powerful new drugs
an Anchorstown newspaper
a cautionary pamphlet included in every new pack of Xandersol
an encyclopedia article about Xandersol
a blockbuster movie review
acknowledge, concede, recognize
adjudicate, determine, select
propose, suggest, recommend
champion, bolster, support
admit, concede, grant
Which of the following logical fallacies is present in the argument made in paragraph 3 regarding the claim
that the GFFC is responsible for the disaster?
A. Hasty generalization, characterized by making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases
based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or too small).
B. Missing the point, characterized by a condition in which the premises of an argument do support a
particular conclusion—but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws.
C. Slippery slope, characterized by an argument in which the arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction,
usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but without enough evidence for that
assumption. The arguer asserts that if we take even one step onto the "slippery slope," we will end up
sliding all the way to the bottom; he or she assumes we can't stop partway down the hill.
D. Weak analogy, characterized by an argument that relies on an analogy between two or more objects,
ideas, or situations which are not really alike in the relevant respects.
E. Ad populum, characterized by an argument in which the arguer takes advantage of the desire most
people have to be liked and to fit in with others, using that desire to try to get the audience to accept
his or her argument.
4)
As used in paragraph 4, which of the following describes something that is galvanized?
A. Jamie is a welder. Yesterday, I watched him join two pieces of soft, red hot metal by hammering them
together. Sometimes he adds fusible materials to the pieces to be joined.
B. When a bone in the human body gets broken, it can take months before it becomes fully healed.
Oftentimes, once the fractured ends are fused back together, the bone is stronger after the break than
it was before.
C. In Darbyville, poor work conditions have gone unchecked for too long, and the situation is getting
worse. Margo is exciting the impoverished class to rise up against their oppressors.
D. Ichiro is tired of being unappreciated at work. So, he decides to do something about it: tomorrow he
will ask to meet with his boss to discuss the situation personally.
E. Joining in the movement that is sweeping the nation, Alyssa Deporto Roberts, the world renowned
artist, has agreed to quit smoking. The news is making headlines.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
5)
Which of the following logical fallacies is present in the argument made in paragraph 4 regarding the claim
that the WPPP is responsible for the disaster?
A. Ad hominem, characterized by an argument in which the arguer attacks his or her opponent instead of
the opponent's argument.
B. Red herring, characterized by an argument in which, partway through the argument, the arguer goes
off on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what is really at stake.
C. Begging the question, characterized by an argument that asks the reader to simply accept the
conclusion without providing real evidence; the argument either relies on a premise that says the same
thing as the conclusion (commonly referred to as "being circular" or "circular reasoning"), or simply
ignores an important (but questionable) assumption that the argument rests on.
D. Appeal to ignorance, characterized by the supposition that, due to a lack of conclusive evidence, the
conclusion of an argument should be accepted.
E. Appeal to authority, characterized by the attempt to get readers to agree with us simply by impressing
them with a prominent figure or by appealing to a supposed authority who really is not much of an
expert.
6)
Which of the following logical fallacies is present in the argument made in paragraph 5 regarding the claim
that the RTC is responsible for the disaster?
A. Post hoc, characterized by an argument in which two sequential events are said to be causally related,
when this is not actually the case; the arguer wrongly concludes that the earlier event caused the later.
That is, correlation is not the same thing as causation.
B. Ad hominem, characterized by an argument in which the arguer attacks his or her opponent instead of
the opponent's argument.
C. Hasty generalization, characterized by making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases
based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or too small).
D. Equivocation, characterized by sliding between two or more different meanings of a single word or
phrase that is important to the argument.
E. False dichotomy, characterized by an argument in which the arguer makes it look like there are only
two choices (one that is logical and one that is illogical), when, in reality, there are multiple options.
7)
As used in paragraph 5, which is the best antonym for resonate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
8)
reflect
reduce
repeat
renounce
reverberate
Which of the following logical fallacies is present in the argument made in paragraph 5 regarding the
defense put forth by the RTC?
A. Missing the point, characterized by an argument in which the premises support a particular
conclusion—but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws.
B. Ad populum, characterized by an argument in which the arguer takes advantage of the desire most
people have to be liked and to fit in with others, using that desire to try to get the audience to accept
his or her argument.
C. Appeal to pity, characterized by an argument in which the arguer tries to get people to accept a
conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone.
D. Slippery slope, characterized by an argument in which the arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction,
usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but without enough evidence for that
assumption. The arguer asserts that if we take even one step onto the "slippery slope," we will end up
sliding all the way to the bottom; he or she assumes we can't stop partway down the hill.
E. Red herring, characterized by an argument in which, partway through the argument, the arguer goes
off on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what is really at stake.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) B
In paragraph 1, we learn that Xandersol has caused “the deaths of six Anchorstown residents” and has contaminated the
“household drinking water for thousands of local residents.” The passage continues to quote opinions from local residents. From
these facts we can infer that the passage has a local focus and is of particular interest to the residents of Anchorstown. The
passage presents three differing opinions about who is to blame for the leak, and it does not take a side in the issue. From this
structure, as well as the unbiased tone, we can infer that the passage presents an impartial, informative view of the situation. An
Anchorstown newspaper would be an impartial, informative publication of particular interest to local Anchorstown residents.
Therefore (B) is correct. While we learn in paragraph 1 that Xandersol is a powerful new drug, the focus of the passage is not on the
drug but on the group responsible for the leak. The passage is also addressed to a local audience. For these reasons, it would not
make sense for the passage to appear in a magazine about powerful new drugs. Therefore (A) is incorrect. Since the focus of the
passage is not about the specific negative effects of exposure to Xandersol, it would not make sense for the passage to appear in a
cautionary pamphlet included in every new pack of Xandersol. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The local focus on Anchorstown and the
lack of details about what Xandersol is make this passage unsuitable for an encyclopedia article about Xandersol. Therefore (D) is
incorrect. Though the actor Evert Milkin is in Anchorstown filming for his blockbuster movie, the focus of the passage is on the
Xandersol leak, not the movie, so this passage would not belong in a movie review. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
2) D
advocate (verb): to speak, plead, or argue in favor of.
In paragraph 3, we learn that “Marcia Downing, a mother of three, advocates that the GPPF is to blame.” In Marcia's following
remarks, she argues in favor of the theory that GPPF is to blame. Using this information, we can understand that advocate means to
argue in favor of something. This meaning fits in well with the word family champion, bolster, support. Therefore (D) is correct. To
acknowledge, concede, recognize something is to accept or comprehend the facts. To advocate means to take a side of a
controversial issue, not just accept it. Therefore (A) is incorrect. While in order to advocate one must choose a side, it is more
specific than merely to adjudicate, determine, select. To advocate one must choose and also argue for a position. Therefore (B) is
incorrect. To propose, suggest, recommend something implies a willingness to hear other positions and alternatives. To advocate
for something implies already having made a decision and chosen a side. Therefore (C) is incorrect. To admit, concede, grant
something is to give in to the opposing side, which is not the same as to advocate. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
3) E
In paragraph 3, we learn that “an overwhelming majority of local residents—nearly 80%— believe” that Xandersol entered the water
system at GFFC. From this fact we know that most people in Anchorstown believe this theory. Also in paragraph 3, Marcia Downing
claims, “Nearly everyone on the block will tell you so. I mean, I don't understand what the big mystery is. If everyone says it's true,
then it's probably true.” Downing claims here that if most people believe something, it must be right. This logical fallacy relies on the
belief that people want to be liked and fit in with others, so they will go along with the majority opinion. Ad populum means “to the
people” in Latin. An appeal to the people implies that if most people think something, it is the truth, regardless of facts. Therefore (E)
is correct. In paragraph 3, there are no assumptions made about a large group based on an inadequate sample. Therefore (A) is
incorrect. There are no premises to the argument which support a different conclusion than the one actually drawn. Therefore (B) is
incorrect. There is no information in the paragraph about a chain reaction ending in a dire consequence. Therefore (C) is incorrect.
There is no analogy or comparison between two things in this paragraph. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
4) C
galvanize (verb): to arouse to awareness or action; spur.
In paragraph 4, we learn that the famous actor Evert Milkin “has galvanized many to support the claim that the Xandersol entered
the city water system at the WPPP.” From this line, we can infer that to galvanize means to inspire, spur or arouse to action. Excite
is a synonym for galvanize. In the same way that Milkin excited many to support his claim about Xandersol, Margo is exciting the
impoverished class to rise up against their oppressors in Darbyville. Therefore (C) is correct. To galvanize can mean to coat metals
such as iron or steel with a protective coating, in the context of welding or metallurgy. However, that is the not the meaning used in
paragraph 4. Therefore (A) is incorrect. A fused broken bone is not an example of arousing people to awareness or action.
Therefore (B) is incorrect. Ichiro arouses himself to action when he decides to confront his boss personally. However, he does not
arouse others to action in the way that Milkin does in the passage. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Making a personal decision to quit
smoking does not require arousing others to awareness or action. Making headlines is also not the same as arousing others to
awareness. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
5) E
In paragraph 4, we learn that “big name actor Evert Milkin” supports the claim that WPPP is responsible for the disaster. Later in the
paragraph, Alyssa Davis is quoted as saying, "If a nationally recognized and highly respected actor like Milkin tells you it's true, you
can rest assured it most definitely is." Though Milkin is highly respected as an actor, there is no evidence he has any expertise in the
area of water contamination. People are listening to his theory because he is famous, not because he is an expert on the situation.
This logical fallacy is an appeal to authority. Therefore (E) is correct. In paragraph 4, no one attacks an opponent personally rather
than the opponent’s argument. Therefore (A) is incorrect. There is no side issue which distracts the audience’s attention from the
real issue. Therefore (B) is incorrect. There is no circular reasoning, wherein the reader must accept a conclusion which is the same
as the premise, or else accept a questionable assumption of the argument. Therefore (C) is incorrect. There is no claim that a
conclusion should be accepted due to a lack of evidence. Indeed Milkin presents the evidence of the dried pool of Xandersol.
Therefore (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
6) B
In paragraph 5, we learn that some believe “the RTC is the one at fault.” Todd Severs is quoted as saying, "It should be pretty clear
to everyone that the RTC is responsible for the disaster. Just take a look at their past record. In the last two years alone, the RTC
has incurred 16 citations for noncompliance with federal and state drug testing standards." Here Severs attacks the RTC for the type
of corporation it is and for its history of noncompliance. It is an attack on the corporation’s reputation rather than a presentation of
evidence that the RTC was actually responsible for the leak. Severs focuses on attacking the RTC rather than attacking their
argument or presenting a more compelling argument of his own. Ad hominem means against the man in Latin. In this fallacy, people
are led to believe that a person (or in this case, a corporation) is bad, and thus should not be believed about anything. Therefore (B)
is correct. There is no confusion between causation and correlation in Severs’ argument. Therefore (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 5,
there are no assumptions made about a large group based on an inadequate sample. Therefore (C) is incorrect. There is no word or
phrase used with multiple meanings in the paragraph. Therefore (D) is incorrect. The argument is not mistakenly reduced to only
two choices. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
7) A
resonate (verb): to be understood or receive a sympathetic response; to reverberate.
In paragraph 5, we learn that “Severs' statements have begun to resonate with the public” which has led to “growing concern” about
RTC’s responsibility for the leak. From this context, we can infer that to resonate means to reverberate or be understood and
received sympathetically by others. The opposite of being understood or received is to be reflected. Therefore (A) is correct. To
resonate can mean to amplify sound but that is not how it is used in this context, so reduce is not a good antonym here. Therefore
(B) is incorrect. To resonate can also mean to echo, in which case repeat would be a synonym, but that is not the case in this
context and the question asks for the best antonym. Therefore (C) is incorrect. To renounce is to give something up. That is not the
opposite of being understood. Therefore (D) is incorrect. To reverberate is a synonym for resonate. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
8) C
In paragraph 5, the RTC claims, “The RTC has been testing the drugs that the people have come to depend on. What is more, we
have done it on a shoestring budget. Many of our employees are forced to work under meager circumstances—circumstances that
few would put up with unless they weren't so dutifully driven to carry out this noble endeavor. Several of our employees are barely
able to clothe their children and put food on the table. In our quest to create safe, helpful, reliable drugs, regardless of the hardships
we suffer, it seems we have now become completely unappreciated." Rather than focus on the issue of the argument—whether or
not there is any evidence that RTC is responsible for the leak—the statement appeals to the emotions of listeners. The description
of the personal difficulties that employees face in their “quest to create safe, helpful, reliable drugs” attempts to lead people to pity
these employees, and thus the company. If people pity the company, then they won’t accuse it of being responsible for the leak.
This logical fallacy is an appeal to pity. Therefore (C) is correct. There are no premises to the argument which support a different
conclusion than the one actually drawn. Therefore (A) is incorrect. There is no appeal to the majority opinion, or the impulse people
have to fit in and be liked and therefore go along with the group. Therefore (B) is incorrect. There is no information in the paragraph
about a chain reaction ending in a dire consequence. Therefore (D) is incorrect. There is no side issue which distracts the
audience’s attention from the real issue. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 10
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
However, despite the beliefs of these 17-21 million people, there is no evidence that accidents
th
are more likely to happen on Friday the 13 . On the contrary, some studies have shown there are actually
th
fewer accidents on Friday the 13 . A recent report completed by a Dutch insurance company showed that
th
there were fewer incidents of fires and theft on Fridays that fell on the 13 than on any other Fridays in
th
the same year. It is highly probable that this reduction in accidents owes itself to the fear of Friday the 13
th
itself. If people are more cautious on Friday the 13 , then there are likely to be fewer accidents.
th
If, then, there is no significant evidence that Friday the 13 is any more dangerous than any other
day of the year, why do friggatriskaidekaphobics remain convinced of its unluckiness? While the historical
or folk traditions discussed earlier may have something to do with this belief, people may also use
associational links to justify their superstitions. If a friggatriskaidekaphobic loses his wallet on Tuesday the
st
21 , for example, he would probably not assign any meaning to the date on which this event occurred. If
th
the same individual lost his wallet on Friday the 13 , however, he might be likely to conclude that the
th
inauspicious nature of Friday the 13 was at fault.
Questions
1) This passage is most likely an excerpt from
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the case study of a patient suffering from friggatriskaidekaphobia
the introduction to an article about friggatriskaidekaphobia
th
the introduction to a study about the likelihood of accidents occurring on Friday the 13
a longer work proving that superstitions are justified by real-world events
th
the conclusion of a longer work that analyzes evidence about the superstition of Friday the 13
2) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that an earlier section of this passage likely
th
I.
featured a personal anecdote about why the author no longer believes that Friday the 13 is
unlucky
th
II. provided some explanations about why people might fear Friday the 13
III. introduced the term “friggatriskaidekaphobia”
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
3) Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would best support the author’s argument in
paragraph 1?
A. In ancient Egypt, the number 13 was actually considered lucky by the pharaohs.
B. Major airlines report that there is no significant drop in the number of passengers who fly on
th
Friday the 13 .
C. Studies performed in the United Kingdom reveal that significantly fewer people choose to drive
th
their cars to work on Friday the 13 .
D. More traffic accidents occur on Fridays than on any other day of the week.
th
E. 50% fewer marriages occur on Friday the 13 than on other Fridays occurring in the same year.
4) According to the example presented in paragraph 2, which of the following logical fallacies is
th
committed by the man who loses his wallet and blames Friday the 13 ?
A. Post hoc, characterized by the argument in which two sequential events are said to be causally
related, but this is not actually the case; the arguer wrongly concludes that the earlier event cause
the later. That is, correlation isn’t the same thing as causation.
B. Appeal to probability, characterized by the assumption that because an event could happen, it is
inevitable that it will happen.
C. Appeal to ignorance, characterized by the supposition that, due to a lack of conclusive evidence,
the conclusion of an argument should be accepted.
D. Hasty generalization, characterized by making assumptions about a whole group or range of
cases based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or too small).
E. Weak analogy, characterized by an argument that relies on an analogy between two or more
objects, ideas, or situations which aren’t really alike in the relevant respects.
5) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for inauspicious?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
predictable
pleasant
fortunate
successful
honest
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) E
This passage begins in medias res, or “in the middle of things.” We know this because the first sentence is: “However, despite the
beliefs of these 17-21 million people, there is no evidence that accidents are more likely to happen on Friday the 13th.” Both the word
“however” and the phrase “these 17-21 million people” refer back to previous points. Furthermore, paragraph 2 begins, “If, then,
there is no significant evidence that Friday the 13th is any more dangerous than any other day of the year, why do
friggatriskaidekaphobics remain convinced of its unluckiness?” This sentence signals that the previous points identified “no
significant evidence” that Friday the 13th was a particularly dangerous or unlucky day. Based on this information, the passage
appears to come at the end of a longer work and seems to analyze evidence about Friday the 13th. This means that the passage is
likely an excerpt from the conclusion of a longer work that analyzes evidence about the superstition of Friday the 13th. Therefore (E)
is correct. If this passage were an excerpt from a case study, there would likely be mention of a specific individual’s experiences
with friggatriskaidekaphobia. The fact that this passage does not feature this element means (A) is incorrect. If this passage were an
excerpt from an introduction, it would likely anticipate future points rather than refer back to previous points. This makes (B)
incorrect. If this passage were an excerpt from an introduction, it would likely anticipate future points rather than refer back to
previous points. Moreover, this passage does not seem to be excerpted from a study about the likelihood of accidents occurring on
Friday the 13th, since it cites such a study “by a Dutch insurance company.” This passage analyzes evidence rather than merely
presenting evidence. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The information provided in this excerpt does not indicate that the longer work
proves that superstitions are justified by real-world events; rather, the author states, “There is no significant evidence that Friday the
13th is any more dangerous than any other day of the year,” leading us to infer that the longer work likely proves this particular
superstition is unjustified. This means (D) is incorrect.
2) D
The tone of this passage is informative and formal. The author does not use first-person pronouns (“I” or “we”). An anecdote is a
short personal account of an incident or event. Although the author likely does not believe that Friday the 13th is unlucky, there is no
evidence in this passage to suggest that the author provided personal information or used first-person pronouns earlier in the
passage. There is also no indication that the author once believed that Friday the 13th is unlucky. This eliminates option (I). In
paragraph 2, the author refers to “historical or folk traditions discussed earlier” that “may have something to do with this belief.” This
information suggests that a previous section of the passage featured some explanations about why people might fear Friday the
13th. This supports option (II). In paragraph 2, the author uses the uncommon term “friggatriskaidekaphobia” without explaining or
defining it. Although context helps readers understand what this term means, it is highly unlikely that the author would casually
mention such a specific and unfamiliar word here for the very first time without having previously provided some explanation. This
supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
3) C
In paragraph 1, the author writes that “some studies have shown there are actually fewer accidents on Friday the 13th.” The author
attributes this phenomenon to the idea that “if people are more cautious on Friday the 13th, then there are likely to be fewer
accidents.” Studies that reveal significantly fewer people choose to drive their cars to work on Friday the 13 th would support the idea
that people are more cautious on Friday the 13th. We can also infer that if fewer people drive on Friday the 13th, there are likely to
be fewer traffic accidents. This supports the author’s argument that because people are more cautious on Friday the 13 th, they may
actually help prevent accidents on that day. Therefore (C) is correct. The author does not argue that the number 13 is lucky, only
that it is not significantly unlucky. This makes (A) incorrect. If people do not avoid flying on Friday the 13th, this would contradict the
author’s suggestion that people are more cautious on that day. This means (B) is incorrect. The rate of traffic accidents on Fridays
in general is not relevant to this argument, since the author is only concerned with Fridays that fall on the 13 th of the month.
Therefore (D) is incorrect. A marriage is not generally considered to be an accident, so the fact that 50% fewer marriages occur on
Friday the 13th than on other Fridays does not support the idea that people’s caution helps to prevent accidents on Friday the 13th.
This means (E) is incorrect.
4) A
In the final paragraph, the author presents the example of a man who attributes the loss of his wallet to Friday the 13 th. This man
sees the date as the cause of his trouble, not simply a coincidental fact. However, if the man had lost his wallet on Tuesday the 21st,
the author speculates that “he would probably not assign any meaning to the date on which this event occurred.” Since the man
sees the date of Friday the 13th and the loss of his wallet as causally related when they may actually just be correlated, this is an
example of the Post hoc fallacy. Therefore (A) is correct. There is no claim that because an event could happen, it is inevitable that
it will happen. Therefore (B) is incorrect. There is no claim that a conclusion should be accepted due to a lack of evidence. The man
does not argue that Friday the 13th caused his wallet to be lost because there is no evidence to the contrary. Therefore (C) is
incorrect. There are no assumptions made about a large group based on an inadequate sample. Therefore (D) is incorrect. There is
no analogy or comparison between two things. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
5) C
inauspicious (adjective): suggesting that the future is not very promising or that success is unlikely; unlucky or ominous.
In paragraph 2, the author states that if a person who fears Friday the 13th experiences bad luck on Friday the 13th, “he might be
likely to conclude that the inauspicious nature of Friday the 13th was at fault.” Throughout the passage, the author discusses the fact
that many people are convinced of the “unluckiness” of Friday the 13th, so we can infer that inauspicious means unlucky. Fortunate
is an antonym for unlucky. Therefore (C) is correct. The nature of Friday the 13th, according to the superstition as described in the
passage, is not merely unpredictable, but unlucky. This means predictable is not an antonym for inauspicious, so (A) is incorrect.
Although some people may consider Friday the 13th unpleasant, the superstition as describe in the passage is that the day is
unlucky. This means pleasant is not an antonym for inauspicious, so (B) is incorrect. While people may fear a lack of success on
Friday the 13th, this is because they believe the day has an unlucky nature, not specifically an unsuccessful nature. This means
successful is not an antonym for inauspicious, so (D) is incorrect. The nature of Friday the 13th, according to the superstition as
described in the passage, is not dishonest, but unlucky. This means honest is not an antonym for inauspicious, so (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 10
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Many of the serious health concerns in modern America can be linked to poor diet. People who
regularly consume foods high in sodium, sugar, and saturated fats not only increase their chances of obesity,
but also increase their risks of developing heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and several types of cancer.
Although some people who regularly consume unhealthy foods do so knowingly, there is also a significant
portion of the population that remains undereducated about proper nutrition. What is more, individuals who live
in food deserts—areas in low-income neighborhoods that lack easy access to healthy, affordable food—may
not even have the opportunity to obtain nutritious food. Although there have been some recent government
efforts to reduce the number of food deserts, more community-based efforts should be encouraged and
supported.
Food deserts are located in high-poverty areas, such as sparsely populated rural areas or densely
populated, low-income urban centers. Food deserts most often develop when major supermarket chains either
relocate out of these areas or simply refrain from building stores there in the first place. Major food retailer
chains tend to limit their store locations to wealthier urban or suburban neighborhoods. This means that those
who live in high-poverty areas often also live miles away from the fresh meats, dairy products, and produce
available at supermarkets. Residents of these areas who do not have cars are thus forced to travel long
distances on public transportation to do their grocery shopping, or else they are limited to the food available at
local convenience stores and gas stations. These types of food retailers often only sell packaged, processed
foods that offer little nutritional value.
Furthermore, fast food restaurants are disproportionately concentrated in low-income areas; recent
estimates suggest that those living in the poorest areas of a city experience 2.5 times more exposure to fast
food restaurants than the wealthiest inhabitants of the city. Because individuals who live in food deserts tend to
get their meals from fast food restaurants or convenience stores, they often suffer from a variety of health
issues. Research has found that individuals who live in low-income neighborhoods are much more likely to
develop problems with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension than those who live in more affluent neighborhoods.
A solution to the problem of food deserts seems obvious: more supermarkets should be built in lowincome neighborhoods. The problem with this solution, of course, is that it is difficult to lure supermarket chains
into poor areas. Because poorer people have less money to spend on food, supermarket chains do not
consider them to be attractive customers. One way that the government can help to offset this issue is by
offering tax breaks or other incentives for supermarkets in low-income areas. In 2010, the Obama
administration implemented the Healthy Food Financing program, which is a set of initiatives designed to help
bring grocery stores into areas currently designated as food deserts.
While this federal program is a commendable effort to improve low-income residents’ access to healthy
food, local initiatives often have a stronger and more immediate impact. Community gardens, independent food
stores, co-ops, and farmers’ markets are all examples of local initiatives that can substitute for or supplement
the opening of a major chain supermarket. Despite the time, dedication, and funds required for community
members to initiate such programs, these efforts can be incredibly beneficial, not only in providing people with
access to healthier foods, but also in instilling a sense of community in the residents of these neighborhoods.
Questions
1)
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Supermarkets’ Contributions to Obesity in America
The Dangers of Fast Food
Food Deserts: the Problem and the Solutions
Food Deserts and Rural America
Inconvenience Stores: Why Processed Food Will Kill You
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
2)
Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that if supermarkets opened locations in more lowincome areas,
A. members of low-income households would not be likely to go there because they are not concerned
with eating healthy foods
B. the supermarkets would be unable to compete with the fast food chains located in low-income areas
C. the convenience stores in the area would likely be put out of business because of increased
competition with grocery stores
D. the health of low-income residents would be more likely to improve, as residents would have easier
access to healthy food
E. there would be an increase in community spirit among members of low-income neighborhoods
3)
Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would best support the author’s argument in paragraph
3?
A. A study completed in 2010 shows that the farther a low-income housing development is from a
supermarket, the more likely residents of that development are to have a higher body mass index,
which is linked to being overweight or obese.
B. On average, energy-dense “junk foods” cost $1.76 per 1000 calories, while low-energy, but nutrientdense foods like fresh produce cost $18.16 per 1000 calories.
C. Access to healthy foods has become especially difficult for those living in the largely black and Latino
neighborhoods of cities like Los Angeles, Memphis, Chicago, and Detroit. Some experts estimate that
nearly 50% of Detroit’s 900,000 residents live in a food desert.
D. Research shows that Americans who live in Appalachia and the South are the least likely to be
physically active in their leisure time. In many counties in that region, more than 29% of adults report
getting no physical activity other than at their regular job.
E. In the United States, 34% of the current adult population is overweight, another 34% is obese, and an
additional 5.7% is extremely obese. That means almost three quarters of the adults in the United
States are heavier than they should be.
4)
As used in paragraph 3, which is the best synonym for affluent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
5)
healthy
updated
corrupt
distant
wealthy
Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author considers major supermarkets to be
I.
II.
more interested in increasing their profits than in helping people
unwilling to build new stores in low-income neighborhoods despite incentives offered by the Healthy
Food Financing program
III. guiltier than fast food restaurants of contributing to the obesity epidemic
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
6)
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
As used in paragraph 5, which is the best synonym for commendable?
A.
B.
C.
D.
useless
praiseworthy
essential
superficial
E. unique
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) C
A good title captures the main idea of a passage and lets readers know what to expect should they continue reading. Paragraph 1
identifies food deserts as a contributing factor to America’s health problems. Paragraph 2 describes how food deserts develop.
Paragraph 3 links food deserts to health problems in low-income neighborhoods. Paragraph 4 addresses pitfalls of the obvious
solution to food deserts. Paragraph 5 offers an alternate, community-based solution to the problem of access to healthy food. From
this overview, we can understand that the main purpose of the passage is to identify the problem of food deserts and to discuss a
few potential solutions. The title “Food Deserts: the Problem and the Solutions” captures this main idea. Therefore (C) is correct.
The topic of supermarkets’ contributions to obesity in America is too narrow to capture the main idea of the passage, so (A) is
incorrect. The topic of the dangers of fast food is too narrow to capture the main idea of the passage, so (B) is incorrect. The
passage discusses food deserts not just in rural America but also in low-income urban areas, so (D) is incorrect. The topic of
convenience stores and processed food is too narrow to capture the main idea of the passage, so (E) is incorrect.
2) D
The author writes in paragraph 2 that food deserts in low-income areas are primarily the result of supermarket chain flight from
these areas. Because supermarkets are located miles away from low-income neighborhoods, residents have to travel long
distances to get healthy food, or else settle for food from fast food restaurants and convenience stores. In paragraph 3, the author
explains that people who have a difficult time accessing supermarkets are more likely to suffer diet-related health problems. The
author states, “Research has found that individuals who live in low-income neighborhoods are much more likely to develop problems
with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension than those who live in more affluent neighborhoods.” Based on this information we can
infer that if supermarkets opened more locations in low-income areas, then the health of the residents would be more likely to
improve because they would have easier access to healthy food. Therefore (D) is correct. The author does not address whether
members of low-income households would or would not be likely to go to supermarkets if more convenient locations opened. This
means (A) is incorrect. The author does not provide evidence to suggest that supermarkets would have a problem competing with
fast food chains in these areas, so (B) is incorrect. The author does not provide evidence to suggest that supermarkets would put
convenience stores out of business, so (C) is incorrect. In paragraph 5, the author states that community-based efforts to improve
access to healthy food can increase community spirit, but a new supermarket location is not what the author defines as a
community-based effort. This means (E) is incorrect.
3) A
In paragraph 3, the author states, “Because individuals who live in food deserts tend to get their meals from fast food restaurants or
convenience stores, they often suffer from a variety of health issues.” Later in the paragraph the author adds, “Individuals who live in
low-income neighborhoods are much more likely to develop problems with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension than those who live
in more affluent neighborhoods." From this we can understand that the author’s main argument in paragraph 3 is that people who
live in food deserts have more health problems than people who have greater access to healthy foods. A study proving that living
farther away from a supermarket is linked to a having a higher body mass index would provide supporting evidence for this idea.
Therefore (A) is correct. The author is not concerned with the cost of healthy food versus junk food, but the access to healthy food
versus junk food. This means (B) is incorrect. Data showing how many people in American cities live in food deserts provides
support for the argument that food deserts are a problem. However, in paragraph 3, the author specifically argues that food deserts
are linked to health problems. This means (C) is incorrect. The author does not address physical activity as it relates to health
problems in paragraph 3, so (D) is incorrect. The number of people in the United States who are heavier than they should be is data
to support the idea that obesity is a health problem. However, in paragraph 3, the author specifically argues that food deserts are
linked to health problems. This means (E) is incorrect.
4) E
affluent (adjective): prosperous, wealthy, or well-off.
In paragraph 3, the author writes: “Research has found that individuals who live in low-income neighborhoods are much more likely
to develop problems with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension than those who live in more affluent neighborhoods.” Based on
context, we can infer that affluent neighborhoods are not low-income neighborhoods. From this we can infer that a good synonym
for affluent is wealthy. Therefore (E) is correct. It would not make sense to claim that individuals in low-income neighborhoods are
more likely to have certain health problems than those who live in more healthy neighborhoods. We know the word “affluent” is used
in contrast to the word “low-income.” Therefore (A) is incorrect. The author does not comment on whether the neighborhoods are
outdated or updated, so (B) is incorrect. The word “affluent” is used in contrast to “low-income,” so it does not indicate whether or
not a neighborhood is corrupt. This makes (C) incorrect. Although in other parts of the passage the author addresses the distance a
neighborhood is from a supermarket, in this sentence the author only discusses income level and health problems. This means that
affluent does not mean distant. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
5) A
In paragraph 2, the author states that supermarket chains relocate their stores from low-income neighborhoods or do not build
stores there in the first place. In paragraph 4, the author states that it is “difficult to lure supermarket chains into poor areas” because
poorer people do not spend as much money on food. From this we can infer that the author considers major supermarkets to be
more interested in making profits than in helping people. This information supports option (I). In paragraph 4, the author states that
“the Healthy Food Financing program…is a set of initiatives designed to help bring grocery stores into areas currently designated as
food deserts.” However, the author never discusses supermarket chains’ responses to incentives offered by the program. This
eliminates option (II). The author does not make any judgments about supermarkets being guiltier than fast food restaurants of
contributing to the obesity epidemic. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (A) is correct.
6) B
commendable (adjective): worthy of praise; laudable.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
In paragraph 5, the author writes: “While this federal program is a commendable effort to improve low-income residents’ access to
healthy food, local initiatives often have a stronger and more immediate impact.” From this information we can understand that
author thinks the federal program is a good idea, but that community efforts could be even more effective. Based on this we can
infer that commendable means something positive or praiseworthy. Therefore (B) is correct. Useless means without worth or use,
but the author thinks the federal program is worthwhile. This means (A) is incorrect. Essential means necessary or crucial, but the
author does not indicate that the federal program is crucial. Instead, the author suggests that community-based efforts may be more
effective. This means (C) is incorrect. Superficial is a negative word meaning shallow or not thorough, but the author is offering
some praise of the federal program. Since commendable is a positive word, (D) is incorrect. Unique means one-of-a-kind or original.
However, the author does not offer information about whether the federal program is an original program, so (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 10
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
This November, I encourage the people of Arkansas to vote NO on a referendum to repeal the
state’s motorcycle helmet law. The state’s current helmet law saves hundreds of lives per year, and it is
senseless that people should be injured or killed merely because they are too vain to wear a helmet.
Furthermore, helmet laws help to reduce public expenditures on health care and have even been shown
to deter motorcycle theft. For these reasons, the citizens of Arkansas must oppose this referendum.
One hardly needs to appeal to statistics to show that helmets protect motorcyclists against injury
or death. For those who are skeptical, however, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) calculates that in an accident helmets reduce the likelihood of fatal injury by 29%. After
California passed its helmet law in 1992, that state saw motorcycle-related fatalities decrease by 37% in a
single year. These statistics are impossible to ignore. If motorcyclists wish to protect themselves against
injury and death, they should wear a helmet whenever they ride.
Many opponents of the helmet law agree that helmets save motorcyclists’ lives, but insist that the
decision to wear a helmet should be left to the individual rider. Perhaps this argument would be valid if
motorcyclists were the only ones negatively affected by their decision, but this is not the case. A 2002
study by the NHTSA concluded that only about half of all injured motorcyclists were properly insured,
which means many of these riders likely relied on public funds to subsidize their healthcare costs. If the
citizens of Arkansas choose to repeal the helmet law, we can expect these costs to rise significantly, and
at a time when our state is in a financial crisis.
Helmet laws can also help reduce motorcycle theft. Few thieves think to bring a helmet with them
when they steal a motorcycle, which makes them much easier for police to spot. In addition to making it
easier to apprehend motorcycle thieves and recover stolen bikes, evidence shows that helmet laws can
deter motorcycle theft from happening in the first place. After Texas enacted a statewide helmet law,
cities there saw rates of motorcycle theft drop by up to 44%. A drop in the rates of motorcycle theft
directly reduces law enforcement expenses related to this crime, which is another benefit to all citizens.
Opponents of the helmet law offer two main arguments. First, the law’s detractors argue that
properly educating riders is the best way to avoid accidents. I agree entirely; all motorcycle riders should
be properly educated and should ride their bikes responsibly. Some accidents, however, are unavoidable,
and as I have argued, helmets significantly reduce health care expenditures associated with all accidents.
Second, opponents argue that helmet laws infringe on their personal freedom. Again, I agree that the
government should avoid constraining individual choice whenever possible, but as I have shown, the
decision to wear a helmet does not affect only the rider, so this issue is not a simple matter of individual
liberty. The government must not allow a few individuals to make society bear the burden of their
irresponsible choices.
In a perfect world, helmet laws would not be necessary because all riders would wear them
voluntarily. However, we do not live in a perfect world. Therefore we must require motorcyclists to make
this socially responsible decision. As I have argued, helmet laws not only benefit motorcyclists, but all
citizens. Please join me this November in voting NO on the referendum to repeal the state helmet law.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for skeptical?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
doubtful
trustworthy
sympathetic
gullible
perceptive
2) Which of the following statements, if true, would provide the strongest evidence against the author’s
claims in this passage?
A. Studies show that over 80% of motorcyclists wear a helmet even when not required to do so by
law.
B. After enacting its helmet law, Wisconsin saw no significant decrease in healthcare costs related
to motorcycle injuries.
C. Automobiles are a much more common target for theft than motorcycles.
D. Only about 15% of motorcycle accidents can be attributed to negligence on the part of the
motorcyclist.
E. Even in states with helmet laws, as many as 10% of motorcyclists elect not to wear a helmet.
3) The main purpose of paragraph 5 is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
expose the logical flaws in potential counterarguments
assert that the helmet law does not encroach upon personal freedom
emphasize the importance of rider education in preventing motorcycle accidents
prove that the author shares common ground with opponents of the law
underscore the author’s claim that irresponsible motorcyclists cost everyone money
4) The tone of the author can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
fiery
rigid
coercive
firm
sly
5) Which of the following statements can be described as one of the author’s unstated assumptions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Motorcyclists should be properly educated and should ride responsibly.
Helmets help to prevent injury in only the most serious motorcycle accidents.
Motorcycle theft is a major problem in Arkansas.
Individuals are responsible for ensuring their own safety and protection when the government
fails to do so.
E. Individuals should be responsible for the costs of their own medical care if they bear some
responsibility for their injuries.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) D
skeptical (adjective): not easily convinced; having doubts or reservations.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “One hardly needs to appeal to statistics to show that helmets protect motorcyclists against injury
or death.” He or she then relates a series of statistics that support the point that helmets protect motorcyclists, “for those who are
skeptical.” The author notes that most people do not need statistical evidence to believe that helmets protect motorcyclists, but he or
she relates those statistics anyway for the benefit of people who are skeptical. From this information the reader can infer that a
person who is skeptical does not believe things easily or is doubtful. The word gullible applies to someone who believes things too
readily, so it is a good antonym for skeptical. Therefore (D) is correct. Doubtful is a synonym for skeptical, so (A) is incorrect. If a
person is trustworthy, he or she is able to be trusted. This does not mean that the person necessarily trusts others easily, so (B) is
incorrect. A person who is doubtful is not necessarily hostile to an idea, merely questioning. This means sympathetic is not a good
antonym for skeptical, so (C) is incorrect. A person who does not believe things easily does not necessarily lack perception, so
perceptive is not a good antonym for skeptical. This means (E) is incorrect.
2) B
In the final paragraph, the author exposes one of his or her key assumptions: that wearing a helmet is a “socially responsible
decision.” While the author does note that the helmet law benefits motorcyclists, much of his or her argument rests on the idea that
the helmet law benefits “all citizens,” not just motorcyclists, because the helmet law reduces public healthcare expenditures for
uninsured, injured motorcyclists. The strongest evidence against the author’s claims would call these larger benefits to society into
question. If one could prove that helmet laws did not significantly reduce public health care expenditures related to motorcycle
accidents in Wisconsin, then the author would have to admit that wearing a helmet is not such a matter of social responsibility, as he
or she claims, but rather a choice that only affects the individual rider. Therefore (B) is correct. Proving that 80% of motorcyclists
wear a helmet voluntarily might weaken the author’s argument that the helmet law is necessary, but the author’s points about health
care expenditures and motorcycle theft would still apply to the remaining 20% of riders who do not wear a helmet. Since the
expenditures related to these riders would still exist, the author’s argument would still be valid. This means (A) is incorrect. The
author does not claim that motorcycle theft is as common as automobile theft, only that a helmet law would help to reduce
motorcycle theft and the law enforcement expenses associated with it. This point would remain valid regardless of the proportion of
motorcycle theft to automobile theft. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The author notes in paragraph 5 that he or she agrees with the
argument that rider education is the best way to prevent motorcycle accidents. However, the author also argues that some accidents
are “unavoidable.” As the author notes, the cost of health care expenses does not depend on who is at fault in the accident, so (D) is
incorrect. Proving that 10% of riders elect not to wear a helmet even when required to do so by law might weaken the author’s
argument, because it suggests that helmet laws are not completely effective. However, the author does not make any claims about
how many riders in states without helmet laws elect not to wear a helmet, so this piece of evidence does not directly contradict any
of the author’s points. Furthermore, the author could still argue that reducing the number of riders without a helmet is a worthy goal,
even if the number does not decrease to zero. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
3) A
The first sentence of paragraph 5—“Opponents of the helmet law offer two main arguments"—informs the reader that, in this
paragraph, the author will address counterarguments to his or her claim. The author addresses two specific counterarguments: that
rider education is the best way to prevent accidents and that requiring riders to wear a helmet restricts riders’ personal freedom. The
author agrees with the basic premise of each of these arguments, but goes on to critique the logic that leads from these premises to
the conclusion that the helmet law should be repealed. This means that the main purpose of paragraph 5 is to expose the logical
flaws in potential counterarguments. Therefore (A) is correct. While the author agrees in paragraph 5 that “the government should
avoid constraining individual choice whenever possible,” the author’s larger intent is to prove that the helmet law’s restriction of
individual choice is justified by the law’s benefits for the larger community. Moreover, this is only one of the ideas presented in the
paragraph. The author also examines the argument that rider education is the best way to prevent accidents. A statement of the
paragraph’s main purpose should explain not just one of the paragraph’s ideas, but provide a reason why all of the ideas are in the
paragraph. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The author agrees in paragraph 5 that rider education can prevent accidents, but this is only
one of the ideas presented in the paragraph. A statement of the paragraph’s main purpose should explain not just one of the
paragraph’s ideas, but provide a reason why all of the ideas are in the paragraph. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The author does
attempt to establish common ground with opponents of the law by agreeing with two of their basic premises. However, the main
purpose of the paragraph is not simply to agree with opponents of the law, but to show why their arguments are logically invalid. The
reader can determine this because after the author agrees with the basic premises of the counterarguments, he or she goes on to
identify why these premises do not logically lead to a justification of the repeal of the helmet law. Therefore (D) is incorrect. In
paragraph 5, the author reiterates his or her claim that the general public bears part of the financial burden for motorcycle accidents.
In this paragraph, however, this claim is presented as a supporting detail rather than the main idea, so it is an inadequate statement
of the paragraph’s main purpose. This means (E) is incorrect.
4) D
Throughout the passage, the author states his or her points clearly and directly. In the first and final paragraphs in particular, the
author states exactly what he or she would like the reader to do: vote no on the referendum. The author even capitalizes the word
“NO” in order to emphasize this point. He or she also uses logic rather than emotion to argue this claim. The author is firm and
confident about his or her position and argues for it in no uncertain terms, so we can describe the tone as firm. Therefore (D) is
correct. A fiery tone implies a style of rhetoric that expresses intense emotion. Since the author of this passage does not attempt to
persuade the reader with emotion, but instead with logic, (A) is incorrect. While the author’s tone is firm, a rigid tone implies an
unwillingness or inability to consider other viewpoints. Particularly in paragraph 5, when addressing counterarguments to the main
claim, the author shows that he or she has carefully considered the counterarguments and looked for common ground with
opponents. This shows some flexibility, so (B) is incorrect. While the author is attempting to persuade the reader, a coercive tone
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
implies the use of force or deception in order to convince. The author does not use these methods, so (C) is incorrect. A sly tone
implies the use of deception or trickery in order to persuade. In this passage, the author relies primarily on logic to persuade the
reader, and the arguments are clearly stated and straightforward. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
5) E
Throughout the passage, the author argues that it is unfair that the public bears the healthcare costs associated with motorcycle
accidents in which the rider did not wear a helmet. Though the author does not state it directly, implicit in this argument is the
assumption that individuals should be responsible for paying their own healthcare costs when they are in an accident if they bear
some responsibility for their injuries. Therefore (E) is correct. The author does agree that educating motorcyclists is important. As he
or she states in paragraph 5, “all motorcycle riders should be properly educated and should ride their bikes responsibly.” While the
author agrees with this statement, he or she acknowledges it explicitly. Therefore it is not an unstated assumption, so (A) is
incorrect. The author does not make any assumption about the types of motorcycle accidents in which helmets help to prevent
injury, so (B) is incorrect. The author does not make any assumption about whether motorcycle theft is a major or minor problem in
Arkansas, so (C) is incorrect. The author may agree with the statement that individuals should be responsible for ensuring their own
safety and protection. However, the author notes in paragraph 5 that some accidents are “unavoidable.” In addition, the author’s
opposition to the helmet law is based on his or her belief that individuals cannot or will not ensure their own safety and protection,
and therefore they need a law requiring them to wear helmets. This means the author does not assume that individuals are
responsible for ensuring their own safety and protection when the government fails to do so. This makes (D) incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 10
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
The destructive process of mountaintop removal mining (MTR) has caused permanent damage to
Appalachia. Although the law requires that mining companies restore the mountaintops after the mining
has been completed, the 1.5 million acres of mountains that have already been removed cannot be regrown, re-built, or replaced. The companies do secure the rock formations to prevent erosion and
landslides, but their efforts cannot recreate the once-beautiful mountain landscape. Furthermore, while
companies are usually vigilant about securing the rock formations, they seem less interested in restoring
the native vegetation. MTR operations clear enormous tracts of forest; some experts estimate that over
2000 square miles of forests in the Appalachian region will have been razed by mining companies by
2012. Instead of replanting the native trees and shrubs that have been cleared, many companies opt to
plant cheap, fast-growing, non-native plants, such as Lespedeza cuneata, which is officially classified by
the USDA as an invasive weed.
Environmental hazards are not only created in preparing a mountaintop for mining, they also
continue once the coal has been extracted. After the blast, the excess mountaintop—which miners refer
to as “overburden”—is usually dumped into nearby valleys or streams. The overburden contains a variety
of toxic substances, including explosive residue, silica, and coal dust. These substances are filled with
sulfur, lead, mercury, and other chemicals. Over 700 miles of streams in Appalachia have been
contaminated by this dumping. Although the mining companies have built structures known as “sludge
dams” that are intended to contain the toxic runoff, these dams can burst or leak, sending thousands of
gallons of toxic chemicals into municipal drinking water.
While the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act, and other environmental protection bills
can theoretically be enforced to protect Appalachia, local lawmakers have been reluctant to take action
for fear of upsetting those who believe that the jobs created by MTR are vital to the community. However,
instead of bringing jobs and prosperity to poor Appalachian communities, MTR companies actually bring
destruction and poverty. MTR does not involve the amount of human labor required by traditional subsurface mining. Despite the fact that coal production has increased between 1950 and 2004, the human
labor force working in these mines has drastically decreased. In the 1950’s, there were approximately
130,000 people employed by the mining companies; by 2004, that number had dwindled to 16,000.
Moreover, while the coal companies may make enormous profits from MTR, Appalachian communities
located near the mines suffer increased rates of kidney cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer, chronic
pulmonary disorders, hypertension, and vision problems. A variety of studies published in top medical
journals link these health problems to the fact that the victims lived in close proximity to the mines.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) This passage would most likely be found in
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the introduction to a larger work on the history of Appalachia
the conclusion to a study on the links between coal mining and health problems
a chapter of a coal miner’s autobiography
a section providing supporting evidence in a larger work on MTR
a section evaluating the results of a previously proposed course of action in a larger work on MTR
2) As used in paragraph 1, which is the best antonym for vigilant?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
cowardly
frustrated
displeased
careless
annoyed
3) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author
A. used to be employed by an MTR company, but left because he or she was frustrated with its
environmental practices
B. is more concerned about the environment than he or she is about human lives
C. believes that MTR companies care little for the environment or for the Appalachian community
D. works for an environmental protection group or agency
E. thinks that the United States should stop relying on coal power as a source of energy
4) Which of the following statements from the passage represents an opinion, as opposed to a fact?
A. “Although the mining companies have built structures known as ‘sludge dams’ that are intended
to contain the toxic runoff, these dams can burst or leak, sending thousands of gallons of toxic
chemicals into municipal drinking water.”
B. “However, instead of bringing jobs and prosperity to poor Appalachian communities, MTR
companies actually bring destruction and poverty.”
C. “The overburden contains a variety of toxic substances, including explosive residue, silica, and
coal dust.”
D. “While the coal companies may make enormous profits from MTR, Appalachian communities
located near the mines suffer increased rates of kidney cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer, chronic
pulmonary disorders, hypertension, and vision problems.”
E. “MTR operations clear enormous tracts of forest; some experts estimate that over 2000 square
miles of forests in the Appalachian region will have been razed by mining companies by 2012.”
5) In paragraph 1, the author mentions Lespedeza cuneata in order to
A. provide an example of the natural vegetation that grew on the mountains before MTR companies
cleared the forests
B. identify one type of plant that is likely to flourish on the newly-blasted mountaintops
C. justify the reasoning behind the MTR companies’ decision to plant a non-native species where
the forests once were
D. convince readers that the MTR companies’ attempts at replanting the forests may not be perfect,
but they do represent a respectable effort
E. argue that the MTR companies are more interested in saving money than addressing the damage
they have caused to the environment
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
6) According to the passage, the way in which MTR companies dispose of the overburden is hazardous
because
I.
the mining companies continue extracting coal from the overburden, thus putting additional
pressure on the environment
II. the sludge dams are not a failsafe containment system
III. MTR companies often dump toxic waste directly into the municipal water supply
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
7) Which piece of evidence, if true, would best strengthen the author’s argument in the final paragraph?
A. Mining counties in West Virginia are some of the poorest in the nation.
B. Less than 8% of the coal produced in the United States of America comes from MTR operations
in the Appalachian Mountains. More than 400 mountaintops in Appalachia have been destroyed
for this coal.
C. MTR is a wholly unsustainable process; the reserves of coal located in the Appalachian
Mountains will likely last less than 20 more years.
D. The Appalachian forests are home to one of the highest concentrations of biodiversity in North
America; animals that call Appalachia home include flying squirrels, freshwater mussels, and
more different types of salamanders than can be found in one place anywhere else on earth.
E. Explosives detonated at strategic points along the summit can remove up to 400 vertical feet of
mountain tops to reveal the rich coal seams below.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) D
In this passage, the author provides evidence that MTR operations harm the environment and cause health problems for people
living near MTR sites. These pieces of evidence are likely being used in a section to support a larger argument about MTR, such as
that it is dangerous for the environment and human beings. Therefore (D) is correct. If this passage were found in an introduction, it
would likely focus more on introducing the topic and providing background information instead of on providing specific evidence.
Also, the history of Appalachia is a very broad topic. This passage focuses more narrowly on MTR. This means (A) is incorrect. If
this passage were found in a conclusion, it would likely do more to give closure on the topic, such as providing a restatement of the
thesis, a synthesis of the main ideas, and then a final call to action or further thought. Also, although the author mentions the links
between coal mining and health problems, the author is equally concerned with the links between coal mining and environmental
damage. This makes (B) incorrect. There are no personal or autobiographical details that would suggest this to be an excerpt from
an autobiography, so (C) is incorrect. There is no evaluation of results of a previously proposed course of action in this passage, so
(E) is incorrect.
2) D
vigilant (adjective): watchful and alert, especially to guard against danger or errors; cautious or observant.
In paragraph 1, the author notes that “while companies are usually vigilant about securing the rock formations, they seem less
interested in restoring the native vegetation.” Based on this information, we can understand that the author recognizes that the
companies make sure they secure the rock formations in a careful manner, but he or she criticizes them for not showing the same
amount of care in restoring the vegetation. Since vigilant means careful, a good antonym is careless. Therefore (D) is correct.
Cowardly means lacking courage. The author does not suggest that the companies are courageous, only that they are careful. This
means (A) is incorrect. Frustrated means not satisfied or defeated. The author does not suggest that companies are satisfied with
the results of securing the rock formations, but rather that they are interested in and therefore careful about securing them. This
makes (B) incorrect. Displeased means not pleased or happy. The author does not suggest that the companies are pleased with the
results of securing the rock formations, but rather that they are interested in and therefore careful about securing them. This makes
(C) incorrect. Annoyed means irritated or discontent. The author does not suggest that the companies are content with the results of
securing the rock formations, but rather that they are interested in and therefore careful about securing them. Therefore (E) is
incorrect.
3) C
Throughout the passage, the author depicts MTR companies as so focused on making profits that they ignore the damage they
have done to the environment and the dangers they are posing to human health. In paragraph 1, the author writes that MTR
companies have “caused permanent damage to Appalachia.” As an example of the companies’ disregard for the environment, the
author notes that instead of restoring the native vegetation to the mountains, “many companies opt to plant cheap, fast-growing,
non-native plants, such as Lespedeza cuneata, which is officially classified by the USDA as an invasive weed.” From this
information we can infer that the author believes that the companies would rather plant something cheap and convenient than
something native that would sustain the natural ecosystem of the area, and thus he or she believes these companies care little for
the environment. In paragraph 3, the author claims that the MTR companies do not provide many jobs to local residents, and that
“while the coal companies make enormous profits from MTR, Appalachian communities located near the mines suffer increased
rates of kidney cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer, chronic pulmonary disorders, hypertension, and vision problems.” Based on this
information, we can infer that the author believes that the MTR companies care little for the Appalachian community. Therefore (C)
is correct. The author obviously cares about the environment, but there is no evidence in the passage that he or she worked at a
MTR company. This means (A) is incorrect. The author is concerned about the environment, but he or she demonstrates equal
concern for human lives in paragraph 3 by discussing the health problems and economic issues affecting those who live near MTR
sites. This eliminates (B). The author obviously cares about the environment, but there is no evidence in the passage that he or she
works for an environmental group. This makes (D) incorrect. The author may indeed think the United States should stop relying on
coal power as a source of energy, but he or she never mentions or implies this in the passage. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
4) B
A fact is something known to exist or be true as a result of experience or observation. Facts can be proven. An opinion is a belief or
judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty, such as an emotion or personal bias. Opinions cannot be
proven true or false. For example, it is a fact that roses are flowers, but an opinion that roses smell nice. The author claims in
paragraph 3: “However, instead of bringing jobs and prosperity to poor Appalachian communities, MTR companies actually bring
destruction and poverty.” The belief that MTR companies bring “destruction and poverty” is a judgment that rests on the author’s
interpretation of the facts. A proponent of MTR could dispute this opinion, claiming that MTR companies bring “jobs and prosperity.”
Since this statement is an opinion, not a fact, (B) is correct. Choices (A), (C), (D), and (E) all contain facts based on experience or
observation. These statements can be proven. Therefore they are incorrect.
5) E
In paragraph 1, the author argues that while MTR companies have secured the rock formations to prevent erosion, they have not
done enough to restore the destroyed vegetation. The author states that “instead of replanting the native trees and shrubs that have
been cleared, many companies opt to plant cheap, fast-growing, non-native plants, such as Lespedeza cuneata, which is officially
classified by the USDA as an invasive weed.” The author argues that by planting a cheap, fast-growing, invasive weed on the
mountaintop instead of the native plants they have destroyed, the MTR companies have shown that they are more interested in
saving money than actually replacing the forests. Therefore (E) is correct. Lespedeza cuneata is not a plant that naturally grew on
the mountains before MTR companies cleared the forests, so (A) is incorrect. Although the author states that companies “opt to
plant” Lespedeza cuneata, and that it is “fast-growing,” that does not indicated that this plant is likely to flourish, or grow very well,
on the newly-blasted mountaintops. This means (B) is not the best choice. The author implies that the MTR companies decide to
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
plant a non-native species because it is “cheap” and “fast-growing,” but the author criticizes this reasoning rather than justifies it.
This means (C) is incorrect. The author is critical of the MTR companies’ attempts at replanting the forests, so he or she does not
imply that they represent a respectable effort. This eliminates (D).
6) B
The author does not suggest that the mining companies continue extracting coal from the overburden, which eliminates option (I).
In paragraph 2, the author writes that the overburden, which is filled with toxic chemicals, often ends up in nearby valleys or
streams. The companies attempt to contain this material through “sludge dams,” but these dams can burst or leak, releasing the
toxins into the municipal water supply. This means that the sludge dams are not a failsafe containment system. This supports
option (II). The author does not suggest that the MTR companies intentionally dump the waste into the city’s drinking water. This
eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is correct.
7) A
The author’s primary argument in paragraph 3 is that “instead of bringing jobs and prosperity to poor Appalachian communities,
MTR companies actually bring destruction and poverty.” The author states that contrary to what proponents of MTR claim, these
companies do not actually provide “jobs and prosperity.” To support this argument, the author could include a piece of evidence
stating that mining counties in West Virginia are some of the poorest in the nation. One might ask: If MTR companies claim to boost
the economy in places where they operate, then why are the West Virginia mining communities among the poorest in the nation?
This piece of evidence would discredit the argument that MTR companies bring “jobs and prosperity” to poor Appalachian
communities, thus strengthening the author’s own argument that the companies bring “destruction and poverty.” Therefore (A) is
correct. The primary argument in paragraph 3 is about destruction to communities, not destruction to the environment, so (B) is
incorrect. The author does not argue in paragraph 3 that MTR is unsustainable as a practice, so (C) is incorrect. The primary
argument in paragraph 3 is about destruction to communities, not destruction to the environment, so (D) is incorrect. The primary
argument in paragraph 3 is about destruction to communities, not the logistics of MTR. This makes (E) incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Like many people acting on the desire to eat healthy and local, Acropolis resident Eduardo
Jimenez decided to plant a garden in his backyard. He tilled the soil, he planted the seeds, and he even
erected a fence to keep out the deer. Eduardo did everything right. Or so it seems. Harvest time has
come, and he has not one tomato, bean, or leaf of lettuce to show for his hard work. How did this
happen? The answer comes in the form of a small, brown, particularly smelly insect: the stink bug.
Unlike their fastidious cousins, stink bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs,
mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as soybeans, legumes, and weeds. Although they do little
damage to the plant itself, they make the fruits and vegetables unmarketable. For this reason, stink bugs
pose the most serious threat to the big agriculturalists and macro farm operators. Macro farmers have
more invested in their produce, and therefore have more to lose. While hobbyists like Eduardo are left to
face the disappointment of an unsuccessful garden, macro farmers are forced to live with the loss of
entire tracts of cash crops—a fact that has left many barely able to clothe their children or put food on the
table. Last season alone, several New Jersey pepper farmers saw 75% of their crops damaged.
Pennsylvania lost half of its peach population, and, according to the US Apple Association, apple farmers
in the mid-Atlantic states lost $37 million. This year could be worse.
As a result of this decline in the supply of fresh fruits and vegetables, shoppers have seen
adjustments—sometimes quite dramatic—in prices at the grocery store. Prices of apples in Maryland are
up 8%. In the north-Atlantic states, prices for peppers shot up an astounding 14%. Not only are these
items becoming more expensive, but they are also getting harder to find. Last week, Marge Jenkins of
Athens, Georgia reported having to check three different stores before stumbling upon a decent batch of
peas. And this, she assures us, is a regular occurrence.
Accidentally brought from Asia, the stink bug has no natural predators in America, and thus its
population is soaring. Reported sightings of stink bugs are becoming increasingly numerous, as the
desiccated, brown, trapezoidal shells of the dead bugs are ubiquitous in some areas. This has farmers
and scientists alike scratching their heads in search of a remedy. Hope, they believe, may lie with an
Asian parasitic wasp, which helpfully lays its eggs inside stink bug eggs. The larvae of the wasp devour
the stink bug from the inside. Implementation of such a solution is still several years away, as scientists
must first determine if it is safe for the wasp to be introduced into America. Until then, some farmers are
resorting to homemade traps. Others have even contemplated the use of peacocks and praying mantises,
which, they hypothesize, will gulp down the little stinkers.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) It is typically a good idea to begin a new paragraph with a transition sentence. Transition sentences
are used to introduce a new idea, and to make a smooth shift from the previous paragraph to the
next. This helps prevent the reader from getting lost or confused. Using this information, which of the
following is the best transition sentence to insert at the beginning of paragraph 2?
A. An increasing number of them have been found in North America, occupying over half of the
continental United States as well as Mexico and parts of Canada.
B. Unbeknownst to Eduardo, the local population of stink bugs has increased dramatically over the
last decade, especially in and around the town of Acropolis.
C. A member of the Pantatomidae family, stink bugs surprisingly do not share the eating habits of
related insects.
D. Brown marmorated stink bugs, which first appeared in America in the late 1990s, are now found
in over 30 states.
E. And this problem isn't specific to Eduardo; it is affecting a wide range of gardeners and farmers
alike spanning the continental United States.
2) Based on its use in paragraph 2, it can be inferred that fastidious belongs to which of the following
word families?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
forward, assertive, proactive
demanding, particular, critical
delicate, insubstantial, frail
passionate, fervent, avid
abstemious, moderate, restrained
3) In paragraph 2, the author most likely refers to people like Eduardo as "hobbyists" in order to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
illustrate the type of person who plants a home garden
characterize the type of person who is most likely to be affected by stink bugs
emphasize the idea that gardeners are relatively unskilled compared to farmers
juxtapose the impact of stink bugs on gardeners with that on farmers
elucidate the similarities between the gardener and farmer
4) According to the author, what is the biggest problem resulting from stink bugs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hobbyists like Eduardo Jimenez are unable to eat healthy and local.
Fresh fruits and vegetables are becoming harder to find.
Peppers and apples are becoming increasingly scarce.
The price of fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing.
Macro farmers are losing their crops.
5) Based on the information in paragraph 3, it can be inferred that an increase in supply results in
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a decrease in price
an increase in demand
low availability
reduced importance
higher values
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
6) Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The fight against stink bugs is hopeless.
There is a possible remedy to the stink bug problem, but it is unlikely to succeed.
In hopes of eradicating stink bugs, several solutions are in the works.
While the stink bug problem is difficult, most believe it to be short-lived.
Scientists have arrived at a foolproof method for eliminating stink bugs.
7) Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that
I. Macro farmers commonly use pesticides, artificial hormones, and other synthetic materials.
II. Until a solution to the stink bug problem is found, it is probably not a good time to start a home
garden in Washington DC.
III. Introducing foreign insects to closed environments can cause hazardous imbalances.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
8) As used in the final paragraph, which of the following describes something that is ubiquitous?
A. On Valentine's Day, our school was littered with little pink love notes. I even found one stuck to
my shoe when I got home.
B. Ignacio counted eight purple trucks on the way to work today. He is in the market for a new truck
and would like to get a color that nobody else already has.
C. The copier malfunctioned and showered paper all over the room. It took Earnest twenty minutes
to clean it up.
D. Upon taking the hot dogs from the fire, flies swarmed the campers. Jaime wished he had brought
bug spray.
E. In 1849, droves of gold miners fled to California in hopes of striking it rich. Unfortunately, many
arrived too late and found nothing but hard times.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
The first paragraph introduces the problem created by the stink bug in the United States. The second paragraph gives more detailed
information about the stink bug’s eating habits and why exactly it is so destructive to farmers. An effective transition sentence will
connect the two paragraphs by offering more detail about the stink bug, and then by leading into the question of eating habits. An
effective transition sentence also has to take into account the second sentence of paragraph 2: “Unlike their fastidious cousins, stink
bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs, mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as soybeans, legumes, and
weeds.” Informing the reader that “stink bugs surprisingly do not share the eating habits of related insects” directly connects to the
beginning of the next sentence: “unlike their fastidious cousins.” The phrase “fastidious cousins” refers back to “related insects.”
Giving the scientific classification of the stink bug adds more detail about the insect, which connects to paragraph 1. Inserting that
the stink bug is “a member of the Pantatomidae family” provides this detail. Then, contrasting the stink bug’s eating habits with those
of other insects sets up the author to elaborate on why its eating habits are wreaking such havoc on farms. The sentence A member
of the Pantatomidae family, stink bugs surprisingly do not share the eating habits of related insects adds detail to connect to
paragraph 1, introduces the topic in paragraph 2, and provides a direct point of reference for the phrase “fastidious cousins.”
Therefore (C) is correct. While it may be true that “an increasing number” of stink bugs have been found in North America, and this
provides more detail about the stink bug to build on paragraph 1, we still need a transition to the following sentence: “Unlike their
fastidious cousins, stink bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs, mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as
soybeans, legumes, and weeds.” Since answer choice (A) offers no such transition to the relatives and specific eating habits of the
stink bug, it is incorrect. Beginning with “Unbeknownst to Eduardo” provides a connection to the subject of paragraph 1. However,
again there is no direct transition to the discussion of the stink bug’s cousins and their eating habits. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The
facts that brown marmorated stink bugs “first appeared in America in the late 1990s” and can now be “found in 30 states” build on
the information in paragraph 1. Yet this sentence offers no connection to the “fastidious cousins” mentioned in sentence 2 of
paragraph 2. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Generalizing the impact of the stink bug from just Eduardo to “a wide range of gardeners
and farmers” does not adequately introduce the topics of paragraph 2, which are the stink bug’s eating habits and the consequences
therein. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
2) B
fastidious (adjective): excessively particular, critical, or hard to please.
In paragraph 2 we learn that “unlike their fastidious cousins, stink bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs,
mulberries, corn, and citrus fruits as well as soybeans, legumes, and weeds.” From this the reader can infer that the stink bugs eat
many different kinds of plants and are not very particular about diet. In fact, they are undemanding or indiscriminating about what
they eat. Since the stink bugs are “unlike their fastidious cousins,” the reader can infer that fastidious means the opposite of
undemanding. Fastidious means particular or choosy. This meaning fits in well with the word group demanding, particular, and
critical. Therefore (B) is correct. Being forward, assertive and proactive is not the same as being particular or choosy. Therefore (A)
is incorrect. Being delicate, insubstantial, and frail is not the same as being particular or choosy. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Being
passionate, fervent and avid is not the same as being particular or choosy. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Being abstemious, moderate
and restrained conveys a sense of refusing some options, but it is not necessarily the same as being particular or choosy. It conveys
a sense of not taking too much rather than not taking certain things. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
3) D
In paragraph 2, the author transitions from a discussion of the effects of the stink bug on gardeners like Eduardo to the effects on
macro farmers and the economy. We learn that “while hobbyists like Eduardo are left to face the disappointment of an unsuccessful
garden, macro farmers are forced to live with the loss of entire tracts of cash crops.” Later we learn that some of these macro
farmers cannot “clothe their children or put food on the table.” Losing your livelihood is much more dramatic than not being able to
grow fruits and vegetables successfully in your backyard. The author uses the word “while” to contrast Eduardo’s fate with those of
macro farmers. The author also uses the word “hobbyist” to highlight the contrast between Eduardo, a gardener for pleasure, and a
famer, who must grow crops to earn money. The word “hobbyist” as it describes Eduardo here juxtaposes the impact of stink bugs
on gardeners with that on farmers. Therefore (D) is correct. A “hobbyist” in this context is a person who plants a home garden, but
the use of the word does not illustrate anything about the type of person who plants a home garden. Therefore (A) is incorrect. A
“hobbyist” like Eduardo is affected by stink bugs to a point, but from the information in the passage, the reader can infer that the
macro farmer is more likely to be affected in bigger ways. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The passage does not contain any information
about whether gardeners are more or less skilled than farmers. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The word “hobbyist” is used to heighten
the differences between gardeners and farmers, not to elucidate the similarities. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
4) E
In paragraph 2 we learn that “stink bugs pose the most serious threat to the big agriculturalists and macro farm operators.” The
author goes on to say that “macro farmers have more invested in their produce, and therefore have more to lose.” The author then
details what can happen when macro farmers lose an entire crop: they might be “barely able to clothe their children or put food on
the table.” From this information, the reader can infer that the macro farmers have the biggest problem resulting from stink bugs.
Therefore (E) is correct. Although it is true that stink bugs can prevent “hobbyists like Eduardo Jimenez” from eating “healthy and
local,” the author makes it clear in paragraph 2 that the macro farmers have much bigger problems. Therefore (A) is incorrect. In
paragraph 3 we learn that fruits and vegetables “are also getting harder to find.” However, that is a direct, smaller consequence of
the larger problem, which is that macro farmers are losing their crops. Therefore (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 3 we learn that the
prices of apples and peppers are going up in Maryland and the north-Atlantic states. The author adds, “Not only are these items
becoming more expensive, but they are also getting harder to find.” However, this scarcity of apples and peppers is also a direct,
smaller consequence of the larger problem, which is that macro farmers are losing their crops. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The
passage contains information that the price of some fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing, but that is a minor hardship for grocery
shoppers, compared to the losses faced by macro farmers. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
5) A
In paragraph 3, we learn about the relationship between supply and demand with regard to fresh fruits and vegetables. The impact
of the stink bug has caused a decline in the supply of fresh produce. “As a result of this decline in the supply of fresh fruits and
vegetables, shoppers have seen adjustments—sometimes quite dramatic—in prices at the grocery store.” From this information the
reader can infer that when supply goes down, the prices go up. If this is true, then its opposite must also be true: when supply goes
up, the prices go down, or decrease. An increase in supply results in a decrease in price. Therefore (A) is correct. When there is a
decrease in supply, there is an increase in demand. It does not logically follow that an increase in supply would lead to an increase
in demand. Therefore (B) is incorrect. An increase in supply is another way to say an increase in availability, or high availability.
High availability is the opposite of low availability. Therefore (C) is incorrect. An increase in supply could result in reduced
importance, as the rarity of a thing can bestow importance. However, the passage does not contain information about the
relationship between supply and importance. The passage contains information about the relationship between supply and price.
Therefore (D) is incorrect. An increase in supply would not result in higher values, because an increase in supply leads to a
decrease in price. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
6) C
In paragraph 4, we learn about possibly remedies to the stink bug problem. The scientists believe “hope…may lie with an Asian
parasitic wasp, which helpfully lays its eggs inside stink bug eggs. The larvae of the wasp devour the stink bug from the inside.
Implementation of such a solution is still several years away, as scientists must first determine if it is safe for the wasp to be
introduced into America.” Since that solution is not immediate, “some farmers are resorting to homemade traps. Others have even
contemplated the use of peacocks and praying mantises, which, they hypothesize, will gulp down the little stinkers.” From this
information, the reader can infer that there are several solutions in the works, though none of them are guaranteed at the moment.
Therefore (C) is correct. The fact that several possible solutions are offered in paragraph 4 contradicts the idea that “the fight
against stink bugs is hopeless.” Therefore (A) is incorrect. There is more than just one possible remedy to the stink bug problem,
and scientists have “hope,” so some of them may be likely to succeed. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The passage does not contain any
information to indicate that most people believe the stink bug problem to be short-lived. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Scientists are not
sure if any of the proposed remedies will work completely, so they have not arrived at a foolproof method for eliminating stink bugs.
Therefore (E) is incorrect.
7) D
The passage does not contain any information about whether macro farmers do or do not commonly use pesticides, artificial
hormones, or other synthetic materials. This eliminates option (I). In paragraph 1 we learn that the stink bug caused the crops to fail
in Eduardo Jimenez’ home garden. In paragraph 3 we learn that many of the problems with stink bugs affecting produce have
occurred in the mid-Atlantic or north-Atlantic states. Both Georgia and Maryland are specifically mentioned. Since Washington DC is
located in the mid-Atlantic area, and is between Georgia and Maryland, the reader can infer that the stink bugs are likely a problem
in Washington DC. Therefore, it is probably not a good idea to start a home garden there until a solution to the stink bug problem is
found. This supports option (II). In paragraph 3, we learn that the stink bug was “accidentally brought from Asia.” It “has no natural
predators in America, and thus its population is soaring.” From these facts the reader can infer that the stink bug is not native to this
environment, but has been introduced. The passage details the consequences of this hazardous imbalance created by the soaring
stink bug population. Therefore the reader can infer that introducing foreign insects to closed environments can cause hazardous
imbalances. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
8) A
ubiquitous (adjective): having or seeming to have the ability to be everywhere at once; omnipresent.
In the final paragraph, we learn that the stink bug population is “soaring.” The evidence of this is that “reported sightings of stink
bugs are becoming increasingly numerous, as the desiccated, brown, trapezoidal shells of the dead bugs are ubiquitous in some
areas.” From this information we can infer that there are large numbers of dead bugs, and that in some areas, they even seem to be
everywhere. We often say something ubiquitous covers or litters an area. Little pink love notes littered all over school is a good
example of something that seems to be everywhere—even stuck to a shoe. Therefore (A) is correct. Eight purple trucks is a lot, but
eight sightings does not make something ubiquitous or omnipresent. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Though a copier malfunctioning can
send lots of paper around the room, the paper is limited to the copy room, rather than seeming to be everywhere at once. Therefore
(C) is incorrect. Flies swarming represent a large number, but if they all flock to the hot dogs and campers, they do not seem to be
everywhere at once. Rather, they are focused on one target. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Droves of gold miners also represent a large
number, but they are all concentrated in California. They do not seem to be everywhere at once; instead, they are all flocking to one
location. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
The average computer user has between 5 and 15 username/password combinations to log in to
email accounts, social networking sites, discussion boards, news and entertainment sites, online stores,
online banking accounts, or other websites. For people who use email or other internet applications at
work, the number of required username/password combinations may surpass 30. Some of these
accounts demand that you use a specific number of symbols and digits, while others require you to
change your password every 60 days. When you add to this list the codes needed to access things like
ATMs, home alarm systems, padlocks, or voicemail, the number of passwords becomes staggering. The
feeling of frustration that results from maintaining a memorized list of login credentials has grown so
prevalent that it actually has a name: password fatigue.
Having to remember so many different passwords is irritating, but it can also be dangerous.
Because it is virtually impossible to remember a unique password for each of these accounts, many
people leave handwritten lists of usernames and passwords on or next to their computers. Others solve
this problem by using the same password for every account or using extremely simple passwords. While
these practices make it easier to remember login information, they also make it exponentially easier for
thieves to hack into accounts.
Single sign-on (SSO) authentication and password management software can help mitigate this
problem, but there are drawbacks to both approaches. SSO authentication can be used for related, but
independent software systems. With SSO, users log in once to access a variety of different applications.
Users only need to remember one password to log in to the main system; the SSO software then
automatically logs the user in to other accounts within the system. SSO software is typically used by large
companies, schools, or libraries. Password management software, such as KeePass and Password Safe,
is most often used on personal computers. These software programs—which have been built into many
major web browsers—store passwords in a remote database and automatically “remember” users’
passwords for a variety of sites.
The problem with both SSO authentication and password management software is that the
feature that makes them useful is also what makes them vulnerable. If a user loses or forgets the
password required to log in to SSO software, the user will then lose access to all of the applications linked
to the SSO account. Furthermore, if a hacker can crack the SSO password, he or she will then have
access to all of the linked accounts. Users who rely on password management software are susceptible
to the same problems, but they also incur the added threat of passwords being compromised because of
computer theft.
Although most websites or network systems allow users to recover or change lost passwords by
providing email addresses or answering a prompt, this process can waste time and cause further
frustration. What is more, recovering a forgotten password is only a temporary solution; it does not
address the larger problem of password fatigue.
Some computer scientists have suggested that instead of passwords, computers rely on
biometrics. This is a method of recognizing human users based on unique traits, such as fingerprints,
voice, or DNA. Biometric identification is currently used by some government agencies and private
companies, including the Department of Defense and Disney World. While biometrics would certainly
eliminate the need for people to remember passwords, the use of biometrics raises ethical questions
concerning privacy and can also be expensive to implement.
The problems associated with SSO, password management software, and biometrics continue to
stimulate software engineers and computer security experts to search for the cure to password fatigue.
Until they find the perfect solution, however, everyone will simply have to rely on the flawed password
system currently in place.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. The passage organizes ideas in order of increasing importance.
B. The author presents an argument and then uses evidence to dismiss opposing views.
C. The author explains a problem, explores solutions, and then dismisses these solutions as
inadequate.
D. The author explains a problem and then persuades readers to agree with his or her solution to
the problem.
E. The author explains a problem, contextualizes the problem, and ultimately dismisses it as an
unnecessary concern.
2) The passage discusses all of the following solutions to password fatigue except
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
writing the passwords down on a piece of paper
voice-recognition software
KeePass
using very simple passwords
intelligent encryption
3) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best synonym for mitigate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
predict
postpone
investigate
lessen
complicate
4) According to the passage, SSO authentication software may be safer than password management
software because
I. stolen personal computers contain passwords memorized by a user’s web browser
II. if a user of password management software forgets his or her login credentials, the user can no
longer access any of the applications protected by the password
III. hackers who access password management software can gain access to all of the applications
protected by that password
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
5) Which of the following statements from the passage represents an opinion, as opposed to a fact?
A. “For people who use email or other internet applications at work, the number of required
username/password combinations may surpass 30.”
B. “The feeling of frustration that results from maintaining a memorized list of login credentials has
grown so prevalent that it actually has a name: password fatigue.”
C. “Having to remember so many different passwords is irritating, but it can also be dangerous.”
D. “Additionally, recovering a forgotten password is only a temporary solution; it does not address
the larger problem of password fatigue.”
E. “The problems associated with SOS, password management software, and biometrics continue to
stimulate software engineers and computer security experts to search for the cure to password
fatigue.”
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
6) In paragraph 6, the author notes that “the use of biometrics raises ethical questions concerning
privacy.” Which of the following situations could be used as an example to illustrate this point?
A. A thief steals a personal computer with password management software and gains access to
private email accounts, credit card numbers, and bank statements.
B. An employee at a company uses a voice recognition system to log in to his computer, only to be
called away by his boss. While he is away from the computer but still logged in, another
employee snoops on his computer and reads personal email correspondence.
C. A computer hacker gains access to a system that uses SSO software by cracking the password,
thus gaining private access to all linked accounts.
D. A company that employs fingerprint identification security software turns over its database of
fingerprints to the local police department when a violent crime occurs on its grounds.
E. Even when a person is on password-protected websites, an internet browser tracks the person’s
internet use and collects information in order to tailor advertisements to his or her interests.
7) In the final paragraph, the author’s tone can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
angry
resigned
confused
hopeful
depressed
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
This passage begins with an explanation of the problem of password fatigue. As the passage progresses, the author discusses
multiple different solutions, such as SSO authentication, password management software, and biometrics. For each potential
solution, the author identifies the flaws. In the final paragraph, the author dismisses these solutions as insufficient and states that
software engineers and computer security experts continue to search for “the perfect solution.” Based on this information, we can
describe the organization of the passage this way: the author explains a problem, explores solutions, and then dismisses these
solutions as inadequate. Therefore (C) is correct. The passage does not contain information to support choices (A), (B), (D), and
(E). Therefore they are incorrect.
2) E
Intelligent encryption is never mentioned in the passage. Therefore (E) is correct. In paragraph 2, the author states that some
people who experience password fatigue leave “handwritten lists” next to the computer. This means (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 5,
the author discusses using biometric identification that can recognize “human users based on unique traits, such as fingerprints,
voice, or DNA.” This makes (B) incorrect. In paragraph 3, the author mentions password management software and lists KeePass
as an example. This means (C) is incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author states that some people use “extremely simple passwords.”
Therefore (D) is incorrect.
3) D
mitigate (verb): to lessen or alleviate; to make something less harsh, severe, or violent.
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Single sign-on (SSO) authentication and password management software can help mitigate this
problem, but there are drawbacks to both approaches.” Based on this information, we can understand that SSO and password
management software are attempts to reduce or lessen the problems of password fatigue, but that they are not perfect. This means
mitigate means to alleviate or reduce the severity of something, so a good synonym is lessen. Therefore (D) is correct. Predict
means to foretell, but SSO and password management software are both proposed solutions to the problem. The software does not
predict the problem, but aims to solve it. This makes (A) incorrect. Postpone means to delay or defer. The software does not delay
the problem, but aims to solve it. This means (B) is incorrect. Investigate means to inquire or explore. The software does not explore
the problem, but aims to solve it. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Complicate means to make something more complex. The software
does not make the problem more complex, but aims to solve it. This eliminates (E).
4) A
According to the author, those who use password management software (as opposed to SSO) “incur the added threat of passwords
being compromised because of computer theft.” This is a heightened threat for users of password management software because it
is most commonly used on personal computers, which can easily be stolen; SSO authentication software is “typically used by large
companies, schools, or libraries,” which cannot be stolen. In other words, safety concerns associated with personal computer theft
are a problem for those who rely on password management software, but not for those who use SSO. This means SSO software
may be safer than password management software. This supports option (I). In paragraph 4, the author discusses the flaws in both
SSO authentication and password management software. The author states that for both software programs, forgetting a password
poses dangers because of the fact that one password grants access to many accounts. Because this is a danger for both kinds of
software, it does not make SSO safer than password management software. This eliminates option (II). In paragraph 4, the author
discusses the flaws in both SSO authentication and password management software. The author states that for both software
programs, hackers pose dangers because of the fact that one password grants access to many accounts. Because this is a danger
for both kinds of software, it does not make SSO safer than password management software. This eliminates option (III). Therefore
(A) is correct.
5) C
A fact is something known to exist or be true as a result of experience or observation. Facts can be proven. An opinion is a belief or
judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty, such as an emotion or personal bias. Opinions cannot be
proven true or false. For example, it is a fact that roses are flowers, but an opinion that roses smell nice. Although most people
would be likely to agree with the author’s opinion that having to remember many passwords is irritating, it is still an opinion. Some
people might enjoy the challenge of remembering 30 different passwords. Since this statement cannot be proven true, (C) is correct.
Choices (A), (B), (D), and (E) all contain facts based on experience or observation. These statements can be proven. Therefore
they are incorrect.
6) D
In paragraph 6, the author writes that “the use of biometrics raises ethical questions concerning privacy.” To correctly interpret this
question, we must understand the term “biometrics.” Previously in the paragraph, the author defines it as “a method of recognizing
human users based on unique traits, such as fingerprints, voice, or DNA.” Based on this information, we can infer that using
people’s unique traits, like fingerprints, voice, or DNA, as identification raises ethical questions about privacy because of how the
information might be used. A situation that could raise such a concern likely includes a questionable use of these unique, identifying
traits. If a company employs fingerprint identification security software and turns its database over to the local police department
when a violent crime occurs on its grounds, this could be viewed as a violation of the employees’ privacy. On the other hand, some
people may believe that it is ethical to use the database of fingerprints to solve the crime. This situation represents an ethical
question concerning privacy and the use of biometrics, so it could be used as an example to illustrate the author’s point. Therefore
(D) is correct. A thief stealing a personal computer with password management software and gaining access to private information is
a privacy concern, but it does not involve the questionable use of biometrics. This means (A) is incorrect. Voice-recognition software
is an example of biometrics, but an employee snooping on another employee’s computer does not represent an ethical question that
is any different than the violation of privacy that occurs from reading someone else’s diary. If the employee’s computer had been
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
password-protected rather than protected by voice recognition, the privacy concern would be the same. This means that the privacy
concern is not raised by the use of biometrics, so (B) incorrect. SSO software is not a use of biometrics, but a password system, so
(C) is incorrect. Password-protected websites are not a use of biometrics, so (E) is incorrect.
7) B
In the final paragraph, the author notes that until a perfect solution is found, “everyone will simply have to rely on the flawed
password system currently in place.” The author has accepted the fact that we will have to rely on a flawed system. This means the
author’s tone is resigned. Therefore (B) is correct. The author does not express anger in the final paragraph, so (A) is incorrect. The
author does not express confusion in the final paragraph, so (C) is incorrect. Although the author discusses the future in the final
paragraph, he or she cannot necessarily be described as hopeful that a perfect solution will be found. This means (D) is incorrect.
Although the author is not necessarily hopeful in the final paragraph, nothing suggests that the author is depressed. This makes (E)
incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that affects millions of people
around the world. Individuals can develop PTSD after experiencing any event that results in psychological
trauma. Symptoms of PTSD involve flashbacks to the traumatic event, nightmares, obsessive behavior,
anger, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, and hypervigilance. Individuals who suffer from PTSD can
experience significant difficulties in social relationships, have lower self-esteem, and have trouble
maintaining employment. People with PTSD experience a higher risk of committing suicide, developing a
drug addiction, and suffering from alcoholism. Although PTSD can affect any individual, military veterans
are especially susceptible to this debilitating affliction. Furthermore, within this population, women are
more than twice as likely as men to develop PTSD. Studies have also shown that former service women
who do develop PTSD experience more severe symptoms than their male counterparts. Recent changes
made by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs have improved treatment options for female
veterans living with PTSD, but there is still more that needs to be done.
Although studies investigating precisely why women are more likely than men to experience
PTSD have not yet been completed, some experts have theorized that low unit cohesion is a major factor.
Unit cohesion, defined as the mutual bonds of friendship and support among members of a military unit,
is thought to be helpful in reducing the incidence of developing PTSD. According to recent surveys
compiled by U.S. Army researchers, increased unit cohesion emerged as the most important factor
determining whether soldiers developed suicidal thoughts. Women are more likely than men to
experience low unit cohesion for a variety of reasons. One of the most obvious factors is the relative
paucity of females in the military; currently, women make up only 20% of the armed forces. Pervasive
male prejudice against women is another factor that can diminish unit cohesion for female soldiers.
Because women are less likely than men to experience unit cohesion while serving in the military, women
are less likely to develop the social support structures that will help prevent them from developing PTSD,
depression, or other serious mental health problems.
Another issue at play is the stigma amongst military personnel that asking for help for mental
health issues makes one “weak.” A recent Department of Defense study of returning combat troops
shows that only 1 in 6 veterans acknowledged themselves to be suffering from symptoms of PTSD, and 3
out of 5 veterans were convinced that their comrades and commanding officers would lose confidence in
them if they sought treatment for mental health issues. For women, this hesitation to self-identify as a
sufferer of PTSD could be even greater; historically, female soldiers have struggled to be counted as
equals to men on the battlefield. Women, stereotypically considered to possess less emotional fortitude
than men, may be unwilling to admit that they are suffering from PTSD lest they appear to conform to this
stereotype. Unfortunately for those who do not seek help, when PTSD goes untreated it is very likely to
worsen over time.
Another challenge is that until very recently, treatment for PTSD has been more difficult for
women than men to obtain. Before rule changes were enacted in 2010, only veterans who encountered
direct combat experience qualified to receive disability payments for PTSD. Because very few women are
placed on the front lines, very few were eligible to receive free treatment for PTSD. However, recent
regulation changes have ended these stipulations, allowing women who serve in any capacity to be
eligible for benefits.
Even if female veterans are eligible for these benefits, the quality of the care a wartime PTSD
sufferer receives can vary widely. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) pays disability
benefits to service men and women who have been diagnosed with PTSD and also provides these
individuals with free health care. But while mental health counseling that comes directly from VA doctors
is completely free to veterans, there are often long waiting lists for those who need to be evaluated or
treated. Therapy provided by non-VA professionals may not be covered by health insurance. Access to
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
mental health professionals who have been specially trained to treat wartime PTSD is often difficult for
those not living near major urban centers.
Perhaps the biggest impediment to achieving quality treatment for women suffering from wartime
PTSD is a lack of research. While both the VA and independent agencies have completed hundreds of
studies researching the prevention of and treatment for PTSD amongst general military populations, there
have been no studies completed that solely target women. Before adequate care can be provided, there
must be greater understanding about the root causes of this issue as it affects women specifically. On
both the research level and the policy level, more must be done to help the women who have sacrificed
so much for their country.
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. explain why military veterans are more likely than civilians to develop PTSD
B. persuade government officials to increase funding for PTSD treatment centers in non-urban areas
C. denounce the United States military for the way they have handled veterans’ mental health
problems
D. inform readers about the likely warning signs of PTSD among military veterans
E. educate readers about the problem of insufficient treatment available for female veterans with
PTSD
2) According to the passage, all of the following are reasons why females develop PTSD more
frequently than males except
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
women experience lower unit cohesion than men
women can face negative stereotypes in the military
women are more likely than men to suffer from depression (CORRECT)
males in the military greatly outnumber females
males tend to develop stronger social bonds during their time of service than females do
3) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for paucity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
certainty
audacity
deference
contentment
abundance
4) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that negative stereotypes about women in the
military contribute to their increased likelihood to develop PTSD in which of the following ways?
I.
Some male members of the armed forces subscribe to negative stereotypes about women; this
prejudice may prevent women from forming close bonds with their units.
II. Women may be less likely than men to admit to suffering from PTSD because they do not want to
conform to stereotypes that portray women as weak.
III. Women are aware of the negative stereotypes that pervade the military. This awareness may
lead to a reduction in self-esteem.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
5) Based on information in the passage, which of the following statements best reflects the author’s
opinion about the mental health care provided for female veterans?
A. Although the VA has not done nearly enough, state and independent agencies have made up for
government deficiencies.
B. The government has done almost nothing to help; the way we treat our female veterans is a
national disgrace.
C. Because service women are more likely than service men to develop PTSD, mental health care
has been better for female veterans.
D. The VA and other government agencies have attempted to provide mental health care for female
veterans, but most of them refuse to seek treatment.
E. The amount of care provided has improved over the past few years, but it is still insufficient.
6) Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would best strengthen the author’s argument in
paragraph 5?
A. Since 2001, when operations in Iraq and Afghanistan began, more than 230,000 women have
served in the United States Military.
B. Studies have shown that those who receive therapy for PTSD are less likely to commit suicide
and develop substance abuse problems.
C. Women are 50% more likely to experience sexual assault while deployed than men.
D. Although experts now argue that intensive cognitive therapy is more effective at treating wartime
PTSD than prescription drugs, most mental health professionals are trained only to offer
pharmaceutical solutions for PTSD.
E. In addition to causing obvious mental and social health problems for those who suffer from the
disorder, PTSD can also cost society up to $6.2 billion in the form of lost labor productivity and
welfare expenses.
7) In paragraph 5, the author writes: “Access to mental health professionals who have been specially
trained to treat wartime PTSD is often difficult for those not living near major urban centers.” Which of
the following conjunctions, used at the beginning of this sentence, would best clarify the sentence’s
role in the paragraph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Furthermore
Incidentally
Although
Nevertheless
Therefore
8) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author is most likely someone who
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
does not believe women should be allowed to serve in the military
is a mental health care professional
has conducted studies on PTSD among veterans
believes that advocating for others can lead to change
is female
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) E
An author’s purpose is directly related to the content of a passage. In this passage, the author begins in paragraph 1 by identifying
PTSD as a problem, especially for female military veterans. He or she claims that “more that needs to be done” to provide treatment
options for this population. In paragraphs 2 and 3, the author describes two factors that may make female veterans more
susceptible to PTSD than male veterans: low unit cohesion and a desire not to appear weak, especially in light of gender
stereotypes. In paragraph 4, the author states that until very recently, female veterans have had less access than males to
treatment for PTSD. In paragraph 5, the author informs readers that the quality of care a PTSD sufferer receives “can vary widely.”
Finally, in paragraph 6, the author notes the lack of research targeting women PTSD sufferers specifically, and argues that “more
must be done to help the women who have sacrificed so much for their country.” Throughout the passage, the author provides
information about female veterans suffering from PTSD and the problems they face. Based on this overview, we can determine that
the author’s purpose is to educate readers about the problem of insufficient treatment available for female veterans with PTSD.
Therefore (E) is correct. The author focuses specifically on why female veterans are more susceptible to PTSD than male veterans.
He or she notes that military veterans are more likely than civilians to develop it, but does not explain why this is true. This means
(A) is incorrect. Although the author may agree that government officials should increase funding for PTSD treatment centers, the
author’s primary purpose here is to educate, not to persuade. Furthermore, the author addresses a general audience rather than
government officials specifically. This makes (B) incorrect. Although the author does criticize the government for not doing more
about female soldiers’ PTSD, the tone is not so critical that the purpose could be to denounce the government. The author focuses
on providing information more than assigning blame. This eliminates (C). The author briefly mentions symptoms of PTSD in
paragraph 1, but the larger purpose of the passage is not to inform readers about these warning signs. This makes (D) incorrect.
2) C
In paragraph 2, the author mentions that “women are less likely to develop the social support structures that will help prevent them
from developing PTSD, depression, or other serious mental health problems.” This is the only mention of depression in the passage,
so the author does not state or imply that women are more likely than men to suffer from depression. Therefore (C) is correct. In
paragraph 2, the author states, “Women are more likely than men to experience low unit cohesion for a variety of reasons.” Earlier in
the paragraph the author states that low unit cohesion could be a significant factor in the development of PTSD. This means (A) is
incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author notes that “pervasive male prejudice against women is another factor that can diminish unit
cohesion for female soldiers.” Since the author links low unit cohesion to an increased risk of PTSD, this makes (B) incorrect. In
paragraph 2, the author points out that there are far fewer women serving in the military than men, a factor that can contribute to low
unit cohesion, which is linked to an increased risk of PTSD. This eliminates (D). In paragraph 2, the author states that “because
women are less likely than men to experience unit cohesion while serving in the military, women are less likely to develop the social
support structures that will help prevent them from developing PTSD.” This means (E) is incorrect.
3) E
paucity (noun): scarceness; a small number; inadequacy or lack of something.
The author writes in paragraph 2, “One of the most obvious factors [leading to low unit cohesion] is the relative paucity of females in
the military; currently, women make up only 20% of the armed forces.” Based on this information, we can understand that there are
significantly fewer women in the military than men. This tells us that paucity means a small number. Since abundance means a
large number, it is a good antonym. Therefore (E) is correct. Certainty means sureness or conviction. While there is a relative lack of
females in the military, it does not make sense to say there is a relative uncertainty of them. This means (A) is incorrect. Audacity
means boldness or daring. The author does not in any way imply that women in the military lack daring. Rather, this sentence is
about the number of women in the military. This makes (B) incorrect. Deference means respectful submission. The author does not
in any way imply that women in the military are disrespectful or not submissive. Rather, this sentence is about the number of women
in the military. This eliminates (C). Contentment means satisfaction. Although the author discusses potential problems for women in
the military, he or she does not indicate that women in the military are dissatisfied. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
4) C
In paragraph 2, the author states, “Pervasive male prejudice against women is another factor that can diminish unit cohesion for
female soldiers. Because women are less likely than men to experience unit cohesion while serving in the military, women are less
likely to develop the social support structures that will help prevent them from developing PTSD.” This means that male prejudice
against women may limit unit cohesion for women and prevent them from forming close bonds with their units. Low unit cohesion is
cited as a factor that may lead to increased risk of PTSD. This supports option (I). In paragraph 3, the author states that “for
women, this hesitation to self-identify as a sufferer of PTSD could be even greater; historically, female soldiers have struggled to be
counted as equals to men on the battlefield. Women, stereotypically considered to possess less emotional fortitude than men, may
be unwilling to admit that they are suffering from PTSD lest they appear to conform to this stereotype.” This means that some
women hesitate to admit they are suffering from PTSD because they do not want to conform to stereotypes that portray women as
weak. This supports option (II). Although it might be true that women’s awareness of negative stereotypes may lead to a reduction
in self-esteem, this not discussed in the passage. Furthermore, a reduction in self-esteem is cited as a result of PTSD, not a factor
that increases the likelihood of developing PTSD. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (C) is correct.
5) E
In paragraph 1, the author notes that due to “recent changes,” there are now “improved treatment options” for female veterans
suffering from PTSD. In paragraph 4, the author discusses a rule change that now makes mental health counseling available to
women who have not served in combat positions, which increases women’s eligibility for benefits. Despite these improvements, the
author suggests in the final paragraph that the amount of care provided is still insufficient by stating, “More must be done to help the
women who have sacrificed so much for their country.” Based on this information, we can determine that the author believes the
amount of care provided has improved over the past few years, but it is still insufficient. Therefore (E) is correct. The author does not
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
suggest that state and independent agencies have made up for government deficiencies, so (A) is incorrect. Although the author is
critical of the government, he or she is not so harsh as to suggest that the government has done almost nothing to help. This makes
(B) incorrect. The author claims that mental health care has been worse for female veterans as compared to males, not better, so
(C) is incorrect. The author states in paragraph 3 that there is a “stigma amongst military personnel that asking for help for mental
health issues makes one ‘weak.’” The author goes on to explain that women may be even more hesitant to ask for help than men
because of negative gender stereotypes. However, the author does not suggest that most female veterans refuse to seek treatment.
This eliminates (D).
6) D
In paragraph 5, the author argues, “Even if female veterans are eligible for these benefits, the quality of the care a wartime PTSD
sufferer receives can vary widely.” The final sentence in paragraph 5 suggests that some doctors do receive specialized training to
treat those who suffer from wartime PTSD, but these doctors are most often located in urban centers. Intense cognitive therapy
might be one of the specialized treatments referred to in paragraph 5, but most mental health care professionals that veterans have
access to may be trained only to offer prescription drugs as treatment. This piece of evidence would support the author’s argument
that different veterans receive different treatment, and that this treatment can vary in its effectiveness. Therefore (D) is correct. The
number of women serving in the military is irrelevant to the quality of care a wartime PTSD sufferer receives. This makes (A)
incorrect. In paragraph 5, the author argues that the quality of care can vary widely, not that there are benefits to therapy. This
means (B) is incorrect. The likelihood of women experiencing sexual assault while deployed could be evidence used to argue that
women develop PTSD at higher rates than men, but the argument in paragraph 5 is specifically about the varying quality of care that
all sufferers of PTSD receive, male or female. This makes (C) incorrect. The costs of PTSD to society could be evidence used to
argue for the importance of treating it, but this evidence does not specifically support the argument that quality of care varies widely.
This eliminates (E).
7) A
In paragraph 5, the author’s main argument is contained in the first sentence: “Even if female veterans are eligible for these benefits,
the quality of the care a wartime PTSD sufferer receives can vary widely.” Later in the paragraph he or she writes: “Therapy
provided by non-VA professionals may not be covered by health insurance. Access to mental health professionals who have been
specially trained to treat wartime PTSD is often difficult for those not living near major urban centers.” The information in the first
sentence is one piece of evidence that the quality of care varies widely for sufferers of PTSD. The information in the second
sentence provides additional or supplemental evidence. Therefore, the conjunction “Furthermore” would be the best choice,
because it signals to the reader that further, related information is forthcoming. This conjunction clarifies the sentence’s role in the
paragraph, which is to provide an additional reason why care varies widely. Therefore (A) is correct. The conjunction “Incidentally”
indicates that the information to follow is in some way a departure from the previous idea, or only loosely connected to the main
idea. This is not the case, so (B) is incorrect. The conjunction “Although” indicates that the information to follow contains an idea that
qualifies or contrasts with the idea presented either previously or directly following. This is not the case, so (C) is incorrect. The
conjunction “Nevertheless” indicates that the information to follow contrasts in some way with the previous point. This is not the
case, so (D) is incorrect. The conjunction “Therefore” indicates that the information to follow is a conclusion based on the preceding
information. This is not the case, so (E) is incorrect.
8) D
In paragraph 1, the author states, “Recent changes made by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs have improved
treatment options for female veterans living with PTSD, but there is still more that needs to be done.” At the end of the final
paragraph, the author reiterates, “On both the research level and the policy level, more must be done to help the women who have
sacrificed so much for their country.” Based on these calls to action, we can determine that the author is advocating for female
veterans who suffer from PTSD. Because the author includes such direct statements of advocacy and states that change is needed,
we can infer that he or she is most likely someone who believes that advocating for others can lead to change. Therefore (D) is
correct. The author does not give any indication that he or she does not believe that women should be allowed to serve in the
military. This eliminates (A). Although the author appears interested in and knowledgeable about mental health care, there is no
information in the passage to suggest that he or she is a mental health care professional. This means (B) is incorrect. The author
cites studies on PTSD among veterans, but this is not an indication that he or she personally conducted such studies. This makes
(C) incorrect. Although the subject of the passage is female veterans, there is no evidence in the passage about whether the author
is male or female. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
According to some estimates, if we could compile the amount of food, land, water, and energy
used to raise the 10 billion animals slaughtered each year for meat, we could use those resources to feed
every single starving person on earth. The majority of these resources are depleted by concentrated
animal feeding operations (CAFOs). CAFOs are factory farms that mass-produce livestock—harming
animals, the environment, and humans in the process. It is true that these farming methods provide an
abundant source of food and employ thousands of workers across the country. However, CAFOs should
be placed under more stringent restrictions because of their unfair treatment of animals and the harm
they do to both the environment and humans.
One of the key controversies surrounding factory farms is animal rights. Factory farms raise
livestock indoors, as opposed to allowing the animals to graze in fields and pastures. The farmers favor
this overcrowded environment because it maximizes profits. Providing less space for the animals costs
less money; filling pens to their maximum capacity ensures that no space is wasted. Consequently,
animal pens are often so small that larger animals cannot lie down or turn around. In some cases, these
small cages are beneficial for more than just maximizing capacity: calves, for example, do not gain
muscle mass in this environment. This keeps their meat more tender, which makes it more attractive to
consumers.
Livestock in CAFOs are often found living in their own urine and feces, stimulating the spread of
diseases—such as avian flu, foot and mouth disease, and mad cow disease—among other animals on
the farm. In order to combat this, farmers must give the animals antibiotics. In many cases, however,
antibiotics are used for disease prevention instead of treatment. In addition to being used to combat the
spread of disease, antibiotics are also commonly used to encourage faster growth in livestock. This
overuse increases the risk of livestock developing immunity to antibiotics, ironically making animals even
more susceptible to disease. After being digested, these antibiotics are released back into the
environment in the form of milk, meat, and waste, which can affect the people who eat these products or
the environment that absorbs them.
CAFOs also negatively impact the environment in the form of air and water pollution. Factory
farms contribute to air pollution issues in the United States through the release of toxic gases and vapors
and by burning fossil fuels to run farm machinery. These farms also have notable consequences for the
environment in terms of water pollution. One characteristic of CAFOs that creates water pollution is the
presence of a lagoon. Lagoons are artificial storage basins where animal excrement is temporarily
contained; periodically, farmers flush this waste into ditches or nearby bodies of water. This waste
combines with runoff from fertilized fields to pollute the water sources surrounding CAFOs. It adds excess
nutrients, pathogens, veterinary pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and excreted hormones to the water
sources. Such pollutants not only affect aquatic life, but can lead to severe impacts on human health.
Another negative environmental impact of factory farms is resource depletion. Factory farming
uses more land than any other agricultural or industrial enterprise in the country. CAFOs consume a great
deal of resources in terms of grain, energy, and land. There are far more efficient ways of using these
resources to feed people. For example, it has been estimated that the grain used to feed livestock in the
United States alone could feed up to 800 million people in one year. By contrast, the production of
livestock in CAFOs is a wasteful use of energy. While both chicken meat and soybeans are good sources
of protein, producing equivalent amounts of protein from chicken meat and soybeans does not require
equivalent amounts of energy: chicken meat production consumes 14 times more energy than soybean
production. Grain and energy supplies should be used more efficiently to produce food sources other than
livestock.
In order to combat the unfair treatment of animals and the risks to environmental and human
health, CAFOs should be placed under stricter guidelines. One such regulation would force factory farms
to adhere to air and water quality protection standards from which they have previously been exempted,
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
like those set forth by the Clean Water Act. Enforcing these standards would lead to banning
environmental hazards such as waste lagoons, which in turn would reduce environmental pollution and
human health liabilities.
Some have suggested that due to these environmental and human health concerns, factory farms
should be banned outright. Advocates for CAFOs, however, argue that factory farming allows for lower
production costs that translate into lower food prices for consumers. Organic and free-range products,
they argue, do not allow for the large-scale production of livestock; prices for meat, eggs, and dairy would
increase should the country shift towards organic products. Although this would be an inconvenience to
consumers, a price increase would encourage people to eat a diet of less meat. This cultural change
would assist in solving the broader resource crisis as fewer grain, energy, and land resources would be
needed to support smaller-scale production. Better treatment of animals and more responsible
environmental practices would protect humans more from infectious diseases and the effects of air and
water pollution—a benefit everyone should embrace.
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. persuade readers that factory farms should be more strictly regulated to minimize the harm they
cause
B. suggest economic alternatives to factory farms, such as organic farming and soybean production
C. complain about the water pollution caused by the irresponsible practice of keeping waste lagoons
on CAFOs
D. educate readers about the pros and cons of CAFOs
E. argue against the use of antibiotics for disease prevention in animals
2) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that animals raised on CAFOs live indoors
because
I. animals that live indoors require fewer antibiotics than animals raised outside
II. some animals raised inside produce more appealing meat
III. animals raised indoors are less expensive to maintain
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
3) The author describes CAFOs as having a negative impact on the environment for all of the following
reasons except
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
animal waste pollutes water sources near factory farms
exhaust from farm machinery contributes to air pollution
animals that live in overcrowded environments waste energy
fertilizer-rich runoff from farms contaminates the environment
antibiotics enter the human food supply through meat and milk
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
4) Which of the following statements from paragraph 5 represents an opinion, as opposed to a fact?
A. “Factory farming uses more land than any other agricultural or industrial enterprise in the
country.”
B. “It has been estimated that the grain used to feed livestock in the United States alone could feed
up to 800 million people in one year.”
C. “Producing equivalent amounts of protein from chicken meat and soybeans does not require
equivalent amounts of energy.”
D. “Chicken meat production consumes 14 times more energy than soybean production.”
E. “Grain and energy supplies should be used more efficiently to produce food sources other than
livestock.”
5) Which of the following pieces of information, if true, would best strengthen the author’s argument in
paragraph 6?
A. People who reduce their intake of meat raised on factory farms reduce their chances of
developing high blood pressure and heart conditions.
B. A town in North Carolina that used to be situated next to a hog waste lagoon reported 50% fewer
cases of respiratory illness after the lagoon was shut down.
C. Factory farms that are forced to adhere to air and water quality protection standards often report
a 30% decrease in annual profits.
D. Several animal rights groups have supported bills to force factory farms to abide by greater
environmental protection standards.
E. The Clean Water Act was enacted in 1948 and expanded in 1972.
6) In the final paragraph, the author states that meat from animals raised on factory farms is cheaper
than organic or free-range meat. The author likely admits this fact in order to
A. provide a balanced perspective before concluding that the drawbacks of CAFO-produced meat
outweigh the economic benefits
B. give readers enough information so that they can come to their own conclusions about CAFOs’
benefits and drawbacks
C. warn readers about the economic dangers that would result from shutting down CAFOs
D. criticize supporters of CAFOs for being more concerned with the economy than the environment
E. argue that it is more important to address the broader resource crisis than to worry about food
prices
7) As used in the final paragraph, which is the best synonym for advocates?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
critics
founders
supporters
censors
followers
8) Which of the following statements contains a valid objection to the author’s argument in the final
paragraph that he or she does not address?
A. Not everyone wants to be a vegetarian.
B. An increase in food prices is more than just an inconvenience for many households; it can mean
the difference between having enough to eat or not.
C. Factory farm owners pay taxes just like everyone else, and therefore they should be allowed input
in the creation and modification of environmental policy.
D. If farms move toward producing more organic products, food prices will likely go up.
E. It is illegal to ban factory farms on the basis of current laws.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In the final sentence of paragraph 1, the author states his or her main argument: “CAFOs should be placed under more stringent
restrictions because of their unfair treatment of animals and the harm they do to both the environment and humans.” Throughout the
passage the author provides evidence about the CAFOs’ unfair treatment of animals, their pollution of the environment, and the
dangers they pose to human health. In paragraph 6, the author restates his or her point in light of the evidence presented: “In order
to combat the unfair treatment of animals and the risks to environmental and human health, CAFOs should be placed under stricter
guidelines.” Throughout the passage the author’s tone is persuasive. From this we can determine that the primary purpose of the
passage is to persuade readers that factory farms should be more strictly regulated to minimize the harm they cause to animals, to
the environment, and to human beings. Therefore (A) is correct. Although in paragraph 5, the author does mention economic
alternatives to factory farms, this is only a minor point in the passage and thus does not represent the primary purpose. This makes
(B) incorrect. The author discusses the problems with waste lagoons in paragraphs 4 and 6, but he or she uses this evidence to
support the larger argument that CAFOs harm the environment as well as humans and animals. Because it is too narrow in scope,
(C) is incorrect. Educating readers about the pros and cons of CAFOs suggests a neutral, informative tone. However, the author’s
tone is persuasive and he or she takes a clear position on the issue. Therefore (D) is incorrect. In paragraph 3, the author describes
the problems with the use of antibiotics on factory farms, but he or she does not explicitly argue against their use in disease
prevention. Furthermore, this is a minor point in the passage used to support the larger argument that CAFOs cause harm. This
makes (E) incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “Livestock in CAFOs are often found living in their own urine and feces, stimulating the spread of
diseases—such as avian flu, foot and mouth disease, and mad cow disease—among other animals on the farm. In order to combat
this, farmers must give the animals antibiotics.” From this we can infer that living indoors increases the amount of antibiotics
required by animals, so they likely require more, not fewer, than animals that are raised outside. This eliminates option (I).In
paragraph 2, the author writes of animals raised indoors: “Calves, for example, do not gain muscle mass in this environment. This
keeps their meat more tender, which makes it more attractive to consumers.” This means that some animals raised inside produce
more appealing meat. This supports option (II). In paragraph 2, the author writes, "The farmers favor this overcrowded environment
because it maximizes profits. Providing less space for the animals costs less money; filling pens to their maximum capacity ensures
that no space is wasted." This means animals raised indoors are less expensive to maintain. This supports option (III). Therefore
(D) is correct.
3) C
In paragraph 5, the author writes, “CAFOs consume a great deal of resources in terms of grain, energy, and land. There are far
more efficient ways of using these resources to feed people.” From this we can infer that the author believes that factory farms in
general waste energy. However, the author does not specifically pinpoint overcrowded environments as the cause of this waste. In
fact, if the animals bred by factory farms lived outside instead of inside in crowded pens, the farms would likely consume even more
land and energy resources. The author does not claim that CAFOs have a negative impact on the environment because animals
that live in overcrowded environments waste energy. Therefore (C) is correct. In paragraph 4, the author writes, “Lagoons are
artificial storage basins where animal excrement is temporarily contained; periodically, farmers flush this waste into ditches or
nearby bodies of water. This waste combines with runoff from fertilized fields to pollute the water sources surrounding CAFOs.” This
means (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 4, the author writes, “Factory farms contribute to air pollution issues in the United States
through the release of toxic gases and vapors and by burning fossil fuels to run farm machinery.” This means (B) is incorrect. In
paragraph 4, the author writes, “This waste combines with runoff from fertilized fields to pollute the water sources surrounding
CAFOs.” This means (D) is incorrect. In paragraph 3, the author writes, “After being digested, these antibiotics are released back
into the environment in the form of milk, meat, and waste, which can affect the people who eat these products or the environment
that absorbs them.” This makes (E) incorrect.
4) E
A fact is something known to exist or be true as a result of experience or observation. Facts can be proven. An opinion is a belief or
judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty, such as an emotion or personal bias. Opinions cannot be
proven true or false. For example, it is a fact that roses are flowers, but an opinion that roses smell nice. The author states that grain
and energy supplies should be used more efficiently to produce food sources other than livestock. Because he or she is claiming
something should be done, it is an opinion. The owners of CAFOs, for example, would likely disagree with this statement. Therefore
(E) is correct. Choices (A), (B), (C), and (D) all contain facts based on experience or observation. These statements can be proven.
Therefore they are incorrect.
5) B
In paragraph 6, the author argues that CAFOs should be placed under stricter environmental guidelines. To illustrate the benefits of
these stricter regulations, he or she states that “enforcing these standards would lead to banning environmental hazards such as
waste lagoons, which in turn would reduce environmental pollution and human health liabilities.” If a town in North Carolina reported
fewer cases of illness after a nearby hog waste lagoon shut down, then this evidence would directly support the this claim, thus
strengthening the author’s argument. Therefore (B) is correct. The argument in paragraph 6 is about environmental guidelines, not
personal diet choices, so (A) is incorrect. A decrease in profits for those farms forced to comply with strict environmental guidelines
would weaken, not strengthen, the author’s argument. This makes (C) incorrect. Noting that animal rights groups support bills to
enforce stricter environmental guidelines for factory farms only provides evidence that there is support among the public for such
guidelines, but it does not suggest that these guidelines would be effective. Since this fact does not specifically support the author’s
claim that enforcing these environmental standards would reduce pollution and human health liabilities, (D) is not the best choice.
While the author mentions the Clean Water Act in paragraph 6, providing information about when the Clean Water Act was enacted
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
merely adds background information. It does not strengthen the author’s claim that enforcing these environmental standards would
reduce pollution and human health liabilities, so (E) is incorrect.
6) A
In the final paragraph, the author states, “Advocates for CAFOs, however, argue that factory farming allows for lower production
costs that translate into lower food prices for consumers.” Including an opposing point of view can strengthen an author’s argument
because it shows the reader that the author has carefully considered both sides of the issue before coming to his or her conclusion.
Providing a balanced perspective can also make an author appear more reasonable to readers, making them more willing to
consider the author’s argument. In this case, the author likely includes this fact about food prices to provide a balanced perspective
before concluding that the drawbacks of CAFO-produced meat outweigh the economic benefits. Therefore (A) is correct. Careful
readers will note that the author is not particularly interested in readers coming to their own conclusions; the author wants the reader
to agree with his or her position. This makes (B) not the best choice. The author does not go so far as to characterize higher food
prices as “economic dangers.” In fact, he or she later argues that there would be a benefit to higher food prices: “A price increase
would encourage people to eat a diet of less meat. This cultural change would assist with solving the broader resource crisis as
fewer grain, energy, and land resources would be needed to support smaller-scale production.” From this information we can
understand that the author does not intend to warn readers about economic dangers of shutting down CAFOs. This means (C) is
incorrect. Although the author implies that supporters of CAFOs are likely more concerned with the economy than the environment,
the author’s tone here is conciliatory, not critical. This means (D) is incorrect. The author agrees that it is more important to address
the broader resource crisis than to worry about food prices, but that is not the reason he or she likely includes the information that a
move away from factory farms would lead to higher food prices. He or she includes this fact as a concession to opponents of his or
her argument rather than as a piece of evidence supporting his or her main argument. This makes (E) incorrect.
7) C
advocate (noun): one who shows support for or promotes an idea.
In the final paragraph, the author writes: “Advocates for CAFOs, however, argue that factory farming allows for lower production
costs that translate into lower food prices for consumers.” Since advocates for CAFOs argue that factory farms help consumers
save money, we can infer that these advocates support factory farming. This means that supporters is a good synonym. Therefore
(C) is correct. Critics are people who find fault with something. We can understand that these advocates see the benefits of factory
farms rather than their faults. This means (A) is incorrect. Founders are people who establish something. Supporting factory farms
does not necessarily mean that one has established a factory farm. This makes (B) incorrect. Censors are people who find fault with
something. We can understand that these advocates see the benefits of factory farms rather than their faults. This means (D) is
incorrect. Followers are people who subscribe to a belief, or disciples. While these advocates support factory farms, this does not
mean that they are disciples of factory farms. This eliminates (E).
8) B
In the final paragraph, the author argues that the economic drawbacks of moving away from factory farms, particularly higher food
prices, would be outweighed by the benefits to the environment and to people. He or she states, “Although this would be an
inconvenience to consumers, a price increase would encourage people to eat a diet of less meat. This cultural change would assist
in solving the broader resource crisis as fewer grain, energy, and land resources would be needed to support smaller-scale
production.” However, the author does not consider that for some people, higher food prices would be more than just an
inconvenience, but a real hardship. It could mean the difference between having enough to eat or not. We know that the author is
concerned about the problem of hunger, as he or she mentions in paragraph 1 that “if we could compile the amount of food, land,
water, and energy used to raise the 10 billion animals slaughtered each year for meat, we could use those resources to feed every
single starving person on earth.” It is a valid objection that higher food prices could be more than just an inconvenience, but could
actually contribute to the hunger problem. Since the author does not address this objection, (B) is correct. The author does not
argue that everyone should be a vegetarian, or cut out meat entirely. He or she merely claims that there would be benefits if people
ate a diet of less meat. This means (A) is incorrect. The author does not argue that factory farm owners should or should not be
allowed input in environmental policy, so (C) is incorrect. It is a valid objection to the author’s argument that if farms move toward
more organic products, food prices will likely go up. However, the author acknowledges this objection and addresses it. This means
(D) is incorrect. The author does not argue that factory farms should be banned; he or she merely states that “some” people believe
they should be. The author’s own argument is for more stringent regulations. This makes (E) incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 11
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its unparalleled ability to provide shade.
By seamlessly covering the exterior of a building, it works as a natural insulator, blocking the sun and
decreasing air conditioning costs. This means big savings for both building tenants and homeowners
alike. And it can happen quickly, too. Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to
cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year. Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly
2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be completely covered in
about four years. When considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old adage: First
year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps! For English Ivy, this is especially true.
Now, detractors may take this opportunity to remind readers about how invasive English Ivy can
be. For what ivy enthusiast hasn't been cautioned about its ability to burrow holes, fracture windows, and
even deteriorate brick? But be warned. Oftentimes, this suggestion is taken to the comical extreme.
Naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a particularly malevolent strand of ivy—one
that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night, silently strangling homeowners in their sleep.
Admittedly, this can be a funny story to tell. But are we to believe such a tale? The intelligent gardener will
quickly dismiss such rubbish for what it is.
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
highlight the reasons why English Ivy’s fast growth rate is beneficial
argue that English Ivy is an essential plant for homeowners
educate readers about how to use English Ivy to insulate their homes
belittle detractors of English Ivy
defend the reputation of English Ivy
2) As used in paragraph 1, which is the best definition for betrays?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
gives away
contradicts
reveals
supports
highlights
3) In paragraph 1, the author states, “Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly 2000
square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be completely covered in
about four years.” Which of the following logical mistakes does the author make in drawing this
conclusion?
I.
English Ivy will not cover the area of most roofs in 4 years if it only grows 500 square feet per
year.
II. Most homes may not have the proper conditions necessary for English Ivy to grow at the
specified rate.
III. Newly planted ivy does not grow as fast as established ivy.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
4) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for deteriorate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
wear away
shield
add to
climb on
strengthen
5) Based on information in paragraph 1, which of the following would most likely be considered an
insulator?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
an umbrella
an automobile
suntan lotion
skin
a winter jacket
6) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for malevolent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
wary
sensitive
virtuous
injured
willing
7) This passage would most likely be found
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
in a scholarly journal about botany
in a magazine article about gardening
in a letter from one gardener to another
on a website identifying different types of plants
in a pamphlet about the best ways to make a home more energy-efficient
8) The author's tone can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
passionate
indignant
argumentative
persuasive
accusatory
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Answers and Explanations
1) E
To answer this question correctly, we must study the first sentence: “English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its
unparalleled ability to provide shade.” In this sentence, the author lets us know that he or she is providing reasons why English Ivy
betrays, or contradicts, its poor reputation. In other words, the author intends to point out some benefits of English Ivy. By pointing
out these benefits, as well as discrediting detractors of ivy who often “take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns” about it, the author
defends the reputation of English Ivy. Therefore (E) is correct. Although the author does highlight one reason why English Ivy’s fast
growth rate is beneficial (it will quickly cover a house and thus act as a natural insulator), he or she does not point out more than one
reason. Furthermore, this minor point serves the author’s larger argument, which is that English Ivy does not deserve its poor
reputation. Therefore (A) is incorrect. The author does not argue that English Ivy is an essential plant for homeowners, only that it
does not deserve its reputation as a nuisance. This means (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 1, the author states that homeowners can
use ivy to insulate their homes, but he or she does not provide details about precisely how to do this. The author’s lack of specific
directions indicates that he or she is more concerned with defending English Ivy’s reputation than with educating readers. This
makes (C) incorrect. The author does not intend to belittle, or disparage, detractors of English Ivy, but rather to contradict them.
Although the author does gently mock their tendency to “take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns” about ivy, this statement is not
so harsh as to be considered belittling. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
2) B
betray (verb): to be unfaithful in guarding, maintaining, or fulfilling.
In paragraph 1, the author indicates his or her intention to explain how English Ivy “betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance.” The
author then goes on to cite reasons why English Ivy is beneficial. Based on this information, we can infer that English Ivy has a bad
reputation, but in the author’s opinion, it does not deserve such a reputation. This means that in this context betrays means goes
against or fails to remain true to. Contradicts is the only answer choice that reflects this meaning, so it is a good definition in this
context. Therefore (B) is correct. Although the word betray is often used to describe the act of treason, or someone who disloyally
gives away secrets, this is not the definition used in the passage. This means (A) is incorrect. While betray can mean to reveal
information that should remain secret, this is not the definition used in the passage. Indeed, in this context, if the English Ivy
revealed its poor reputation as a nuisance, it would confirm it, not contradict it. This makes (C) incorrect. Support means to maintain.
This is the opposite meaning of contradict, so (D) is incorrect. Highlight means to emphasize. This is the opposite meaning of
contradict, so (E) is incorrect.
3) D
In paragraph 1, the author states, “Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500
square feet per year. Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly 2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest
assured that their roofs will be completely covered in about four years.” 500 (square feet) multiplied by 4 (years) equals 2000
(square feet). Given that English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year, and most homes have a roof
measuring roughly 2000 square feet, then it makes mathematical sense to figure that English Ivy will indeed have enough time to
cover the area of most roofs in 4 years. This means the author does not make a logical mistake in this calculation. This eliminates
option (I). While the author's math checks out correctly, there are other flaws in his or her logic. In paragraph 1, the author states,
“Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year.” Given that
these figures only hold true under the proper conditions, it is wrong to assume that English Ivy will grow at this rate at most homes.
After all, many houses may not get the proper light, rain, or temperatures necessary for English Ivy to grow well. This supports
option (II). At the end of paragraph 1, the author states, “When considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old
adage: First year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps! For English Ivy, this is especially true.” Using this
information, it can be inferred that English Ivy will need up to two years before it begins to grow at a regular pace. The author cites
the growth rates for “established” ivy, or ivy that is not newly planted. Using this information, we can infer that newly planted English
Ivy will likely take longer than 4 years to cover a 2000-square foot roof. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
4) A
deteriorate (verb): to make or become worse in quality or character; to disintegrate or wear away.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Now, detractors may take this opportunity to remind readers about how invasive English Ivy can
be. For what ivy enthusiast hasn't been cautioned about its ability to burrow holes, fracture windows, and even deteriorate brick?”
The author describes how invasive ivy can be by listing ways in which it can be destructive. Based on this information, we can infer
that deteriorate has a negative, destructive connotation. Wear away is the only answer choice that has a destructive connotation, so
it is the best definition for deteriorate. Therefore (A) is correct. Shield means to cover or protect, which is not a negative or
destructive action. Since the author uses deteriorate in a list of negative actions, we know that (B) is incorrect. Add to means to
increase or build on, which is not a negative or destructive action. Since the author uses deteriorate in a list of negative actions, we
know that (C) is incorrect. Climb on means to ascend or crawl up. Although this may accurately describe how ivy grows, it does not
indicate a way that ivy could be destructive to brick. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Strengthen means to make stronger. This is not a
negative or destructive action, so (E) is incorrect.
5) E
In paragraph 1, the author writes, “By seamlessly covering the exterior of a building, [English Ivy] works as a natural insulator,
blocking the sun and decreasing air conditioning costs.” According to this statement, an insulator is something that covers the
exterior of something else, thus providing protection and regulating temperature. The English Ivy covers the outside of the house,
providing shade from the sun and therefore keeping the temperature of the house down. A winter jacket is something that covers the
exterior of the body, providing protection from winter elements such as wind, rain, snow, and cold air, and therefore keeping the
temperature of the wearer’s body up. Given that an insulator covers the exterior of something, regulates temperature, and protects it
from the elements, it can be inferred that a winter jacket would most likely be considered an insulator. Therefore (E) is correct. An
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
umbrella does provide protection from the rain, but it is held above one’s head and does not cover the exterior of the body as ivy
covers a house. Furthermore, an umbrella does not help regulate temperature. This means (A) is incorrect. Although an automobile
surrounds its occupant, its primary purpose is not to provide protection, but rather to provide transportation. It also does not cover
those who ride in it in the same way that ivy covers a house. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Suntan lotion can provide protection from the
sun’s rays, but it does not regulate temperature as an insulator does. This means (C) is incorrect. Skin is the exterior of the body; it
is not a cover for an exterior. Although it may provide protection from the elements and help regulate temperature, skin does not
cover the outside of something as ivy covers the outside of a house. This means (D) is incorrect.
6) C
malevolent (adjective): evil, harmful, or injurious.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a particularly malevolent strand of ivy—one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night, silently strangling homeowners in their sleep.” A plant that wishes to
strangle someone is portrayed as bad, so malevolent must mean bad or evil. Virtuous is the best antonym for evil. Therefore (C) is
correct. Wary means cautious. Although one might be wary about something evil, wary is not the opposite of evil. This means (A) is
incorrect. Sensitive means emotional or perceptive. Although these are generally considered positive characteristics, they are not
the opposite of evil. This makes (B) incorrect. Injured means harmed in some way. Although something evil could cause harm, the
opposite of evil is not injured. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Willing means compliant or agreeable. Although this is a positive
characteristic, it is not the opposite of evil. This means (E) is incorrect.
7) B
The passage provides a defense of English Ivy’s reputation. In paragraph 1, the author notes its benefits, namely that it can provide
shade, act as an insulator, and is fast-growing. In paragraph 2, the author argues that those who claim ivy is invasive often take their
warnings “to the comical extreme.” Overall, the author argues that English Ivy does not deserve its poor reputation as a nuisance.
Moreover, the author uses familiar, colloquial language that gives the passage a folksy tone. For example, he or she writes: “When
considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old adage: First year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year,
it leaps!” This tone is also evident when the author asks, “But are we to believe such a tale?” Finally, the author seems to address a
general audience that includes “building tenants and homeowners,” “detractors,” “naysayers,” as well as “ivy enthusiasts.” Based on
the content, the colloquial tone, and the general audience of this passage, we can infer that it would most likely be found in a
magazine article about gardening. Therefore (B) is correct. The folksy, familiar tone and general audience of this passage do not
belong in a scholarly journal, so (A) is incorrect. The audience of this passage includes many different types of people, and while the
tone is familiar, it is not as intimate as one would expect in a personal letter. This eliminates (C). The purpose of the passage is not
to identify plants in an objective way, but to defend English Ivy’s reputation. This means it would not likely be found on a website
identifying plants, so (D) is incorrect. Although in paragraph 1 the author does note that English Ivy can act as a “natural insulator,
blocking the sun and decreasing air conditioning costs,” the focus of the passage is on English Ivy’s reputation, not on ways to make
a home energy-efficient. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
8) B
At the beginning of the passage, the author writes, “English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its unparalleled ability to
provide shade.” This lets us know that the author intends to defend English Ivy against its poor reputation. He or she then provides
several reasons why English Ivy might be considered a desirable plant. In paragraph 2, the author expresses indignation about how
English Ivy acquired such a bad reputation, suggesting that “naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a
particularly malevolent strand of ivy—one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night, silently strangling homeowners in
their sleep.” Furthermore, the author advises the reader to "be warned" about these detractors of English Ivy, which implies that the
author considers their tactics somehow unfair or offensive. The author continues to discuss how detractors will try to scare the
reader into believing false accounts of English Ivy that the author states are "rubbish." Based on the displeasure the author
expresses about English Ivy’s poor reputation and how it is acquired, we can determine that the author's tone is indignant. Therefore
(B) is correct. The author may indeed be passionate about gardening and English Ivy. However, the author's tone in this passage is
not as passionate as it is indignant. In passionate writing, the author would be more sentimental and expressive. Moreover, the
author would probably focus on his or her love of English Ivy rather than his or her indignation at its detractors. Therefore (A) is
incorrect. While the author does present several arguments in the passage, the passage as a whole does not restrict itself to formal
argument. In argumentative writing, facts are used to support an opinion. However, in this passage, there is a mixture of facts
(“Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year”) and opinions
(“Oftentimes, this suggestion is taken to the comical extreme,” and “But are we to believe such a tale?”). Furthermore, the author
relies on anecdotal, conjectural evidence instead of concrete facts and statistics to support his or her claim that the reader should
ignore ivy’s detractors. This means the tone is not strictly argumentative. Therefore (C) is incorrect. While one of the author’s
secondary purposes is to persuade the reader to agree with him or her, the author does not overtly call the reader to action using
language such as should, must, needs to, or has to. The author is not explicitly persuasive about what the reader should believe. He
or she merely claims that the reader should not listen to those who criticize English Ivy. This means (D) is incorrect. The author does
not overtly accuse or blame anyone, but rather provides a defense against general “detractors.” An accusatory tone is harsher than
the author’s tone in this passage, so (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 1
Level 12
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
The word euthanasia is of Greek origin and literally means “a good death.” The American
Heritage Dictionary defines it as “the act of killing a person painlessly for reasons of mercy.” Such killing
can be done through active means, such as administering a lethal injection, or by passive means, such as
withholding medical care or food and water.
In recent years in the United States, there have been numerous cases of active euthanasia in the
news. They usually involve the deliberate killing of ill or incapacitated persons by relatives or friends who
plead that they can no longer bear to see their loved ones suffer. Although such killings are a crime, the
perpetrators are often dealt with leniently by our legal system, and the media usually portrays them as
compassionate heroes who take personal risks to save another from unbearable suffering.
The seeming acceptance of active forms of euthanasia is alarming, but we face a bigger, more
insidious threat from passive forms of euthanasia. Every year, in hospitals and nursing homes around the
country, there are growing numbers of documented deaths caused by caregivers withholding lifesustaining care, including food and water, from vulnerable patients who cannot speak for themselves.
While it is illegal to kill someone directly, for example with a gun or knife, in many cases the law
has put its stamp of approval on causing death by omitting needed care. Further, many states have “living
will” laws designed to protect those who withhold treatment, and there have been numerous court rulings
which have approved of patients being denied care and even starved and dehydrated to death.
Because such deaths occur quietly within the confines of hospitals and nursing homes, they can
be kept hidden from the public. Most euthanasia victims are old or very ill, so their deaths might be
attributed to a cause other than the denial of care that really killed them. Further, it is often relatives of the
patient who request that care be withheld. In one court case, the court held that decisions to withhold lifesustaining care may be made not only by close family members but also by a number of third parties, and
that such decisions need not be reviewed by the judicial system if there is no disagreement between
decision makers and medical staff. The court went so far as to rule that a nursing home may not refuse to
participate in the fatal withdrawal of food and water from an incompetent patient!
“Extraordinary” or “heroic” treatment need not be used when the chance for recovery is poor and
medical intervention would serve only to prolong the dying process. But to deny customary and
reasonable care or to deliberately starve or dehydrate someone because he or she is very old or very ill
should not be permitted. Most of the cases coming before the courts do not involve withholding heroic
measures from imminently dying people, but rather they seek approval for denying basic care, such as
administration of food and water, to people who are not elderly or terminally ill, but who are permanently
incapacitated. These people could be expected to live indefinitely, though in an impaired state, if they
were given food and water and minimal treatment.
No one has the right to judge that another’s life is not worth living. The basic right to life should
not be abridged because someone decides that someone else’s quality of life is too low. If we base the
right to life on quality of life standards, there is no logical place to draw the line.
To protect vulnerable patients, we must foster more positive attitudes towards people with serious
and incapacitating illnesses and conditions. Despite the ravages of their diseases, they are still our fellow
human beings and deserve our care and respect. We must also enact
positive legislation that will protect vulnerable people from those who consider their lives meaningless or
too costly to maintain and who would cause their deaths by withholding life-sustaining care such as food
and water.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) The tone of the author can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
pleading
argumentative
compassionate
emphatic
empathetic
2) In paragraph 3, the author finds starvation and dehydration induced euthanasia is to be “more
insidious" because
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
euthanasia is legally considered to be a criminal act
the public’s attitude toward euthanasia is becoming more positive
it often involves those who cannot protest
the patient has asked to die with dignity
its perpetrators are viewed as kindly caregivers
3) As used in paragraph 3, what is the best synonym for insidious?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
mischievous
treacherous
seductive
apparent
cumulative
4) The author maintains that death by withholding care is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
largely confined to hospitals
largely confined to the terminally ill
often requested by family members
approved by living wills
difficult to prove if prosecuted
5) As used in paragraph 7, which is the best definition of abridged?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
trimmed
curtailed
lengthened
extended
compressed
6) Using the passage as a guide, it can be inferred that the author would find euthanasia less
objectionable in cases in which
I. the patient’s death is imminent
II. the patient has left instructions in a living will not to provide care
III. the patient refuses to accept nourishment
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
7) The main idea of paragraph 7 is that
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
lawyers will be unable to prosecute or defend caregivers
no comprehensive right or wrong definition of euthanasia will exist
using a subjective standard will make the decision to end an individual’s life arbitrary
no boundary will exist between euthanasia and care omission
‘quality of life’ will no longer be able to be rigidly defined
8) In the final paragraph the author writes, "Despite the ravages of their diseases, they are still our fellow
human beings and deserve our care and respect." The main purpose of this statement is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
prove a previous argument
illustrate an example
gainsay a later statement
object to a larger idea
justify an earlier statement
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
A passage with a compassionate tone is written with the awareness of the suffering of others along with a desire to stop that
suffering. Here, the author is writing out of the desire to protect the lives of those who cannot speak for themselves. Since the author
is acting on behalf of others who suffer, the tone is compassionate. This means (C) is the best choice. A pleading tone is one where
the author begs the reader to adopt his or her position. Since the author of the passage above does not beg the reader to do
anything, (A) is incorrect. An argumentative tone is one where the author writes in opposition to a different viewpoint. Here, the
author simply presents his or her side to the issue and does not discussing opposing points, so (B) is not the best choice. If the tone
were emphatic, the author would make his or her points forcefully and with great emphasis. Here, the author clearly takes a side on
an issue, but is not particularly forceful, so (D) is not the best choice either. If the tone were empathetic, the author would write with
sensitivity to someone else’s feelings. Since the author is simply presenting his or her opinion on the issue, the tone is not
empathetic and (E) is incorrect.
2) C
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “we face a bigger, more insidious threat from passive forms of euthanasia. Every year, in hospitals
and nursing homes around the country, there are growing numbers of documented deaths caused by caregivers withholding lifesustaining care, including food and water, from vulnerable patients who cannot speak for themselves.” We can infer from this
information that euthanasia caused by withholding care is especially insidious because it is often done to people who cannot protest.
This means (C) is correct. While the author does note in paragraph 4 that active euthanasia is illegal, the author only uses the word
‘insidious’ to refer to euthanasia by withholding care. This means (A) is incorrect. Again, the author does write about the public’s
attitude towards euthanasia in the first paragraph, but states that the trend toward withholding care is insidious in paragraph 3. This
rules out (B). The author finds withholding food and water insidious because it is often done to patients who cannot speak for
themselves, so (D) is incorrect. The author does object to the perpetrators of euthanasia being viewed as compassionate, but does
not call this insidious. This rules out (E).
3) B
insidious (adjective): treacherous; spreading in a harmful and stealthy way.
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “we face a bigger, more insidious threat from passive forms of euthanasia. Every year, in hospitals
and nursing homes around the country, there are growing numbers of documented deaths caused by caregivers withholding lifesustaining care, including food and water, from vulnerable patients who cannot speak for themselves.” Since the numbers of these
cases is getting larger, we can infer that the practice is spreading. Since the author considers euthanasia through withholding care a
‘threat,’ we can infer that the author thinks that it is bad. Since the victims cannot speak for themselves, this practice can spread
quietly, without notice. This means that the word insidious means something bad that spreads quietly. Something that is treacherous
is dangerous because it has unforeseen hazards. Something with unforeseen dangers is similar to something dangerous that
spreads stealthily, so treacherous is a good synonym for insidious. (B) is the best answer. Something mischievous might cause
damage, but it does so in a playful way. This is different from spreading harm in a stealthy way, so mischievous is not a synonym for
insidious. (A) is incorrect. Something seductive is alluring. This is different than spreading harm, so (C) is not the best answer.
Something apparent is visible. This is different from being stealthy, so (D) is incorrect. Something cumulative is the accumulation of
many things. Although something cumulative grows, it doesn’t necessarily grow stealthily. This rules out (E).
4) C
In paragraph 4, the author explains that withholding care has been sanctioned by law in many places. Then, in paragraph 5, the
author writes, “it is often relatives of the patient who request that care be withheld.” The reader can infer from this information that it
is often family members who request that care be withheld, so (C) is the correct answer. In paragraph 4, we learn that withholding
care is largely confined to nursing homes as well as hospitals, so (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 6, the author writes, “Most of the
cases coming before the courts do not involve withholding heroic measures from imminently dying people, but rather they seek
approval for denying basic care, such as administration of food and water, to people who are not elderly or terminally ill, but who are
permanently incapacitated. These people could be expected to live indefinitely, though in an impaired state, if they were given food
and water and minimal treatment.” Since withholding care happens with those who could live indefinitely, (B) is also incorrect. The
only mention of living wills occurs in paragraph 4, where the author writes, “many states have "living will" laws designed to protect
those who withhold treatment.” Since this sentence is talking about laws and not about living wills themselves, we can understand
that (D) is incorrect. The author does not discuss the difficulty of prosecuting euthanasia cases, so (E) is also incorrect.
5) B
abridged (adjective): shortened; curtailed; reduced.
In the first 6 paragraphs, the author argues that euthanasia by withholding care is problematic when it is used on those who cannot
communicate their wishes. This means that when the author writes in paragraph 7, “The basic right to life should not be abridged
because someone decides that someone else's quality of life" is too low,” the author is reinforcing his earlier points, saying that the
right to life should not be curtailed, or cut short, for those who cannot protest. (B) is correct. Trimming suggests cutting of excess.
Since the author is concerned with the loss of basic rights, not excess rights, (A) is not the best answer. Euthanasia does not
lengthen life, so (C) is incorrect. Extended means drawn out. Euthanasia does not draw out life, so (D) is also incorrect. Something
that is compressed is condensed. The author is not concerned about life being condensed, so this rules out (E).
6) E
In paragraph 6, the author argues that caregivers should not be permitted to deny customary care simply because someone is very
old or ill. The author writes, “These people could be expected to live indefinitely, though in an impaired state, if they were given food
and water and minimal treatment.” We can understand from this information that the author thinks it is wrong to deny care if the
patient could continue to live indefinitely if given the customary care. This means the author should find it less objectionable to deny
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
care to someone who was terminally ill. This supports option (I). Since the author is primarily concerned with care being withheld
from those who cannot make their wishes known, the author should find it less objectionable to withhold care from a patient who has
specified in a living will that he or she did not want care. This supports option (II). Again, the author is worried that care is withheld
from those who cannot object. If a patient were to refuse care, they would be making their wishes known. This supports option (III).
Therefore (E) is correct.
7) C
In paragraph 7 the author writes, “No one has the right to judge that another's life is not worth living. The basic right to life should not
be abridged because someone decides that someone else's quality of life is too low. If we base the right to life on ‘quality of life’
standards, there is no logical place to draw the line.” This means the author thinks allowing care to be withheld because the patient
has poor quality of life is a bad idea because people may not agree on what qualifies as a life worth living. The author thinks this will
lead to the decision being made with no real standard at all, so (C) is the best answer. The author is concerned that there will not be
a consistent standard for the decision to withhold care, not a consistent standard for the law, so (A) is incorrect. The author is not
arguing about what euthanasia means, so (B) is also incorrect. The passage is about euthanasia via withholding care, so we know
that care omission is a form of euthanasia. This rules out (D). The author argues that no one should decide that someone else’s life
isn’t worth living, not that the definition of ‘quality of life’ will be changed. This eliminates (E).
8) E
To answer this question correctly, it helps to use context. In the final paragraph the author writes, "To protect vulnerable patients, we
must foster more positive attitudes towards people with serious and incapacitating illnesses and conditions. Despite the ravages of
their diseases, they are still our fellow human beings and deserve our care and respect." In the latter sentence, the author tells us
that people suffering from terrible illnesses are still our fellow human beings and deserve our care and respect. This is used to justify
the earlier statement that we must foster more positive attitudes towards people with serious illnesses. This means choice (E) is
correct. The passage does not provide information to support choices (A), (B), (C), and (D). Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 2
Level 12
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Concussions are brain injuries that occur when a person receives a blow to the head, face, or
neck. Although most people who suffer a concussion experience initial bouts of dizziness, nausea, and
drowsiness, these symptoms often disappear after a few days. The long-term effects of concussions,
however, are less understood and far more severe. Recent studies suggest that people who suffer
multiple concussions are at significant risk for developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a
degenerative brain disorder that causes a variety of dangerous mental and emotional problems to arise
weeks, months, or even years after the initial injury. These psychological problems can include
depression, anxiety, memory loss, inability to concentrate, and aggression. In extreme cases, people
suffering from CTE have even committed suicide or homicide. The majority of people who develop these
issues are athletes who participate in popular high-impact sports, especially football. Although new sports
regulations and improvements in helmet technology can help protect players, amateur leagues, the sports
media, and fans all bear some of the responsibility for reducing the incidence of these devastating
injuries.
Improvements in diagnostic technology have provided substantial evidence to link severe—and
often fatal—psychological disorders to the head injuries that players receive while on the field. Recent
autopsies performed on the brains of football players who have committed suicide have shown advanced
cases of CTE in every single victim.
In response to the growing understanding of this danger, the National Football League (NFL) has revised
its safety regulations. Players who have suffered a head injury on the field must undergo a “concussion
sideline assessment”—a series of mental and physical fitness tests—before being allowed back in the
game. In an effort to diminish the amount of head and neck injuries on the field, NFL officials began
enforcing stricter penalty calls for helmet-to-helmet contact, leading with the head, and hitting a
defenseless player. Furthermore, as of 2010, if a player’s helmet is accidentally wrenched from his head
during play, the ball is immediately whistled dead. It is hoped that these new regulations, coupled with
advances in helmet design, will reduce the number of concussions, and thus curb further cases of CTE.
Efforts by the NFL and other professional sports leagues are certainly laudable; we should
commend every attempt to protect the mental and physical health of players. However, new regulations at
the professional level cannot protect amateur players, especially young people. Fatal cases of CTE have
been reported in victims as young as 21. Proper tackling form—using the arms and shoulders to aim for a
player’s midsection—should be taught at an early age. Youth, high school, and college leagues should
also adopt safety rules even more stringent than those of the NFL. Furthermore, young athletes should be
educated about the serious dangers of head injuries at an early age.
Perhaps the most important factor in reducing the number of traumatic brain injuries, however,
lies not with the players, the coaches, or the administrators, but with the media and fans. Sports media
producers have become accustomed to showcasing the most aggressive tackles and the most intense
plays. NFL broadcasts often replay especially violent collisions while the commentators marvel at the
players’ physical prowess. Some sports highlights television programs even feature weekly countdowns
of the “hardest hits.” When the media exalts such dangerous behavior, professionals are rewarded for
injuring each other on the field and amateurs become more likely to try to imitate their favorite NFL
athletes. Announcers, commentators, television producers, and sportswriters should engage in a
collective effort to cease glorifying brutal plays. In turn, fans should stop expecting their favorite players to
put their lives on the line for the purposes of entertainment. Players must not be encouraged to trade their
careers, their health, their happiness, and even their lives for the sake of a game.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that all of the following statements are true
except
A. tackling is not always dangerous; however, players who use improper tackling form may injure
others
B. scientists have established a definitive link between players who die untimely deaths and the
onset of CTE
C. NFL officials have done little to address the problem of CTE
D. athletes who are praised for exceptionally brutal hits are likely to continue engaging in such
dangerous behavior
E. the NFL has done more to mitigate future cases of CTE than youth, high school, or college
leagues have done
2) According to the passage, which of the following factors contribute(s) to the incidence of CTE in
amateur players?
I. inconsistent application of safety regulations for all levels
II. lack of education about the dangers of head injuries
III. amateur players’ desire to emulate professionals
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
3) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best synonym for laudable?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
praiseworthy
ineffectual
memorable
audacious
satisfactory
4) The author’s tone in the final paragraph can best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
remorseful
hopeless
perplexed
insistent
arrogant
5) As used in the final paragraph, which is the best antonym for exalts?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
mitigates
venerates
mollifies
expedites
castigates
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
6) In describing the sports media, the author emphasizes its
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
responsibility
entertainment value
senselessness
danger
sensationalism
7) In the final paragraph, the author mentions “sports highlights television programs” as an example of
how
I. the media glorifies violence
II. amateurs learn to mimic professional athletes
III. professional athletes gain approval
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
8) In the last sentence of this passage, the author writes, "Players must not be encouraged to trade their
careers, their health, their happiness, and even their lives for the sake of a game." Which of the
following literary devices is used in this quotation?
A. Irony, characterized by the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal
meaning. In irony, the deeper, real layer of significance is revealed by the situation and the
context in which they are placed and not by the words themselves.
B. Climax, characterized by the arrangement of words, phrases, or causes in an order of ascending
power that culminates into the highest or most intense point. This works to deliver the main action
or integral message to the reader in a powerful way.
C. Authorial intrusion, characterized by a point at which the author speaks out directly to the reader.
This establishes a one to one relationship between the writer and the reader where the latter is no
longer a secondary player or an indirect audience to the progress of the story but is the main
subject of the author’s attention.
D. Hyperbole, characterized by the use of specific words and phrases that exaggerate and
overemphasize the core of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect.
This usually works to convey an action or sentiment that is generally not realistically possible or
plausible but helps to emphasize an emotion
E. Anastrophe, in which the order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is exchanged. In
standard parlance and writing the adjective comes before the noun but when one is employing an
anastrophe the noun is followed by the adjective. This reversed order creates a dramatic impact
and lends weight to the description offered by the adjective.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
In paragraph 2, the author lists ways in which the NFL has tried to combat the problem of CTE, such as “concussion sideline
assessments,” “stricter penalty calls,” and a rule that the ball must be “whistled dead” as soon as a player accidentally loses his
helmet during play. This means it is false that the NFL has done “little to address the problem.” Therefore (C) is correct. In
paragraph 3, the author writes, “Proper tackling form—using the arms and shoulders to aim for a player’s midsection—should be
taught at an early age.” From this we can infer that there is a proper way to tackle others, which minimizes risk of injury and is not
necessarily dangerous. However, players who use improper tackling form may injure others, leading to more cases of CTE. This
means (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Recent autopsies performed on the brains of football players who have
committed suicide have shown advanced cases of CTE in every single victim.” Based on this evidence, we can infer that scientists
have established a definitive link between players who die untimely deaths and the onset of CTE. This makes (B) incorrect. In
paragraph 4, the author writes, “NFL broadcasts often replay especially violent collisions while the commentators marvel at the
players’ physical prowess. Some sports highlights television programs even feature weekly countdowns of the ‘hardest hits.’ When
the media exalts such dangerous behavior, professionals are rewarded for injuring each other on the field.” From this we can infer
that athletes who are praised for exceptionally brutal hits are likely to continue such behavior. This means (D) is incorrect. In
paragraph 2, the author lists many things the NFL has done to try to combat the problem of CTE. Then, in paragraph 3, the author
writes, “New regulations at the professional level cannot protect amateur players, especially young people…Youth, high school, and
college leagues should also adopt safety rules even more stringent than those of the NFL.” Based on this information we can infer
that the NFL has done more to mitigate future cases of CTE than youth, high school, or college leagues have done. Therefore (E) is
incorrect.
2) E
In paragraph 3, the author notes that “youth, high school, and college leagues should also adopt safety rules even more stringent
than those of the NFL.” The author suggests that NFL standards may protect professional players, but the regulations for amateurs
are inconsistent with NFL standards. Therefore, increased NFL safety standards do not help prevent the injuries suffered by
amateurs. The inconsistent application of safety regulations for all levels contributes to the incidence of CTE in amateur players.
This supports option (I). In paragraph 3, the author claims, “Young athletes should be educated about the serious dangers of head
injuries at an early age.” This means there is a lack of education about the dangers of head injuries that contributes to the incidence
of CTE in amateur players. This supports option (II). In the final paragraph, the author argues that “amateurs” are “likely to try to
imitate their favorite NFL athletes” when they watch violent highlight reels on sports programs. This means that amateur players’
desire to emulate professionals can contribute to the incidence of CTE in amateurs. This supports option (III). Therefore (E) is
correct.
3) A
laudable (adjective): worthy of praise; commendable.
In paragraph 3, the author states: “Efforts by the NFL and other professional sports leagues are certainly laudable; we should
commend every attempt to protect the mental and physical health of players.” This tells us that we should commend laudable
attempts, meaning we should praise them, so a good synonym is praiseworthy. Therefore (A) is correct. Ineffectual means
ineffective or useless. While the author states that efforts by the NFL are not enough, he or she does not suggest they are useless.
This means (B) is incorrect. Memorable means unforgettable. The author is praising the NFL’s efforts, but he or she does not in any
way suggest that these efforts are unforgettable. This makes (C) incorrect. Audacious means bold or daring. The author is praising
the NFL’s efforts, but he or she does not in any way suggest that these efforts are particularly daring, only that they are worthwhile.
Therefore (D) is incorrect. Satisfactory means acceptable or adequate. While the author suggests that efforts by the NFL are a step
in the right direction, he or she explicitly argues that they are not adequate, and more should be done. This makes (E) incorrect.
4) D
The author’s main purpose in the final paragraph is to convince readers that fans and media alike should stop glorifying the violent
hits that make football so dangerous. The author’s tone is insistent as he or she compiles evidence supporting this position. The
final sentence in the paragraph is definitive, even dramatic: “Players must not be encouraged to trade their careers, their health,
their happiness, and even their lives for the sake of a game.” Choice (D) is correct. The author is blaming the media and the fans,
not him or herself. Therefore he or she is not remorseful so (A) is incorrect. Although the author describes a negative situation, he or
she ends with a call to action for the future, implying that this situation may indeed improve in the future. This means the author is
not hopeless. Therefore (B) is incorrect. A perplexed tone suggests that the author is confused about something. The author is quite
clear about his or her position, so (C) is incorrect. Although the author is assigning blame in this paragraph, he or she does not do
so in an arrogant manner. This means (E) is incorrect.
5) E
exalt (verb): to praise or glorify something or somebody.
In the final paragraph, the author writes: “Sports media producers have become accustomed to showcasing the most aggressive
tackles and the most intense plays. NFL broadcasts often replay especially violent collisions while the commentators marvel at the
players’ physical prowess. Some sports highlights television programs even feature weekly countdowns of the ‘hardest hits.’ When
the media exalts such dangerous behavior, professionals are rewarded for injuring each other on the field.” In the examples given,
the media is portrayed as “showcasing” aggression and “marvel[ing]” at violence. Furthermore, the author argues that professional
players are rewarded when the media exalts their hazardous behavior. Since the players are being rewarded, exalts must mean
praises or glorifies. If the players were being criticized or condemned for their violent behavior, then they would not be rewarded.
This means a good antonym is castigates. Therefore (E) is correct. Mitigates means makes less severe or painful. The media is
glorifying such behavior, not making it less severe, so (A) is incorrect. Venerates means glorifies, so it is a synonym for exalts. This
makes (B) incorrect. Mollifies means soothes or appeases. While this is different from glorifying violent behavior, it is not opposite,
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
so (C) is incorrect. Expedites means to hasten or speed up. The media is glorifying violent behavior, but it does not affect the speed
of the behavior. This means (D) is incorrect.
6) E
In the final paragraph, the author describes the media as follows: “Sports media producers have become accustomed to showcasing
the most aggressive tackles and the most intense plays. NFL broadcasts often replay especially violent collisions while the
commentators marvel at the players’ physical prowess. Some sports highlights television programs even feature weekly countdowns
of the ‘hardest hits.’ When the media exalts such dangerous behavior, professionals are rewarded for injuring each other on the field
and amateurs become more likely to try to imitate their favorite NFL athletes. Announcers, commentators, television producers, and
sportswriters should engage in a collective effort to cease glorifying brutal plays.” The author uses verbs such as showcase, marvel,
feature, exalt, reward, and glorify to describe what the media does. He or she uses language like “aggressive tackles,” “most intense
plays,” “violent collisions,” “hardest hits,” “dangerous behavior,” and “brutal plays” to describe what the media depicts. By studying
the language, we can determine that the author has chosen to emphasize the sports media’s sensationalism in praising brutality.
Therefore (E) is correct. Although the author is arguing that the sports media should be more responsible, he or she actually
describes its current behavior as irresponsible. This means (A) is incorrect. While some people may claim that glorifying violence
increases entertainment value in the sports media, the author would not likely agree with this position. Furthermore, the author does
not emphasize entertainment value, which is a positive characteristic. Rather, he or she focuses on the sensationalism of the sports
media, which is a more negative characteristic. This means (B) is incorrect. The author does not go so far as to characterize the
sports media as senseless, meaning completely foolish or absurd. Because it is too extreme, (C) is incorrect. While the author
describes the behavior of the players as “dangerous,” he or she does not go so far as to describe the media itself as dangerous.
This means (D) is incorrect.
7) E
In the final paragraph, the author writes, “NFL broadcasts often replay especially violent collisions while the commentators marvel at
the players’ physical prowess. Some sports highlights television programs even feature weekly countdowns of the ‘hardest hits.’”
Based on this information, we can understand that the author mentions “sports highlights television programs” as an example of how
the media showcases violence. Later in the paragraph, the author adds that the media “glorif[ies] brutal plays.” This supports option
(I). In the final paragraph, the author writes, “Some sports highlights television programs even feature weekly countdowns of the
‘hardest hits.’ When the media exalts such dangerous behavior,…amateurs become more likely to try to imitate their favorite NFL
athletes.” Based on this information, we can understand that the author mentions “sports highlights television programs” as an
example of how amateurs learn to mimic professional athletes. This supports option (II). In the final paragraph, the author writes,
“Some sports highlights television programs even feature weekly countdowns of the ‘hardest hits.’ When the media exalts such
dangerous behavior, professionals are rewarded for injuring each other on the field.” Based on this information, we can understand
that the author mentions “sports highlights television programs” as an example of how professional athletes gain approval. This
supports option (III). Therefore (E) is correct.
8) B
In the last sentence, the author urges players to stop trading “their careers, their health, their happiness, and even their lives for the
sake of a game.” The ideas progress from least crucial (careers) to most crucial (lives). Organizing ideas in order of ascending
power or importance is called climax. Therefore (B) is correct. The passage does not contain information to support choices (A), (C),
(D), and (E). Therefore they are incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 3
Level 12
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
The biggest house of cards, the longest tongue, and of course, the tallest man: these are among
the thousands of records logged in the famous Guinness Book of Records. Created in 1955 after a
debate concerning Europe's fastest game bird, what began as a marketing tool sold to pub landlords to
promote Guinness, an Irish drink, became the bestselling copyright title of all time (a category that
excludes books such as the Bible and the Koran). In time, the book would sell 120 million copies in over
100 countries— quite a leap from its humble beginnings.
In its early years, the book set its sights on satisfying man's innate curiosity about the natural
world around him. Its two principal fact finders, twins Norris and Ross McWhirter, scoured the globe to
collect empirical facts. It was their task to find and document aspects of life that can be sensed or
observed, things that can be quantified or measured. But not just any things. They were only interested in
superlatives: the biggest and the best. It was during this period that some of the hallmark Guinness
Records were documented, answering such questions as "What is the brightest star?" and "What is the
biggest spider?"
Once aware of the public's thirst for such knowledge, the book's authors began to branch out to
cover increasingly obscure, little-known facts. They started documenting human achievements as well. A
forerunner for reality television, the Guinness Book gave people a chance to become famous for
accomplishing eccentric, often pointless tasks. Records were set in 1955 for consuming 24 raw eggs in
14 minutes and in 1981 for the fastest solving of a Rubik's Cube (which took a mere 38 seconds). In 1979
a man yodeled non-stop for ten and a quarter hours.
In its latest incarnation, the book has found a new home on the internet. No longer restricted to
the confines of physical paper, the Guinness World Records website contains seemingly innumerable
facts concerning such topics as the most powerful combustion engine, or the world's longest train. What
is striking, however, is that such facts are found sharing a page with the record of the heaviest train to be
pulled with a beard. While there is no denying that each of these facts has its own, individual allure, the
latter represents a significant deviation from the education-oriented facts of earlier editions. Perhaps there
is useful knowledge to be gleaned regarding the tensile strength of a beard, but this seems to cater to an
audience more interested in seeking entertainment than education.
Originating as a simple bar book, the Guinness Book of Records has evolved over decades to
provide insight into the full spectrum of modern life. And although one may be more likely now to learn
about the widest human mouth than the highest number of casualties in a single battle of the Civil War,
the Guinness World Records website offers a telling glimpse into the future of fact-finding and recordrecording.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) Which of the following statements would best serve as the headline for this passage?
A. The encyclopedia of the extremes reflects the changing interests of modern society.
B. A book of simple origins makes it to the top as sales total a staggering 120 million copies.
C. Facts are often displayed in a boring, uninteresting manner, but not in the Guinness Book of
Records.
D. The Guinness World Records website proves itself a valuable resource for insight into the full
spectrum of modern life.
E. Where other books fall short, the index of superlative sciences never ceases to amaze.
2) According to the author, the most significant difference between older editions of the Guinness Book
of Records and the new Guinness World Records website involves
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
an end to the use of facts as a means to promote Guinness
an overall increase in the total number of facts presented
a move from fact-finding to the recording of achievements
a shift in focus from educational to entertaining material
a departure from book sales being limited to local pubs and bars
3) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for empirical?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
natural
derived from experience
recordable
excellent or unmatched
convenient or handy
4) Based on its use in paragraph 2, which of the following best describes something that is superlative?
A. Students give presentations about their favorite subjects for a grade. Amy Newhouse receives an
87% for her presentation, while Dustin Lincoln receives a 92%.
B. Although sharks are significantly bigger and have razor-sharp teeth, dolphins are smarter and can
therefore successfully evade attack.
C. The lake holds a contest to see who can catch the biggest fish. Tommy wins, having caught a 6
lb. 5 oz. smallmouth bass.
D. A man built an enormous house of cards. It took him 44 days and 218,792 individual playing
cards to complete.
E. Ichiro likes tennis and practices every day. In his last tournament, he placed 3rd of over 350
competitors, winning the bronze trophy.
5) Using the passage as a guide, it can be inferred that the author most likely believes reality television
to be
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
corrupt
absurd
idiotic
invaluable
shallow
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
6) In the final paragraph, the author writes, "And although one may be more likely now to learn about the
widest human mouth than the highest number of casualties in a single battle of the Civil War, the
Guinness World Records website offers a telling glimpse into the future of fact-finding and recordrecording." Which of the following literary devices is used in this quotation?
A. Aphorism, characterized by the use of a concise statement that is made in a matter of fact tone to
state a principle or an opinion that is generally understood to be a universal truth. Aphorisms are
often adages, wise sayings and maxims aimed at imparting sense and wisdom.
B. Alliteration, characterized by the use of adjacent words that begin with the same sound or letter,
creating a repetition of similar sounds in the sentence. This is used to add character to the writing
and often adds an element of playfulness.
C. Amplification, characterized by the embellishment or extension of a statement in order to give it
greater worth or meaning. This is often used for rhetorical purposes.
D. Anagram, characterized by the jumbling of the syllables of a phrase or the individual letters of a
word to create a new word. Anagram is a form of wordplay that allows the writer to infuse mystery
and a fun into the writing so that the reader can decipher the actual word on his or her own and
discover enhanced depth of meaning.
E. Anthropomorphism in which a human quality, emotion or ambition is attributed to a non-human
object or being. This is often used in order to relate the object to the reader on a familiar level and
also to increase the level of relativity between the humans and objects while lending character to
the subject.
7) Which of the following best summarizes the organization of this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
introduction, history, conclusion
history, examples, explanations, conclusion
exposition, history, conclusion
introduction, thesis, supporting paragraphs, conclusion
introduction, history, exposition, conclusion
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) A
In paragraph 3, we learn that the early authors of the Guinness Book of Records were attuned to the interests of their audience:
“Once aware of the public's thirst for such knowledge, the book's authors began to branch out to cover increasingly obscure, littleknown facts.” As the book has “found a new home on the internet,” the facts contained therein have changed to reflect the interests
of a new generation of readers. New records seem even more eccentric than previous ones, prompting the author to theorize:
“Perhaps there is useful knowledge to be gleaned regarding the tensile strength of a beard, but this seems to cater to an audience
more interested in seeking entertainment than education.” The author shows throughout the passage that the Guinness Book of
Records has always reflected the interests of its audience, and as society changes, so too do the records. A heading should capture
the main idea of a passage. The main idea of this passage is that the book has changed over time, and moreover that its changes
are in response to the changing interests of modern society. Therefore (A) is the correct choice. The fact that the Guinness Book of
Records sold 120 million copies is a detail in the introduction designed to catch the reader’s interest. It does not capture the main
idea of the passage, so it would not serve as a comprehensive heading. Therefore (B) is incorrect. While it may be true that facts
are often displayed in a boring, uninteresting manner, and the Guinness Book of Records is a departure from this display, the main
idea of this passage is not how the book differs from other factual publications. Rather, the focus here is on the ways the Guinness
Book of Records has evolved. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The author does claim that the Guinness World Records website “is a
valuable resource for insight into the full spectrum of modern life,” but this detail concerns only the website. Most of the passage is
about the history of the book and how it has changed, so this sentence does not capture the main idea of the passage. Therefore
(D) is incorrect. Though it may be true that The Guinness World Records “never ceases to amaze,” the main idea of the passage is
not that the book is compelling, but that is has evolved over time. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
2) D
In paragraph 4, we learn that the website includes new, more eccentric records in addition to the previous records, such as “the
record of the heaviest train to be pulled with a beard.” The author goes on to say that the addition of such types of records
“represents a significant deviation from the education-oriented facts of earlier editions.” Finally, the author claims that these new
records “cater to an audience more interested in seeking entertainment than education.” From these statements we can infer that
the author finds the most significant difference between the older editions and the website to be the shift in focus from educational to
entertaining material. Therefore (D) is correct. In paragraph 1, we learn that the Guinness Book of Records “began as a marketing
tool sold to pub landlords to promote Guinness, an Irish drink.” The story does not contain the information that the book is no longer
used to promote Guinness, whether in the form of older editions or the newer website. Therefore (A) is incorrect. In paragraph 4, we
learn that “no longer restricted to the confines of physical paper, the Guinness World Records website contains seemingly
innumerable facts concerning such topics as the most powerful combustion engine, or the world's longest train.” Here the author
implies that there is an overall increase in the total number of facts presented, as the website does not limit space in the way a
physical book does. However, though this is a difference between the website and the older editions, the passage does not contain
information to prove that it is the most significant difference, in the author’s opinion. The use of phrases like “what is striking” and
“significant” indicate that the author finds the most significant difference has to do with the types of facts, not the quantity. Therefore
(B) is incorrect. In paragraph 3, we learn that “the book's authors began to branch out to cover increasingly obscure, little-known
facts. They started documenting human achievements as well.” The move is not necessarily from fact-finding to documenting
achievements, but rather a move to include both types of records. Furthermore, the move towards including achievements occurred
well before the creation of the website. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The passage does not contain information that book sales were
limited to pubs and bars, nor does it say that the website represents a departure from this practice. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
3) B
empirical (adjective): originating in or based on observation or experience.
In paragraph 2 we learn that the “two principal fact finders, twins Norris and Ross McWhirter, scoured the globe to collect empirical
facts. It was their task to find and document aspects of life that can be sensed or observed, things that can be quantified or
measured.” From this information the reader can infer that empirical facts are those that can be sensed or observed. Our senses
and observations derive directly from our experience of the world. Therefore (B) is correct. Natural means existing in or found in
nature. Though some of the facts recorded in the Guinness Book of Records could be found in nature, things which we can sense or
observe through experience are not necessarily natural. Therefore (A) is incorrect. Recordable means able to be set down in writing.
Although empirical facts are recordable, not everything that is set down in writing can be sensed or observed, quantified or
measured. Therefore (C) is incorrect. While some of the records were no doubt excellent, excellent or unmatched can also describe
something that cannot be observed and quantified. Therefore (D) is incorrect. The twins had to scour the globe to collect facts,
which indicates that these facts were difficult to unearth, the opposite of convenient or handy. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
4) C
Comparative is used to show how one thing has some feature to a greater degree than another (used in a one-to-one comparison)
while superlative is used to show how one thing has some feature to the greatest degree of all of its kind. This is the case with
adjectives. There are standard adjectives, which are used to attribute features to an individual thing (ex. big). Then there are
comparative adjectives, which are used to indicate that one thing has some feature to a greater or lesser degree than another thing
(ex. bigger). Then there are superlative adjectives, which are used to used to indicate that one thing has some feature to a greater
or lesser degree than all others in a given context (ex. biggest). In this case, we are looking for a superlative situation, which would
be a situation in which one thing has some feature to a greater or lesser degree than all others. The lake holds a contest to see who
can catch the biggest fish, and Tommy wins because his fish weighs the more than any others. This makes Tommy’s fish the
superlative fish in the contest. Therefore (C) is the correct answer. In a situation where we know two students’ grades, we can
compare them to each other, but we do not know whether Amy or Dustin has the superlative score in the class, because we do not
know the scores of all the other students. The situation in answer choice (A) is a comparative situation, so this choice is incorrect. In
a situation where we know the advantages of sharks (bigger) versus the advantages of dolphins (smarter), we cannot determine
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
which of the two is superlative. This is another comparative situation. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The situation in answer choice (D) is
also incorrect. This is because it offers details about a man’s accomplishment, but we do not have any other situations to which we
can compare his accomplishment. We do not know if 44 days is a comparatively long or short time, and we do not know whether
218, 792 cards is a larger or smaller amount compared to other people’s attempts at this accomplishment. Since we have no
comparative information, we cannot determine whether this is a superlative accomplishment or not. Ichiro placed 3rd out of 350
competitors, which may be an impressive performance, but is neither the best nor the worst. Thus his situation does not describe
something superlative. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
5) E
In paragraph 3, the author states, “A forerunner for reality television, the Guinness Book gave people a chance to become famous
for accomplishing eccentric, often pointless tasks.” From this statement, we can infer that the author believes reality television also
gives people a chance to become famous for accomplishing eccentric, often pointless tasks. Something shallow lacks intellectual or
mental depth and is superficial. Since these tasks lack intellectual depth, and since being famous for doing something pointless is a
form of superficiality, we can infer that the author believes reality television to be shallow. Therefore (E) is the correct answer.
Corrupt means guilty of dishonest practices. While it may be trivial for people to gain fame for accomplishing pointless tasks, it is not
dishonest for them to do so. Therefore (A) is incorrect. Absurd means utterly senseless or illogical. The author may find reality
television absurd, but the passage does not offer any information that he or she believes the chance to become famous for
accomplishing pointless tasks is illogical. There is evidence that he considers the tasks themselves absurd or pointless, but there is
not concrete evidence that he finds reality television absurd. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Idiotic means foolish or stupid. It is a
negatively charged word. If the author is saying that the Guinness Book was a forerunner for reality television, and if he believes that
reality television is idiotic, then it logically follows that he believes the Guinness Book is also idiotic. But it is clear from his tone
throughout the passage that he does not hold such a negative view of the book. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Invaluable means
beyond calculable worth, or priceless. This answer choice represents a trap, as people often misunderstand invaluable to mean the
opposite of valuable, or worthless. However, when one considers the actual definition in this context, it is clear that the author does
not believe reality television to be priceless. Rather, he implies that it is superficial for people to gain fame for accomplishing
pointless tasks. Something superficial is not something that is priceless, or beyond calculable worth. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
6) B
The final phrase of this sentence includes multiple words beginning with f and r: “the future of fact-finding and record-recording.”
This repetition of initial letters or sounds in words in quick succession is called alliteration. There are two instances of it here.
Therefore (B) is the correct answer. An aphorism is a short saying generally understood to be a universal truth, such as a maxim or
adage. There is no universal truth contained in the given sentence. Therefore (A) is incorrect. Amplification occurs when a writer
embellishes a sentence by repeating words or expressions, and adding more information to increase the meaning and emphasis.
While the sentence does offer specific details, there is no such explicit repetition. Therefore (C) is incorrect. An anagram is a literary
device wherein the author jumbles the letters of a word to create a new word. There is no such example in the given sentence.
Therefore (D) is incorrect. Anthropomorphism is the act of lending a human quality, emotion or ambition to a non-human object or
being. There is no object or being in this sentence which is bestowed with a human quality, emotion or ambition. Therefore (E) is
incorrect.
7) E
Paragraph 1 introduces the subject of this passage, the Guinness Book of Records, by describing it and then giving an overview of
its history. Paragraphs 2 and 3 delve into this history, particularly the history of the types of facts collected and the methods of
collection. Paragraph 4 moves into exposition, informing the reader of the differences between the older editions and the current
website edition. Finally, in paragraph 5, the author offers his conclusion: that the publication “has evolved over decades” and that it
“offers a telling glimpse into the future of fact-finding and record-recording.” Since this structure follows the organizational patter of
introduction, history, exposition, conclusion, (E) is the correct answer. While the passage does begin with an introduction and
history, and it ends with the author’s conclusion, paragraph 4 is an important piece which describes the current state of the
publication. Answer choice A does not include exposition in the organizational pattern. Therefore A is incorrect. The passage does
include history and it does offer examples of the types of facts found in the book. However, there are no substantial explanations, of
either the history or the examples, offered. Therefore (B) is incorrect. The bulk of the exposition in this passage is not at the
beginning, but in paragraph 4. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Though the essay does follow the organizational pattern of introduction,
supporting paragraphs, and conclusion, the author’s thesis does not appear until paragraph 5, instead of near the beginning.
Therefore (D) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 4
Level 12
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a range of psychological conditions characterized by
abnormalities in social interaction, behavior, interests, and communication. The five forms of ASD include
classical autism, Asperger syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Rett syndrome, and Childhood
Disintegrative Disorder. Although the number of reported cases of ASD has experienced a dramatic increase in
the past 25 years, the majority of doctors agree that this increase is due to changes in diagnostic practices and
advances in the understanding of psychiatric health. While there is no general consensus among medical
professionals about the underlying causes of ASD, theories range from genetic inheritance to environmental
factors. One of the most controversial theories to have emerged in recent times is the hypothesis that ASD
could be caused by the MMR vaccine, which is an immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella that was
first developed in the 1960’s. The vaccine is a mixture of three live viruses and is administered via injection to
children when they are one year old. By the late 1990’s, this vaccination had led to the near-eradication of
measles in countries that employed widespread inoculation. However, a combination of spurious scientific data
and alarmist media attention led to an entirely preventable resurgence in measles cases in the early 21 st
century.
The first claims of a connection between the MMR vaccine and autism were made in 1998, when an
article in The Lancet, a respected British medical journal, reported on eight cases of autism that could possibly
be traced back to the administration of an MMR vaccine. The parents of the children in this study contended
that the symptoms of autism in their children developed within days of vaccination. During a press conference,
Andrew Wakefield, one of the authors of the article, called on British doctors to stop giving combined MMR
vaccines, instead advocating for individual inoculations against measles, mumps, and rubella.
Following the publication of this article, Wakefield published several follow-up papers that further
questioned the safety of the MMR vaccine. An onslaught of media coverage then began. Parents appeared on
television sharing anecdotal evidence linking their child’s inoculation to the onset of ASD. The popular press
quickly seized upon this story; in 2002, over 1200 articles were written about the link between MMR vaccines
and ASD. Less than 30% of these articles mentioned that an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
suggested that these vaccinations were completely safe.
Since the initial panic, fears that MMR vaccines cause ASD have generally subsided. A survey
completed in 2004 showed that only 2% of people in the United Kingdom thought that there was a legitimate
link between MMR vaccines and ASD. Fears were most likely allayed when, in 2004, an investigative reporter
discovered that Andrew Wakefield had received a large sum of money from lawyers seeking evidence to use in
cases against vaccine manufacturers. It was then discovered that Wakefield had applied for patents on an
alternate MMR vaccine. These severe conflicts of interest damaged the credibility of Wakefield’s study beyond
repair. In 2010, Wakefield was tried by Britain’s General Medical Council under allegations that he had falsified
data and manipulated test results. The Council found that Wakefield had acted “dishonestly and irresponsibly,”
and consequently The Lancet officially retracted Wakefield’s 1998 article.
The anti-MMR vaccine panic that arose immediately after Wakefield’s article was published had a
significant negative effect on the health of thousands of children. Once the controversy began, the number of
parents in the United Kingdom who inoculated their children with the MMR vaccine experienced a sharp
decline. Not surprisingly, the number of reported cases of measles increased; while there were only 56
confirmed cases of measles in the UK in 1998; in 2008 there were over 1300. Between 2002 and 2008, there
were outbreaks of measles throughout Europe and North America. These outbreaks cost millions of dollars in
health care and resulted in the deaths of dozens of children and adults with compromised immune systems.
Who is to blame for these deaths? It is easy to hold Andrew Wakefield accountable, but the media
must also bear some of the responsibility. The media’s appetite for a sensational medical story overshadowed
the fact that there was very little scientific evidence behind Wakefield’s claim. Although Wakefield is certainly
not the first person to publish fraudulent scientific findings in a respected medical journal, the magnitude of this
event was anomalous, as most medical hoaxes are discredited before they can reach the popular media. While
The Lancet should not have published Wakefield’s article without checking it thoroughly, the popular media
should not have blown the study out of proportion without fully considering the consequences.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Questions
1) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. warn parents about the dangers of not vaccinating their children against measles
B. criticize The Lancet for publishing Wakefield’s article without vetting it more thoroughly
C. provide an overview of the MMR vaccine controversy, including its consequences and
responsible parties
D. inform readers about the history of the MMR vaccine, especially in the U.S. and the UK
E. blame parents who believed alarmist media reports for the measles outbreaks
2) As used in paragraph 1, which is the best antonym for spurious?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
reassuring
safe
clear
necessary
legitimate
3) Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the author’s explanation for the
increase in reported cases of ASD over the past 25 years?
A. Over the past 25 years, parents have been more likely to have their young children inoculated
against MMR.
B. Since the results of Wakefield’s study were published, parents have been less likely to have their
young children inoculated against MMR.
C. In the past 25 years, doctors have developed a better understanding of genetics, which is thought
to be the leading factor in whether or not a child will develop ASD.
D. The drastic changes in our environment that have occurred over the past 25 years have most
significantly contributed to an increase in cases of ASD.
E. The increase in reported cases of ASD is mainly the result of an increased understanding of how
to recognize ASD.
4) Which of the following pieces of evidence from paragraphs 2 and 3 support(s) the author’s claim that
popular media is partially responsible for creating unnecessary panic?
“An article published in The Lancet, a respected British medical journal, reported on eight cases
of autism that could possibly be traced back to the administration of an MMR vaccine.”
II. “In 2002, over 1200 articles were written about the link between MMR vaccines and ASD. Less
than 30% of these articles mentioned that an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
suggested that these vaccinations were completely safe.”
III. “Parents appeared on television sharing anecdotal evidence regarding the links between their
child’s inoculation and the onset of ASD.”
I.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
l only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
5) In paragraph 4, the author cites all of the following as ways that Wakefield’s study was discredited
except
A. investigators discovered that the parents of children in Wakefield’s study were litigants in a
lawsuit against the pharmaceutical company that made the MMR vaccine
B. The Lancet eventually retracted Wakefield’s original article
C. it was discovered that Wakefield accepted money from lawyers who were filing a suit against the
pharmaceutical companies responsible for making the MMR vaccine
D. an investigation into Wakefield’s research found that he had falsified data in his initial study
E. Wakefield himself had apparently been working on an alternate vaccine to compete with MMR
6) Based on its use in paragraph 4, it can be inferred that the phrase “conflicts of interest” means
situations in which people
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
unethically accept large sums of money
have interests that fail to accord with those of the mainstream media
falsify data and manipulate test results
have personal interests that threaten their official objectivity
stand to gain financially through illegal means
7) As used in paragraph 6, which is the best synonym for anomalous?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
timely
calamitous
abnormal
unacceptable
coincidental
8) Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would best strengthen the author’s argument in
paragraph 6?
A. An estimated 1.4 million measles deaths are averted each year due to MMR immunization.
B. 90% of parents in the UK who decided not to immunize their children against measles reported
that they did so against their doctors’ wishes.
C. Measles outbreaks in Japan can be traced back to Japanese exchange students who were
studying in the UK.
D. In the United States, over 60% of children who are not immunized against MMR never exhibit any
symptoms of the measles.
E. Andrew Wakefield sued the investigative reporter who accused him of fraud.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Answers and Explanations
1) C
An author’s purpose is directly related to the content of the passage. In this passage, the author begins in paragraph 1 with
background information about ASD and the controversy surrounding a possible link between ASD and the MMR vaccine. In
paragraph 2, the author details how the possible link between ASD and the MMR vaccine was established. In paragraph 3, the
author describes the media’s role in heightening the controversy. In paragraph 4, the author identifies the reasons why the scientist
behind the research came to be discredited, and why subsequently most people no longer believed there was a connection between
ASD and vaccines. In paragraph 5, the author describes the negative consequences of parents choosing not to vaccinate their
children against MMR. In paragraph 6, the author suggests that not only was falsified science to blame, but also the popular media
that ran the story without fully checking the facts. Based on this content, we can determine that the author aims to provide an
overview of the MMR vaccine controversy, including its consequences and responsible parties. Therefore (C) is correct. The author
addresses a general audience, not parents specifically. He or she also uses an informative tone rather than a warning tone. This
means (A) is incorrect. Although the author does criticize The Lancet for publishing Wakefield’s article without checking it more
thoroughly, this criticism is not the author’s main point. The author’s tone throughout the passage is more informative than critical.
This means (B) is incorrect. The author focuses specifically on the controversy surrounding a possible link between the MMR
vaccine and ASD, not on the more general history of the MMR vaccine. This eliminates (D). At no point does the author blame
parents. This eliminates (E).
2) E
spurious (adjective): false, counterfeit, or bogus; not valid or well-founded.
The author writes in paragraph 1 that “a combination of spurious scientific data and alarmist media attention led to an entirely
preventable resurgence in measles.” Later in the passage, in paragraph 4, the author writes that Wakefield, the scientist, testified
that “he had falsified data and manipulated test results.” Based on this information, we can understand that because the scientific
data turned out to be false, spurious means fraudulent or illegitimate. This means a good antonym for spurious is legitimate.
Therefore (E) is correct. Reassuring means removing doubts and fears. Although the scientific data did provide doubts and fears,
the larger problem with the data was not that it caused fear, but that it was false in the first place. This means (A) is incorrect. Safe
means protected from danger. While the scientific data led to dangerous consequences (parents not vaccinating their children), the
data itself was false, not dangerous. This makes (B) incorrect. Clear means easy to understand or interpret. The scientific data was
false, not confusing. Therefore (C) is incorrect. Necessary means required or essential. The scientific data did turn out not to be
essential, but that is because it was false or unreliable. This makes (D) incorrect.
3) E
The author writes in paragraph 1: “Although the number of reported cases of autism has experienced a dramatic increase in the past
25 years, the majority of doctors agree that this increase is due to changes in diagnostic practices and advances in the
understanding of psychiatric health.” In other words, there has not been any increase in environmental or genetic risks that could
contribute to more cases of ASD; rather, doctors have just gotten better at recognizing and diagnosing it, which means more cases
are reported. Therefore (E) is correct. The passage ultimately discredits the link between ASD and the MMR vaccine, so the author
does not say this could be the explanation for the increase in reported cases of ASD. This makes (A) incorrect. Although it is true
that parents have been less likely to have their young children inoculated against MMR since the results of Wakefield’s study were
published, the author does not attribute the increase in reported cases of ASD to this fact. This means (B) is incorrect. Although in
paragraph 1, the author states there is a theory that “genetic inheritance” contributes to ASD, he or she claims that doctors agree
the increase is due to a better “understanding of psychiatric health,” not a better understanding of genetics. Therefore (C) is
incorrect. Although in paragraph 1, the author states there is a theory that “environmental factors” contribute to ASD, he or she
claims that doctors agree the increase is due to a better “understanding of psychiatric health,” not to environmental changes.
Therefore (D) is incorrect.
4) D
In paragraph 2, the author identifies The Lancet as a scholarly journal, not a popular media outlet. In the final paragraph, the author
writes, “While The Lancet should not have published Wakefield’s article without checking it thoroughly, the popular media should not
have blown the study out of proportion without fully considering the consequences.” From this information we can further determine
that the author considers The Lancet separate from the popular media. This eliminates option (I). In paragraph 3, the author implies
that by publishing articles that ignore “an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence,” the media is guilty of using sensationalist
news to create unfounded mass panic. This supports option (II). In paragraph 3, the author implies that by broadcasting parents
who have only “anecdotal,” or unproven, evidence to share, the media is guilty of using sensationalist news to create unfounded
mass panic. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.
5) A
Although the author claims that Wakefield accepted money from lawyers filing a suit against the companies that manufactured the
MMR vaccine, the author does not state that the parents of the children in Wakefield’s study were the litigants in the lawsuit. This
idea is never mentioned in the article. Therefore (A) is correct. In paragraph 4, the author writes, “The Lancet officially retracted
Wakefield’s 1998 article.” This eliminates (B).In paragraph 4, the author writes: “An investigative reporter discovered that Andrew
Wakefield had received a large sum of money from lawyers seeking evidence to use in cases against vaccine manufacturers.” This
eliminates (C).In paragraph 4, the author reports that “Wakefield was tried by Britain’s General Medical Council under allegations
that he had falsified data and manipulated test results.” This eliminates (D). In paragraph 4, the author writes: “Wakefield had
applied for patents on an alternate MMR vaccine.” This eliminates (E).
6)
D
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
4
In paragraph 4, the author writes: “Fears were most likely allayed when, in 2004, an investigative reporter discovered that Andrew
Wakefield had received a large sum of money from lawyers seeking evidence to use in cases against vaccine manufacturers. It was
then discovered that Wakefield had applied for patents on an alternate MMR vaccine. These severe conflicts of interest damaged
the credibility of Wakefield’s study beyond repair.” Based on this information, we can understand that the phrase “conflicts of
interest” refers to two incidents: the first is that Wakefield received a large sum of money from lawyers seeking evidence to use
against vaccine manufacturers, and the second is that Wakefield had applied for patents on an alternate MMR vaccine. From this
we can infer that Wakefield had a financial incentive (money from the lawyers) to find evidence that something was wrong with the
MMR vaccine, and also that he stood to gain financially from an alternate vaccine he had created if the current vaccine could be
discredited. We also know from the passage that these conflicts of interest “damaged the results of his study beyond repair,” so they
had a negative impact. Because Wakefield had personal, financial interests that threatened his ability to be impartial in his official
role as a scientist, we can understand that the phrase “conflicts of interest” refers to having personal interests that threaten one’s
official objectivity. Therefore (D) is correct. Although the author claims that Wakefield did accept a large sum of money from lawyers,
this incident represents only one of the conflicts of interest described. This means (A) is incorrect. The passage does not suggest
that Wakefield had interests that failed to accord with those of the mainstream media, so (B) is incorrect. Although in paragraph 4
the author does state that Wakefield was tried under allegations that he falsified data and manipulated test results, the phrase
“conflicts of interest” does not refer to this trial. Rather, his conflicts of interest led the Britain’s General Medical Council to try him.
Therefore (C) is incorrect. Although the author claims that Wakefield stood to gain financially through what some would consider
unethical means, he or she does not go so far as to say what Wakefield did was illegal. Indeed, he was not tried in a court of law,
but by Britain’s General Medical Council. This means (E) is incorrect.
7) C
anomalous (adjective): deviant from the norm or from expectations.
In paragraph 6, the author argues: “Although Wakefield is certainly not the first person to publish fraudulent scientific findings in a
respected medical journal, the magnitude of this event was anomalous, as most medical hoaxes are discredited before they can
reach the popular media.” If, as the passage states, the magnitude of this event was larger than usual because the hoax was not
discredited before reaching the popular media, then we can infer that anomalous means unusual or deviating from the norm. This
means that abnormal is a good synonym. Therefore (C) is correct. Timely means done at a favorable or appropriate time. This
sentence discusses the size of this medical hoax, not the timing of it, so (A) is incorrect. Calamitous means disastrous. Although the
event did have disastrous consequences, this sentence is discussing the size of the event as compared to other medical hoaxes,
not the consequences of this specific event. This makes (B) incorrect. Unacceptable means not satisfactory. This sentence does not
contain judgment about the medical hoax, but rather objectively compares its magnitude to that of other hoaxes. This means (D) is
incorrect. Coincidental means accidental or resulting from a coincidence. We can infer from the passage, however, that the author
does not believe that the magnitude of the hoax was accidental. Rather, he or she blames Wakefield as well as the popular media.
This eliminates (E).
8) B
In paragraph 6, the author writes that “the media’s appetite for a sensational medical story overshadowed the fact that there was
very little scientific evidence behind Wakefield’s claim.” The author’s argument in this paragraph is that the media ignored scientific
evidence and thereby created a mass panic. Parents who ignored the advice of medical professionals were likely to have been
swayed by the media’s sensationalist reporting. If 90% of parents in the UK who decided not to immunize their children did so
against their doctors’ wishes, this evidence would support the claim that parents were swayed by the uninformed media, not by
doctors. The fact that the media had so much influence over people’s decisions implies that the media bore a significant
responsibility for creating this panic. Therefore (B) is correct. The author is not arguing for the benefits of the MMR vaccine, so (A) is
incorrect. The author is not tracing the spread of the latest outbreaks of measles back to the UK, so (C) is incorrect. The author is
not arguing that most children who aren’t vaccinated against MMR do not actually end up contracting the measles, so (D) is
incorrect. The author is not arguing about the legitimacy of the claims against Wakefield, so (E) is incorrect.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
READTHEORY
Name________________
Date________________
• Reading Comprehension 5
Level 12
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below.
It is not uncommon for close synonyms to be understood to share the same meaning. The
difference between words like "hard" and "difficult", for example, goes tragically unnoticed. One may
employ one or the other with complete indifference, postulating no discrepancy between them. In general
this is well and good; most people lack the scrupulous pedanticalness to quibble over such trifles.
Nevertheless, for those of us with ample compulsiveness (and time), it is of significant value to
comprehend such nuances.
Take for example the following sentences: 1) The test was hard. 2) The test was difficult. Is the
difference between these synonyms readily apparent? Is there a noticeable difference between them at
all? Indeed, these questions are valid and warrant answer. For, what would be the point to having multiple
words with the exact same meaning? No, that would be superfluous; the English language being far too
economical. While many close synonyms share similar, if not the same, dictionary definitions, the feeling,
or mood, they convey is utterly singular. Although a dictionary can provide information about word
meanings, pronunciations, etymologies, inflected forms, derived forms, et cetera, it cannot communicate
how it feels to use a word.
So, if there is indeed a difference between words like "hard" and "difficult", what is it? To begin,
"hard" is pragmatic and realistic, firmly grounded in reality. It is a utilitarian word that gets the job done
and doesn't apologize for its brusque, uncouth nature. On the other hand, "difficult" is eloquent and
refined. It is civilized, willing to expend the effort necessary to appear urbane. Why, the mere difference in
sonic quality between them is striking enough. "Hard" makes a quick, unassuming sound, having but a
single syllable (voiced under certain inflections, it can even come across as harsh), while "difficult" is
more lengthy and melodic, its number of syllables totaling three times that of its counterpart. Furthermore,
"hard" is more likely to be used in casual, informal circumstances, or to communicate an idea "on the go"
or simply to "get it out" as the sayings go. It is used without pretense, and does not maintain a feeling of
being overly concerned. In terms of daily usage, "hard" may be employed by an exhausted brick mason
when posed with the question, "How was your day?" Conversely, "difficult" may be used by a military
general upon explaining to his or her superior the progression of a particularly taxing campaign.
Similar to "hard" and "difficult", the words "weird" and "strange" too are close synonyms, and may
seemingly be used interchangeably. Take for instance the following sentences: 1) Sea monkeys are
weird. 2) Sea monkeys are strange. Contrary to popular belief, these sentences are not tautologous. So
how do they differ? Their dictionary definitions are nearly identical, so the difference does not lie there.
Rather, the difference involves the feeling, or mood, that these words convey. Notice that while "weird"
and "strange" both have but one syllable, the latter has a remarkably distinguished feel. Similar to "hard",
"weird" conveys a more basic, a more crude, sentiment. Something "weird" is crass or gross, and is
typically undesirable. No one wants to be associated with something "weird". If trying to impress
someone, one probably doesn't want to be categorized among the "weird". On the other hand, if
something is labeled as "strange", it is not necessarily bad. Rather, something "strange" is simply
abnormal, or unusual—a deviation from what is expected. This distinction between "weird" and "strange"
is so pronounced that the latter can be used as a euphemism for the former in certain situations. For
example, notice how a simple substitution is able to make the following sentence less offensive: "Your
mother's cookies taste weird" compared to ” Your mother's cookies taste strange". In the former sentence,
the speaker sounds as though he or she is insulting your mother's cookies, stating
that they taste bad. In the latter sentence, however, the speaker sounds as though the cookies simply
taste different, or unusual, compared to what he or she is used to—the difference owing to the innocuous
addition of too much flour, perhaps.
Finally, let's look at the synonyms, "happy" and "glad". As in the aforementioned cases, these
words seem to have little or no discernible difference between them. Take for example the following
sentences: 1) Tommy is happy because he got a new bike. 2) Tommy is glad because he got a new bike.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Most understand these sentences to have the same meaning. And again, upon consulting a dictionary,
one will find highly similar, if not the same, definitions. But these definitions lack the feeling, the unique
emotional charge that these words convey. The word "happy" conveys a sense of levity, or a carefree
attitude. The thought of someone who is "happy" conjures the image of a bright-eyed, ruddy, smiling face.
One is "happy" on the morning of his birthday, discovering a new puppy bounding into his bedroom. On
the other hand, the word "glad" conveys a sense of relief or contentment. The thought of someone who is
"glad" conjures the image of a man standing crossed-armed, nodding gently, a stoic grin crossing his
face. One is "glad" when he sees that the child's lost puppy has been found, and was merely frolicking too
far from home.
Granted, the notion that close synonyms can be used interchangeably is prevalent among
English speakers. And alas, the dictionary—the text purported to be responsible for clarifying such
issues—is of little assistance. In the end, it is left to us, the speakers of the language, those actively
responsible for maintaining its sustenance and generation, to understand how these words make us feel
and what mood we are inclined to attach to them. Using the examples and insights described above, one
may come to recognize these subtle, yet crucial, differences.
Questions
1) What is the thesis statement in this passage?
A. It is not uncommon for close synonyms to be believed to share the same meaning. (paragraph 1)
B. However, for those of us with ample compulsiveness (and time), it is of significant value to
comprehend such nuances. (paragraph 1)
C. While many close synonyms share similar, if not the same, dictionary definitions, the feeling, or
mood, they convey is utterly singular. (paragraph 2)
D. Although a dictionary can provide information about word meanings, pronunciations, etymologies,
inflected forms, derived forms, et cetera, it cannot communicate the energy of a word. (paragraph
2)
E. In the end, it is left to us, the speakers of the language, those actively responsible for maintaining
its sustenance and generation, to understand how these words make us feel and what mood we
are inclined to attach to them. (paragraph 6)
2) As used in paragraph 1, what is most likely meant by "scrupulous pedanticalness"?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
mild curiosity
wry skepticism of
passionate indignation
stubborn reluctance
excessive concern
3) As used in paragraph 2, which of the following best describes something that is superfluous?
A. Yoko expects to have six dinner guests, so she sets the table with six places. On the side,
however, she keeps another two places just in case her guests bring friends.
B. The instructions say to fill the tires with 35-38 pounds per square inch of air, but Michele fills them
with 40 pounds per square inch because they are old and tend to leak.
C. Manufacture of Model 24A had been scheduled to begin on May 8. However, creditors failed to
forward much needed monetary advancements, delaying the start of production until May 10.
D. The passing of singer-songwriter Jonathan Orion Davis left thousands, if not millions, in
mourning. This was reflected by the astounding number of roses placed on his open coffin: a
veritable mountain that had to be relocated because those paying their respects could no longer
view the deceased.
E. Lavished with critical acclaim, the publication was slated to generate tremendous revenue in
sales. Unfortunately, demand had been overestimated, and as a result, ten thousand copies
never left store shelves.
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
4) In paragraph 3, the author writes: "To begin, 'hard' is pragmatic and realistic, firmly grounded in
reality. It is a utilitarian word that gets the job done and doesn't apologize for its brusque, uncouth
nature. On the other hand, 'difficult' is eloquent and refined. It is civilized, willing to expend the effort
necessary to appear urbane." Which of the following literary devices is used in this quotation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
onomatopoeia
hyperbole
metaphor
personification
oxymoron
5) Using information in paragraph 3 as a guide, which of the following describes someone who is
utilitarian?
A. Without fail, Edgar rises at daybreak, eats two eggs for breakfast, drinks a glass of orange juice,
laces up his boots and heads out into the field.
B. In hopes of impressing their classmates, most students wear their new winter jackets to the play.
Alyosha, however, knows it will be warm in the theater and therefore leaves his jacket at home.
C. Nikkos parks his car so that other cars cannot get out. Upon returning to his car, a woman is
waiting there on him to move. She looks upset. He tells her it's not his problem, gets in his car
and drives off.
D. Amy takes time to look nice in the morning. She brushes her hair, puts on light makeup, and picks
out the clothes she will wear for the day.
E. Jeremy disdains anything artistic. He feels that the appreciation of art is a waste of time, and
cannot understand how people spend their days lost in such a fruitless endeavor.
6) Using the information in paragraph 4, it can be inferred that which of the following statements
contains a tautology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Paige received a free gift for her birthday.
Science tells us that humans evolved to use their thumbs.
Computers represent a significant technological advancement.
Hexagons have six sides.
Drugs are bad.
7) It can be inferred that the author believes there to exist a relationship between the vulgarity of a word
and the
I. number of syllables it has
II. way it sounds
III. way it is commonly used
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
8) Which of the following sentences from the passage represents a fact, rather than an opinion?
A. One may employ one or the other with complete indifference, postulating no discrepancy between
them.
B. Although a dictionary can provide information about word meanings, pronunciations, etymologies,
inflected forms, derived forms, et cetera, it cannot communicate how it feels to use a word.
C. No one wants to be associated with something "weird".
D. The thought of someone who is "happy" conjures the image of a bright-eyed, ruddy, smiling face.
E. Using the examples and insights described above, one may come to recognize these subtle, yet
crucial, differences.
9) Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Close synonyms are difficult to comprehend, and are commonly used interchangeably.
Contrary to popular belief, close synonyms do not share the same meaning.
The difference between the words "hard" and "difficult" is indiscernible to most.
Absent a dictionary definition, the difference between close synonyms is difficult to discern.
Close synonyms can be ascribed their own individual feeling or mood.
10) Which of the following sentences from the passage is a fragment?
A. And in general, this is well and good; most people lack the scrupulous pedanticalness to quibble
over such trifles.
B. Is there a noticeable difference between them at all?
C. For, what would be the point to having multiple words with the exact same meaning?
D. No, that would be superfluous.
E. But not to worry.
11) Using information in paragraph 4 as a guide, it can be inferred that which of the following expressions
contains a euphemism?
I. The test was impossible. I scored a miserable 26%, far from a passing grade.
II. Dan's father passed away last spring. His funeral service was solemn yet beautiful.
III. The bride was pretty, I guess. Her dress struck me as a bit too informal.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
12) With respect to the way in which close synonyms are commonly understood, the author's tone can
best be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
belligerent
supercilious
rueful
conscientious
blasé
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4
Answers and Explanations
1) C
The thesis statement tells the reader what the passage is about. In this passage, the first paragraph tells us that people often think
that close synonyms mean the same thing. Paragraph 2 asks whether there are noticeable differences between close synonyms.
Then the author answers this question, stating that while the dictionary definitions might be the same, the words actually convey
different feelings or moods. The next three paragraphs give examples of synonyms that have the same definition yet convey
different moods. Paragraph 6 concludes the passage, reiterating the idea that synonyms do not have the exact same meanings.
Viewed in this manner, we see that the author devotes the majority of the passage to three examples of close synonyms that share
definitions but express different moods. Also, the author begins and ends the passage with the assertion that close synonyms are
not the same but instead convey different moods. We can understand from this that the passage is devoted to convincing the reader
that even close synonyms are not the same but instead convey different moods or feelings. This is reflected in choice (C), making it
the correct answer. Choice (A) provides background information but does not sum up the main idea of the passage, so it is
incorrect. The main idea of the passage is that even close synonyms have different meanings. The idea that some people find value
in studying these differences is merely a detail, so (B) is incorrect. Choice (D) is not the best choice because it supports the thesis
but is not itself the main idea. Choice (E) is incorrect because it is part of the conclusion.
2) E
scrupulous (adjective): detailed, careful and precise; morally principled
pedantic (adjective)): overly concerned with book learning, particularly its trivial aspects.
In paragraph 1, we learn that close synonyms are often thought to mean the same thing, even though they have subtle differences.
The author writes, “And in general this is well and good; most people lack the scrupulous pedanticalness to quibble over such trifles.
However, for those of us with ample compulsiveness (and time), it is of significant value to comprehend such nuances.” This lets us
know that the author thinks that being concerned with the minute differences between close synonyms amounts to quibbling over
something insignificant. The author goes on to say that, nevertheless, there is value in understanding these differences for those
with who are compelled to do so. Since the author says that these people must have “scrupulous pedanticalness” to be concerned
about the minute differences between synonyms, we can infer that scrupulous pedanticalness means being overly concerned with
minute details. This makes (E) the best choice. Mild curiosity is a vague desire to learn something. Since the author has explained
that the subtle meanings between close synonyms take a lot of effort to determine, it must take more than mild curiosity to pursue
these differences. This means (A) is incorrect. Wry skepticism is slightly mocking doubt. People who doubt the differences between
words don’t pursue them. This rules out (B). Passionate indignation is a strong feeling of injustice. Whether words have different
meanings or not is not a question of fairness. This means (C) is incorrect. Stubborn reluctance is a firm unwillingness. One would
have to be willing to seek out the subtle meanings of the close synonyms, so (D) is also incorrect.
3) E
superfluous (adjective): more than what is needed.
In paragraph 2, the author writes, “For, what would be the point to having multiple words with the exact same meaning? No, that
would be superfluous; the English language being far too economical.” This means that multiple words that mean the same thing
would be superfluous because the English language is efficient. Since something that is efficient uses only what is needed, we can
infer from this information that superfluous means more than what is needed. Since having ten thousand copies go unused is an
example of having more than what is needed, (E) is the best choice. Since Yoko’s guests might bring friends, her extra places might
be indeed be needed. This rules out (A). Since Michelle’s tires tend to leak, Michelle needs more air. The air is not extra, so (B) is
not the best choice. Since the creditors failed to send monetary advancements, there was less than what was needed, not more.
This means (C) is incorrect. Although there were a lot of roses, there isn’t really any particular amount of flowers needed. This
means (D) is also incorrect.
4) D
The words used to describe “hard” and “difficult” in this quotation are typically used to describe people. One can easily imagine a
person who is “pragmatic and realistic, firmly grounded in reality.” This person “gets the job done and doesn't apologize for [his or
her] brusque, uncouth nature.” Also, one can easily imagine a person who “is civilized, willing to expend the effort necessary to
appear urbane.” Personification is attaching human attributes to non-human objects. Since the author has described the words as
having typically human attributes, the author is using personification. This makes (D) correct. Onomatopoeia is using a word that
approximates the sound of an object or action, such as pop or buzz. The author does not use words that approximate sounds in the
paragraph, so (A) is not the best choice. Hyperbole is using exaggeration for effect, as when someone says, “I was so embarrassed,
I could have died.” (B) is incorrect because the author does not use exaggeration in paragraph 3. A metaphor is a comparison
created by using one thing to represent another, as in the sentence, His face was a neon sign. The author does not use one thing to
represent another in the paragraph, so (C) is also incorrect. An Oxymoron uses contradictory terms together, as in jumbo shrimp.
The author doesn’t use contradictory terms in the paragraph, so this rules out (E).
5) B
utilitarian (adjective): practical; designed for usefulness above all other values.
In paragraph 3, the author describes the word “hard” as “a utilitarian word that gets the job done and doesn't apologize for its
brusque, uncouth nature.” We can infer that the word utilitarian describes someone who is strictly practical, someone who values
only what is necessary. Since Alyosha will not need his jacket because it will be warm in the theater, he is being practical by leaving
it at home. (B) is the best answer because Alyosha is utilitarian.Although Edgar is predictable and sticks to routine, choice (A) does
not indicate that Edgar does only what is necessary, so it is incorrect. Nikkos’ behavior is rude, not practical. This makes (C)
incorrect. We do not know if it is necessary for Amy to look nice, so we do not know if Amy is utilitarian. This rules out (D). While
Jeremy hates anything artistic, this does not tell us that Jeremy behaves in a strictly practical way. This means (E) is also incorrect.
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5
6) A
tautology (noun): needless repetition of an idea, especially in words other than those of the immediate context, without imparting
additional force or clearness.
In paragraph 4, the author writes, “Take for instance the following sentences: 1) Sea monkeys are weird. 2) Sea monkeys are
strange. Contrary to popular belief, these sentences are not tautologous. So how do they differ?” Since the author asks how the
sentences differ after telling the reader that they are not tautologous, we can infer that tautologous means the same, redundant, or
needlessly repetitive. Since gifts are free by definition, we can understand that this statement contains a tautology. Choice (A) is
correct. Choice (B) contains a factual statement that does not contain a tautology, so it is incorrect. Although it may seem as though
computers are a significant technological advancement themselves, this description is not part of the definition of a computer. So,
this description is not needlessly repetitive. Choice (C) is therefore incorrect. The While hexagons do, by definition, have 6 sides, it
is not a tautology to say so, it is merely descriptive. A hexagon is not six sides, it is an object that has six sides. This rules out (D).
Drugs are stereotypically considered to be bad, but they can also be good, as in medicine. What is more, this statement is
subjective, meaning that its truth varies from person to person. For example, a drug addict might think that drugs are actually good.
Since the word drugs does not necessarily mean bad, there is no redundancy here. This rules out (E).
7) E
In paragraph 3, the author writes, “’Hard’ makes a quick, unassuming sound, having but a single syllable (voiced under certain
inflections, it can even come across as harsh), while ‘difficult’ is more lengthy and melodic, its number of syllables totaling three
times that of its counterpart.” This sentence ties the number of syllables to the vulgarity of the word. This supports option (I). The
above sentence also makes a connection between the word’s vulgarity and the sound of the word. This supports option (II). The
author goes on to write, “Furthermore, ‘hard’ is more likely to be used in casual, informal circumstances, or to communicate an idea
‘on the go’ or simply to ‘get it out’ as the sayings go. It is used without pretense, and does not maintain a feeling of being overly
concerned. In terms of daily usage, ‘hard’ may be employed by an exhausted brick mason when posed with the question, ‘How was
your day?’ Conversely, ‘difficult’ may be used by a military general upon explaining to his or her superior the progression of a
particularly taxing campaign.” In these statements, the author connects the word’s vulgarity with how it is used. This supports option
(III). Therefore (E) is correct.
8) B
A fact is something known to exist or be true because of experience or observation. An opinion is a belief or judgment that rests on
grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty such as an emotion or personal bias. For example, it is a fact that roses are
flowers, but an opinion that roses smell nice. Of the above choices, only (B) conveys information that can be said to be true because
of experience or observation. Although a dictionary can provide a range of useful information concerning the facts or origins of a
word, this does nothing to communicate how it feels to use a word. The only way one can find out how it feels to use a word is to
actually use that word in conversation. This is reinforced by the notion that language is a living thing (which can give real time, real
life feedback), while a dictionary is merely an artifact, used to provide facts, not feelings, about living things. Although the author
states (A) as though it were a fact, this is merely a product of a sound, argumentative voice. However, given that this statement is
unsupported by experiences or observations (none are listed in the passage), it must be taken as the author's opinion. (C) is
incorrect because some people might actually want to be associated with something weird; again, the author makes this statement
in order to support his or her argument. In (D), the thought of someone who is "happy" conjures up different images for different
people, not necessarily the one described by the author. Therefore this choice is incorrect. Using the examples and insights
described above, may come to recognize these subtle, yet crucial, differences. But then again, one may not. There is no experience
or observation available to allow us to state this as a fact. This means (E) is incorrect.
9) B
In this passage, the first two paragraphs tell us that while people often think that close synonyms mean the same thing, the words
actually convey different feelings or moods. The next three paragraphs give examples of synonyms that have the same definition yet
convey different moods. Paragraph 6 is the conclusion, which repeats the idea that close synonyms are not exactly the same. We
can see that the author devotes the majority of the passage to three examples of close synonyms that have subtly different
meanings, and also begins and ends the passage with the idea that close synonyms actually have different meanings. We can infer
from this that the purpose of the passage is to convince the reader that even close synonyms are not the same, but instead convey
different moods or feelings. This means (B) is correct. Choices (A) and (C) provide us with background information used to
introduce the main idea. Since background information is not the main idea, these choices are incorrect. (D) is incorrect because the
passage actually argues that the difference between close synonyms cannot be discerned using a dictionary definition. While the
author does argue that close synonyms are different because they communicate a distinct feeling, that statement is made to back
up the main argument: that close synonyms do not share exactly the same meaning. This rules out (E).
10) E
A sentence expresses a complete idea and contains a subject, or actor, and predicate, or action. A sentence fragment is missing
one of these elements. The statement "But not to worry," contains an action, "to worry," but does not contain an actor. This
statement is therefore a sentence fragment, used to express the idea that you should not be overly concerned with the information
you have just heard or read because the next information you will be given will mitigate it. Since it is a fragment, (E) is correct. (A)
contains 2 complete ideas separated with a semicolon, each capable of standing alone as a complete sentence. This is a complete
sentence and is therefore incorrect. In (B), the subject is a difference and the verb is is. This is a complete sentence and is therefore
incorrect. In (C), the subject is the point and the verb is would be. The phrase to having multiple words with the exact same meaning
is a dependent clause. This is a complete sentence and is therefore incorrect. In (D), the subject is that and the verb is would be.
This, too, is a complete sentence and is therefore incorrect.
11) B
euphemism (noun): an inoffensive or mild word substituted for an offensive or harsh one. In the statement, The test was
impossible. I scored a miserable 26%—far from a passing grade, there are no less offensive words used in place of more offensive
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6
ones. This eliminates option (I). In the sentence, Dan's father passed away last spring, the term passed away is used as a gentler
substitution for the word died. This supports option (II). There are no mild or inoffensive substitutions for harsh or offensive words in
the sentence, The bride was pretty, I guess. Her dress struck me as a bit too informal. This eliminates option (III). Therefore (B) is
correct.
12) D
conscientious (adjective): meticulous, careful, painstaking, particular.
To answer this question correctly, it helps to look for places where the author is likely to make general statements regarding the
way in which close synonyms are commonly understood. The author is most likely to do this in the introduction and conclusion of the
passage. In paragraph 1 the author informs us about the problem involving the use of synonyms. The author continues to inform us
that in general, the way in which people deal with this problem "is well and good; most people lack the scrupulous pedanticalness to
quibble over such trifles. Nevertheless, for those of us with ample compulsiveness (and time), it is of significant value to
comprehend such nuances." This lets us know that the author thinks that most people have good reason not to take time to fix this
problem. Moreover, the author thinks it is the responsibility of those of us with enough compulsiveness and time to fix. This shows
that the author feels responsible for fixing the problem. In the conclusion to the passage, the author writes, "And alas, the
dictionary—the text purported to be responsible for clarifying such issues—is of little assistance. In the end, it is left to us, the
speakers of the language, those actively responsible for maintaining its sustenance and generation, to understand how these words
make us feel and what mood we are inclined to attach to them." This lets us know that the author feels that the dictionary cannot be
held responsible for fixing the problem either. Then the author repeats the idea that those who are capable should be actively
responsible for maintaining the language. Using this information, it can be understood that with respect to the way in which close
synonyms are commonly understood, the author's tone can best be described as conscientious. Choice (D) is correct.(A) is incorrect
because the passage does not provide information to support the idea that the author is belligerent, or aggressive, about the way in
which close synonyms are commonly understood. Although the author may seem supercilious, or arrogant, the passage does not
provide information to support this idea. The passage does involve a problem exclusively meant for those with higher learning to
solve, yet the author does not press this point, or use language to this effect. The author actually does the opposite. In paragraph 1
the author informs us that in general, the way in which people deal with this problem "is well and good; most people lack the
scrupulous pedanticalness to quibble over such trifles." This lets us know that (B) is incorrect. In paragraph 1, the author writes that
"The difference between words like 'hard' and 'difficult', for example, goes tragically unnoticed." The author expresses this
sentiment, not because he or she is rueful, or sorrowful, but rather because he or she want to draw attention to the importance of
the matter. Therefore (C) is incorrect. The passage does not provide information to support the idea that the author is blasé, or
nonchalant, with respect to the way in which close synonyms are commonly understood. Therefore (E) is incorrect.
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