Survey Final Report
University of Massachusetts
Amherst Historic Building
Inventory
Final Survey Report
Amherst, Massachusetts
Prepared for
University of Massachusetts Facilities Department
Amherst, Massachusetts
Prepared by
Einhorn Yaffee Prescott
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc.
Pressley Associates
Survey Final Report
University of Massachusetts
Amherst
Historic Building Inventory
Final Survey Report
Amherst, Massachusetts
Prepared for
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Facilities and Campus Planning Division
360 Campus Center Way
Amherst, MA
01003
Prepared by
Einhorn Yaffee Prescott
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc.
Pressley Associates
August 2009
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
LIST OF INVENTORIED PROPERTIES......................................................................................................................... 5
HISTORIC RESOURCES SURVEY................................................................................................................................... 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Appendices
APPENDIX A – FIGURES FOR HISTORIC CONTEXT
APPENDIX B – LIST OF INVENTORIED PROPERTIES
APPENDIX C – LIST OF SOURCES
APPENDIX D – MAP OF INVENTORIED BUILDINGS (FIGURES 1-6)
APPENDIX E – HISTORIC ZONES & CIRCULATION MAP
APPENDIX F – NATIONAL REGISTER RECOMMENDATION MAP
APPENDIX G – INVENTORY FORMS
Survey Final Report
Introduction
The University of Massachusetts Facilities Department (University) contracted
Einhorn Yaffee Prescott and team (Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. (VHB) and Pressley
Associates to prepare a historic resources inventory and National Register eligibility
recommendations for the buildings over 50 years old on the University of
Massachusetts Amherst campus. The survey was conducted in the fall of 2008 and
the entire report completed in August 2009.
Copies of the inventory forms and Final Survey Report are on file and available to
the public at the UMass-A facilities office, special collections, and at the
Massachusetts Historical Commission in Boston.
Abstract
This final survey report summarizes the methodology, outcome, and
recommendations for the University of Massachusetts Historic Building Inventory.
The University of Massachusetts Facilities Department (University) contracted
Einhorn Yaffee Prescott (EYP) and team (Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. (VHB) and
Pressley Associates) to prepare a historic resources inventory and National Register
eligibility recommendations all structures over 50 years old on the University of
Massachusetts Amherst campus. The survey was conducted in the fall of 2008 and
the entire report completed in August 2009. The approximately 1,348-acre campus
contains 112 institution-listed properties that have been determined to date prior to
1959.
The survey was conducted to comply with Stipulation 4. Campus Cultural Resources
Survey and Master Planning in the Memorandum of Agreement finalized between
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the University of Massachusetts Building Authority, UMass-A, and the
Massachusetts Historical Commission on March 25, 2009.
The major purpose of the historic resources survey was to prepare inventory forms
for all of the pre-1959 structures on the campus. The Historic Building Inventory
resulted in the preparation of individual inventory forms (MHC Form B) for those
buildings that are over 50 years old on the campus. The 112 individually listed
properties within the University records included additions and outbuildings.
Following analysis by the survey team, the 112 properties were recorded by 103
Form Bs.
Several elevations and details of all buildings were photographed, taken with a
digital camera. The UMass-A Facilities database, which contains dates of
construction served as the initial base for determining which buildings to survey.
Additional research was performed, as needed, to ascertain construction and
alteration dates. A list of the inventoried buildings, which includes their assigned
University building number, name, address, date of construction and/or acquisition
by the University, and National Register recommendation is in Appendix B.
The updated and expanded inventory also provides the basis for a formal assessment
of the eligibility of the neighborhood for the National Register of Historic Places. As
a result of the study, certain buildings within the campus were recommended
eligible for the National Register of Historic Places as part of a historic district.
Appendix D shows the location of these buildings within the campus.
The recommended University of Massachusetts Amherst historic district meets
Criterion A for its association with the ongoing mission of this state university to
meet the educational requirements of a rapidly changing world. From the inception
of the University in 1863 as the Massachusetts Agricultural College, through the
current day, the Trustees have sought to provide educational programming and
facilities that would enable students to advance the practice of agriculture and a
steadily increasing host of other fields, meet the needs of a rapidly-industrializing
world, and succeed in leading a post-industrial information and technology-based
economy.
The historic district also meets Criterion C for its stock of buildings and landscape
features whose forms and functions reflect the evolving and expanding mission of
the University in the 95 years between its 1863 founding and 1959 (1959 being the 50
year cut-off for National Register consideration). A number of architects, landscape
architects and planners of local, regional and/or national prominence were involved
in the design of the individual buildings and the overall plan of the current
University of Massachusetts Amherst campus. The aggregate efforts of these design
professionals produced a distinctive public university campus landscape, primarily
of the mid-19th to mid-20th century, which is unique in Massachusetts.
2
Despite the loss of certain buildings and landscape features up to the present time in
2009 and incremental physical changes seen in modifications such as new window,
door and roofing replacements, as well as siding replacements in a small number of
buildings, the district retains integrity of location, setting, design, feeling, association,
workmanship, and materials.
Methodology
The major purpose of the historic resources survey was to document all buildings
over 50 years old on the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus. Survey work
included (1) identifying buildings that had been documented previously on
Massachusetts Historical Commission (MHC) inventory forms, (2) more thoroughly
documenting these buildings and producing updated MHC inventory forms and (3)
creating new MHC inventory forms for any building over 50 years old that had not
previously been documented on these forms. The updated and expanded inventory
also provides the basis for a formal assessment of the National Register eligibility of
these buildings on the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus.
Previous survey efforts (23 buildings)
Twenty-three properties within the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus
were the subject of survey efforts using MHC forms in 1973, 1988 and 1994. Twenty
of these previously inventoried properties were documented in 1988 by the Pioneer
Valley Planning Commission for the Amherst Historical Commission. The other
three properties were documented by individuals for the Amherst Historical
Commission. The level of survey documentation includes MHC Individual Building
Forms (Form B).
The Massachusetts Historical Commission rendered an opinion in 2007 concerning
the eligibility of the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus for the National
Register of Historic Places. This MHC opinion states that the University of
Massachusetts Amherst retains a significant collection of buildings dating from its
first period of operation as the Massachusetts Agricultural College (1863-1931). The
MHC opinion also states that although the campus has expanded significantly in and
around the Massachusetts Agricultural College core, both individual buildings and
groups of buildings that still convey their relationship to each other as part of the
Agricultural College core campus plan are eligible for the National Register. The
MHC opinion concludes with the statement that additional buildings postdating
1931 from the Massachusetts State College (1931-1947) and post-1947 University of
Massachusetts eras are also likely eligible.
Present Survey and Inventory
The current survey/preservation plan effort represents the most comprehensive and
focused study of the historical and architectural significance of the University of
Massachusetts Amherst campus. Two major tasks required of this project were to
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prepare an inventory of buildings over 50 years old on the campus through
recordation on a Massachusetts Historical Commission Individual Building Form
and to provide recommendations on these buildings as far as their eligibility for the
National Register of Historic Places.
The initial tasks in the inventory involved coordination with the University of
Massachusetts Amherst facilities department to obtain listings of all extant buildings
on the campus that are believed by the University to be over 50 years old, along with
GIS data that showed the location and University of Massachusetts building number
for each of these structures. This information was then mapped by GIS technicians at
VHB to provide the identified locations of these buildings. A series of six 11” by 17”
figures locating all inventoried buildings by their University of Massachusetts
Amherst building number is included in Appendix E.
An intensive inventory of the buildings within the University of Massachusetts
Amherst campus began in August 2008. All buildings over 50 years old were
documented on Individual Building Forms (Form B) located in Appendix G.
Fieldwork included digital color photography of individual buildings and an
indication of the photograph locations. Each structure was individually
photographed as a result of this effort. At least one 4” by 6” color print of each
building is attached to its Individual Building Form.
Documentation for the Individual Building Forms and the historic context included
extensive research at several repositories, including Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst and Special
Collections, Jones Library, Amherst; the examination of numerous websites; and the
review of information about the University, the campus and specific buildings that
was provided by University staff, faculty and interested parties. These interested
parties included University alumnae, professors emeriti, representatives of the
Amherst Historical Commission and representatives of Preserve UMass Amherst
(PUMA).
Research and documentation was conducted to record the historic context of the
University of Massachusetts as an institution, the evolution of the campus tract in
prehistory and in historic periods, the conditions that shaped the university’s
decisions to develop specific campus buildings and campus plans, the architects and
planners who worked on the buildings and campus layout, and the significant
individuals for whom specific buildings and landscapes were named at the campus.
Nearly 120 historic photographs in the collection of Special Collections and Archives,
W.E.B Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst and four Historic
American Buildings Survey photographs in the collection of the National Park
Service were copied for use in the Individual Building Form documentation and
analysis. In addition, a number of maps and plans for the area were retrieved and
used in the analysis of the campus’s physical development. These maps and plans
are listed in the bibliography.
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Research was also conducted for landscape assessment and landscape design
analysis by the Cambridge firm of Pressley Associates. Campus landscape data was
gathered during a three day on-site recognizance survey in early October 2008. In
addition to extensive digital photographic documentation of existing landscape
conditions, the field surveyor used a customized survey form to identify and assess
landscape organizational elements and character-defining features based on
landscape characteristics identified in The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for
the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural
Landscapes (1996). Following the field survey, current ortho-photographic imagery
from the Massachusetts Geographic Information System (MassGIS) database was
used to confirm field observations and reveal landscape characteristics obscured
from view on site. Historic plans and photographs from the University of
Massachusetts, Amherst Department of Special Collections, Facilities Department
Archive and University Archives, and the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic
Site Archives in Brookline, MA were used to assess alterations to the landscapes
since their construction and to compare current landscape conditions with historic
conditions. Largely, historic plans revealed changes to campus spatial organization,
land patterns and circulation patterns, while historic photographs documented
changes in vegetation and small-scale features. A diagram of historic circulation and
landscapes is provided in Appendix E.
The archaeological component of the study was restricted to a background and
literature review and walkover of the campus core. The background and literature
review included an examination of the site files at the Massachusetts Historical
Commission (MHC), available files at the UMass Amherst Library, historic maps (as
referenced in the Historic Context section of this report), and professional literature.
The resultant data were used to develop preliminary statements of archaeological
sensitivity. The campus core was subsequently walked in order to assess existing
conditions. The goal of the walkover was to determine the degree to which precampus settings had been subjected to development during the campus era.
Statements concerning archaeological sensitivity are presented in the Historic
Context section.
List of Inventoried Properties
A list of the 112 buildings inventoried for the UMASS-A Historic Building Inventory
is contained in Appendix B. The list includes the building name, assigned University
address; date of construction; architect or builder, if known; and condition.
5
Historic Resources Survey
„ Historic Context
1.0
Introduction
The University of Massachusetts, Amherst (UMass-A) was chartered in 1863 but did
not accept its first class until 1867. As one of two land grant universities in
Massachusetts, the university’s original mission was agricultural education. Its
mission, however, evolved within the first 20 years in response to the changing needs
of the United States. While agriculture remains, even today, a mainstay of the
university’s mission, the University now also supports engineering, science,
education, and liberal arts colleges and departments. As the mission evolved, so did
the university’s approach to its facilities and its landscape. In the following sections
of this context, the cultural landscape of UMass-A is discussed, with a particular
focus on the period from the institution’s founding to 1959.
Because the focus of the current study is on the historic significance of campus
structures, buildings, and landscapes, this context particularly emphasizes the
decisions made by campus administrators regarding building types, their siting, and
their function. Historic maps which illustrate proposed and existing campus
buildings and their siting are referenced through the document.
The historic context provides the general background for the documentation of
structures and select landscapes according to Massachusetts Historic Commission
(MHC) Standards. Building- and structure-specific information also is presented on
the MHC forms, but is not necessarily duplicated herein. The discussion which
follows is divided into five numbered sections: 2.0, Before the Campus; 3.0,
Education and Public Colleges; 4.0, Massachusetts Agricultural College 1863-1931;
Massachusetts State College, 1931-1947; and 6.0, University of Massachusetts 1947present. References cited are presented in Appendix C.
2.0
Before the Campus
The UMass-A campus lies in the Connecticut River valley immediately northwest of
Amherst, south of North Amherst, east of Plainville and Hadley, and north of Mill
Valley. The campus occupies a series of west-facing slope benches which terminate
on the east side of Mill River. Mill River, running north-south along the foot of the
benched slope, turns abruptly westward near the present-day campus sewage
disposal plant to begin its westward meander across the greater Connecticut River
floodplain. Mill River flows into Lake Warner about two miles west of State Route
(SR) 116, eventually joining the Connecticut River at North Hadley.
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Four principal topographic settings are subsumed within the campus footprint: ridge
crest, slope benches, river valley, and floodplain. Before the campus plant was
established, the settings were initially covered in forest or riparian wetlands (French
1866:25). In the post-Colonial period, the forest cover was largely removed and the
riparian wetlands drained. Both covers were replaced by pasture and agricultural
fields and these held sway until the establishment of the campus between 1863 and
1867 (French 1866:25; Anonymous 1920). Even after campus building began,
however, the campus setting was rural and dominated by agricultural and
horticultural fields (Anonymous 1870; Beers 1873; Manning 1919; USGS 1893, 1901).
The agrarian image of the setting remained effectively unchanged into the 1930s. It
was only in the post-World War II era that much of the “agricultural” look of the
campus disappeared, overtaken by the physical needs of a mid-twentieth century
university.
The eras that preceded the college included use of the setting by Native Americans
and Euro-Americans. Both were engaged in non-industrial enterprises within the
campus. Both occupations are briefly characterized below.
2.1
Native American
There are few data available about the Native American occupation and/or
utilization of the current UMass-A grounds. Beginning about 1977, small survey
projects were completed within the towns of Amherst and Plainville. The
Massachusetts Historical Commission (MHC) report file contains reference to 20
surveys beginning about 1977 and continuing to present day. Most of these projects,
however, were outside of the current campus boundary, though persons associated
with the UMass-A Anthropology program did conduct some of the work (Dincauze
1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1991, 1992, 1993; Holmes and Mulholland 1990). The single
exception was a locational survey conducted in 1994 of a proposed electrical
distribution line. The line extended from the Podick substation to UMass-A (Holmes
and Hertz 1984). No significant sites were identified.
A summary of the known Native American archaeological sites within one mile of
the campus core is presented on Table 1. The Native American archaeological sites
are discussed in this section (2.1) and historic era sites are detailed in Section 2.2
which follows.
2.1.1
Cultural Sequence
Although only one of the previously reported sites within a mile of the campus
yielded temporally diagnostic artifacts, investigations of Native American sites
elsewhere in Hampshire County have produced artifacts indicative of the three preContact eras recognized in the New England region. These eras are Paleoindian,
Archaic, and Woodland. The Archaic and Woodland eras are subdivided into Early,
Middle, and Late periods; the Archaic includes a fourth period, the Transitional
Archaic.
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Table 1. Previously Reported Native American Archaeological Sites Within One-Mile of the UMass-A Campus
Site Designation
Site Name
Temporal Affiliation
Comments
19HS166 (UMass
# MT-TB/61)
Auction
Barn
Ancient Native American
- Early, Middle
Woodland periods
Lithic scatter with a Greene or Lagoon projectile point. Site originally
recorded by L. Derry May 24, 1977.
19HS188 (UMass
# MT-TB-53)
None
Ancient Native American
– unknown affiliation
Projectile points (unspecified types) recovered from agricultural field.
Site originally recorded by L. Derry May 24, 1977.
19HS192 (UMass
#MT-TB-63)
None
Ancient Native American
– unknown affiliation
Biface and bone noted on form. Site originally recorded by L. Derry
May 24, 1977.
19HS194 (UMass
#MT-TB-73)
None
Ancient Native American
– unknown affiliation
“A great variety of materials” noted on form. The materials, however,
are not specified. Site originally recorded by L. Derry May 24, 1977.
19HS298
None
Ancient Native American
– unknown affiliation
Projectile points (unspecified types) recovered from agricultural field.
Site originally recorded by S. Hight June 6, 1984 based on informant
interview data.
19HS302
Katherine
Cole
Ancient Native American
– unknown affiliation
“11 flakes…fire cracked rock noted.” Site originally recorded by Eric
Johnson June 26, 1985.
19HS320
Wildwood
Ancient Native American
– unknown affiliation
“7 small (less than 2cm) fragments of chert biface-thinning flakes. 2-3
bifaces represented. Found no biface fragments, assume area collected
when plowed.” Site originally recorded by Dena Dincauze, September
2, 1991.
Each of the eras and periods are distinguished by particular artifact types. The most
time sensitive of these types are projectile points. In the Woodland era, earthenware
ceramics also are time sensitive. The eras and periods are briefly summarized below
as the potential exists that archaeological sites from each era and period are present
within the campus and its immediate vicinity.
Evidence for human occupation of the Northeast in general dates to about 14,000
years before present (B.P.) Surface finds in the form of fluted points have been
recovered from the middle Connecticut River valley but are rare in upland settings in
western Massachusetts. The Paleoindian points are manufactured of both local chert
and quartz and trade stone including varieties from the Hudson River valley.
Subsequent Early, Middle, Late, and Transitional Archaic occupations span the years
from about 10,000 B.P. to about 3000 B.P. Archaic are present in the Connecticut
River valley on the river margins, along river terraces and in selected upland
settings. The latter include broad upland benches, ridge noses and swales, and, more
occasionally, ridge crests. The lowland Archaic era sites are typically
multicomponent, though the occupation loci are horizontally discrete. Excavations
conducted at the Archaic sites have been limited but it is known that feature types
include hearths and postmolds. While the artifact assemblage is dominated in the
archaeological record by chipped stone objects, evidence of groundstone (for milling)
and basketry (for containers) is known. In Transitional Archaic times, both steatite
groundstone and earthenware ceramics were in use in western Massachusetts
though the steatite incidence is lower than along the Massachusetts coast.
8
As such, there is no Mississippian fluorescence in Massachusetts. Rather, the Woodland
periods herald the establishment of formal villages, an increasing variety of ceramic
wares and types, and expanding groundstone industries. Limited agricultural
production also was in force through the era though it never replaces hunting and
gathering as the preferred subsistence mainstay. By terminal Late Woodland, the
Connecticut River valley is home to Iroquois and Mohawk. Native American presence in
the Hampshire County vicinity was negligible after about 1700.
2.1.2
Previously Reported Archaeological Sites
The previously reported archaeological sites provide virtually no information about
site function or temporal affiliation. At least half of the sites were not professionally
investigated but were reported by landowners or other non-professionals. Thus, the
site collections are biased toward projectile points which are commonly collected as
curios. The artifact collections recovered from sites 19HS192, 19HS302, and 19HS320
contain artifact types which provide some data on possible site functions. The
presence of a biface and bone at site 19HS192 suggests animal butchering; the biface
can be used as a knife or as a flesher. At Site 19HS302, fire cracked rock (FCR) was
recovered in conjunction with chipped stone flakes. The FCR is considered
indicative of fire while the flakes are interpreted as the residue of chipped stone tool
manufacturing or maintenance activities. Finally, at Site 19HS320, the small
collection of flakes was interpreted as the residue of the manufacture of two or three
bifaces. Little other functional data can be gleaned from the reported artifact
assemblages.
The mere presence of the archaeological materials does provide some data on site
distribution. First, prior archaeological surveys in the towns of Amherst and
Plainville have examined parts of the four common landforms (ridge, benches,
valley, and floodplain). The investigations, though non-systematic and restricted in
area, resulted in the identification of archaeological sites only in certain settings. All
but one of the previously reported sites is located in the Mill River valley, on the
floodplain of the Connecticut River/Mill Rivers, or in an upland valley proximate to
a stream. Second, the remaining archaeological site was found in an upland swale
which likely is/was crossed by a game trail. Third, the high percentage of sites in
alluvial settings suggests that deeply buried sites also might be present.
2.1.3
Archaeological Sensitivity – Native American Sites
The available data on Native American sites in Hampshire County suggest that the
UMass-A campus locale is archaeological sensitive. The Mill River valley, which
coincides with Commonwealth Avenue would be expected to contain archaeological
sites both at surface and deeply buried. However, landscape modifications to the
valley floodplain and terrace have included ditching, tiling, and grading (Clark
1871).
The slope benches east of Commonwealth Avenue are considered to retain low
sensitivity primarily because of historic era development. If settings have been
minimally disturbed and are in proximity to springs, like that at the President’s
9
House, then the archaeological sensitivity increases to high. Similarly, upland
settings such as swales, ridge crests, or those with exposed rock outcrops suitable for
rockshelters, are considered spot specific settings of high sensitivity. Otherwise, the
upland slope benches and the ridge top are not likely to yield evidence of Native
American occupation though occasional chipped stone tools or small clusters of
chipped stone debris might be recovered. The exception to the low upland
sensitivity is related to rock outcrops including both bedrock exposures and erratic,
free standing boulders. These settings can host rockshelters, caches, and petroglyph
panels and they should be carefully inspected prior to development.
2.2
Colonial and Statehood Eras
2.2.1
Early Euro-American Settlement
The MHC Amherst Town Report (MHC 1982) divides the town’s early history into
three periods: Contact (1500-1620), Plantation (1620-1675) and Colonial (1675-1775).
The Contact and early Plantation periods are effectively time markers only. No
substantive EuroAmerican presence occurred in the Town of Amherst (Town) during
these periods though European influence in the form of trade goods did occur. The
preferred trade items included beads, iron tools, and metal pails and buckets. The
iron tools and metal containers are of note as both were quickly adopted by the
Native Americans.
MHC (1982) notes that permanent EuroAmerican settlements in the region were not
established until the mid 1600s. Hampshire County was created to support the
EuroAmerican population in 1662 though the Town of Hadley was incorporated in
1661 (Larson 2009). The intensity of EuroAmerican settlement remained low,
however, even after the Native Americans left the region. Hampshire County was
not subdivided until 1761 when Berkshire County was carved from its western
margin. Franklin and Hampden counties were pulled from the parent county in 1811
and 1812 respectively (Hitchcock 1894:84). The subdivisions all were in response to
increased populations at satellite nodes that were primarily growing because of mill
operations or as points of transportations intersection (Friedberg and Kelleher 1991).
2.2.2
Town Centers
Larson (2009) provided additional background on early settlement of the Town of
Hadley and, subsequently, the Town of Amherst. The Town of Hadley was
incorporated in 1661 with EuroAmerican settlement of its area beginning about 1659.
According to Larson (2009 from Rand [1958]), early settlers referred to the Amherst
area as Norwottuck. That name was applied specific to South Amherst in later years
(Larson 2009).
Amherst was created as the second precinct in the Town of Hadley on February 13,
1759 (Larson 2009). The Town of Amherst was characterized in 1894 as including
“…about 28 ¾ square miles and included the villages of Amherst, North Amherst,
North Amherst ‘city,’ East Amherst, or East Street, and South Amherst” (Hitchcock
10
1894:48). Not unexpectedly, these villages and the Town configuration were little
changed from the inception of the Town.
Unlike Hampshire County, the Town was not subjected to subdivision but rather,
maintained its cohesiveness as a political entity through its history. The greatest
threat to that cohesiveness actually resulted from pressures brought to bear on Town
services by the increasing student populations at both Amherst College, beginning in
1821, and the nascent Massachusetts Agricultural College (MAC) after 1867
(Hitchcock 1894). Amherst College was literally surrounded by the village proper
and its campus, historically, blended with the surrounding village. In contrast,
UMass-A has overwhelmed the western margin of the village and its campus is
distinct from the village. The campus, however, at least through the 1930s relied on
village services including fire protection (AR 1925). Significant effort was expended
to ensure that water lines connected to the village system were sufficient for campus
potable, waste water, and emergency response needs (AR 1925).
2.2.3
Agriculture and Industry
2.2.3.1 1661 – 1830
The town’s background, from its inception, was agrarian (Anonymous 1982). There
was a gradual shift to a broader spectrum economy after the Revolutionary War and
statehood but agrarian enterprises were not supplanted until well into the twentieth
century. The census summary in Hitchcock (1894:52; Table 2 below) from 1776
through 1820 shows a normal progression in terms of population growth until the
period between 1810 and 1820. During this decade, there was unexpected growth. It
appears to be related to the opening of mills in the valley (Hitchcock 1894).
Table 2. Census Data 1776 to 1830 (Hitchcock 1894:52-53)
Year
Population
Page reference
1776
915
:52
1790
1,233
:52
1800
1,358
:52
1810
1,469
:52
1820
1,917
:52
1830
2,631
:52, :53
2.2.3.2 1830 – 1863
The MHC Town Report (Anonymous 1982) divides the period between 1830 and
World War I into the Early (1830-1870) and Late Industrial (1870-1915) periods. Our
discussion of these periods is intentionally truncated at the establishment of the
Massachusetts Agriculture College in 1863.
In the period between 1830 and the college’s opening, the associated villages of
Amherst continued to focus on supporting their farmers, their students, and their
mill workers. As shown on Table 3, there was little change in the size of Amherst’s
population.
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Table 3. Census Data 1840 to 1890 (Hitchcock 1894:52-53)
Year
Population
Page reference
1840
2,550
:53
1850
3,057
:53
1860
3,206
:53
The advent of railroad service in the 1830s facilitated transportation of goods and the
New London Northern Railroad made stops at South Amherst (Norwottuck),
Amherst, and North Amherst ‘city’ (Hitchcock 1894: 51; Friedberg and Kelleher
1991). Eventually, a second railroad, the Massachusetts Central Railroad, serviced
the area as well. This did not occur, however, until 1888 with service to South
Amherst (Norwottock) and Amherst (Hitchcock 1894:51).
Regarding transportation trends, the continued expansion of the regional railroad
system in the late 1800s prompted development of street railways and increased
suburban development in the first decades of the 20th century. In 1897, the Amherst
Board of Trade constructed a street railway between Amherst Center and North
Amherst (Larson 2009). This operation, eventually known as the Amherst &
Sunderland Street Railway, was extended to Sunderland in 1900; then, to Holyoke
and Orient Springs in 1902. The Amherst and Sunderland routing corresponded
with Route 116.
Streetcars provided mobility that enabled workers to reach their factory jobs while
living further than walking distance from their places of employment. They
simultaneously enabled growth of suburbs while promoting commercial growth in
city centers. Ultimately, the success of the automobile industry contributed to the
downfall of the streetcar lines. Paved roads and affordable autos sent workers and
often jobs further from town centers such as Amherst.
Infrastructure services, in the form of water or waste lines, were slow in coming to
Amherst and the surrounding hamlets. No standard services were in place in the
early 1880s [when water piping was constructed in Amherst by the private Amherst
Water Company (Larson 2009). According to Larson (2009) the water service began
in 1880 though Hitchcock (1894) notes the date as 1881. The town service was some
10 years after a gravity system was put in operation on the MAC campus (Clark
1871). The water piped to the village of Amherst originated at Amethyst Brook,
about four miles northeast of Amherst near Pelham. Piped water allowed for a
sewerage system as well and Hitchcock (1894:52) reported that system “now consists
of three divisions emptying into running brooks in different parts of the village…”
2.2.4
Archaeological Sensitivity – Colonial and Statehood Eras
Except for the farmsteads present at the time of purchase, there is no evidence to
support the presence of archaeological sites dating to the Colonial or Statehood Eras
on the UMass-A campus. Certainly sites dating to these periods exist in the villages
of Amherst and North Amherst (Friedberg and Kelleher 1991) though outside of the
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Table 4. Previously Reported Historic-Era Archaeological Sites Within Two-Miles of the UMass-A Campus
Site Designation
Site Name
Temporal Affiliation
Comments
AMH-HA-1
Station
Road II
18th through 20th
centuries
Surface scatter with associated foundation. Site reported by Ellen
Savulis (UMass Archaeological Services), 1993.
AMH-HA-2
Aldrich
Residence
20th century
Historic dump consisting of broken grave stones. Stones are remnants
from the nearby Dorsey Memorials.
AMH-HA-3
Carpenter
Block
Early 20th century
Stone and brick foundation, concrete bulkhead entrance, brick cistern,
interior brick well, and artifact scatter. Recorded during survey for the
Boltwood Walk Parking Garage.
AMH-HA-4
Boltwood
outbuilding
Late 19th century
Dry laid foundation and privy pit associated with Amherst Record
Building site.
AMH-HA-5
Amherst
Record
Building
Late 19th century
Stone, dry laid foundation representing the southern side of original
building.
AMH-HA-6
Boltwood
foundation
site
19th century fill and early
20th century foundation
Dry laid foundation and artifact scatter.
AMH-HA-7
The
Evergreens
19th and 20th centuries
Stratified historic midden deposits
study area radius. Table 4 lists the previously reported historic archaeological sites
within two miles of the campus center.
Except for the grave stone dump, all of the site remnants are associated with
residential or commercial events. It is likely that features such as privies, cisterns, or
wall remnants initially remained on the UMass-Amherst campus. However, the
subsequent decades of development likely have eradicated such traces except as they
might be directly related to specific historic building footprints.
There is likelihood, however, that building remnants related to the initial periods of
campus growth (1863-1916) do remain. As will be discussed later, several early
campus buildings burned. Included among these were the Crouch Barn (1872), plant
house (1883), South College (1885), station barn (1891), ridge barn (1894), dairy
building (1906), and the new dairy barn (1908) (Rand 1933:205-211). In many
instances, the replacement buildings were built atop or immediately adjacent to the
original building footprints. It is likely that archaeological remains of original
buildings exist or, at the very least, evidence of the fires remain. Further, sanitary
features, such as interior shaft privies, basement cisterns, and exterior privies or
cisterns also are considered likely to be encountered in the older campus sections
such as those near the pond, in the North and South College areas, and near the
original Experimental Station location.
13
3.0
Education and Public Colleges
The Town would be an influence upon the University from the school’s inception as
would the general approach to agricultural education. To understand the growth of
the University and the decisions made by its administration and trustees regarding
buildings and facility layout, some background to agricultural education is
warranted.
3.1
General Approaches
Agricultural education in the United States is, after 1852, inexorably linked to the
Land Grant movement and the development of the Land Grant colleges (Andrews
1918; Cary 1962; Songe 1962; Stimson and Lathrop 1942). Prior to the Land Grant
Movement in the 1850s, it had been recognized that the natural resources of the
young United States were not inexhaustible. As noted by Charles Dabney in 1890 (as
cited by Stimson and Lathrop 1942:1-2):
So long as land was so abundant, no attention was paid to the conservation of the
fertility of the soil. America was such a vast and fertile country that it took the
people over a century to find out that was any limit to its productiveness…It was not
until the close of the eighteenth century that the attention of practical men
commenced to be directed to the discoveries of science, and hopes were excited that
immediate benefits would accrue from them to agriculture as they had to the other
arts…
Although George Washington recognized the importance of educating farmers in
modern agrarian practices, his and subsequent Federal efforts were very restricted.
The initial impetus for formal agricultural education programs came from
agricultural societies. As early as 1794, the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of
Agriculture was advocating “…the education of youth in the knowledge of that most
important art [agriculture]” (Stimson and Lathrop 1942:3). The Philadelphia Society
recommended that State common schools integrate agricultural education as part of
their curricula (Stimson and Lathrop 1942:3-4).
The Federal government did not become actively involved in such efforts however
until well into the 1800s though they did support the Seed program. The Seed
program, administered by the United States Patent Office, originated in the
Department of State. It was designed to distribute seeds secured by consuls abroad
to American farmers in order to diversify the crop base. The program began during
the John Quincy Adams administration and it is recognized as a foundation element
of the eventual Department of Agriculture (Andrews 1918; Stimson and Lathrop
1942). The Department of Agriculture (DOA) was enacted in 1862 under a bill
created by Justin S. Morrill. The DOA, however, was not made an executive
department until 1889. It was the roles of the agricultural societies, the state
agricultural commissions, and the so-called Agricultural Colleges to educate the
farmers of America beyond common school levels.
14
3.2
The Massachusetts Approach
Agriculture was one of the four mainstays of New England’s economy during the
Plantation, Colonial, and Federal periods. The other underpinnings were
fishing/whaling, millworks of various types, and quarrying (Anonymous 1982;
Friedberg and Kelleher 1991). Initially, agrarian education was managed at the
society level; as early as 1797, the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of
Agriculture began publishing agricultural bulletins. The Norfolk, Massachusetts,
Agricultural Society started formal exhibits in 1849 to help livestock farmers better
manage their stock.
By 1851, the various Massachusetts agricultural societies called upon state
government to formally create a board of agriculture. The board was enacted by the
legislature in 1852 and its first commissioner began his job in 1853. The same year,
Edward Hitchcock, the President of Amherst College, proposed the establishment of
a farmer’s institute comprised of “agricultural chemists, scientific farmers, practical
farmers, botanists, vegetable and animal physiologists, geologists, meteorologists
abundantly qualified [and] willing to go into different districts of the State, and
instruct the farmers…” (Stimson and Lathrop 1942:181).
In Massachusetts, the farmer’s institutes continued to operate until 1919. By that
time, their role had been overtaken by the Cooperative Extension Services. Both the
farmer’s institutes and the board of agriculture published bulletins were used in the
common schools. In 1861, the board even published a Manual of Agriculture to be
used in public schools (Andrews 1918, Stimson and Lathrop 1942).
At the local level, towns in Massachusetts had developed agricultural schools as
early as the 1830s. The schools focused on instruction in best practices covering most
of the agricultural and horticultural products produced in the state. They also had
vocational training in equipment maintenance, home economics, and related tasks.
In the early 1850s, following Hitchcock’s 1852 address, a movement was afoot to
create a state-level college that would provide intensive training and which would
serve as an experimental station. The Massachusetts Agricultural College was
chartered in 1856 “but never opened; the land grant endowment put new life [to it]”
(Andrews 1918).
3.3
Land Grant Colleges
Justin S. Morrill was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the State of
Vermont. He argued forcefully that the United States had to better prepare its
farmers and scientists and that preparation was going to be possible only if
publically funded colleges and schools were available. In 1862, the U.S. Congress
passed the Morrill Land Grant Act. The act was a wonder of funding simplicity.
Each state was granted acres of undeveloped land in the U.S. West. The amount of
land granted was based on the number of legislators the state had in Congress: one
legislator equaled 30,000 acres. In 1862, Massachusetts had 12 members in Congress
15
and the Act provided that 360,000 acres of western lands be granted to
Massachusetts.
Once a state accepted the land grant, it could do what it wanted with the property.
Massachusetts accepted its grant on April 18, 1863. The state legislation determined
that they were going to use the monies to support both the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) and the Massachusetts Agricultural College (MAC). MIT had
been chartered in 1861; it received one-third of the income from the grant. MAC,
chartered in 1856, received the remaining two-thirds as an endowment less 1/10th of
the proceeds. The 1/10th proceeds were to be used for the purchase of a founding
‘farm’ (Anonymous 1865; Andrews 1918).
3.4
Facility Layouts and Building Types
There was no accepted plan for the layout of the college. It was the intent of the
Trustees to use the buildings acquired during the purchase of the property. Almost
all of these were envisioned as “laboratories” for the various agricultural classes
(French 1866). In addition, a small suite of buildings would be erected specifically as
administration, dormitory, and classroom buildings.
4.0
Massachusetts Agricultural College: 1863-1931
Because Massachusetts already had its agricultural college chartered, “the
Massachusetts Agricultural College was one of the first institutions of its kind to be
founded in the United States” (Hitchcock 1894:161). Although chartered in 1856, the
school had suffered from a lack of funding and a lack of direction. It was referred to
initially as the Massachusetts School of Agriculture but the name was changed in
1861 to the Trustees of the MAC. This name more accurately reflected its situation.
Until the land grant monies were accepted by the state the college literally consisted
only of the Trustees.
4.1
1863-1867: Administration and Initial Campus Layout
The Trustees of the MAC were incorporated by a legislative act of April 29, 1863. The
original trustees were Governor Andrew as president, A.W. Dodge, Esq., vicepresident, and Charles L. Flint, secretary. These gentlemen were the college from
inception to the group’s incorporation in 1863. In 1864, the legal name of the school
was codified as Massachusetts Agricultural College and the Honorable Henry E.
French was elected president. The same year, 10% of the land scrip was sold to
purchase the site of the college (French et al. 1864).
While the sale garnered $29,778.40 (Andrews 1918:23), the actual college site was in
contention. As late as 1865, five towns were still vying for the right to host the
college. According to the petition from the Town of Amherst (Anonymous 1865), the
four other towns were Chicopee, Lexington, Northampton, and Springfield (French
et al. 1865 [Annual Report]]). The Trustees had effectively opened the siting to
16
bidders asking the contenders to provide $75,000 in what was effectively earnest
money. Amherst elected to raise its $75,000 through taxation ($50,000) and
subscription ($25,000). On May 25, 1864, the MAC Trustees voted to locate the
college in Amherst (Anonymous 1865:4).
“Who can estimate the importance of having, in the midst of an agricultural
community, a model farm of four hundred acres, where model farm-buildings,
implements, domestic animals, orchards, field crops and garden, and all the
processes of the most enlightened agriculture, are continually upon exhibition. The
College will also furnish a superior education, of an eminently practical character, to
the young men of Amherst, either gratis or at a very small expense.” (Anonymous
1865:7)
The glowing statement above seems to accurately reflect the original vision for the
college grounds. It does not necessarily reflect however the actual conditions. First,
the “four hundred” acres was not correct. The original purchase subsumed parts or
all of six farms and parcels totaling 310.55 acres (ac). The holdings were purchased
from D.K. Bangs (29.69 ac), Henry Cobb (43.73 ac), Chester Cowls (60.93 ac), L.D.
Cowls (144.13 ac), J.S. Crouch (23.44 ac), and John Donahue (9.63 ac) and included
unimproved and improved land and buildings (French et al. 1865:5-6). Second, the
vision of bucolic agrarian fields was tempered by French’s actual characterization of
the property as “…much of it is wood, rough pasture and swamp” though he went
on to note that it was “…a judicious investment” (French 1866:25).
Thus, by the 3rd day of October, 1864, the college had grounds, buildings, and high
expectations. It also soon had an additional 73 acres which were purchased by Dr.
Nathan Durfee. Durfee was a Trustee and also the Trustee Treasurer. The acreage
adjoined that already purchased and it had been used by two of the farms acquired
by MAC. In total, the college had expended $34,999.50 for its 310 acres; Durfee spent
another $8,000 for the 73 acres (French et al. 1865; Anonymous 1948:10).
Between 1864 and 1867, the Trustees and then French, as the first president, were
faced with the tasks of assembling a physical plant of sufficient character to sustain
the first class. That class was scheduled to enter as freshman in the fall of 1867.
According to the 1866 Annual Report, the initial work on the property involved “a
careful and elaborate survey” which resulted in a map “showing accurately every
building, fence, road, stream, spring and other principal object on the estate…”
(French 1866:26). The 1865 survey and map were completed by J. Herbert Shield
(C.E., Boston) (Clark 1871:13).
In 1870, a map entitled “Estate of the Mass. Agricultural College Amherst” was
prepared and included in the 1871 Annual Report (Clark 1871:25). The 1870 map
was apparently based on Shield’s 1865 effort and the 1870 map shows the roads,
walks, and buildings constructed after 1866. The additions to the Shield map were
done by S.F. Maynard who, at the time, was a junior at MAC. Maynard’s father,
Professor Samuel T. Maynard, was a faculty member and his subsequent planning
17
and existing conditions maps are present in the documentary record for the next
three decades.
By the time the college opened in 1867 to its first class, there were seven or eight
buildings on campus. These included the Stockbridge House, the Horticultural
Superintendent’s House (commonly abbreviated as the Hort. Supt’s. House), the
Homestead House, the Experimental Station Agricultural Barns, the Chemistry
Laboratory, a Physics Laboratory, and the Durfee plant house (Anonymous 1916). Of
this grouping, at least the Homestead House, the Stockbridge House and the
associated agricultural barns were buildings that had been purchased along with the
land in 1863 and 1864.
Two other structural additions also were made. A public highway crossed the
“estate, leaving about one-quarter of its territory on the upper, or east side, and the
rest on the west or lower side.” A petition was filed in December, 1865, to alter the
location of the road and the petition was granted in January, 1866 (French 1866:2526). And, a reservoir was constructed. As described by French (1866:25), the
structure was:
“A reservoir upon the highest land where water appears, has been constructed, ten
feet in diameter and ten feet deep, which has been full for many weeks, with a pipe
laid low enough to draw it to the bottom. It was deemed important early to test the
supply of water from the springs, and the one in question, two hundred and twentyfive feet above the lowest point on the estate, although not at any time a copious
spring, has been found to yield five hundred gallons per day in the driest part of the
very dry summer of 1865” (French 1866:25).
Some attention was being paid to the layout of the grounds though the lack of a
definitive campus plan was hindering that activity. French (1866:25) noted that
landscaping in 1865 had been limited to “planting a few hundred evergreens, of six
to eight feet height, for a screen on our easterly line, and in setting, in nurseries, some
three thousand small trees for future use.”
4.2
1867: Initial MAC Layout
Komarakul (1951) presents a detailed discussion of campus plans in his thesis
entitled “A Master Plan: The University of Massachusetts.” In it, he details the
campus planning that preceded the 1867 opening of the school for classes. In 1864,
the Trustees hired Vaux and Richards of New York, to develop a site assessment and
plan for building location. Komarakul (1951:8-9) summarized their siting
recommendations and used 1951 landmarks when describing the proposed locations.
The Vaux and Richards siting recommendations were:
•
•
All farm buildings be located southward and westward in the Mill River
valley;
The campus’ central building be located near today’s French Hall;
18
•
•
The president’s house be ”placed near the site of the present [1951]
Mathematics Building;” and
That the student dormitories and professor residences be sited on the ridge
“where the president’s house now [in 1951] stands.”
The recommendations were not well received. In 1866, Frederick Law Olmsted was
engaged to provide his opinion of the college layout that had been created by Vaux
and Richards. Olmsted took the assignment to heart and actually developed a
detailed plan for effectively recreating a New England village. The center of the
campus was a village green and the major buildings of the college would form a row
facing the green. Radiating out from the green were streets lined with cottages for
the professors and the students.
Olmsted’s plan was a vision and the Trustees were no happier with it than with the
original Vaux and Richard’s plan. The only person who was pleased with the
Olmsted plan was President French and in light of the Trustees’ rejection of the plan,
French resigned. French was succeeded in 1866 by the Honorable Paul A.
Chadbourne whose tenure lasted only into 1867 (Hitchcock 1894:161). In 1867, the
first President to serve over an actual campus was elected. President William S.
Clark, Ph.D, LL.D, would serve in that capacity for the next decade. Komarakul
(1951:13) attributes Clark with the first important growth period on campus.
4.3
1867-1916: The Early Growth
President Clark’s campus in 1871 is shown on Figure A-1. The campus’ 383 acres
formed a large rectangle which stretched from a ridge on the east to the Mill River
valley on the west. Starting on the eastern edge, the ridge dropped rapidly some 100
feet before leveling into a broad upland bench and valley. This broad bench
ultimately became the focus of the campus and it today hosts the Library, Student
Union, Chapel, and most the older buildings.
A row of campus buildings aligned with the western edge of the north-south
trending bench. By 1871, there were seven buildings tightly aligned on the bench
and an eighth to the north at the bench terminus near the vegetable garden. Moving
west from the broad upland bench, the topography again dropped rapidly to
eventually even out in a series of broader valley benches and terraces. In 1871, there
were no developments west of the broad upland bench. However, the eastern third
of the campus contained an orchard, botanic garden, vegetable garden and buildings
including several farm buildings left from previous occupants.
The following buildings, listed chronologically, were erected in the 10 years of
Clark’s administration (Chadbourne 1867; Hitchcock 1894:173-174, 177-178, 181)
though three building contracts were let by Chadbourne:
19
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Laboratory Building [Chemistry] (1867; $10,360): reported as 46 x 57 feet and
two stories high. The building contained a room for chemical analysis, 2
furnace rooms, 4 apparatus rooms, a balance room and a large lecture room
which could also be used as a chapel (Chadbourne 1867:9; Clark 1868:6) [no
longer extant].
South College Dormitory (1867; $86,280): 100 x 50 feet, 4 stories high. 48
student rooms, recitation rooms, a cabinet and library room (Chadbourne
1867:9; Clark 1868:6). Designed by George Hathorne, Esq., New York (Clark
1869:9) [rebuilt, no longer extant].
Boarding House (1868; $8,180): house up to 50 students (Chadbourne 1867:9;
Clark 1868:6) [no longer extant].
Botanic Museum (1868; $5,180): 31 x 45 feet, 2 stories. Contains president’s
office, lecture room, and exhibit spaces (Clark 1868:6) [no longer extant].
Durfee Plant Houses (1868; $12,000 donated by Nathan Durfee): 5,000 square
feet in a cluster of glass buildings (Clark 1868:6-7) designed by F. A. Lord,
Syracuse, NY [rebuilt, no longer extant].
North College Dormitory (1868) [no longer extant].
College Barn (1869; $7,000 appropriated in 1868, final cost $10,000): designed
to be 100 x 50 feet with 28 foot high posts (Clark 1868:7-8; Clark 1870:1-2) [no
longer extant].
College Hall (1869): 60 x 97 feet, 4 stories, designed by George Hathorne,
New York (Clark 1870:12) [no longer extant].
Drill Hall (1869, proposed 1868; $6,500) [no longer extant].
Farm Superintendent House (1869; $4,000) [no longer extant].
President’s House (1869).
During Clark’s tenure the college was organized into departments. This was
standard at any college but at MAC the grouping of buildings and activity areas by
department was a focus of planning at least up until World War I. Clark’s 1871
Annual Report identified two departments (Agriculture and Horticulture) and the
Agricultural Experiments section. The Horticulture Department included the Durfee
Plant House, the vineyard, the orchard, and the nursery. The department members
also were actively engaged in the development of the plan for a Botanic Garden and
Arboretum. I.A. Pilat, Central Park’s chief gardener, was hired to develop the plan
for the garden complex and his rendition is included in the 1871 report. The complex
was never built and area to be used for it was given over to other uses (Komarakul
(1951:11).
Between the purchase of the farms and about 1867, the original owners continued to
use their properties for production. They paid rent to the College and these monies
were used for College expenses. According to the 1868 Annual Report, during 1867,
Levi Stockbridge, the college Farm superintendent began preparation for various
experimental fields. Included in the preparations was the tiling of some 10 acres of
land.
20
This is the first mention of subsurface field preparations and these activities would
eventually be carried out across the Mill River valley campus lands (Clark 1868:9;
1890 Annual Report: 15; 1915 Annual Report: 15-16) and through the MAC Farm and
grounds (Clark 1870:6). Tile and ditch work were completed by each freshman class;
in 1889, for example, 27,900 feet of tile drains were implanted into 31 acres between
August and December (AR 1890:15). The tiles were laid at a depth of 3 ½ feet below
present ground surface; thus, they were at depths greater than the thickness of the
average plowzone (AR 1890:15).
By 1868, Stockbridge began to establish apple, pear, and peach orchards and a
vineyard on the east ridge (Clark 1869:10). The same year he presented the Trustees
and Clark with a plan for the management of the Agricultural Department which
included the MAC Farm. Stockbridge’s plan divided the Farm, and effectively the
college grounds, into woodland, pasture, permanent mowing fields, and tillage plots.
The tillage fields would also include fields devoted to crop rotation and experimental
plots (Clark 1869:12). Much of Stockbridge’s plan is seen in subsequent maps of the
campus area and the general layout of the experimental plots remains basically
unchanged up until about 1919 (Manning 1919; see also Figure A-2).
MAC’s emphasis on agriculture was consolidated with the location of the
Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station in 1882. The Station was
independent until 1887 when separate legislation established the Hatch Experiment
Station on campus also. The two stations were consolidated in 1895, and from 1907
to present the combined units were referred to as either the Massachusetts
Agricultural Experiment Station or the East Experiment Station. In 1896, an
agricultural chemistry laboratory was constructed as a complement to the
Experiment Station. This unit is now referred to as the West Experiment Station
(Larson 2009).
In addition the buildings, infrastructure improvements also were planned. Clark
(1869) requested $5,000 for the construction of another reservoir on Mt. Pleasant
ridge. This reservoir would supply potable water to the buildings on the central
bench. Clark apparently had a Worcester Civil Engineer, Phineas Ball, draw up the
plans for the reservoir and supply lines and it was built in 1869 for a cost of only
$2,000. Clark (1870:12) reported that the reservoir was constructed southeast of the
Durfee Plant houses and that about 2,100 feet of supply pipe was laid from it to the
central building complex.
The damming of an existing water course on the site for creation of a campus pond
occurred in 1892 Meeting minutes from the Massachusetts Agricultural College
Board of Trustees meeting on June 21, 1892 documented the proposal to construct the
pond,
“Construction of a Dam – Voted – that W. Wheeler [William Wheeler], E.W.
Wood, and H.H. Goodell [Henry Hill Goodell] be a committee to construct a
dam for an artificial pond on the College grounds in accordance with a vote
21
of the Trustees at the June meeting in 1890. The work to be commenced when
there are funds available for the purpose and the const not to exceed one
thousand dollars” (Anonymous 1892).
A report by the Board of Trustees the following year, in January 1893, indicated that
the dam was complete,
“Report of Committee on Dam – The Committee to construct a dam on the
college grounds, Wm. Wheeler, Chairman, reported verbally that the dam
had been built but that more work was needed to put it in proper shape to be
an ornament to the grounds [emphasis added]. That on account of errors in
[levels] made by students, upon which estimates of the cost of the structure
would exceed the estimate and the sum authorized to be expended and the
Committee ask[s] for and additional appropriation of $1,750. Voted, to
postpone action on this Report until the adjourned meeting, [action
postponed]” (Anonymous January 3rd 1893).
Later that month, an additional $1,750 was appropriated to complete the work on the
dam. Although previously referenced as “an ornament to the grounds,” the “Report
of the Horticultural Department” in the “Thirtieth Annual Report of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College” indicated that the additional motivation for the
creation of the Campus Pond was easy access to ice for dairy and orchard activities:
“The necessity for large quantities of ice for dairy purposes, and in the cold
storage room for the preservation of fruit, led to the construction of a dam
across the little stream flowing through the college grounds at a point
midway between the botanic museum and the north dormitory...This has
been satisfactorily completed under the supervision of a graduate of our first
class, Mr. William Wheeler [Class of 1871], and has resulted in the flowing of
a considerable area. Looking at it simply in the light of ornamentation, it is a
great addition to the college grounds, and furnishes the one thing needful to
make the landscape perfect-a water view” (Anonymous 1893:
14).
Although the campus pond is first shown on a reconstructed drawing of Frederick
Law Olmsted’s 1866 design for the campus grounds (prepared by Frank Waugh in
1911), the 1901 plan of the “Estate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College” is the
earliest document to show the Campus Pond as constructed. The 1901 plan shows an
island located at the southern end of the pond, no vegetation surrounding the
pond, and no buildings in the vicinity of the pond. A road, known as Olmsted Road
and later Ellis Drive, ran near the southern end of the pond and formed an arc along
the west side of the pond, defining a grassy area labeled Front Slope.
In 1911 landscape architect Warren Manning prepared a report and accompanying
plan that recommended site improvements and new building locations as the
campus expanded. Given his prior experience with the Olmsted firm, Manning was
22
well suited to continue the campus planning work initiated by Frederick Law
Olmsted in 1866. Manning was retained by the University for over four years to work
on the campus (Anonymous 1912: 213). His plan “provide[d] for keeping the central
portion of the campus forever open. The pond [was] to be preserved and eventually
extended” (Anonymous 1912: 213). However, there is no evidence that the pond was
ever expanded.
The facilities improvements begun by Clark continued through the subsequent
administrations up to World War I. Clark was followed in the presidency by Charles
Louis Flint (1879-1880), the Hon. Levi Stockbridge (1880-1882), the Hon. Paul Ansel
Chadbourne (second term; 1882-1883); and James Carruthers Greenough (1883-1886).
President Henry Hill Goodell was acting president for six months in 1883 and then
assumed the post in 1886. By 1916, a campus map depicted 59 buildings built in
clusters which corresponded loosely to departments and focus areas (Anonymous
1916).
As the MAC mission expanded, it began to acquire both contiguous and noncontiguous parcels. L. B. Caswell (1917:71-72) summarized the growth of the campus
between 1892 and 1917 when he wrote his treatise entitled Brief History of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College Semicentennail, 1917. By 1916, the campus holdings
had grown from the original 383 acres to about 630 non-contiguous acres. The
expansion in the immediate campus area was through the acquisition of adjacent
farms and lots. Table 5 summarizes the parcels acquired beginning with the William
Banger house and lot in 1892.
Plans developed as part of five and 10-year initiatives were directing the placement
of buildings and the acquisition of land. The most definitive of the plans appears to
have been Manning’s 1910 effort which divided the campus into three sections
(Figure A-3):
•
The Upland Section: Horticultural Services Group, Womens Group, Faculty
Group, road line marked “To be left always open as a possible future road”.
•
The Midland Section: The Research Group, Administration Group, Science
Group, The East and West Campus Greens, two unnamed ponds (one to
either side of Main); the west of the ponds was the Agricultural Group, The
Student Group, The Athletic Group, Dining Hall. Running through the
Midland Section was an electric car line which basically looped the north,
east, and west sides of the Section.
•
The Lowland Section: included the Poultry Group, The Farm Group, and the
Sewage Disposal Field.
23
Year
Acquired
1892
1896
1909
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1915
1915
Table 5. Holdings Acquired Through Purchase, 1892-1917 (from Caswell 1917:71)
Acres
Description
Acquired
Comments
Wm. Banger lot and house
Unspecified
Based on the 1919 Map: Two irregular-shape parcels marked Clark Estate,
which extended both north and south of Clark Hill Road, bounded by East
Pleasant Street on the east and the site of Greenough House at 124 Orchard
President Clark lot
20
Hill Drive (UMass Building #24) on the west.
Baker parcel
5
Located on Plainville Road.
Probably the parcel containing Harlow Barn at 512 East Pleasant Street
Harlow farm
30
(UMass Building #180)
“the old creamery lot and
buildings where the
college apiary now stands”
Probably the parcel containing the Apiary Laboratory at 149 Clark Hill Road
(1917:71)
Unspecified
(UMass Building #074)
South of the Durfee lot
Based on the 1919 Map: Two irregular-shape parcels marked Nash West
and Nash East, located on the north and south sides of North Hadley Road
in the vicinity of Mullins Way.
Nash parcel
60
“on the west end of which a large part of the athletic field is located…”
Based on the 1919 Map: Probably the parcel marked Athletic Field, which
included all the land on the north side of Massachusetts Avenue where
President’s Drive is located, extending west to the vicinity of County Circle
and including the land under Whitmore Hall at 181 Presidents Drive (UMass
Kellogg farm
18
Building #388).
Cranberry bog,
surrounding uplands with
In Wareham
pumping plant and sheds
15
Based on 1919 Map: Probably the various orchard parcels marked on the
Owen orchard and part of
map along the west side of East Pleasant Street, generally between Orchard
Hill Drive on the north and Clark Hill Drive on the south, with some portions
Owen property west of
27
extending north of .Orchard Hill Drive.
East Pleasant Street
On East Pleasant Street. Initially rented with option to buy; bought in 1922
(AR 1923).
Tillson farm
70
Based on the 1919 Map: Parcel at the southeast corner of East Pleasant
Street and Tillson Farm Road, with overlap on the north side of Tillson Farm
Road.
To a great extent, Manning’s plan was implemented though it took two decades of
concentrated effort. The only major element that was never constructed was the
second pond. Apparently this idea was dropped when new underground water
lines were laid in the 1920s (Waugh 1920; also Manning 1919). The buildings and
facilities listed below were constructed between the end of Clark’s administration
and World War I (Hitchcock 1894; AR 1885, 1890, 1895, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1915).
The buildings and facilities listed below in chronological order were constructed
between the end of Clark’s administration and World War I (Hitchcock 1894; AR
1885, 1890, 1895, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1915).
•
•
•
Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station (1882): 48 ½ acres
leased from the College Hitchcock (1894:166, 169).
Chemical Laboratory of the State Experiment Station (1883): based plans
completed by E.A. Ellsworth [no longer extant].
North College Dormitory (repaired 1884): $6,000 dollars allotted for these
repairs and for work on other college buildings (AR 1885:1). The repairs to
North College included removal and replacement most woodwork on
24
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
building interior; 4th story rooms repainted; new floors where needed; 12
new windows (AR 1885:2) [no longer extant].
College Chapel (1886; $31,000): housed the college library on its first floor
along with the President’s office. The second floor, capable of holding 600
persons, was the scene of Sunday services (Hitchcock 1894:174). Stephen C.
Earle, Worcester, was the architect for the building (AR 1885:2)
Feeding stable and wing (1886): added to the Experimental Station barn.
Another wing was added to the barn sometime between 1886 and 1894
(Hitchcock 1894:178, 181) [no longer extant].
South College Dormitory (re-built 1886): new building brick, 3 stories, and it
contained student suites, recitation rooms, and the biology department
museum. The Hatch Experiment Station office was in the building tower
along with the meteorological observatory (Hitchcock 1894:174).
Creamery (1887): added to the Experimental Station barn (Hitchcock
(1894:178, 181) [no longer extant].
Hatch Experiment Station (1887): following the enactment of the Hatch Act.
The “act established experiment stations in all the States and Territories of
the Union…” Hitchcock (1894:170). In 1894, Hatch and the Massachusetts
Experiment Station were consolidated and made a College department.
College pastor’s house (unknown date, before 1894): “across the ravine [from
the new barns, stables, and dairy school]” (Hitchcock 1894:178) [no longer
extant].
Greenhouse, Hatch Experiment Station (1888): based on plans developed by
Professor S.T. Maynard. Hitchcock (1894:187) [no longer extant].
Barn Sheds (1889): the south shed was cut into two parts and the shorter part
has been appended to the main barn. Original small engine room, in turn,
has been to the end of the moved barn shed (AR 1890:12). The remaining half
of the south shed has been moved west and a new basement constructed
under it (AR 1890:13) [no longer extant].
Dairy Room (1889 redone): existing dairy re-silled, wood floors replaced by
concrete, and new sewer connections added to take waste water away from
the facility (AR 1890:12) [no longer extant].
Hatch Experiment Station barn (1889): located behind the Boarding House.
The barn burned in 1891 and was rebuilt the same year (Hitchcock 1894:178).
Insectary (1889): entomology department of the Hatch Experiment Station
(Hitchcock 1894:188) [no longer extant].
Silos (1889): two silos occupy the space once used for roots and sand storage
(AR 1890:14) [no longer extant].
Agricultural and Physiology Laboratory (1890): Hitchcock (1894:181) [no
longer extant].
Dairy School with barns, stables (1893, 1894): erected near the center of the
college “estate and at the foot of the slope west of the campus…” (Hitchcock
1894:177) [no longer extant].
Laboratory building (modified 1894): expanded to three stories. The first
floor housed the chapel, the zoology department laboratory, and a section of
the chemical department. The second floor hosted the mathematical,
25
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
physical, and chemical departments. Japanese agricultural implements were
housed on the third floor; earlier it had been used as a drill hall for the cadet
battalion (Hitchcock 1894:177) [no longer extant].
Agricultural Building, later named Stockbridge Hall (1912; $210,000):
completed in October 1916 with 3 stories and basement, contains auditorium
seating 900 (AR 1915:17, 19; AR 1916:17)
Athletic Field (1914): 7 acres, with five thousand feet of ditch and tile (AR
1915:15-16)
Department of Rural Engineering Shops (begun 1914): (AR 1915:19) [no
longer extant].
Fraternity, Phi Sigma Kappa House (1914): on Pleasant Street at South
College Entrance. MAC coordinated water and heating services (AR
1915:17).
French Hall addition (1914): (AR 1914:18-19).
Infirmary (1914, $15,000): two buildings, one with wings for patients and
matron/nurses and the other for isolation (AR 1915:19) [no longer extant].
Piggery and poultry buildings (1914): poultry buildings was added to an
existing building (AR 1914:18) [no longer extant].
Figure A-2 shows the buildings and general campus layout superimposed on the
existing aerial coverage of the campus. Although Manning’s Upland, Midland, and
Lowland sections are not fully realized, it is apparent that discipline specific
groupings were developed. Building clusters, especially those related to Agriculture,
Administration, and the hard and earth sciences (physics, chemistry, and geology)
continued to expand. The idea of clustering student housing also appears to be wellrooted and this would continue to be true thorough the current period.
4.4
1916-1931: World War I and the Transition Years
The war did not stop growth on the campus. The need to apply annually to the
Massachusetts Legislature for building appropriations, however, was wearing on the
administration. Long range building programs were developed beginning with
Professor Waugh’s 1919 plan (Komarakul 1951:15-18). Like Manning’s 1911 plan, the
Waugh 1919 work emphasized building groups in order to maintain the “proper
balance between buildings, cultivated fields, meadows and lawns, forests and trees
(Komarakul 1951:18). Waugh’s plan influenced subsequent building siting but it was
never implemented. A 10-year program, neatly outlined on a 3-page summary with
handwritten notations (Anonymous 1921), lists 34 buildings ranging in type from a
beef cattle barn (estimated at $2,500) to a proposed Administration central building
for a projected cost of $875,000. The latter was proposed to include administrative
space, an auditorium, and house Humanities and Rural Social Science. In total, the
building program was estimated to cost $4,082,750.
The annual reports through the 1920s and the yearly campus guides provide the
most information on the building program for the college. As in years past, each
year’s annual report summarized what was needed, what has been appropriated,
26
and what buildings were underway or finished during the reporting cycle. By the
1920s, the reports also identified long range building needs and planning programs
(see AR 1930:11 for 5-year plan).
The unrelenting plea through the war years and until 1923 was for a new Chemistry
building. Chemistry had been housed in one of the earliest buildings constructed on
campus known as “College Hall”, and by the first decade of the 20th century, the
original building was virtually unusable (AR 1917:8). It is likely that the original
Chemistry building would have remained in use were it not for a fire on September
6, 1922 (AR 1923:7; Rand 1933:211). The monies for a new building were
appropriated in 1923 and the new Chemistry facility was erected in 1925 (AR 1923:7;
AR 1925:6).
The demise of the original Chemistry building, though through accidental loss, was
symptomatic of a campus-wide deterioration of building and facility stock. Each
administration beginning with Clark had noted that new buildings and routine
maintenance were necessary. By World War I and continuing through the 1920s,
there was constant reference to the inadequacy of the physical plant; the lack of class
room space; the lack of properly ventilated and lighted spaces; and the danger of
having to cancel classes because of a lack of appropriate facilities (see in particular
AR 1917, 1920, 1923).
A report prepared by Professor Frank Waugh in 1920 both documented the area of
the “south campus” and made further recommendations for improvements to
landscape features of the campus, including the campus pond. In documenting the
existing campus pond landscape, Waugh wrote,
“The most prominent portion of the grounds is that section lying between
Clark Hall and the Chapel and between the Athletic Field and the crosswalk. This area consists of a concave sloping meadow with the pond in its
center. The quality of the meadow, with its bordering trees, is very
pronounced. These introduce a distinctively rural character into the college
picture at the very entrance to the grounds, but they add also a most
agreeable feeling of breadth and dignity” (Waugh 1922:11).
In his report, Waugh went on to make recommendations, which included protecting
the pond from siltation and planting. He wrote, “Extend and improve marginal
plantings using great care to secure accurately naturalistic effects. These plantings
would be mainly of shrubs and herbaceous species and should occupy two-thirds to
three-fourths of the periphery of the pond” (Waugh 1922: 12). Additional
recommendations related to keeping large trees out the center or the area,
maintaining vistas and “preserving the meadow-like character of the area by keeping
up a good sod. This area should not be mowed with a lawn mower, but should be
kept for hay. A proper alternative would be to pasture it with sheep” (Waugh 1922:
12). Photographs from the 1920s are the first to show the extensive scrub growth and
27
Table 6. Holdings Acquired Through Purchase, 1917-1931 (from Rand 1933:211-212)
Year Acquired Description
Acres Acquired Comments
1917
Land for Market Garden Experiment Station 12
In Lexington
1917
Mt. Toby tract
755
In Sunderland and Leverett
1917
Angus lot (E. Pleasant Street)
8
E. Pleasant Street
1917
Kappa Sigma lot (Lincoln Ave.)
Unspecified
Lincoln Ave.
Based on the 1922 Annual
Report: A 60-acre parcel
where the Brooks Tobacco
Barn at 101 Brooks Way
(UMass Building #209) is
1922
Brooks farm (north of campus)
60
now located
1923
Waltham land
55
In Waltham, MA
1928
Q T V lot (Lincoln Ave)
Unspecified
Lincoln Ave.
planting along the pond edge consistent with the recommendations of Waugh’s 1920
report.
Two foci came to define the administrative focus of the era: more land and more
buildings. The campus could not ‘grow’ without additional land. As noted by
Caswell (1917) and Rand (1933), if the land was not available adjacent to the core
campus, the Administration was willing to acquire extramural parcels. The biggest
of these acquisitions was made in 1917 with the purchase of the so-called Mt. Toby
tract which encompassed about 755 acres (Table 6).
The appropriations, however, were slow in coming and the Administration simply
persisted with their requests. The 1920s, however, had the fewest buildings
constructed of any decade in the campus history to that point. The list below,
presented in chronological order, summarizes the buildings, facilities, and landscape
modifications completed from about 1917 to 1930.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abigail Adams House (1919): women’s dormitory (Anonymous, Campus
Guide 1926) [no longer extant].
Market Garden Field Station (1919, 1921): complex consisted of 2
greenhouses, a boiler house, and a farmers’ cottage. An administrative
building was added in 1921 (AR 1920:20; AR 1922:16) [no longer extant].
Turbine building (1919): begun in 1918 (AR 1920:16).
Live stock barn addition (1921; AR 1922:16) [no longer extant].
Power plant improvements (1922; AR 1923:7).
Goessmann Laboratory (1923): as of 1926, the largest building of its type
[laboratory] to be erected on campus (Anonymous, Campus Guide 1926)
Horticulture building service building addition (1923; AR 1924:4) [no longer
extant].
Olmsted Road from Pleasant Street entrance (1923): 1,300 feet long (AR
1924:4) [no longer extant].
Tillson farm building additions (1923): buildings not specified (AR 1924:4)
Agronomy greenhouse headhouse (1924; AR 1925:6) [no longer extant].
Rural Engineering addition (1924; AR 1925:6) [no longer extant].
Tobacco barn (1924): cost $3,000 (AR 1925:6).
Calvary Stable (1925): (Anonymous, Campus Guide 1926) [no longer extant].
28
•
•
•
•
•
Abattoir [meats laboratory] (1929): was an addition to Grinnell Arena (AR
1930:5).
Car garage (1929): 6-car facility built from concrete (AR 1930:5) [no longer
extant].
Horticulture Manufacturers Building (1929): 2-story, brick, measuring 112 by
50 feet and located just west of Flint Laboratory (AR 1930:5) [no longer
extant].
Poultry house and hot water brooder (1929; AR 1930:5) [no longer extant].
Road (1929): from North/South Colleges to Power plant (AR 1930:5).
To a large extent, the buildings that were approved were additions to existing
structures, facilities designed for specific agricultural tasks (brooder for example) or
infrastructure designed to accommodate a growing number of cars on campus.
According to various campus guides for the decade, there were five educational
divisions at MAC in addition to Administration, the Office of the President, and two
general departments (Military Science and Tactics; Physical Education and Hygiene).
The divisions were Agriculture, Horticulture, Science, Humanities, and Rural Social
Science. The Humanities Division was confined to French Hall. Rural Social Science
consisted of agricultural economics and education. Classes in these disciplines were
conducted in South College and Stockbridge Hall.
Stockbridge Hall also hosted the Division of Agriculture and most of its associated
sections. However, that Division’s Agricultural Engineering classes were held in the
Engineering Building and its Animal & Dairy Husbandry classes were conducted at
the Flint Laboratory. The Division of Horticulture classes were held in Wilder and
French halls; the Division administration was seated in Wilder Hall.
The Division of Science included Botany, Chemistry, Entomology, Mathematics and
Civil Engineering, Microbiology, Physics, Veterinary Science and Animal Pathology,
and Zoology and Geology. These disciplines, in order, occupied space in Clark Hall,
Goessmann Laboratory, Fernald Hall (Entomology, Zoology, and Geology), the
Mathematics Building, the Microbiology Laboratory, the Physics Laboratory, and
Paige Laboratory (Anonymous, Campus Guide 1926). The core campus was still
little changed from that present before World War I.
5.0
Massachusetts State College: 1931-1947
The change in campus orientation wrought by the expansion of the school’s mission
began in the 1930s with its name change to Massachusetts State College. With that
program expansion there was a concerted effort to modernize and expand the
campus facilities. Yet, outside events in the form of the Great Depression, its
resultant New Deal programs (Hawley 1933, September 30), and World War II,
affected the implementation of changes and turned the college in directions it might
not have anticipated.
29
5.1
1931-1941: Great Depression, New Deal
The early years of the Depression were stressful but campus committees continued to
operate. The Campus Plan committee, including Messrs. Gordon, Mackimmie, Rice,
Sievers, and Waugh and Miss Skinner met through 1932 and 1933 to develop what
was effectively a building plan (Hawley 1932, Anonymous 1932, Van Meter 1933,
Hawley 1933). During the course of their meetings, they initially grappled with two
questions: 1) what duration should the plan encompass; and 2) how many students
should be accommodated by the plan (Hawley 1932, January 25). The surviving
notes indicate they decided on a five-year projection. No estimate of the number of
students is presented in the archived notes from 1932; however, the “Final Report of
Campus Planning Committee” states “…the student population at the Massachusetts
State College may easily become five or six times its present size within the next
fifteen to twenty years” (Sievers et al. 1933, November 24).
In early March, 1932, the committee developed a list of eight buildings that would be
needed in the next five years. These included Women’s Dormitory, Men’s
Dormitory, Library, Administration Building, Physics Buildings, Landscape
Architecture Building, Home Economics Building, and Additional Dining Hall
facilities (Anonymous 1932, March 2). A year later, the list was reformed and it then
included Administration, Boy’s Dormitory, Girl’s Dormitory, Home Economics,
Library, Physics, and Social Science buildings (Van Meter 1933, March 27). The need
for the buildings was attributed to the fact that present facilities were “becoming
obsolete or inadequate” and to provide provisions for the development of long-term
programs including a women’s college and engineering school (Anonymous 1932,
March 2).
Again, the planning was thwarted by events outside of the Administration’s control.
The onset of the Great Depression with its wide-ranging consequences effectively
restricted funding to the bare minimum needed to operate. In 1933, President Baker
reported to the committee that some monies might be available for the women’s and
men’s dormitories “in the immediate future” (Hawley 1933, June 24). To this end,
the committee, at Baker’s urging, recommended that the Clark Estate be used as the
site for the women’s dormitory and the “region north of the present Infirmary for the
development of a men’s dormitory unit” (Hawley 1933, 24 June).
The campus population had grown steadily during the 1920s. In 1933, the campus
was hosting about 1,200 students in its graduate and undergraduate sections (Rand
1933:212). By 1935, there were 1,300 students enrolled representing a “53 percent
increase in five years and of 80 percent in ten years. Recently it has become
necessary to limit the freshman class to 300 students due to the inadequacy of
facilities and staff to care for a greater number” (Anonymous 1935). This student
population was putting extreme pressure on basic resources such as the library.
The Campus Planning Committee spent much of 1932 and 1933 focused on where to
site a new library building. Hawley (1932, March 8) noted that the committee
30
favored “erection of an entirely new Library building…and suggests the best location
[is] the site north of the present Athletic Field with the building facing the college
pond.” There was some urgency to the decision of where to site a library. In late
September, 1933, President Baker had notified the committee that National Recovery
Act funds were available for the construction of the library, a new Administration
building, and “other buildings” (Hawley 1933, September 30).
On October 2, 1933, the committee visited five locations and they voted to
recommend the location east of the Physical Education building and north of the
athletic field (Hawley 1933, October 2). None of these sites, however, had been
vetted by the head librarian or the head of the library committee and they met with
the Campus Planning Committee on October 11 to voice their opinions. According
to Sievers’ notes of October 11, 1933, two sites for the new library were then in play:
1) east of the Physical Education building and south of Memorial Hall; or 2) south of
South College and west of the present library.
The library was eventually sited according to the librarians’ preference for the
location south of South College. The Campus Planning Committee, in their
November 24, 1933, ‘final’ report recommended:
1. That the general organization and building program on the campus be
planned so as not to interfere with the sightliness [sic] and beauty of the
present central open space.
2. That buildings of such a general service nature that they affect the entire
student body be located in the first zone immediately adjacent to the central
open space - Library, Dining Hall, etc.
3. That buildings dealing with services more specialized, and therefore
affecting only certain groups of students, occupy the second zone Agriculture, Home Economics, etc.
4. That buildings used by students, but not directly contributing to
organized instruction, occupy the third zone - Dormitories.
5. That buildings dealing with problems of general maintenance and
physical service occupy the outer or fourth zone - Heating Plant, Carpenter
Shop, Horse Barn, etc.
The committee went on to note that with these five recommendations in mind, they
would site newly proposed buildings according to the defined zones. These zones
were basically the ones that Professor Waugh had recommended in his 1907 and 1919
planning reports and Manning had proposed in his 1911 plan. The zones or sections
were designed to focus significant elements of the college’s mission to its physical
core which was defined as the broad, central bench with its hallmark pond
31
(Anonymous 1935). Everything that supported these core elements were dispatched
to outer zones.
Despite documents entitled “Final Report of the Campus Planning Committee,” the
group operated in one form or another as the primary planning unit on campus for
the next 15 years. The committee continued to focus on where buildings and
facilities would be best sited relative to the campus missions. In their role, they
continued to police the campus layout. In 1935, for example, they noted the
proposed Central Garage and General Services building should be located within the
existing service area and that “under no conditions should it be permitted to
encroach upon the site of the old chemistry building or upon any other area
considered suitable for some future Class A building” (Sievers 1935, March 13).
The committee’s role also included coordinating various planning requests from the
President’s Office to various Divisions. The five campus divisions defined in the
1920s had evolved into six by 1935: Social Sciences, Physical and Biological Sciences,
Agriculture, Horticulture, Home Economics and Physical Education (Anonymous
1935). Military Science was a separate department “required of all able-bodied men
during their first two years of College” (Anonymous 1935). Examples of the
President’s Office requests included a landscape plan for the Homestead and also a
plan for a kitchen vegetable garden. Both requests were sent by the committee to the
Department of Landscape Architecture (Sievers 1935, March 27). Professor Blundell
of the landscape department also produced landscape plans for the new library and
for the vicinity of Thatcher dormitory (Sievers 1935, March 27; Waugh 1936, April
13).
The University of Massachusetts State College Building Association was proposed by
a group of involved alumni in 1933. The group’s focus was to provide student
housing due to lack of adequate lodging within the town of Amherst. Due to the
timing of available Federal “New Deal” funding, the organization was advised to
postpone their formation. Federal funding was subsequently secured for
construction of both Goodell Library (1934) and Thatcher Hall (1935). The idea lay
dormant until 1938, when the alumni board reconstituted itself and was formally
enacted by the Massachusetts state legislature in 1939. Based on the model of other
state institution’s, the Association established a self-liquidating construction program
whereby all building projects were leased by the association to the college at rentals
sufficient to pay off bonds and associated costs, with property turnover at the end of
debt service. Immediate projects included Lewis Hall (1939) constructed for $192,000
and Butterfield House (1940) constructed for $258,000.
A wide range of campus design projects was initiated by professors of the college
and other employees. Blundell produced tree planting plans and other landscape
layouts through the 1930s and into the 1940s. In 1938, for example, Blundell created
a parking plan for areas near Stockbridge, Goessmann and Draper halls (Waugh
1938, September 22). The plan was detailed and focused on issues like the separation
32
of automobile and pedestrian traffic on routes between Stockbridge Hall and Abigail
Adams dormitory.
5.2
1941-1947: World War II and the Post-War Responses
The Campus Planning Committee gave way to the Campus Planning Council in 1941
(Otto 1942, February 6). The council seems to have continued to focus its attention
on all matters pertaining to campus layout and facilities siting. Although they
repeatedly attempted to stay current with who held sway over the various Division
allotments, mistakes were made. A single example illustrates the complexity of their
job. On February 6, 1942, the council recommended that the “area north of the
engineering shop…could be used by the poultry department for runs and temporary
buildings” (Otto 1942, February 6). A rejoinder to this decision was issued six days
later by Professor E.F. Gaskill. Gaskill notified the council that the field north of the
engineering shop was under the management of the Experiment Station and that the
field, after five years of preparation, was to be used as an experimental plot for
tobacco brown root-rot studies (Gaskill 1942, February 12).
Such planning miscues were seemingly rare and this rarity was undoubtedly the
result of the protracted discussions that ensued on siting proposals. For example,
discussion of the Home Economics building site extended from November 2, 1943, to
May 15, 1944 (Burke 1943, November 2; Burke 1944, April 8; Burke 1944, April 15;
Burke 1944, April 29; Burke 1944, May 15). As was the case with the library siting
years before, it was not until the May 15th session that the council asked the Home
Economics head what site she preferred. It was not the site selected by the council.
The council’s focus beginning at least by 1943 also involved what facilities would be
needed to accommodate the returning veterans. The Federal government’s
Emergency Public Works Commission had requested that all land grant colleges and
universities prepare for a large influx of veteran students following war’s end. To
facilitate the process, every school submitted a list of basic needs to the Commission.
The list included buildings, infrastructure updates, roads, and any facility needed to
respond to the educational needs of both male and female veterans and their
spouses. The list appended to the November 2, 1943 Campus Planning Council
minutes (Burke 1943) included items ranging from a fire protection system to an
Educational Radio building.
The scope of the effort needed seems to have overwhelmed even the tireless council.
In 1945, the Trustee Committee on Buildings and Grounds solicited Charles P.
Halligan of the Michigan State College Department of Landscape Architecture to
participate in a two-day conference on long-range plans for the UMass-Amherst
campus. The Trustee Committee had asked the Campus Planning Council for similar
advice in June, 1945 (Armstrong et al. 1945, June 29; Anonymous 1950).
The conference was to address the “desire to group buildings according to related
functional activities” (Anonymous, memorandum October 13-14 conference).
33
Halligan took this desire to heart and in his recommendations noted that both scale
and spacing should be considered so that views were not obstructed. Others during
the conference also spoke to issues concerning campus traffic patterns, building
groups, and the need to acquire additional land (Alumni Committee, October 16,
1945).
The full report entitled “Massachusetts State College Report from Alumni Advisory
Committee on Campus Development” is of particular interest because it questions
the need to maintain such a large, open space core around the pond (Alumni
Committee 1945:7). The report, however, does advocate a continuation of building
groups by discipline. It also recommends closing the north-south North Pleasant
Street to non-campus traffic and routing this traffic to bypasses around the campus.
The Alumni Committee report recommendations were met with lukewarm response
and one of the least understood elements was the reduction of the central core space.
In late 1945, L. L. Blundell, who had been so instrumental in various landscape plans,
prepared a detailed summary of the planning efforts on the campus as a rejoinder to
the Alumni Committee report.
6.0
University of Massachusetts: 1947-present
In a 1922 memo to President Butterfield, Professor Charles Fernald presented three
expansion scenarios to create a comprehensive state university: 1) create one de novo,
“starting with nothing already in existence”, 2) select certain schools already
established and bring them under a single heading; or 3) develop MAC as the
nucleus of a larger institution. In 1947, the decision was ultimately reached to
organize a state institution based on the third option with the facility hereafter
known as the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass-A).
6.1
1947-1960: New Directions
Between 1945 and 1949, the campus building program focused on meeting the
recommendations made by both the Campus Planning Council and the Alumni
Advisory Committee. According to a typewritten listing dated 1949 and entitled
“University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts Campus Development Since
1940”, the following buildings and facilities were constructed between 1940 and 1948:
•
•
•
Northeast Residential Area (1935-1959) including: Lewis Hall (1940)
dormitory housing 160 persons.
Central Residential Area (1941-63) including: Butterfield House (1941)
dormitory designed to house 146 persons; Chadbourne and Greenough
Houses (1946-1947) dormitories located between Fisher Laboratory and
Butterfield House, west of the orchard.
“Federal Circle” (1946): 13 war surplus barracks modified to accommodate
94 married veterans and their families. Located along Lincoln Avenue south
of Paige Laboratory [no longer extant].
34
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“Commonwealth Circle” (1946): five war surplus barracks located behind
Draper Hall. Barracks were being used to temporarily house 241 single
veterans [no longer extant].
Draper Hall addition (1947): temporary structure attached to the rear of
Draper Hall.
Engineering Laboratory (1947-48): located about 700 feet north of Draper
Hall [no longer extant].
Golf putting greens (1948): west of Stockbridge Hall [no longer extant].
Hockey Rink (1947-48): located east of Fernald Hall [no longer extant]
Liberal Arts Annex (1947): structure located west of South College [no
longer extant].
Marshall Hall addition (1947): addition extending to the north [no longer
extant].
Parking areas (1947, 1948): One lot across from Hicks Building and north of
alumni field and a second lot south of Clark Hall.
Physics Building later named Hasbrouck Laboratory (1947-49): south of
Goessmann between Ellis Drive and North Pleasant Street.
Skinner Hall (1947-48): Home Economics building located between North
Pleasant Street and Stockbridge Road, northwest of the house once occupied
by Professor Waugh.
“County Circle” (1948): five concrete block housing units designed to handle
150 persons or 30 families each. Structures located just east of the old cavalry
stables [two structures no longer extant].
The 1949 list also noted several proposed buildings - four of which were related to
housing, one to dining, and four to classes. In addition, an expansion of the power
plant was proposed “north of the present plant in ravine” (Anonymous 1949).
By this time, the institution’s land holdings amounted to 700 acres. In contrast to the
growth in real estate, strains to the campus facilities persisted, particularly the 3,220
student body dining in Draper Commons, originally designed to accommodate 300
(Anonymous 1948, October 15). In addition, the overflow of students forced housing
in the schools early agricultural structures, and even the cage and library.
Such conditions supported the state authorization of President Van Meter’s $7million building program, initiated in 1948 and intended to double student capacity
on the campus within three years. However, all dormitory construction would be
financed through the UMass-A Alumni Corporation, which grew to match the level
of state financial contributions (Anonymous 1948, July 25).
Following on the early campus zoning principles, the plans of the 1930s employed
the pre-dominant convention of separating student housing districts according to
sex. Although the first graduate degrees were given to female students in 1892, their
percentage of the student population had remained relatively low through the first
decades of the nineteenth century. Therefore, their accommodation was largely
supported by the private boarding houses of Amherst. The first significant
35
enrollment of female students at the institution occurred during World War I, as the
male student body was diverted to military service. This trend repeated again during
WWII. To some extent, this physical division of the co-educational environment was
mirrored in the institution’s academic divisions. Since the initial enrolment of female
students, a curriculum had been focused on education, nursing, and home
economics, the later being a required course of instruction until at least 1919.
The initial plans for post-World War II campus development designated the Central
residential district for female dormitories. Formerly associated with the Clark family
estate, the first development of this steep site had been the “Female Dormitory”
constructed in 1940 and later named Butterfield House. The plan ultimately
proposed the Home Economics Department be located on the slope between
Butterfield and Stockbridge Road. However, by the mid-1940s, this proposal had
reversed to designate the Northeast residential district for women’s dormitories. This
decision may have been prompted by the existing location of Abigail Adams House
(1920), which prior to the planning of the 1940s, was the first and only all-female
dormitory. The change also influenced the prior planned locations for the schools of
home economics, nursing, and education.
The North Pleasant Street University Apartments were the first housing provided for
faculty. Meanwhile, the growing demand for married student housing led to the
construction in the southwest portion of campus, five apartment buildings for young
married couples.
This inter-war and immediate post-war period of campus development produced
notable modernizations of academic facilities. For example, the $518,000 Hasbrouck
Laboratory replaced the “ancient wooden-framed house” which previously housed
the physics department (Anonymous Springfield Daily News 1948:10). The building
can be considered the first significant modern structure on the institution’s campus.
Although there are virtually no distinctions in the building’s construction technology
from other projects of the period (concrete and steel frame) the exterior form was a
clear departure from the Georgian Revival style which defined the dormitory
construction. Such a distinction was not uncommon to this period of post-WWII
campus architecture, when science facilities often embraced the symbolic
connotations of modern design, while residential construction adopted the historic.
The building was also the first major structure to be built within the campus centerthen known as the “central park” – bounded by Stockbridge Road on the east and
Ellis (formerly Olmsted) Drive on the west. The site was located along North
Pleasant and adjacent to the concentration of buildings extending west from
Goessmann Laboratory. Ultimately, construction at this site represented a shift in the
policy of the institution’s Campus Planning Committee, first established in 1932 by
President Thatcher. The principle of an inner zone of “general use” buildings had
been followed since the early 1900s; however, the central lowlands of this
development had been cultivated as a pastoral landscape. Although records of the
site selection process have not been located, it may be assumed that the choice of
36
such a prominent location was intended to showcase the institution’s scientific
advancement.
This issue of preserving versus developing the central park resurfaced during the site
location study for a new Student Union. Immediately following World War II, a
proposal had emerged to create and dedicate a student union as a memorial to the
alumni veterans and casualties. Initially, the structure was proposed as an addition
to the existing Memorial Hall. The concept proceeded through a series of designs by
faculty and alumni until 1953 when it was determined the intended building
program would necessitate its own site. After the consideration of four alternatives
by the Campus Planning Council, the “central park” site adjacent to the campus
pond was chosen based on its comparable distance between the Central and
Northeast residential districts.
As with most U.S. institutions, the University’s greatest expansion of science and
laboratory facilities occurred during the 1950s. Following the construction of
Stockbridge Hall, the former agricultural fields to the north of Draper Hall were
redeveloped as a quadrangle for the departments of engineering and the physical
sciences. Similar to the prior construction of Gunness, the buildings of the 1950s were
utilitarian in nature, albeit with classically-styled entrances and façade details. These
included a new Main Engineering Building, (later named Marston Hall) constructed
in two phases between 1950 and 1954; Paige Laboratory constructed in 1950; the
Animal Isolation Laboratory (1953), and Thayer Animal Disease Laboratory (1957).
Although the Hasbrouck Laboratory had been planned for a major expansion, this
did not occur until 1963 during which time the central park site experienced no
further infill. Instead, the University chose to develop adjacent and notably less
prominent sites for expansion of the science facilities. In 1958 Goessmann Hall was
significantly expanded at its rear north elevation. However, largest concentration of
science facilities was sited on the east side of North Pleasant Street. The 350,000
square-foot Morrill Science Center was constructed in 4 phases from 1959-66.
Although the chosen site for the complex did relieve further densification of the
central park landscape, the height and length of the Morrill buildings created a
substantial separation between the 19th and early 20th-century facilities and their
original spatial relationship to the campus center.
New facilities, particular those with mechanical systems and laboratory equipment,
created new demands for electrical and heat capacity. In the early 1950s, a new Boiler
House was constructed in the ravine and the turbine house was more than doubled
in size. By the end of the decade, the Boiler house also doubled in size.
As the institution approached its centennial anniversary, the demand for facility
modernizations placed increased pressures on the 19th and early 20th-century
building stock. In 1958, the Victorian wood-framed Drill Hall was demolished to
allow construction of the Thompson Liberal Arts Building. In contrast to the adjacent
37
Blaisdell House and farm structures at the west, the new building expressed the
modern construction techniques and style of its neighbor to the east, Machmer Hall.
The circumstance of demolishing a pre-existing structure for replacement with
higher-density, modern construction describes the emerging mid-century character
of the campus. Other structures survived the period as the University through
interior renovations, such as Stockbridge and Draper Halls (1958). Notably, the 1948
Planning Council originally opposed renovation of Draper in support of its
demolition. The University’s most visible act of preservation was the 18th-century
residential structure, known as the Homestead. The structure pre-existed the
formation of the campus and was adapted for practical training by the Home
Economics Department.
A notable exception to the campus trend towards modern infill is Johnson House.
Constructed in 1959, the dormitory completed a formal Beaux-Arts quadrangle
initiated in 1935. The building was sited as a mirror-image to Thatcher House, but in
the 24 intervening years of construction practice, a great deal had changed in regards
to materials, labor, and cost. Notably, the Georgian Revival brickwork and detailing
of Johnson House is far less refined.
By 1954, enrollment had slowly expanded to 4,407 students. In that same year, the
institution contracted Shurcliff, Shurcliff, Merrill (SSM) in cooperation with the
Olmsted Brothers firm, for development of a comprehensive campus master plan to
address postwar growth and campus inadequacies. However, in the intervening
years, a Preliminary Plan, developed in 1955 by architect Niels H. Larsen and
Professors Raymond H. Otto, Lyle Blundell and Paul Procopio was used to guide the
location of new facilities. In addition, throughout this period, Louis Warren Ross
remained a campus consultant and determined sites for all new housing to achieve
10,000 student population.
6.2
1960 – present: The Modern Era
By the 1960s, the campus mission had evolved into that of a major undergraduate/
graduate facility with emphases in agriculture, engineering, and general liberal arts.
As a principal in the larger University of Massachusetts system, UMass-Amherst also
is considered a pre-eminent member of the Five Colleges, Incorporated, along with
Amherst, Smith, Mount Holyoke and Hampshire colleges.
The concentration on the campus physical organization greatly increased in the 1960s
as the somewhat ad hoc planning committees of the early decades of the 20th century
was fully replaced by professional consultants (Galehouse 1962). The growth in
enrollment had negated the SSM plan 7 years after its adoption. A series of campus
planning studies, mostly performed by Sasaki, Walker and Associates, proposed a
program of development which largely defines the institution’s current appearance.
The objectives were to maximize site density, to divert vehicular traffic via a new
campus loop road, and to enhance pedestrian circulation within the central campus.
38
The planning proposals included the following features:
• Wayfinding system of building and street markers
• Construction of administrative high-rise tower
• New open spaces, north and south of campus pond
• Straightening campus roads and elimination of Ellis Drive
• Creation of southern boulevard and mall
• Distinction of accessible and restricted vehicular zones
Perhaps for the first time in the campus’ history, large land tracts owned by the
campus were not proposed for agricultural use. The Sasaki, Walker & Associates
(Galehouse 1962) “Site Analysis, Program and Proposed Site Plan for the Football
Facilities Area” study details the development of some 165 acres. The proposed site
encompassed an area almost half of the original campus size; 52 acres of the 165 total
would be used for parking.
39
„ Recommendations for Areas and Properties for the
National Register of Historic Places
As a result of the study, 53 buildings on the campus are recommended eligible for
the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as part of a potential historic district.
Only the Old Chapel Building is recommended individually eligible as well. These
buildings are graphically noted in Appendix F.
The recommended University of Massachusetts Amherst historic district meets
Criterion A for its association with the ongoing mission of this state university to
meet the educational requirements of a rapidly changing world. From the inception
of the University in 1863 as the Massachusetts Agricultural College, through the
current day, the Trustees have sought to provide educational programming and
facilities that would enable students to advance the practice of agriculture and a
steadily increasing host of other fields, meet the needs of a rapidly-industrializing
world, and succeed in leading a post-industrial information and technology-based
economy.
The historic district also meets Criterion C for its stock of buildings and landscape
features whose forms and functions reflect the evolving and expanding mission of
the University in the 95 years between its 1863 founding and 1959 (1959 being the 50
year cut-off for National Register consideration). A number of architects, landscape
architects and planners of local, regional and/or national prominence were involved
in the design of the individual buildings and the overall plan of the current
University of Massachusetts Amherst campus. The aggregate efforts of these design
professionals produced a distinctive public university campus landscape, primarily
of the mid-19th to mid-20th century, which is unique in Massachusetts.
Despite the loss of certain buildings and landscape features up to the present time in
2009 and incremental physical changes seen in new window, door and roofing
replacements, as well as siding replacements in a small number of buildings, the
district retains integrity of location, setting, design, feeling, association,
workmanship, and materials.
40
„ Further Study Recommendations
Archaeology
Previously reported archaeological sites are present on UMass Amherst property.
Systematic survey of the campus holdings, however, has not been completed. The
archaeological background and literature review and initial walkover results suggest
that archaeologically sensitive settings still exist within the campus core and in the
peripheral parcels.
For planning purposes, it is recommended that UMass Amherst conduct a Phase Ia
reconnaissance survey of the campus holdings. The goal of this work will be the
completion of a campus-wide map of archaeological sensitivity. The resultant survey
report and accompanying map should meet MHC standards for Phase Ia reports and
be submitted to MHC for review. Assuming the report is accepted by MHC, the
sensitivity mapping will serve as planning guidance in the event that UMass
Amherst proposes projects requiring state or federal level permits or uses state or
federal funding requiring environmental review.
As noted in the Historic Context, the possibility exists that archaeological deposits
remain in the campus core that are related to specific campus buildings. While it is
recommended that archaeological investigations be conducted in the vicinity of these
building locations prior to any future development, such investigation would be at
the discretion of UMass Amherst unless state or federal monies or permits were
required for the proposed action.
The current assignment focused on buildings over 50 years old on the UMASS-A
campus, but several other areas within the campus deserve further attention and
documentation. Recommended areas for future study and documentation are:
Presidents’ Woods
Presidents' Woods is a 24-acre urban old growth forest located on a steep slope to the
east of Thatcher Way south of Eastman Lane. Historically, the area was also known
as Prexy's Ridge Forest and Chestnut Woods. The forest is of both scientific and
historical importance to the University. Further research and evaluation is necessary
to establish the history and significance of the area.
Campus-wide Landscape Documentation
Comprehensive documentation of the entire campus landscape is needed to record
existing landscape conditions. Particular attention should be paid to circulation
patterns and vegetation, including the specimen plants that comprise the Waugh
Arboretum, which was last completely documented in a 1974. Graphically integrated
into a GIS database, this information will be valuable for future planning and design
initiatives, as well as for educational purposes.
41
Bibliography
An extensive collection of books, articles, maps, photographs, records, and other
archival sources aided this historic building inventory and is provided in Appendix
C of this report
42
Appendix A
Figures for Historic Context
h
h
h
h
h
Figure A-1
Figure A-2
Figure A-3
Figure A-4
Figure A-5
1870 Existing Conditions Map
1919 Campus Map Overlay
Manning’s 1911 Campus Map
1935 Campus Map Overlay
1958/49 Campus Map Overlay
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Figure A-1
1870 Existing Conditions Map
WOODS
OLD
PASTURE
ne
an L a
Eastm
TILLSON
FARM
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Figure A-2
1919 Campus Map
Historic Landscape
¸
52
NORTH
FLAT
MURIATE
17
14
42
53
46
30
RASPBERRIES
3
THE
POND
45
PLUMS
23
37
6
et
4
11
MARKET
GARDEN
PLOTS
NIGHT
PASTURE
WEST
PLUMS
36
YOUNG
STOCK
9
NIGHT
PASTURE
EAST
RHODODENDRON
GARDEN
48
54
35
25
20
ANNUAL
GARDEN
MARKET
GARDEN
PLOTS
VINEYARD
CHERRIES
AND
PLUMS
APPLE
ORCHARD
RESERVOIR
MARKET
GARDEN
PLOTS
CLARK
ESTATE
12
CLARK
ESTATE
1
33
GRASS
49
DURFEE
FIELD
EXPERIMENTAL
STRAWBERRIES
WOODS
FLORICULTURE
PLOTS
MARKET
GARDEN
PLOTS
CAMPUS
SLOPE
50
WOODS
Map ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Building Name (on 1919 Map)
Apiary
Barn
Blaisdell House (Farmhouse No. 1)
Chapel And Library
Chemistry Lab
Clark Hall
Demonstration Building And Incubator Cellar
Draper Dining Hall
Drill Hall
East Experimental Station
Employee Cottage
Entomological Building
Exp Station Cow Shed
Exp Station Cow Shed
Exp Station Creamery
Exp Station Farm House
Hatch Biological Laboratory (Exp Station Hatch Barn)
Exp Station Vegetation House
Experimental Station Barn
Farm Dairy Barn
Farmhouse 2
Flint Lab
Fernald Hall (Entomological Building)
Granary And Carpenter Shop
Grinell Hall
Horse Barn
Hort Department Barn
House
Infirmiary
Infirmiary
Long Laying House
Machinery Barn
Mathematics Building
Microbiology Building
North College
Old Plant House
Old Stockbridge House
Piggery
Power Station
President's House
Prof Waugh's House
Rural Engineering Shop
Sheep Barn
Sheep Shed
South College
Stockbridge Hall
Tool House And Shed
Tool House And Shed
Munson Hall (Veterinary Lab and Stable)
Munson Annex (Veterinary Lab and Stable)
Waiting Station
West Exp Barn
West Exp Station
Wilder Hall
Wood Shed
Young Stock Barn
ATHLETIC
FIELD
43
Source: 1919 Massachusetts Agricultural College
Map - A.K. Harrison
2005 Orthophoto - MassGIS
38
¸
oln
Linc
21
ue
Aven
NASH
WEST
APPLE
ORCHARD
East Pleasant Street
32
Ro
ad
PLUMS
40
5
t Stre
asan
56
27
47
41
h Ple
Nort
26
PERENNIAL
GARDEN
51
39
MIDDLE
FLAT
le
NURSERY
VINEYARD
¸
THE
RAVINE
7
31
nv
il
GRASS
STRAWBERRIES
29
Butterfield Terrace
POULTRY
PLANT
24
Pla
i
Pond
22
55
Primary Circulation
Demolished
BLACKBERRIES
8
Stream
Extant
10
34
SOUTH
FLAT
OPEN
FIELD
APPLE
ORCHARD
POTASH
NITROGEN
Unspecified Use
Natural Vegetation
Historic Buildings
16
PHOSPHATE
NORTH
CORN
ACRE
28
Ravine
Military
Parking
OLD
WOODS
EXPERIMENTAL
ORCHARD
GRASS
PLOTS
15
13
OLD
WOODS
COMMERCIAL
ORCHARD
MARKET
GARDEN PLOT
CROPS
NORTH
SOIL TEST
2
19
Privately Owned
Athletic
PRUNING
ORCHARD
18
STATE
FOREST
NURSERY
Agriculture
ROOT AND
SCION
ORCHARD
GRASS
`
!
(
0
125
250
500 Feet
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Figure A-3
Manning's 1911 Campus Map
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Figure A-4
1935 Campus Map
ne
an L a
Eastm
Historic Landscape
Agriculture
Privately Owned
Athletic
PRIVATE
¸
PRIVATE
e
Lov
Pond
Extant
¸
44
1
ORCHARD
WOODS
13
29
20
28
PINES
27
10
42
14
30
18
THE RAVINE
19
9
16
rk
Cla
31
11
PRIVATE
33
¸
ALUMNI ATHLETIC FIELD
7
PRIVATE
ue
Aven
¸
Ro
ad
¸
le
oln
Linc
nv
il
Building Name (on 1935 Map)
Abigail Adams House (Women's Dormitory)
Apiary
Barn
Barn
Barns
Blaisdell House
Cavalry Stables
Chapel
Clark Hall
Draper Hall
Drill Hall
Durfee Range
East Experiment Station
Engineering Shop
Farley 4-H Clubhouse
Fernald Hall
Fisher Laboratory
Flint Laboratory
French Hall
Goessman Laboratory
Goodell Library
Grinnell Arena
Grounds Service
Hatch Biological Laboratory
Homestead - Practice House
Horticulture Manufactures
Infirmiary Group
Infirmiary Group
Infirmiary Group
Marshall Hall
Mathematics Building
Memorial Hall
Munson (Paige Laboratory)
Munson Annex
North College
Physics Laboratory
Poultry Plant
Power Plant
President's House
South College
State Forestry Nursery
Stockbridge Hall
Stockbridge House
Thatcher Hall (Men's Dormitory)
Waiting Station
West Experiment Station
Wilder Hall
Wildlife Laboratory
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
¸
34
MILITARY AREA
Pla
i
PRIVATE
Map ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Butterfield Terrace
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
¸
oad
lR
2
Hil
Demolished
PRIVATE
41
GIRLS
ATHLETIC
FIELD
17
48
32
TENNIS
COURTS
VINEYARD
12
Stockbridge Road
43
Street
21
d
oa
dR
8
47
asant
40
22
Ple
North
3
THE
POND
ste
Olm
5
35
15
6
4
36
45
38
RHODODENDRON
GARDEN
East Pleasant Street
BROOK
oad
tR
Flin
39
23
¸
26
37
Primary Circulation
Historic Buildings
25
24
Stream
Parking
an e
rs L
46
Unspecified Use
Natural Vegetation
¸
¸
Ravine
Military
Source: 1935 Massachusetts State College Map - A.K. Harrison
2005 Orthophoto - MassGIS
`
!
(
0
125
250
500 Feet
PRIVATE
PROPERTY
a
Eastm
FOREST
ORCHARDS
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Figure A-5
1948/1949 Campus Map
e
n L an
Historic Landscape
Agriculture
Privately Owned
Athletic
¸
31
FOREST
ORCHARDS
Extant
Demolished
ORCHARDS
1
16
23
NORTH FARMING AREA
30
SMALL FRUITS
27
20
41
ad
Ro
nt
Fli
WILDLIFE CAGES
32
NURSERY
39
THE RAVINE
RHODODENDRON
GARDEN
GARDEN
51
THE POND
47
26
COLLEGE FARM LANDS
t Stre
asan
17
37
24
GARDEN
43
nt'
sH
ill
Ro
ad
19
54
ORCHARD
21
25
34
18
ve
r
Cla
33
oad
ill R
kH
SOUTH
PARKING
AREA
38
PARKING
¸
36
Butterfield Terrace
TENNIS
COURTS
8
CLARK HILL AREA
¸
Ellis D
ri
13
GIRLS ATHLETIC FIELDS
CLARK HILL AREA
9
11
et
10
48
Stockbridge Road
5
53
h Ple
Nort
6
29
ide
14
42
7
Pre
s
East Pleasant Street
40
VINEYARDS
12
49
15
Primary Circulation
Historic Buildings
50
28
52
Stream
Pond
2
4
Unspecified Use
Natural Vegetation
Parking
e
Lan
ers
Lov
3
Ravine
Military
35
Map ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Building Name (on 1948-49 Map)
Abigail Adams House
Barn
Barn
Barn
Barns
Blaisdell House
Bowditch Lodge
Butterfield
Chadbourne Hall
Chapel
Clark Hall
Draper Hall
Drill Hall
Durfee
Engineering Laboratory
Experiment Station Administration
Farm Building
Fernald
Fisher Laboratory
Flint Laboratory
French Hall
Garage (Old Calvary Stable)
Goessman Laboratory
Goodell Library
Greenough Hall
Grinnell Arena
Hatch Biological Laboratory
Homestead (Home Economics)
Horse Barn
Infirmary Buildings
Lewis Hall
Marshall Hall
Mathematics Building
Memorial Hall
Munson (Paige Laboratory)
Munson Annex
North College
Physical Education Building
Physics Lab
Poultry Range
Power Plant
Power Plant
President's House
Sheep And Hog Barns
Sheep And Hog Barns
Sheep And Hog Barns
South College
Stockbridge
Stockbridge Hall
Thatcher Hall
Waiting Station
West Experiment Station
Wilder Hall
Wildlife Laboratory
PRIVATE
44
45
46
ATHLETIC FIELD
le
Ro
ad
MOUNT PLEASANT
oln
Linc
nv
il
Source: 1948-49 University of Massachusetts - W.H Armstrong
2005 Orthophoto - MassGIS
ROTC RIDING GROUNDS
PRIVATE
ue
Aven
PRIVATE
SOCCER
¸
Pla
i
22
`
!
(
0
125
250
500 Feet
Appendix B
List of Inventoried Properties
ig
ib
M le
H in
C
D aD
et
er istr
m
El
i n ict
ig
at
io
ib
n
Re l e
20
co i n
07
m
m aD
en
i
da stri
tio c t
N
ot
n
20
El
08
Re ig
co ibl
m
m e
en
da
tio
n
20
08
)
nt
El
A
dd
re
ss
re
U
M
as
sB
ui
M
ld
H
in
C
g
In
#
ve
nt
or
y
C
#
on
st
as ruc
su
m tion
ed
D
at
N
e
am
e
(H
is
to
ri
c/
C
ur
1
62
AMH.118
c.1728
Boltwood House/Stockbridge House
243 Stockbridge Rd.
2
61
AMH.117
c.1730
Cowles House/Homestead House
241 Stockbridge Rd.
3
58
c.1840
Montague House
809 North Pleasant St.
4
38
AMH.108
1869
Blaisdell House
310 Hicks Way
5
57
AMH.124
1884
Chancellor's House
150 Chancellors Way
6
80
AMH.126
1885
Chapel
144 Hicks Way
7
129
AMH.128
1885
South College
150 Hicks Way
8
168
AMH.114
1885
West Experiment Station
682 North Pleasant St.
9
89
AMH.113
1889
East Experiment Station
671 North Pleasant St.
10
118
1891
Hatch Laboratory
140 Holdsworth Way
11
166
AMH.109
1894
Horse Barn
171 Commonwealth Ave.
12
116
AMH.124
1898
Munson Hall
101 Hicks Way
13
117
AMH.125
1899
Munson Hall Annex
105 Hicks Way
14
87
AMH.103
1903
Draper Hall
40 Campus Center Way
15
169
AMH.115
1906
Wilder Hall
221 Stockbridge Rd.
16
83
AMH.116
1907
Clark Hall
251 Stockbridge Rd.
17
84
1907
Clark Hall Greenhouse
253 Stockbridge Rd.
18
125
1907
Photography Laboratory
280 Hicks Way
19
105
1908
French Hall Greenhouse
232 Stockbridge Rd.
20
104
1909
French Hall
230 Stockbridge Rd.
21
97
1910
Fernald Hall
270 Stockbridge Rd.
22
180
1910
Harlow Barn
512 East Pleasant St.
23
309
1910
Wysocki House
911 North Pleasant St.
24
310
1910
Wysocki Garage & Barn
911 North Pleasant St.
25
311
1910
Wysocki Barn
911 North Pleasant St.
26
63
1911
Street Railway Waiting Station Shelter
640 North Pleasant St.
27
136
1911
Grinnell Arena
340 Hicks Way
28
245
1911
Art Barn
283 Natural Resources Rd.
29
74
1912
Apiary Laboratory
149 Clark Hill Rd.
30
100
AMH.104
1912
Flint Laboratory
90 Campus Center Way
31
130
AMH.105
1912
Stockbridge Hall
80 Campus Center Way
AMH.107
AMH.119
AMH.111
1
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32
94
1915
Agricultural Engineering Building North 250 Natural Resources Rd.
33
133
1918
Power Plant Turbine House
40 Campus Center Service Rd.
34
115
1920
Memorial Hall
130 Hicks Way
35
498
1920
Nelson House
513 East Pleasant St.
36
81
1922
Goessmann Laboratory
686 North Pleasant St.
37
110
1923
Agricultural Experiment Station
160 Tillson Farm Rd.
38
209
1924
Brooks Tobacco Barn
101 Brooks Way
39
409
1925
Sawmill
165 Tillson Farm Rd.
40
060
1926
Tillson House
599 East Pleasant St.
41
A-62
c.1928
Howard Lab (hip roof garage)
750 North Pleasant St.
42
A-63
c.1928
Howard Lab (1-story brick bldg)
750 North Pleasant St.
43
137
1929
Abattoir Slaughter House
342 Hicks Way
44
101
1930
Chenoweth Laboratory
100 Holdsworth Way
45
121
1931
Hicks Physical Education Building
100 Hicks Way
46
122
1931
Hicks Physical Education Cage
102 Hicks Way
47
95
1933
Farley Lodge
41 Clubhouse Dr.
48
171
1934
Goodell Building
140 Hicks Way
49
30
1935
Thatcher House
151 Thatcher Way
50
77
1937
Bowditch Lodge
31 Clubhouse Dr.
51
244
1939
Forests & Parks Building
40 Cold Storage Dr.
52
579
1939
Research Administration Center
70 Butterfield Ter.
53
157
1939
Tillson Farm Poultry Building #5
126 Tillson Farm Rd.
54
059
1939
Tillson Garage
599 East Pleasant St.
55
28
1940
Lewis House
161 Thatcher Way
56
005
1940
Butterfield House
171 Clark Hill Rd.
57
159
1941
Horse Barn & Tack Room
Tillson Farm Rd.
58
024
1946
Greenough House
120 Orchard Hill Dr.
59
88
1947
Draper Hall Annex
42 Campus Center Way
60
158
1947
Tillson Farm Poultry Building #6
Tillson Farm Rd.
61
164
1947
Tillson Farm Poultry House
Tillson Farm Rd.
62
006
1947
Chadbourne House
110 Orchard Hill Dr.
AMH.112
AMH.106
AMH.111
AMH.127
2
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63
148
1947
Pomology Storage Shed
Natural Resources Rd.
64
029
1948
Mills House (New Africa House)
180 Infirmary Way
65
128
1948
Skinner Hall
651 North Pleasant St.
66
007
1948
Berkshire House
121 County Cir.
67
008
1948
Hampshire House
131 County Cir.
68
009
1948
Middlesex House
111 County Cir.
69
320
1949
Holmes House
79 Old Town Rd.
70
649
1949
Dakin Carriage House
650 East Pleasant St.
71
650
1949
Dakin Garage
650 East Pleasant St.
72
626
1949
Dakin House
650 East Pleasant St.
73
091
1949
Gunness Laboratory
121 Natural Resources Rd.
74
004
1949
Brooks House
160 Infirmary Way
75
025
1949
Hamlin House
739 North Pleasant St.
76
026
1949
Knowlton House
691 North Pleasant St.
77
031
1949
University Apartments
433 North Pleasant St.
78
093
1949
Agricultural Engineering Building South 250 Natural Resources Rd.
79
139
1950
Forests & Parks Garage
41 Cold Storage Dr.
80
611
1950
Forest & Parks Greenhouse
Cold Storage Dr.
81
092
1950
Marston Hall
130 Natural Resources Rd.
82
120
1950
Paige Laboratory
161 Holdsworth Way
83
124
1950
Hasbrouck Laboratory
666 North Pleasant St.
84
075
1951
Power Plant Boiler House
40 Campus Center Service Rd.
85
242
1951
Plant & Soil Sciences Storage Barn
Natural Resources Rd.
86
003
1952
Baker House
160 Clark Hill Rd.
87
134
1952
Power Plant Turbine House Addition
40 Campus Center Service Rd.
88
072
1953
Animal Isolation Laboratory
89
069
1953
University Apartments Garage
433 North Pleasant St.
90
012
1953
Crabtree House
17 Eastman Lane
91
027
1953
Leach House
21 Eastman Lane
92
085
1953
Worcester Dining Hall
110 Stockbridge Rd.
93
002
1954
Arnold House
715 North Pleasant St.
3
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ed
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94
096
1955
Durfee Range
210 Stockbridge Rd.
95
073
1957
Thayer Animal Disease Laboratory
173 Holdsworth Way
96
032
1957
Van Meter House
180 Clark Hill Rd.
97
111
1957
Machmer Hall
240 Hicks Way
98
131
1957
Student Union
41 Campus Center Way
99
425
1958
Waskiewicz House & Garage
425 Amity St.
100 033
1958
Wheeler House
171 Infirmary Way
101 013
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 1
341 Lincoln Ave.
102 014
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 2
341 Lincoln Ave.
103 015
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 3
341 Lincoln Ave.
104 016
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 4
341 Lincoln Ave.
105 017
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 5
341 Lincoln Ave.
106 018
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 6
341 Lincoln Ave.
107 019
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 7
341 Lincoln Ave.
108 020
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 8
341 Lincoln Ave.
109 021
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 9
341 Lincoln Ave.
110 022
1958
Lincoln Apartments Unit 10
341 Lincoln Ave.
111 36
1959
Johnson House
181 Thatcher Way
112 76
1959
Power Plant Boiler House Addition
40 Campus Center Service Rd.
4
Appendix C
List of Sources
1. Principal Collections
Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site; Olmsted Archives; Brookline,
Massachusetts.
Milewski, Mike. “UMass: A Scrapbook.” University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Special Collections and University Archives. 7 November 2008
<http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhibits/scrap/index.htm>.
University of Massachusetts, Amherst Department of Special Collections.
University of Massachusetts, Amherst Facilities Department Archive.
University of Massachusetts, Amherst University Archives.
2. Historic Context and Inventory Forms
David L. Adams and Lynne E. Adams, Massachusetts Memories: UMass Amherst
History (Amherst, Collective Copies, 2008)
Alumni Advisory Committee. 1945, October 14. Massachusetts State College
Amherst Massachusetts Memorandum covering the conferences of the Alumni
committee during October 13 and 14 concerning the landscape development of
the campus.
Alumni Advisory Committee on Campus Development. 1945. Massachusetts State
College Report from Alumni Advisory Committee on Campus Development.
Alumni Committee. 1945, October 16. Massachusetts State College summarized
memorandum covering the recommendations and comments offered by
President Baker, members of the Board of Trustees, and others, during the
meeting with the Alumni Committee on Landscape Architecture, held at the
President’s Office on October 14, 1945.
1
Amherst GIS Property Search
http://gis.amherstma.gov/public/propertysearch.aspx
Annual Reports. 1884. 21st Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
Annual Reports. 1891. 28th Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Annual Reports. 1893. 30th Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Annual Reports. 1900. 37th Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Annual Reports. 1911. 48th Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Annual Reports. 1923. 60th Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College .
Annual Reports. 1924. 61st Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Anonymous. n.d. Anno Domini. Source: www.wikipedia.org
Anonymous. n.d. Faculty Club University of Massachusetts at Amherst – A Club for
Faculty and Professional Staff: A Public Relations Project for The University of
Massachusetts. Source:Amherst.
Anonymous. n.d. Harvard Houses, en.wikipedia.org, 2007
Anonymous. n.d. Hatch Act of 1887. Source:
www.csrees.usda.gov/about/offices/legis/pdfs/hatch.pdf
Anonymous. n.d. Massachusetts Facts: State Symbols. Source:Massachusetts
Secretary of the Commonwealth, Citizen Information Service,
www.sec.state.ma.us.
Anonymous. n.d. Massachusetts 4H History. Source:www.mass4h.org.
Anonymous. n.d. Northampton Architecture. Source:www.historicnorthampton.org
Anonymous. n.d. Quincy, Mass. Historical and Architectural Survey 100
Washington Street. Source:www.thomascranelibrary.org.
Anonymous. n.d. Walter Ross Baumes Willcox. Source:Pacific Coast Architecture
Database, https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/architects/2370/.
Anonymous. 1912. “Landscape Plans for College Grounds.” Park and Cemetery 22
(November 1912): 212-217.
2
Anonymous. 1870. Estate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College Amherst. 8th
Annual Report of the Trustees.
Anonymous. 1912. Trees and Landscape Gardening, Landscape Plans for College
Grounds. Park and Cemetery 22:211-218. Chicago, Illinois.
Anonymous. 1914. Mass. Agricultural College Changes on the Campus French Hall
Addition Now in Use – Work on Agricultural Building. Springfield Republican
September 28, 1914.
Anonymous. 1921. Massachusetts Agricultural College [handwritten insert:
“President’s Office”] March 22, 1921, Ten Year Building Program. Unpublished
typescript.
Anonymous. 1929, October 4. Girls Lean Housekeeping by Managing House of
Their Own: Massachusetts Agricultural College Fitting Up a Practice House,
Where Students Will Learn Fine Points of Household Economics. Springfield
Republican.
Anonymous. 1933, March 2. Massachusetts State College Memorandum, Dept.
President’s to Messrs. Sievers, Gordon, Mackimmie, Rice, Waugh, Miss Skinner.
Anonymous. 1949. University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts Campus
Development Since 1940.
Anonymous. 1950, December 8. Resume of Gen. Rec. of the Campus Planning
Council During the Period November 2, 1943 through May 28, 1946.
Anonymous. 2000. Three Architectural Tours: Selected Buildings on the Campus of
the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Amherst, the Campus Beautification
Committee, the UMass Arts Council and the University Gallery.
Armstrong, W. H., L. L. Blundell, J. W. Burke, G. E. Erickson, S. C. Goding, M. J.
Markuson, J. Robertson Jr., F. J. Sievers, V.A. Rice. 1945, June 29. Untitled
memorandum to Members of Trustee Committee on Buildings and Grounds.
Baird, William Raimond. n.d. Baird’s Manual of American College Fraternities (1879).
Source: en.wikisource.org.
Blundell, L. L.
n.d. “Part II: Campus Planning at Massachusetts State College, 1920 to 1945” in
“Campus Planning at Massachusetts (Agricultural) State College, 1864-1945.”
1938, September 22. Minutes of Meeting of Campus Planning Council.
1940, June 1. Meeting of the Campus Planning Council.
3
Burke, James W.
1943, November 2. Massachusetts State College Minutes of Meeting of Campus
Planning Council.
1944, April 8. Massachusetts State College Minutes of Meeting of Campus
Planning Council.
1944, April 15. Massachusetts State College Minutes of Meeting of Campus
Planning Council.
1944, May 15. Massachusetts State College Minutes of Meeting of Campus
Planning Council.
Cary, Harold Whiting. 1962. The University of Massachusetts: A History of One
Hundred Years. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Caswell, L. B. 1917. Brief History of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
Semicentennial, 1917. Springfield, Massachusetts: The F.A. Bassette Co.
Donta, Christopher.
1999a. Form D – Historic Archeological Site AMH-HA-3.
Massachusetts Historical Commission.
1999b. Form D – Historic Archeological Site AMH-HA-4.
Massachusetts Historical Commission.
1999c. Form D – Historic Archeological Site AMH-HA-5.
Massachusetts Historical Commission.
1999d. Form D – Historic Archeological Site AMH-HA-6.
Massachusetts Historical Commission.
Form on file,
Form on file,
Form on file,
Form on file,
Fitzgibbons, Daniel J. 2004. “Arnold House Turns 50, In the Loop: News for Staff &
Faculty.” Source:www.edu.edu/loop, 2004.
Friedberg, Betsy and Doug Kelleher. 1991. National Register of Historic Places
Registration Form, North Amherst Center Historic District. Form on file,
Massachusetts Historical Commission.
Galehouse, Richard F. 1962. Letter of Transmittal and accompanying report
“University of Massachusetts Planning Coordination: Site Analysis, Program,
and Proposed Site Plan for the Football Facilities Area.” Watertown,
Massachusetts: Sasaki, Walker & Associates, Inc.
Gaskill, E. F. 1942, February 12. Massachusetts State College Memorandum Dept.
Experiment Station Service to Professor Otto, Subject: Field North of Engineering
Shop.
Harris, Cyril M., editor. 1977. Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture. New
York: Dover Publications, Inc.
4
Hawley, Robert D. 1932, January 25. Massachusetts State College Minutes of
Meeting of Special Committee on Campus Plan.
Hawley, Robert D. 1932, March 8. Massachusetts State College Minutes of Meeting
of Special Committee on Campus Plan.
Hawley, Robert D. 1933, June 24. Minutes of Meeting of Campus Plan Committee.
Hawley, Robert D. 1933, September 30. Massachusetts State College Minutes of
Meeting of the Faculty Committee on Campus Plan.
Komarakul, Chaleo. 1951. A Master Plan The University of Massachusetts. Thesis,
Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture. Amherst, Massachusetts:
University of Massachusetts.
Larson, Joseph S. 2009, March. The Waugh Arboretum, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst. Unpublished manuscript.
Larson, Joseph S. 2009, 25 March and 16 April. Personal communication, Larson to
Walter Maros, VHB, regarding the Apiary Laboratory’s continuing use as a
research facility and the status of the building’s top floor apartment.
Larson, Joseph S. 2009, 25 March. Personal communication, Larson to Walter Maros,
VHB, regarding the following topics:
1) the final occupancy of Blaisdell House by University of Massachusetts Farm
Superintendents;
2) Elaine Barker’s recollection of Peace Corps volunteers being housed at
Bowditch and Farley Lodges in 1962;
3) William Smith Clark and his importance in Japan;
4) Draper Hall namesake James Draper;
5) Draper Annex’s likely origin as a surplus military building from World War II;
6) biographical information/references for Charles H. Fernald;
7) biographical information/references for Charles L. Flint;
8) architect and engineer for Hicks Physical Education Building and Hicks
Physical Education Cage;
9) Johnson House’s namesake, Anna McQueston Johnson;
10) Willard A. Munson;
11) the development of the Northeast Residential Area;
12) the history of South College’s 1867 building and the functions contained
within the current building;
13) the appearance of the Waiting Station Shelter’s roof in the 1950s, its perceived
association with Japanese structures and its subsequent remodeling;
14) the Frank A. Waugh landscape surrounding Memorial Hall and the 2007
edition of Waugh’s Book of Landscape Gardening.
5
Larson, Joseph S. 2009, 26 March. Personal communication, Larson to Walter Maros,
VHB, regarding the following topics:
1) the beaver behavior research laboratory at the Art Barn;
2) (also 14 April), building’s former use as the Kappa Sigma fraternity house and
Osmun’s 1940 article on the newly-completed building;
3) the Sawmill’s supply of logs from Cadwell Memorial Forest;
4) Marshall Pinckney Wilder’s life and accomplishments and Frank A. Waugh’s
perceived role in selecting the site for Wilder Hall
Larson, Joseph S. 2009, 16 April. Personal communication, Larson to Walter Maros,
VHB, regarding the following topics:
1) text on the life and accomplishments of Charles Goessmann;
2) the dedication of Grinnell Arena;
3) the history of East and West Experiment Stations.
Manning, Warren H.
1908. President Kenyon L. Butterfield’s letter to W. H. Manning dated June 11,
1908 – a summary.
1909. Letter, Manning to Kenyon L. Butterfield.
1910. Massachusetts Agricultural College The Plan.
Massachusetts Agricultural College Board of Trustees [handwritten] Meeting
Minutes, 21 January 1892.
Massachusetts Agricultural College Board of Trustees [handwritten] Meeting
Minutes, 3 January 1893.
Massachusetts Agricultural College Board of Trustees [handwritten] Meeting
Minutes, 26 January 1893.
Massachusetts Agricultural College. 1917. Charles Anthony Goessmann. Cambridge,
Riverside Press.
Massachusetts Historical Commission (MHC). 1982. MHC Reconnaissance Survey
Town Report Amherst.
Maxwell, W.J. n.d. Thomas Byrd Epps, General Alumni Catalogue of the University
of Pennsylvania, 1922. Source:www.books.google.com.
McKee, Harley J. 1959. Historic American Buildings Survey, Boltwood-Stockridge
House.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. 1936. Three Centuries of Harvard: 1636-1936. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press.
6
Nathhorst, Richard. n.d. The History of the Brooks Barn Complex at the University
of Massachusetts Amherst. Unpublished manuscript.
Nathhorst, Richard. 2009, 3 March. Personal communication, Nathhorst to Walter
Maros, VHB, regarding
1) the historic context of the Apiary Laboratory and its dual function as
laboratory and residential space;
2) the historic context of Bowditch and Farley Lodges and their original interior
finishes;
3) the historic context of the Forest & Parks Building, Greenhouse and Garage;
4) the historic context of the Horse Barn & Tack Room;
5) the historic context of the Sawmill;
6) the historic context of the Tillson Farm Road complex.
Nathhorst, Richard. 2009, 11 May. Personal communication, Nathhorst to Walter
Maros, VHB, regarding the 1997-1999 restoration of the Chapel.
Osmun, John V. 1940, February. It’s in the Groove: The New Kappa Sigma House at
Massachusetts State is the Pride of the Town and – Especially – of Gamma-Delta
Chapter . Reprinted from the Caduceus of Kappa Sigma.
Otto, Raymond H. 1942, February 6. Minutes of Campus Planning Council at
Chairman’s Office, Wilder Hall.
Pioneer Valley Planning Commission. 1988, June. Massachusetts Historical
Commission Form B for 911 North Pleasant Street (MHC # AMH.100).
Public Document No. 31, “Thirtieth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Report of the Horticultural Department,” January 1893, 14.
Rand, Frank Prentice. 1933. Yesterdays at Massachusetts State College 1963-1933.
Amherst: The Associated Alumni, Massachusetts State College.
Rice, V. A. 1944, April 29. Massachusetts State College Minutes of Meeting of
Campus Planning Council.
Savulis, Ellen. 1993. Form D – Historic Archaeological Site AMH-HA-1. Form on
file, Massachusetts Historical Commission.
Sievers, F. J. 1933, October 11. Massachusetts State College Memorandum Dept.
Expt. Sta. Administration to Mr. R. D. Hawley.
Sievers, F. J., V. A. Rice, C. E. Gordon, A. Anderson Mackimmie, R. A. Van Meter,
Edna L. Skinner, Robert D. Hawley. 1933, November 24. Final Report of
Campus Planning Committee.
7
Sievers, F. J. 1935, March 13. Minutes of the Meeting of the Advisory Council on
Campus Planning.
Sievers, F. J. 1935, March 27. Minutes of the Meeting of the Advisory Council on
Campus Planning.
Smith, James A. 1996. Form D – Historic Archaeological Site AMH-HA-2; Form E –
Burial Grounds. Forms on file, Massachusetts Historical Commission.
Sullivan, Stephen R. 2004. University of Massachusetts. Portsmouth, NH: Arcadia
Publishing.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). 1893. Belchertown 15 minute quadrangle.
http://docs.unh.edu/MA/blch93nw.jpg. Accessed 11/12/2008.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). 1901. Mt. Holyoke 15-minutes quadrangle.
http://docs.unh.edu/MA/holy01ne.jpg. Accessed 11/12/2008.
Van Meter, R. A. 1933, March 27. Campus Planning Committee Minutes of Meeting
of March 27, 1933.
Walker, Alice M. 1903. Through Turkey Pass to Amherst and Beyond. Amherst.
Waugh, Frank A. 1936, April 13. Campus Advisory Council Minutes.
Waugh, Frank A. “Part I: Copy of a Summary of Reports and Plans 1863 to 1920” in
“Campus Planning at Massachusetts (Agricultural) State College, 1864-1945.”
3. Plans & Aerial Photographs (chronological)
Waugh, Frank A. “Massachusetts Agricultural College Design of Grounds by
Frederick Law Olmsted, 1866 Reconstructed by Frank A. Waugh, 1911, From
Olmsted’s Written Report” [campus plan].
Manning, Warren H. “Massachusetts Agricultural College Map of Existing
Conditions to Accompany a Report of June 1911.
Perspective etching of the College grounds from near the Chancellor’s House, 1887.
“Estate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College Amherst, Mass.” [campus plan],
1901.
Cooper and Bailey, Architects. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst
Massachusetts. Grouping of Buildings, Scheme No. 2” [plan], 1908.
8
Waugh, Frank A. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts,
Preliminary Study for Plan for the College Grounds Accompanying A Report,”
1908.
Manning, Warren H. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass., Study for
Proposed Development of Campus” [campus plan], July 30, 1908.
Manning, Warren H., Landscape Architect and Clarence P Hoyt, Architect,
“Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass, Plan for Location of
Proposed Buildings for the Entomological and Zoological Bldgs.” [campus plan],
October 30, 1908.
Manning, Warren H. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst Massachusetts,
Map of Existing Conditions 1911 To Accompany a Report of June 1911 by Warren
H. Manning, Compiled from Data Supplied by Prof. Frank A. Waugh of the
Division of Landscape Gardening and his Assistant John Noyes,” 1911.
Manning, Warren H. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts,
The Plan to Accompany A Report of June 1911.”
“Landscape Plans for College Grounds.” Park and Cemetery 22 (November 1912):
212-217.
Harrison, A.K., Del. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts,
Plan Showing Land Purchases,” October 1917.
Harrison, A.K., Del. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts,
Key Map, Prepared for the Extension Service,” 1919.
Waugh, Frank A. “Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass., General Plan
to Accompany Report of Frank A. Waugh,” January 1920.
“M.A.C. Campus, Amherst, Mass.” [campus plan] in “A Campus Guide of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College,” c.1926.
“M.S.C. Campus, Amherst, Mass.” [campus plan], c.1931.
Strong, C.L. and Howard Bidwell, Chief Engineer. “Massachusetts State College,
Amherst, Mass., Map of Campus,” April 1932.
Oblique aerial photograph of the College looking northwest, c.1932.
“Massachusetts State College, Suggestions of Final Report of the Campus Planning
Committee” [campus plan], November 24, 1933.
Harrison, A.K. “Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass.” [campus plan], 1935.
9
Oblique aerial photograph of the College looking northwest, 1937.
Armstrong, William H. M.L.A. C.P., Supt. of Grounds. “Guide Map of the Campus”
in “Campus Guide, Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass.,” 1943.
“A Study for Improving and Enlarging the Present Plan of the Mass. State College at
Amherst, Mass.,” 1944.
Blundell, L.L. “Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass., Plan for Postwar
Development Prepared for the Campus Planning Council,” November 10, 1946.
Manganard, Anthony J. “University of Massachusetts, Guide Map of the Campus,”
1947.
Armstrong, William M.L.A. C.P., Supt of Grounds. “Guide Map of the Campus” in
“Campus Guide, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.,” c.1948-49.
Oblique aerial photograph of the College looking southeast, 1954.
“Campus Guide for Visitors, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts,”
including a plan, “University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts,”1955.
Shurcliff, Shurcliff and Merrill, Landscape Architects and Neils H. Larsen,
Architectural Consultant. “University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts,
Master Plan, Prepared for the division of Building Construction,” June 1957.
Lane, Tom. “University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts” [campus plan],
1959.
Oblique aerial photograph of the Southwest Residential Area looking east along
Massachusetts Avenue, 1966.
Oblique aerial photograph of the Northeast Residential Area looking east, 1969.
Oblique aerial photograph of the campus looking north, 1970s.
Oblique aerial photograph of the campus looking northwest, c.1975.
10
Appendix D
Map of Inventoried Buildings
h Figure 1
h Figure 2
h Figure 3
h Figure 4
h Figure 5
h Figure 6
Quad A – North Central
Quad B – North East
Quad C – Central East
Quads D – Central West
Quad E – South East
Quad F – South West
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Field Maps Figure 1
UMASS Boundary
Study Areas
Buildings (50 years old or older)
Buildings (less than 50 years old)
Roadways and Parking Lot
Walkways
Vegetation
44
44
66
A
!
S
EA
27
68
31
26
V
GO
E RNORS D
F
!
65
24
C
!
43
43
65
49
49
41
65
25
`
!
(
49
63
63
49
B
!
C
!
D
!
E
!
!F
65
12
A
!
B
!
63
65
A
Index Map
R IV
E
65
NL
B
!
44
43
45
D
!
A
TM
NE
24
0
100 200
400 Feet
A
!
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Field Maps Figure 2
UMASS Boundary
Study Areas
Buildings (50 years old or older)
Buildings (less than 50 years old)
Roadways and Parking Lot
Walkways
Vegetation
24
A
!
EA
ST
N
MA
L AN
TILSO
N
24
E
R OA D
24
B
!
C
!
13
24
13
Index Map
A
!
OL
24
YM
PI A
DR
IV E
13
B
!
C
!
D
!
24
E
!
!F
`
!
(
0
100
200
400 Feet
UMASS Historic Building Survey
A
68
27
!
EA
ST
NL
MA
Field Maps Figure 3
A NE
44
43
TH
24
C
AT
24
E
D R IVE
13
Y
RS
WA
RN
O
43
43
O LY MP I A D
RI V E
UMASS Boundary
Study Areas
Buildings (50 years old or older)
Buildings (less than 50 years old)
R
VE
13
H
G
O
B
!
13
24
Roadways and Parking Lot
Walkways
Vegetation
65
63
65
49
65
C
!
63
W AY
63
49
E LL
D
!
OR
49
VE
C
A
64
49
D RI
N
ILL
C
H
30
49
H
AR D
ER
NT
49
O RC H
65
S CE
MPU
CA
49
S WA
Y
49
49
49
64
Index Map
A
!
46
BR
ID
GE
INF
I
CK
G
29
OA
D
29
RD
C
!
D
!
49
RM
A
ST O
62
RY W
AY
RK
CL A
LR
H IL
B
!
E
!
!F
46
E
!
`
!
(
0
100
200
400 Feet
A
!
V
GO
45
E
E
RIVG
D
O
'S
VE
OR
RN
R
A
!
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Field Maps Figure 4
N O R S DR I V E
43
43
O RS
63
65
65
D RI
65
Study Areas
Buildings (50 years old or older)
Buildings (less than 50 years old)
Roadways and Parking Lot
Walkways
VE
65
Vegetation
41
12
UMASS Boundary
T H A TC H
GO VE R N
ER W A
Y
65
C
!
65
AM
25
C
PU
S
CE
RW
N TE
30
63
63
AY
64
D
!
64
67
64
CK B
TH A
G
RD
E
40
DG
L
WE A
RI
M ON
62
S TO
COM
!F
64
Index Map
VEN
UE
A
!
B
!
L I NS
MU L
C
!
D
!
WAY
42
71
LINC
AVE
NUE
32
O LN
E
!
MA
E
ENU
S AV
T
T
E
HUS
NUE
SAC
S
A
AVE
M
S
T
SET
C HU
34
SSA
32
E
!
!F
`
!
(
0
100
200
400 Feet
UMASS Historic Building Survey
42
D
!
E
ENU
S AV
T
T
E
NUE
HUS
AVE
SAC
S
S
T
A
T
M
USE
34
AC H
S
S
MA
71
C
!
UMASS Boundary
Study Areas
Buildings (50 years old or older)
Buildings (less than 50 years old)
VEN
LN A
S WAY
Roadways and Parking Lot
Walkways
Vegetation
UE
50
O
LINC
MULLIN
32
32
Field Maps Figure 5
33
50
21
50
!F
GS
F E A RI N
ET
E
!
Y DRIVE
22
TR E
UNIVERSIT
11
Index Map
STADIUM DR
IVE
A
!
B
!
C
!
D
!
E
!
!F
`
!
(
0
100
200
400 Feet
42
MULLIN
MASSACHUSETTS A
S WAY
VEN
D
!
UMASS Historic Building Survey
Field Maps Figure 6
UE
32
50
UMASS Boundary
Study Areas
33
Buildings (50 years old or older)
Buildings (less than 50 years old)
Roadways and Parking Lot
50
Walkways
Vegetation
21
50
G
F E A RIN
22
EET
E
!
UNIVERSIT
STADIUM DRIV
E
!F
Y DRIVE
11
S TR
Index Map
A
!
B
!
C
!
D
!
E
!
!F
`
!
(
0
100
200
400 Feet
Appendix E
Historic Zones & Circulation Map
University of Massachusetts
Amherst Campus
Historic Survey & Assessment
Buildings List
1.
2.
3.
4.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
53.
33.
41.
36. 40.
35.
27.
42. 49.
Legend
32.
44.
39.
Pond Landscape
52.
46.
7.
22.
6.
Historic Loop
10.
16.
Vernacular Landscapes
37.
5.
Academic Quad
9.
48.
2.
23.
43.
1.
12.
26.
17.
18.
19.
15.
11.
3.
Modern Facilities
34.
28.
20.
Modern Housing
50.
29.
Historic Circulation
4.
8.
25.
Residential Quad
24.
45.
51.
31.
2008 Survey Boundary
53.
13.
30.
21.
47.
14.
LEA
P
RTH
EAST PLEASANT STREET
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
Baker House
Brooks House
Butterfield House
Chadbourne House
Crabtree House
Dwight House
Greenough House
Gunness Laboratory
Hamlin House
Hasbrouck
Laboratory
Johnson House
Knowlton House
Leach House
Lewis House
Lyon Hall
Machmer Hall
Marston Hall
Mills House (New
Africa House)
Paige Laboratory
Research
Administration
Center
Skinner Hall
Thatcher House
Van Meter House
Wheeler House
Worcester Dining
Hall
Apiary
NO
Blaisdell House
Chancellor's House
Chapel
Clark Hall &
Greenhouse
5. Draper Hall
6. Experiment Station,
East
7. Experiment Station,
West
8. Fernald Hall
9. Flint Laboratory
10. Goessmann
Laboratory
11. Grinnell Arena &
Abatoir
12. Horse Barn
13. Memorial Hall
14. Munson Hall & Annex
15. South College
16. Stockbridge Hall
17. Wilder Hall
18. Univ. Club, Boltwood
19. Univ. Club,
Stockbridge
20. French Hall &
Greenhouse
21. Hicks P.E. Building
& Cage
22. Hatch Laboratory
23. Student Union
24. Durfee Range
25. Goodell Library
26. Street Railway
Waiting Station
27. Arnold House
Historic Zones &
Circulation
38.
SA
NT
EET
STR
Historic Circulation
Appendix F
National Register Recommendation Map
University of Massachusetts
Amherst Campus
Historic Survey & Assessment
Building List
1.
2.
3.
4.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
53.
33.
41.
36. 40.
35.
27.
42. 49.
Legend
32.
44.
39.
Eligible in a District
MHC 2008 Opinion
52.
46.
7.
22.
6.
Recommended
Eligible in a District
10.
16.
37.
5.
9.
Recommended
Not Eligible
48.
2.
23.
43.
1.
12.
26.
17.
18.
19.
15.
11.
3.
34.
28.
20.
2008 Survey Boundary
50.
29.
4.
8.
25.
Not
Surveyed
24.
45.
51.
13.
31.
53.
30.
21.
47.
14.
P
RTH
LEA
EAST PLEASANT STREET
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
Baker House
Brooks House
Butterfield House
Chadbourne House
Crabtree House
Dwight House
Greenough House
Gunness Laboratory
Hamlin House
Hasbrouck
Laboratory
Johnson House
Knowlton House
Leach House
Lewis House
Lyon Hall
Machmer Hall
Marston Hall
Mills House (New
Africa House)
Paige Laboratory
Research
Administration
Center
Skinner Hall
Thatcher House
Van Meter House
Wheeler House
Worcester Dining
Hall
Apiary
NO
Blaisdell House
Chancellor's House
Chapel
Clark Hall &
Greenhouse
5. Draper Hall
6. Experiment Station,
East
7. Experiment Station,
West
8. Fernald Hall
9. Flint Laboratory
10. Goessmann
Laboratory
11. Grinnell Arena &
Abatoir
12. Horse Barn
13. Memorial Hall
14. Munson Hall & Annex
15. South College
16. Stockbridge Hall
17. Wilder Hall
18. Univ. Club, Boltwood
19. Univ. Club,
Stockbridge
20. French Hall &
Greenhouse
21. Hicks P.E. Building
& Cage
22. Hatch Laboratory
23. Student Union
24. Durfee Range
25. Goodell Library
26. Street Railway
Waiting Station
27. Arnold House
National Register Eligibility
Recommendations
38.
SA
NT
EET
STR