85
Fluid Flow
Table 2-4
Suggested Fluid Velocities in Pipe and Tubing: Liquids, Gases, and Vapors at low/moderate pressure to 58 psig and
50" to 100°F
The velocities are suggestive only and are to be wed to approximate line size as a starting point for pressure drop calculations.
juggested Trial
Velocity
Fluid
Acetylene (Observe
pressure limitations)
Air, 0 to 30 psig
Ammonia
Liquid
Gas
Benzene
Bromine
Liquid
Gas
Calcium Chloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine (Dry)
Liquid
Gas
Chloroform
Liquid
Gas
Ethylene Gas
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Giycol
Hydrogen
Hydrochloric Acid
Liquid
4000 fpm
4000 fpm
Steel
Steel
6 fps
6000 fpm
6 fps
Steel
Steel
Steel
4 fps
2000 fprn
4 fps
6 fps
2000-5000
5 fps
fpm
Gas
Natural Gas
Oils, lubricating
Oxygen
(ambient temp.)
(Low temp.)
Propylene Glycol
Note: R. L.
=
Glass
Glass
Steel
Steel
Steel, Sch. 80
Steel, Sch. 80
6 fps
2000 fpm
6000 fpm
4 fps
6 fps
6 fps
4000 fpm
Copper & Steel
Copper & Steel
Steel
Glass
Steel
Steel
Steel
5 fps
4000 fpm
Rubber Lined
R. L., Saran,
Haareg
Gas
Methyl Chloride
Liquid
Pipe Material
6 fp8
4000 fpm
6000 fprn
6 fps
1800 fpm Max.
4000 fpm
5 fps
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
The final line size should be such as to give an economical balance
between pressure drop and reasonable velocity
iuggested Trial
Velocity
Fluid
Sodium Hydroxide
0-30 Percent
30-50 Percent
50-73 Percent
Sodium Chloride Sol'n.
No Solids
With Solids
Perchlorethylene
Steam
0-30 psi Saturated*
30-150 psi Saturated or superheated*
150 psi up
superheated
*Short lines
Steel
and
Nickel
6 fps
5 fps
4
Steel
5 fps
(6 Min.15 Max.)
7.5 fps
6 fps
Steel
4000-6000
Steel
Monel or nickel
fpm
6000-10000 fpm
6500-15000 fpm
15,000 fpm
(max.)
Sulfuric Acid
88-93 Percent
93-100 Percent
Sulfur Dioxide
Styrene
Trichlorethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidenc Chloride
Water
Average service
Boiler feed
Pump suction lines
Maximum economical (usual)
Sea and brackish
water, lined pipe
Concrete
Pipe Material
4 fps
4 fps
4000
6
6
6
6
fpm
fps
fps
fps
fps
3-8 (avg. 6) fps
4-12 fps
1-5 ips
7-10 fps
1
5-8 fps 3
5-12 fps (Min.
S. S.-316, Lead
Cast Iron & Steel,
Sch. 80
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
Steel
R. L., concrete,
asphalt-line, saran!ined, transite
Rubber-lined steel
From Figure 2-3, read, f = 0.0219
then, pipe only friction loss:
= f7
1 globe valve (open),
= I: K =
=
348 fT = 340 (0.0219)
7.446
6 90" elbows, r/d = 1.88/1.38 = 1.36
14 = pipe, ID., in ft = 1.38/12 = 0.1150 ft
( 8 + 6 + 200) (4.29)
h, = 0.0219 ~~0.1150
(2)(32.%)
K
=
30 fT = 30 (0.0219) = 0.657
hf = 11.64 ft of kerosene flowing (pipe only)
For 6: 6 X 0.65'7 = 3.94
LOSSthrough discharge fittings, valves, connections,
using K factors using Table 2-2:
2 check valves, swing, threaded, 1100 fT = 100 (0.0219)
= 2.19 = 4.38
(for 2)
1 sharp edged entrance (sudden enlargement) = 1.0
1 gate valve, open, p = 1.0, K = 8 fT; K = 8 (0.0219)
= 0.175