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Asphalt Roofing Systems
This Online Learning Seminar is available through a
professional courtesy provided by:
Firestone Building Products
250 West 96th Street
Indianapolis, IN 46260
Tel: 317-575-7000
Fax: 317-575-7100
Toll-Free: 800-428-4442
Web: www.firestonebpco.com
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©2020 Firestone Building Products. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by Firestone Building
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multimedia product is the copyright of AEC Daily.
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Asphalt Roofing Systems
To ensure the current status of this course, including relevant association approvals, please view the course details here.
The American Institute of Architects
Course No. AEC824
This program qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW Hour
Course Expiry Date: 10/16/2021
AEC Daily Corporation is a registered provider of AIA-approved continuing education under Provider Number J624. All registered AIA CES
Providers must comply with the AIA Standards for Continuing Education Programs. Any questions or concerns about this provider or this
learning program may be sent to AIA CES (cessupport@aia.org or (800) AIA 3837, Option 3).
This learning program is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be
deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
AIA continuing education credit has been reviewed and approved by AIA CES. Learners must complete the entire learning program to receive
continuing education credit. AIA continuing education Learning Units earned upon completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA
members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon completion of the test.
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AEC Daily Corporation has met the standards and requirements of the Registered
Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be
reported to RCEP at RCEP.net. A certificate of completion will be issued to each
participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be
an approval or endorsement by the RCEP.
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How to Use This Online Learning Course
To view this course, use the arrows at the bottom of each slide or the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard.
To print or exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will minimize the full-screen
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Within this course is a
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To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the end of the course.
For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos and icons within a page or any of
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Purpose and Learning Objectives
Purpose:
Although built-up roofs are the oldest type of low-slope roofing systems, gaining an understanding of the advantages
and characteristics of modified bitumen membranes will help you select the asphalt roofing system that improves
performance and saves on installation costs over traditional asphalt roofs. Learn how “mod bit” roofs, whether APP or
SBS, provide improved durability with stronger reinforcements, resist hail and traffic damage, and provide factorycontrolled quality manufacturing.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
•
•
•
•
•
describe how asphalt has been used in built-up roofing (BUR) and modified bitumen products, such as APP and
SBS, in terms of physical characteristics and performance advantages
list the advantages and disadvantages of the various attachment types: hot asphalt, heat fusion, and cold process
explain the basic details of the seaming techniques used for modified bitumen roofing systems
explain handling hard-to-flash details with liquid flashing products, and
describe the environmental attributes of asphalt-based systems.
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Contents
Asphalt Roofing Basics
Selection Considerations
Case Studies
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Asphalt Roofing Basics
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Selecting an Asphalt Roof
Westbridge Towers is a residential high-rise on the Upper West
Side of Manhattan that experienced ponding and leakage after a
substantial rainstorm. The existing roof is a built-up roof (BUR),
and the owner of the building needs to decide whether to repair
or replace and with what materials.
In this course, we’ll look at the options for asphalt roofing with a
more in depth look at modified bitumen roofing.
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Lesson 1: BUR Advantages and Disadvantages
The BUR has a proven track record as the
oldest low-slope roofing type. Its inherent
redundancy as a result of multiple-layer
construction provides protection
throughout the entire roofing system.
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Basic BUR Construction
BURs are made up of multiple plies of felts set in hot
bitumen (asphalt or coal tar pitch) over a compatible
base sheet and/or rigid insulation.
6
1. Roof Deck: Decking is typically made of steel,
concrete, or wood.
4
3. Cover Board: Perlite, wood fiber, gypsum, and
high-density polyiso are the most common types of
cover boards.
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5
3
2. Roof Insulation: Polyiso board insulation is the
most common type of insulation.
2
1
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Basic BUR Construction
4. Hot Bitumen Mopping: “Hot mopping” is used as
part of the interply adhesive and waterproofing
agent.
6
5. Fiberglass Ply Felts: In most applications, there
are four layers of ply felts.
6. Gravel Surfacing: Gravel surfacing is embedded in
a flood coat of asphalt or pitch. The pea-sized
gravel protects the asphalt from the sun’s
ultraviolet rays.
4
5
3
2
1
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Advantages and Disadvantages of BUR
There are several advantages and disadvantages of the traditional
BURs. As you read through, consider how these will impact the
installation of a new roof for the Westbridge Towers.
Advantages
• Proven track record as the oldest low-slope roofing type
• Variety of system and surfacing options
• Inherent redundancy as a result of multiple-layer construction
• A thick, durable system
Disadvantages
• Increasing product costs because it is petroleum based
• Redundancy in the system increases labor costs
• Potential for noxious odors and fire hazards
• Maintenance of flashing is required
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Summary
The architect wants to stick with an asphalt-based roofing system. He’s been satisfied that his existing BUR has lasted a
long time.
1. Asphalt roofing systems have a long history of performance.
2. Inherent redundancy as a result of multiple-layer construction is both a plus (durable) and a minus (more labor
intensive).
Consider the advances in asphalt roofing technology options, especially if it means getting the roof installed quickly and
is less expensive. In the next lesson, let’s go over the two most common modified bitumen options: APP and SBS.
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Lesson 2: Mod Bit: Not Your Father’s Roof
Modified bitumen membranes contain
composites that provide better
performance than traditional asphalt
roofs. They are factory manufactured,
which reduces the variability in the
finished roof system.
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Modified Bitumen Defined
Modified bitumen—also called mod bit—is defined as
an asphalt compound made more water resistant and
durable with the addition of polymers. Mod bit has
distinct advantages over built-up roofs:
•
•
•
•
•
Improved durability
Stronger reinforcements
Hail and traffic resistance
More system installation options
Factory-controlled quality
Let’s take a closer look at the construction of a mod bit
roof.
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Modified Bitumen Roof Construction
1. Roof Deck: Decking is typically made of steel, concrete, or
wood.
3
5
2. Roof Insulation: Polyiso board insulation is the most common
type of insulation.
3. Cover Board: Perlite, wood fiber, gypsum, and high-density
polyiso are the most common types of cover boards.
4. Base Sheets: The most common are a single modified bitumen
base sheet or two plies of felts mopped in place. Modified
bitumen base sheets can be mechanically attached, mopped in
place with hot asphalt, heat fused, or self-adhered.
4
2
1
A mod bit cap sheet is applied over a compatible base sheet. It
is a two-ply system, which makes the installation less timeconsuming but still produces the same water- and
weatherproofing results.
5. Smooth or Granule-Surfaced Cap Sheet: Modified bitumen cap
sheets can be applied with hot asphalt or cold process
adhesives or can be heat fused (torched).
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Modified Bitumen Characteristics
What makes modified bitumen so effective?
Formulated with Polymer
The asphalt used in BUR is oxidized, or artificially aged, whereas
modified bitumen membrane is modified with specially formulated
polymers to provide better weather resistance.
High Performance
High-performance construction is created using inorganic
reinforcements. It provides improved flexibility and better weather
resistance and low-temperature performance.
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Modified Bitumen Characteristics
Controlled Manufacturing
A mod bit roofing membrane is manufactured in a controlled
environment with higher standards of quality, rather than being
“manufactured” while applied on the roof.
Even Surface
There is a consistent, even surface across the whole roof.
Less Labor
There is less labor required to install the system.
Eliminates Flutter
Modified bitumen roofing systems are fully adhered to the substrate,
which eliminates flutter or billowing of the membrane.
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APP and SBS
The two types of modified bitumen are APP and SBS. Each is
modified differently and has different attributes.
APP, atactic polypropylene:
• is a plastic-based modified asphalt
• has better performance at higher temperatures
• has a higher melting point
• is resistant to UV rays
• can have a smooth, coated, or granulated surface
• is film or sand backed, and
• can be applied using torches or with cold process adhesives.
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APP and SBS
SBS, styrene butadiene styrene (rubber):
• is a rubber-based modified asphalt
• has a lower melting point, which means it is easier to install
• is less resistant to UV rays
• has improved cold weather performance
• must have a granulated surface or be topped with gravel or a
coating to protect it from the sun, and
• can be applied using torches, cold process adhesives, or hot
asphalt.
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Attributes of Reinforcement for Modified Bitumen
The addition of fiberglass and/or polyester enhances
the qualities of asphalt, creating a much better
roofing product. The addition of these reinforcements
provides:
• durability
• stability
• flexibility, and
• impact resistance.
A variety of systems and surfacing options are
available to meet strength and elongation
requirements.
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Summary
1. Modified bitumen membranes combine the advantages of asphaltic-based materials with the advanced polymers to
offer high-performance roofing systems.
2. Factory-produced and tested modified bitumen systems reduce the variability in the finished roof system.
3. Modified bitumen products are available with a variety of surface options and can be installed with torches, cold
adhesives, or hot asphalt.
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Review Question
Review Question
Which of the following are components of mod
bit roofs?
•
•
•
•
Multiple fiberglass ply felts
One-layer base sheet
Gravel embedded in flood coat
Granule-surfaced cap sheet
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Review Question
Review Question
Answer
Which of the following are components of mod
bit roofs?
Granule-surfaced cap sheets and one-layer base
sheets are both mod bit components.
•
•
•
•
Gravel embedded in a flood coat and multiplelayer fiberglass felts are both components of
BURs.
Multiple fiberglass ply felts
One-layer base sheet
Gravel embedded in flood coat
Granule-surfaced cap sheet
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Review Question
Review Question
What are the first two components that are
installed on a built-up roof on top of the roof
deck?
•
•
•
•
•
Interplies of hot asphalt
Insulation
Fiberglass ply felts
Gravel surfacing embedded in hot asphalt
Cover board
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Answer
What are the first two components that are
installed on a built-up roof on top of the roof
deck?
The first component installed is the insulation.
Polyiso board insulation is the most common
type used. After the insulation, the cover board is
installed. Perlite, wood fiber, gypsum, or highdensity polyiso are the most common types of
cover boards.
•
•
•
•
•
Insulation
Cover board
Interplies of hot asphalt
Fiberglass ply felts
Gravel surfacing embedded in hot asphalt
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Cover board is followed by interplies of hot
asphalt, fiberglass felts, and gravel surfacing.
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Lesson 3: Understanding the Base Sheet
Let’s continue learning more about modified
bitumens by looking at the base sheet, which
provides a durable initial layer for multiple-ply
roofing systems.
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Understanding the Base Sheet
A base sheet is a manufactured ply that provides a suitable foundation and
a durable base. It is used as the base ply or bottom sheet in bitumen roofing
systems. It is two or more layers of bituminous material (the asphalt is
impregnated into the sheet). The sheets are manufactured in rolls that are
3.3 feet (1 meter) wide in various lengths.
The factory-manufactured modified bitumen systems increase the
consistency in the finished roof system.
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Types of Base Sheets
There are four different types of base
sheets, and each has a different
function based on the roofing system
you are installing. There are also
standards that your design
professional will help you navigate,
but we don’t need to go into them
now.
SBS modified bitumen base sheet:
• is thinner than a cap sheet (80 mil)
• is smooth surfaced
• has a fabric reinforcement, and
• is matched to SBS cap sheets.
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Types of Base Sheets
APP modified bitumen base sheet:
• is thinner than a cap sheet (80 mil)
• is smooth surfaced
• has a fabric reinforcement, and
• is matched to APP cap sheets.
Asphalt-coated, glass-fiber-mat base sheet (G2 base) is an inorganic, fiberglass-mat-reinforced membrane.
Asphalt-coated, glass fiber, venting base sheet is a membrane engineered to allow for the movement of moisture vapor
along the underside of the sheet.
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Types of Base Sheet Installation
Hot Asphalt
The asphalt is hot mopped, and the base sheet is rolled over the asphalt.
Cold Process Adhesive
A sprayer or a notched squeegee is used to coat the surface as the base sheet is rolled on top of the adhesive.
Hot asphalt
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Cold process adhesive
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Types of Base Sheet Installation
Self-Adhered
Factory-installed adhesive is applied to the base sheet after removing the adhesive’s protective sheet.
Mechanically Attached
The base sheet is placed onto the surface. Fasteners secure the base sheet to the deck.
Torch Applied
Heat is applied to the underside of the base sheet in order for the bitumen to melt and adhere the base sheet to the
substrate.
Self-adhered
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Mechanically attached
Torch applied
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Summary
The base sheet is the first part of the mod bit system. We’ll learn more information about the top layer, called the cap
sheet, in the next module.
1. Base sheet is a manufactured ply that provides a suitable substrate and a durable base.
2. Factory-produced and tested modified bitumen systems reduce the variability in the finished roof system.
3. There are various types of reinforcements and methods of application.
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Lesson 4: Cap Sheet Characteristics
The cap sheet is the top surface that has a thicker
membrane, is durable, and has a weathering surface.
Surface characteristics
• Granular
• Coated
• Smooth surfaced
Thickness
• 160–180 mils thick and used as the top ply of a
modified bitumen roofing system
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Cap Sheet Characteristics
Reinforced with
• Polyester
• Fiberglass
• A combination of fiberglass and polyester
Controlled manufacturing environment
• Rolls of modified bitumen membranes are manufactured in a
controlled environment.
• Ensures higher standards of quality.
• Better than being “manufactured” on the roof, as is done with
traditional built-up roofs.
Resists weathering
• The cap sheet is the weathering layer, so it has some additional
elements to ensure it performs.
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Types of Cap Sheets
There are two types of cap sheets: APP and SBS. Each has a
specific type of reinforcement that offers varying degrees of strength
and flexibility.
SBS
Granulated or smooth surface:
• Polyester reinforced
• Glass-fiber reinforced
• Poly/glass reinforced
• Sand backed
APP
Granulated or smooth surface:
• Polyester reinforced
• Glass-fiber reinforced
• Poly/glass reinforced
• Film or sand backed
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Summary
APP and SBS are two types of cap sheets with a variety of surfaces and types of reinforcements.
All important components of asphalt roof systems should be tested according to well-developed test methods and
standards.
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Lesson 5: Attachment Options
Modified bitumen roof systems are faster
and easier to install than BURs because
they require fewer layers to be applied.
There are three types of attachment
options available for a mod bit roofing
system. They are flame torch or heat
fusion, cold process adhesive, and hot
asphalt.
Be sure to verify that the licensed
contractor you select has professionally
trained and certified installers who
understand the regulations and
importance of safety when using open
flames for roofing installations.
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Attachment Options
Torch Application
The torch application is the most common method. Heat is applied
by a hand-held, single-head torch or multiple-head torch to the
bottom surface of the membrane, enabling the bitumen to melt,
flow, and adhere the cap sheet to the substrate.
This is an appropriate attachment option for both APP and SBS.
Cold Process Adhesive
Cold process bituminous adhesive is poured and moved into place
with a notched squeegee or sprayed into place.
This is an appropriate attachment option for both APP and SBS.
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Attachment Options
Hot Asphalt
Hot asphalt is heated, melted, and mopped into place. As the
modified SBS bitumen product is unrolled onto the hot asphalt, it
heats the bitumen and adheres it to the substrate.
This is an appropriate attachment option for SBS only.
NOTE: You CANNOT use hot asphalt as an attachment for APP
due to the high melting point of APP.
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Seaming Techniques for Asphalt
Here are a few techniques that can help ensure you have a quality installation for
your modified bitumen system.
Bleed Out
A quality installation of a modified bitumen roofing system will have a “bleed out” of
the bitumen or cold process adhesive that extends beyond the edge of the seam.
This ensures that the overlap is sealed.
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Seaming Techniques for Asphalt
Probe and Check
Using a round-nosed trowel and hand-held torch, seams can easily
be probed, checked, and repaired.
Safety First
When using torches, always be certain to follow safety guidelines
and have sufficient fire extinguishers readily available.
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Best Practices
1. Protective clothing includes long-sleeved shirts, pants that
cover the legs, hard hats, gloves, and work boots.
3
2. Ensure proper application and bleed out of asphalt.
3. Fire extinguisher is readily available.
1
5
6
4
4. Seams are inspected.
5. Stay off the modified bitumen membrane while it is hot to
avoid displacement of asphalt or granules.
2
6. Rolls are staged and stood on end until ready for
installation.
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Installing Corners
Asphalt products do not fold 90
degrees like single-ply membranes.
They need to be gradually brought
from horizontal to vertical.
This is done with a cant strip or
small piece of angled material. The
cant strip can be made of perlite,
wood, or fiberboard and is often
premade so that it has a predictable
dimension placement.
It is placed on the inside corner to
ease the material from the vertical to
the horizontal for all asphalt
materials whether APP, SBS, or
BUR.
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Liquid Flashing
Liquid flashing is laid down as a viscous
liquid and reinforced with polyester fabric,
which then solidifies into a membrane that
is able to conform not just to standard
corners, but also to irregular shapes as
well.
These products tend to be expensive, but
with difficult or irregular details, they are
often the best solution.
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Asphalt Roofs Can Be Cool
Cool roofs are often described as roofs with vegetative, white, or highly reflective surfaces. They help reduce the
urban heat island effect, which elevates the temperature of highly populated cities.
While black coal tar pitch and asphalt predate the cool roof revolution, and on the surface may not be seen as
meeting the standards for that revolution, asphalt systems are adapting to offer cool roof alternatives, as well.
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Asphalt Roofs Can Be Cool
There are a number of methods for achieving cool asphalt roofing.
1. Factory-applied coated surfaces provide an initial reflective surface but are susceptible to leaching oils that stain
the surface, peel, or are easily marred.
2. Field-applied coated surfaces are acrylic coatings that are proven to meet ENERGY STAR ® and other
requirements for highly reflective surfaces. They are typically applied with a base and top surface application
and are available in a variety of colors as well. Coatings will discolor over time and may require additional
applications in future years.
3. Laminated surfaces are reflective surfaces that are bonded to the surface of the modified bitumen cap sheet but
are subject to delamination or separation from the product.
4. White, reflective granules that meet the cool roof requirements are embedded into the membrane for a durable,
reflective surface that does not fade, peel, or delaminate. This is the preferred method of meeting reflectivity
requirements with modified bitumen roofing systems. It also qualifies as an ENERGY STAR ® roofing product.
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Summary
Make sure you have qualified roofing technicians who are using the correct tools and techniques for application and
repair. Safety precautions should be considered for all systems using hot asphalt or heat-fused modified bitumen
membranes.
Use liquid flashings for difficult details.
Use cant strips for corners to ease asphalt membranes from vertical to horizontal positions.
Granulated surfaces meet high reflectivity requirements for a cool roof. Furthermore, having cool roof options offers
solutions to support energy efficiencies.
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Review Question
Review Question
Which of the following are characteristics of an
APP mod bit roof?
Has a higher melting point
Is plastic based
Is applied with hot asphalt
Is resistant to UV rays
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Review Question
Answer
Which of the following are characteristics of an
APP mod bit roof?
APP (atactic polypropylene) has a higher melting
point than SBS (styrene butadiene styrene,
rubber). It is plastic based and resistant to UV
rays. APP can be applied using only torches or
cold process adhesives, not hot asphalt.
Has a higher melting point
Is plastic based
Is applied with hot asphalt
Is resistant to UV rays
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SBS, on the other hand, can be applied using
torches, cold process adhesives, or hot asphalt.
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Selection Considerations
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Bring in the Reinforcements
In this section, we’ll look more closely
at some additional asphalt roofing
selection considerations.
ASTM D6164 is a standard
specification for styrene butadiene
styrene (SBS) modified bituminous
roofing sheet materials that use
polyester reinforcement. This
reinforcement combines a polyester
mat enhanced with fibrous glass
strands in the machine direction,
uniting the strength of glass with the
flexibility of polyester. Polyesterreinforced sheets provide enhanced
performance at a lower installed cost.
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SBS Reinforcement Definitions
1. ASTM D6162 (Better): This is a combination of polyester and
glass fiber. Glass and polyester are in machine and cross
machine directions. This type of reinforcement provides
increased strength but lacks flexibility.
2. ASTM D6163 (Good): This has glass fiber reinforcements.
This type of reinforcement does not have the inherent
flexibility of polyester. It is considered a cheaper and lowerperforming product on the market.
3. ASTM D6164 (Best): This has polyester reinforcements,
which include 10 percent glass. A lesser amount of glass
provides strength while still providing the flexibility of
polyester. This type of reinforcement provides the best in
strength and flexibility.
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Bring in the Reinforcements
While specifications may call for SBS products to conform to ASTM D6162 or ASTM D6163, ASTM D6164 is truly the
best of both ASTM standards. The 6164 polyester-reinforced SBS products outperform the other products in service,
providing greater elongation and recovery, flexibility, puncture strength, and foot traffic resistance.
Key points of the polyester mat:
• Polyester mat with glass yarn offers reinforcement for strength and elongation resistance.
• Climate, size of project, codes, and use of the building will determine which reinforcement and total system to select.
There are many choices and many different needs when it comes to reinforcements. The best idea is to choose a
knowledgeable vendor with a diverse selection of products so they can advise you on the best option.
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Factoid: Recycled Content
The polyester mat reinforcement is made of up to five percent postconsumer
recycled materials. Common plastic soft drink bottles are turned into the
reinforcement of roofing products.
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Title 24: Cool Roofs
The California Energy Commission’s Title
24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards
for Residential and Nonresidential
Buildings establishes prescriptive
requirements for cool roof materials in
new construction or major reroofing
projects. These standards are now
followed by most of the country when it
comes to cool roof requirements.
As noted earlier, cool roofs are often
described as roofs with vegetative, white,
or highly reflective surfaces. This helps
reduce the urban heat island effect,
which elevates the temperature of highly
populated cities.
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Title 24: Cool Roofs
Furthermore, cool roofs can help with energy efficiency; however, note that a proper level of insulation in roofs and walls
has a larger impact on energy efficiency than a cool roof.
Both APP and SBS modified bitumen cap sheets with a highly reflective white granular surface can qualify as cool roofs
with minimal need for the type of maintenance required for a coating or laminate.
Introduction to Title 24:
•
•
On August 1, 2009, a new version of the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and
Nonresidential Buildings (Title 24) took effect. These standards define cool roofs in California as having a minimum
three-year aged reflectance of 0.55 and a minimum thermal emittance of 0.75 for low-slope nonresidential buildings.
APP and SBS can qualify as ENERGY STAR® roofing products.
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Highlights of the Title 24 Standards
1. High-performance windows, sensors, and controls allow buildings to use
daylighting and avoid unnecessary use of installed lighting.
2. Advanced lighting controls synchronize light levels with daylight and
building occupancy and provide demand response opportunities.
3. Solar-ready roof design makes it easier to install solar photovoltaic or
solar thermal panels at a future date.
4. Occupants can use smart thermostats to set and maintain a desired
temperature and voluntarily participate in a utility’s demand response
program.
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Asphalt Roofing Safety
Be sure to verify that the roofing contractor you select has professionally trained and certified installers who understand
the regulations and importance of safety when handling hot asphalt or using open flames for roofing installations.
Understand what is involved with these types of roofs, and pay attention to the potential safety hazards including:
•
Torch application: When using torches for attachment, always be certain to follow safety guidelines and have
sufficient fire extinguishers readily available. Be sure to check for leaks prior to using a torch. Wear the appropriate
clothing and equipment to protect yourself and others. Never leave a torch unattended. Lastly, consider after-hours
monitoring.
•
Fumes: Asphalt fumes can cause irritation to your eyes, nose, and throat. In some cases, inhaling the fumes can
cause headaches and nausea. When working with asphalt, be sure to safely place the asphalt kettle and protect
those who may be around it according to OSHA requirements. Locating the kettle downwind and away from air
ducts, windows, and doors will help to limit exposure to fumes.
•
Hot asphalt: Skin contact with hot asphalt is one of the biggest hazards for a roofing crew. Make sure to wear proper
protective clothing and gear to avoid contact with asphalt, which can be heated in excess of 450 degrees.
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Safety Reminders
1. Avoid contact with skin.
2. Wear appropriate protective clothing, such as eye protection,
heavy gloves, heavy-duty shoes, long pants, and long sleeves.
3. Avoid excessive breathing of fumes.
4. Never leave open flames unattended.
5. Follow OSHA guidelines for handling asphalt materials.
6. Have a sufficient number of fire extinguishers on hand.
7. Always remember: safety first!
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Case Studies
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Case Studies
In this section, we’ll take a look at three projects that considered asphalt roofing, what their needs were, and what type
of roofing they ultimately selected.
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Westbridge Towers Project
Westbridge Towers is a residential high-rise
on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. During
a recent storm that dumped a lot of rain over
the northeast region of the country, the
Westbridge Towers showed signs of water
dripping from the ceiling of the upper floor of
the building.
Upon inspection of the rooftop after the storm
had cleared, it was found that there was
ponding water in an area above the dripping
ceiling below.
It was evident that water had leaked into the
building. There may be additional damage as
well.
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Westbridge Towers Project
The Westbridge has a black asphalt built-up roof (BUR). Although
the current roof is 25 years old, it has performed well up to this
point and has had only minor repairs over the years.
Should the roof be repaired or replaced? The insulation is wet in
some areas, and there may be additional damage. With ponded
water areas, a tapered insulation solution may be considered.
The preliminary inspection of the decking below the BUR reveals
that it is a wood decking. This will be useful in identifying the
materials to be used for the roof.
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Westbridge Towers Project
The building owner wants to:
• replace current BUR
• install an APP or SBS modified bitumen roof system
• consider a vegetative, “garden” roof, and
• provide a durable roof that is suitable for foot traffic.
To help determine the best roofing system, let’s take a moment to review what we’ve learned about built-up roofs and
modified bitumen roofs.
BUR
Mod Bit
Multiple fiberglass ply felts
Granule-surfaced cap sheet
Gravel embedded in flood coat
One-layer base sheet
Redundancy of layers
Improved durability
Long track record
Stronger reinforcements
Hail and traffic resistance
Factory-controlled quality
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Expert Recommendation
Here are the roofing system recommendations for this project:
The owner chose to remove and replace the Westbridge Towers’ existing built-up roof with an APP modified bitumen
roof with a black granule cap sheet. This will take advantage of mod bit features such as durability and lower installed
cost. The black granule cap sheet’s inherent heat absorption will help melt snow and ice in the winter months. After
removing the damaged insulation, they replaced it with a tapered insulation system to prevent ponding water.
A cold process adhesive spray gives the optimal performance to ensure that there will be no flutter and billowing of the
membrane. By selecting mod bit, a new vegetative roof can now be installed. This provides not only cooling during the
summer months but also better management of stormwater runoff.
Finally, the mod bit roof offers the durability for tenants to escape to the new roof and enjoy the view.
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Juggernaut Football Training Facility
This is the Juggernaut Football Training Facility in
Florida. It is a 68,000-square-foot building that
incurred much damage after a hurricane, which
caused the need to replace the existing roof.
The owner of the building is looking for a highly
reflective roof surface membrane. Because this
building is highly visible from the surrounding
area, a laminated, factory-applied coating or fieldapplied coating on the roof is not desirable. Due to
the potential for high winds, the new roofing
material must not flutter or billow.
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APP Attributes
Before we look at a roofing solution for this facility, let’s briefly review the attributes of an APP mod bit roof to determine
the type of roof to install on the facility.
•
•
•
Higher melting point
Plastic based
Resistant to UV rays
Please remember the test password BUR. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online test.
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Expert Recommendation
Here are the roofing system recommendations for this project from a panel of experts.
•
The experts chose the APP modified bitumen cap sheet with white granules. This will take advantage of mod bit
features such as high reflectivity and durability.
•
The white granule cap sheet’s reflective surface will help keep the building cool during the day. For a high-visibility
building, it will also be a good-looking roof that is easy to maintain.
•
The roof’s heat-fused, fully adhered attachment ensures that there will be no flutter or billowing, and the seams
provide a watertight solution.
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Seal Beach Convention Center
This is the Seal Beach Convention Center in California.
It is a 400,000-square-foot building, and it has multiple
levels and various types of roof decks. The architect
shared that the building is subject to high winds from the
coast, so making sure the membrane is secure is key
for this installation. Movement of the larger field area is
also a concern, so choosing a good reinforcement will
make the difference in maintaining strength and
flexibility. It must also be durable and, in the event that
the roof gets damaged, it must be easily repairable.
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SBS Attributes
The attributes of an SBS modified bitumen roof are below so you can determine the type of roof to install on the
convention center.
•
•
•
Improved cold weather performance
Rubber based
Applied with hot asphalt
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Expert Recommendation
Here are the roofing system recommendations for this project from a panel of experts.
•
•
•
The experts chose the two-ply SBS roofing system with a white granule cap sheet.
This system also includes the polyester fiberglass reinforcement to maintain strength and flexibility.
It is a fully adhered system, mopped in place with hot asphalt. So along with the reinforcement, the movement within
the larger field is minimized, and there will be no flutter or billowing with the high winds in the area.
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Conclusion
If you desire AIA/CES, state licensing or CE credits for another organization,
please click on the button to commence your online test. A score of 80% or
better will allow you to print your Certificate of Completion; you may also go
to your AEC Daily Transcript to see your completed courses and certificates.
For additional knowledge and post-seminar assistance, click on the Ask an
Expert link.
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this seminar, please let them
know. Feel free to revisit the AEC Daily website to download additional
programs.
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