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Detection of cyanide in freshwater fishes relative to sex dimorphism using
landmark-based geometric morphometrics in Agusan del Sur, Philippines
Research · February 2018
DOI: 10.12692/ijb/12.2.177-193
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Int. J. Biosci.
2018
International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 177-193, 2018
RESEARCH PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
Detection of cyanide in freshwater fishes relative to sex
dimorphism using landmark-based geometric morphometrics in
Agusan del Sur, Philippines
Rex Bomvet Deleon Saura*1,3, Rex Jr. Masinading Andante2,3
1
Surigao State College of Technology-Mainit Campus, Surigao del Norte Philippines
2
DepEd-Senior High School Teacher, Bunawan National High School, Bunawan Agusan del Sur,
Philippines
3
Graduate Student, College of Education, Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City,
Philippines
Key words: Cyanide, Physico-chemical, Freshwater fish, Sex dimorphism, Allometry.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/12.2.177-193
Article published on February 26, 2018
Abstract
This study was done for public health and environmental concerns and aimed to determine the presence of
cyanide in three fishes such as Channa striata, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias batrachus, and described the
allometry and sex dimorphism of Chevron Snakehead. The physico-chemical parameters, levels of Cyanide,
Copper, Lead, Zinc and Iron in nine (9) stream tributaries of Agusan Marsh was evaluated and compared to the
DENR freshwater quality standards.
The research employed Cyanide Detection Tests, length-weight
relationship, land-marking and relative warp analysis using tps software and PAST-Hotellings test. The result
revealed that 82% were positive in cyanide, found in all two (2) samples O. niloticus, in C. batrachus four (4) is
positive only one is negative, three (3) C. striata, were positive and only one (1) is negative. Negative allometric
were observed to 15 male and 15 female Channa striata showed b value is 1.0798, strong positive correlation
with r2 = 0.8908 and significant with p=0.00001. No shape variation among male and female C. striata .
Hotelling’s test where T2 = 6.168, F = 1.1774, P = 1, means no significant sexual dimorphism for the body shape
of the C. striata. Moreover, lead, copper, zinc and iron and cyanide in water revealed in detectable levels and
physico-chemical water quality of the streams were affected.Thus, landmark based geometric analysis were
useful in describing sexual dimorphisms among fish species. In addition, freshwater fishes were sensitive and
susceptible to bio accumulation of cyanide and growth affected by the water quality.
* Corresponding
Author: Rex Bomvet Deleon Saura  saura.rex@yahoo.com
177 Saura and Andante
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
Introduction
Furthermore, cases of cyanide leak from mining in
Caraga Region have soundly ecosystem dome for
Bunawan, Agusan del Sur had been reported in the
organisms to live. “It is one of the 128 key biodiversity
newspaper (Enerio, 2017). Thus, this study was
area and the top 10 priority protected areas in the
conducted and evaluated the presence of cyanide in
Integrated Protected Areas System, abundant in
water and three (3) selected common fish commodity
fishes and endemic species of amphibians and
such as Chevron Snakehead (Channa striata), Nile
reptiles” (Ngilangil et al., 2014).
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias
Pertaining to industrial mining, Caraga Region,
Philippines has several registered large scale mining
companies based on the data from Mines and
Geosciences Bureau-Surigao as of 2015, not only large
batrachus) including base metals and its physicochemical analysis in nine (9) selected stream
tributaries of Agusan Rivers. In addition, this study
attempted to described the morphology of the
scale mining but active small scale mining operations
Chevron Snakehead (Channa striata) as to allometry
also existed region wide. Since 1970’s, cyanide widely
and compare its shape variations in relation to their
used in the gold mining industries to harvest gold but
sex
a minute sized amount of cyanide can be deadly to
landmark based using morphometrics software.
differences
using
geometric
morphometric
humans and even smaller amounts can be lethal to
fishes once contaminated water (Mineral Policy
This
provide
significant
information
on
the
Center, 2000).
occurrence of four base metals, cyanide and water
quality of stream tributaries of Agusan Rivers and
Impact of cyanide to aquatic organisms like fish lost
accumulation of cyanide in the fish tissue of Chevron
its equilibrium with too much mucous discharge on
snakehead, Nile tilapia, and catfish samples which
its gill filaments and skin (Ramzy, 2014). Increase
included the allometry and body shape variation of
water temperature, minor reduction of pH and
Channa striata relative sex differences and provide
dissolved oxygen, disturbs fitness and stress to fishes
awareness for the environmental and public health
(BFAR, 2014). Freshwater fish were the most
cyanide-delicate group of aquatic organisms tested,
with high mortality and adverse effects on swimming
and fecundity (Eisler and Wiemeyer, 2004). Wildlife
death likely occurs near mines processing copper gold
due to formations of copper-cyanide complexes which
is toxic to birds and bats (Donato et al., 2007).
sectors, mining companies and local government for
monitoring and formulation of policy and regulation
to minimize the entry of toxic pollutants into water
bodies.
Methods and materials
Study area
In general, water pollutants like decayed plants can
affects fish body growth and shape because of
biological oxygen demand in decomposition process
lowers dissolved oxygen level in water resulting fish
ability to survive. Similarly fish accumulation of toxins
can be transfer to other trophic level as they are eaten
(William, 2017). Cyanide instigated severe initial
The study was conducted in the Municipality of
Bunawan, Agusan del Sur, Philippines shown in Fig. 1
with their respective coordinates.
The ten (10) sampling stations for water samples was
Magsagangsang Creek, Lucad Creek, Simulao-lower
stream, Bunawan Brook River, Saugon creek, Bagnan
suppression of specific growing proportion (Dixon &
creek, Simulao River-upper stream , Singanan Creek,
Leduc,
fishes
Koo Creek and Masapia falls, within three months
contaminated with metals was impaired sense of smell,
duration started from September to November 2017.
resulting to lessen from escaping predator that the
The collection of samples and field sampling proper
problem could distress fish density (Bienkowski, 2013).
was done once only.
1980).
American
study
178 Saura and Andante
in
lake
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
Fig. 1. Map of study stations with coordinates in Bunawan, Agusan del Norte.
Establishment of sampling stations
The samples were carefully transferred to the
The collection of water samples together with physic-
prepared
chemical parameters was done in nine (9) streams
terephthalate) plastic bottles of nature spring to avoid
and only one sampling stations in each stream but
bubbles formation. The bottles was sealed tightly and
except for Simulao river with two (2) station was
labeled with information as to area, station, and date
established upper and lower streams. A total of ten
of collection and photograph for documentation.
(10) sampling area was established. Establishment of
Then all samples were placed in the bucket with
sampling was only in the accessible portion of the
splitter and ice for preservation.
river. On the other hand, the collection of fish
samples was obtained from local fisher folks of
Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. Philippines.
Collection and sampling procedures for water
analysis
Collection procedures for water samples was adopted
and
modified
from
https:www.env.go.jp>04-
Guideline/Chapter 2 sampling and Veiga and Baker,
2004. The water samples were collected through
depth of 1-50 cm of the water column of each
sampling sites. About 0.5 L of water samples only
reused
0.5
L
PET
(polyethylene
Collection, data gathering and Preparation for fish
biota samples
Freshwater fish samples such as Nile Tilapia, chevron
snakehead and Catfish was obtained from the local
fisher folks Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. About 1.3
kilogram of each fish types was obtained as
prescribed by the BFAR 13 for cyanide analysis and
another thirty (30) samples of Chevron snakehead for
landmark based geometric morphometric analysis
were obtained. All Fish samples were washed with tap
water then after were rinsed with distilled water.
was collected in each stations using graduated
The weight of each fish samples of three (3) species
cylinder, a total of ten (10) bottles with 0.5 L water
was determined using digital weighing scale. All
samples each with only one replicate. The graduated
samples for cyanide analysis were subject to
cylinder will be rinsed with distilled water four times
photograph for documentation using iPhone 5s
before using over again.
camera.
179 Saura and Andante
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
Hereafter, the fresh samples of fish was placed in a
Shape analysis
zip lock and labeled with information as to area,
The saved files of digitized samples were analyzed
station, and date of collection and placed in the
through TPS relative warp where Relative warp score
bucket with ice and frozen. Moreover, the thirty (30)
and deformation grid and PCA retrieved. Further
Chevron snakehead sample collected for geometric
analysis for sexual dimorphism was done using PAST
morphometric analysis were separately placed in a
software
bucket with ice for geometric morphometric analysis.
generations of histogram and discriminant plot.
Analytical procedure for cyanide and base metals
Data analysis and consolidation of data collected
The collected water samples were immediately
Ecological aspect of the sampling was described
brought to Philsaga Mining Corporation, Assay
through ocular and observation to the ecological
Laboratory for Cyanide and Base metals Analysis.
profile
for
of
the
the
discriminant
sampling
sites.
analysis
The
and
allometry
determination was determined using the equation
The prepared fish samples were delivered to
W=aL b (Pauly, 1983). At
Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
where :
(BFAR) Central Office-Manila thru BFAR Caraga for
W= weight of fish (g)
the cyanide detection and analytical procedure. The
L = total length of fish (cm)
physico- chemical analyses were done using the Hach
a = constant (intercept)
HQ40D.
b = the length exponent (slope)
Fish sample preparation for Land-marking
The prepared fish samples the length of each fish
samples was determined by measuring the fish from
its snout down to the caudal fin using tape measure
and weighed using digital weighing scale.
The length and weight were recorded. The individual
fish was applied with 10% formaldehyde to harden
the fins and manual manipulation was done to make
it more visible and wide.
values of Riedel et al.,2007 presented in Table 2 and
Pearson Correlation was used for r2 values and
coefficient of determination with their corresponding
interpretation shown in Table 3.
Furthermore, The results of the cyanide analysis was
analysed as negative or positive only and the
concentration of cyanide in water of each sampling
were compare only if it is above or below to the
maximum contamination level.
The left flank of each fish taken using cannon eos
1200 D for land-marking.
The result was interpreted using linear regression
Samples was dissected
individually to determine the sexes and the sorted as
to male and female.
Land-marking selection and digitization
The images of fish sample of each sex were sorted and
replicated into two (2). Then the images were
subjected to tpsUtil64 to create tps files images for
digitization. A total of 16 landmarks were digitized
using tpsDig2 software. The location of the landmarks
and anatomical descriptions of each sex were
represented in Figure 2 and Table 1. Assigning
landmark were based on stickleback fish model of
Anyfish.com.
180 Saura and Andante
Results and discussion
The sampling area were surrounded of agricultural
land like rice fields, rubber tree and falcate
plantation, compose of shrub to trees and coconut.
East areas of Bunawan observed high to low range of
mountains with perceived landscape of mining
activities and during the actual survey fishing were
observed. The fish caught by local fisher folks either
for family consumption.
Allometry
The thirty (30) individual samples of chevron
snakehead (Channa striata) were sorted by sexes and
measured the total length and then weighed and
recorded.
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
The length ranged from 26.0 cm – 37.5 cm with 32.6
weight ranged from 218.66 g - 315.37 g with 273.7 g
cm average mean for male while female ranged from
average mean for male while 243.89 g – 320.55 g for
29.0 cm to 35.5 cm with 32.3 cm average mean. The
female
with
284.2
g
average
mean.
Table 1. Description of the landmark points in the body shape of Channa striata.
Coordinates
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Location
Snout Tip
End of head length
anterior junction of the dorsal fins
Posterior junction of the dorsal fins
Dorsal insertion of caudal fin
Midpoint of caudal border of hypural plate
Ventral insertion of caudal fin
Posterior insertion of anal fin
Anterior insertion of anal fin
Dorsal base of pelvic fin
anterior border of ectocoracoid bon
anterior border of ectocoracoid bon
Anterior margin through midline of orbit
Posterior margin through midline of orbit
Dorsal end of operculum
Dorsal base of pectoral fin
The results of Length- weight relationship of fifteen
as shown in Fig. 4. The graph shown that b value
(15) male and 15 female Channa striata collected in
result is 1.0798 which means negative allometric,
the month of October were and presented in graph as
correlation coefficient or r2 is 0.8908 means strong
shown in Fig. 3.
positive correlation, p value is 0.00001 which means
that there is significant association of length of the
Furthermore, the length and weight relationship of
collected samples.
combined sexes of Channa striata were determined
Table 2. Corresponding interpretation of the b values for linear regression (Riedel et al, 2007) b value
Interpretation.
b value
Interpretation
3.0
<3.0
>3.0
Isometric growth- no change of body shape as an organism grow
Negative Allometric- body shape more slender as it increase in length
Positive Allometric- - body shape relatively stouter as it increase in length
Table 3. The values of (r2) coefficient of determination with their corresponding interpretation.
Coefficient of Determination ((r2)
+.70 or higher
+.40 to +.69
+.30 to +.39
+.20 to +.29
+.01 to +.19
0
-.01 to -.19
-.20 to -.29
-.30 to -.39
-.40 to -.69
-.70 or higher
181 Saura and Andante
Interpretation
Very strong positive relationship
Strong positive relationship
Moderate positive relationship
weak positive relationship
No or negligible relationship
No relationship [zero order correlation]
No or negligible relationship
weak negative relationship
Moderate negative relationship
Strong negative relationship
Very strong negative relationship
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
In general, all samples of Channa striata data
length-weight
revealed negative allometric which means that the
significant difference amid male and female Channa
growth of fish become slender as it is increase in
striata and in terms of their condition factor was poor
length.
revealed
indicated 1.50 and 1.49 for and female respectively.
significant associations; this entails that as length
(Dumalagan et al., 2017). Another study of Channa
increase the weight of fish also increase but in more
striata collected in different river results showed that
slender. Similar studies on the allometric growth was
in Ganga River displayed isometric growth b equal to
observed in chevron snakehead tributaries of Lake
3.012, in Yamuna b is 2.18 and in Gomti b value is
Kilobidan, Agusan Marsh, Philippines in terms of
2.86 revealed a negative allometric shape of growth.
The
correlations
coefficients
relationship
that
there
was
no
Table 4. Parameter concentration level of 10 stations collected last November, 2017.
Parameters
Stations
Magsagangsang Creek
Lucad Creek
Simulao River-(lower)
Bunawan Brook River
Saugon creek
Bagnan creek
Simulao River-(upper)
Singanan Creek
Koo Creek
Masapia Falls
DO
ppm
7.5
6.9
5.4
5.3
4.8
6.0
7.3
5.1
6.1
6.2
*pH
6.25
6.36
6.32
6.63
6.72
6.5
6.48
6.6
7.0
6.75
Saline
ppm
500
620
1350
1590
1700
480
131
750
570
550
TDS
Ppm
503
618
1335
1569
1674
494
1292
746
564
551
*TSS
ppm
9.8
21
13.8
16.8
24.2
15.6
22.4
12.6
9.2
17.8
Conductivity
μS/cm
1018
1245
2617
3060
3250
1003
2541
1494
1147
1113
Resistivity
Ω⋅m
980
802
382
327
307
997
393
668
877
895
*Results given by Philsaga Mining Corp. Assay Lab of Bunawan, Agusan del Sur, Philippines.
Table 5. Cyanide and Four Base Metals concentrations of ten (10) stations collected last October, 2017.
Stations
Magsagangsang Creek
Lucad Creek
Simulao River-(lower)
Bunawan Brook River
Saugon River
Bagnan River
Simulao River-(upper)
Singanan Creek
Koo Creek
Masapia Falls
*< presence.
CN(ppm)
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
<0.01
Cu
(ppm)
0.02
0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Pb
(ppm)
0.02
0.15
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
Base Metals
Zinc
(ppm)
0.02
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Iron
(ppm)
<0.01
2.32
0.41
0.41
0.47
2.34
0.3
1.05
0.43
0.19
In addition r2 was 0.99, 0.94 and 0.97 from different
Fish allometry affected by fish habitat and nutrition
river respectively which length and weight were
availability in the area.
highly correlated (Khan, 2014).)
Length-Weight
Relationship of Channa striata is isometric b value is
3.0 and larger individuals having negative allometric
relationship b less than 3, represents possible agelinked variation in growth form (Ali et al., 2013).
182 Saura and Andante
Sexual dimorphism
Relative warp analysis using tpsRelw ver.1.69 was
used to determined differences in shape through
deformation grid among specimens in term of sexes.
The sample does not include pooled data analysis.
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
Table 6. Range and Comparison of parameters concentrations to DENR standards.
Parameters
Present Data
DENR
DO, ppm
pH
Salinity, ppm
TDS, ppm
TSS, ppm
Cyanide , ppm
Cu , ppm
Pb, ppm
Zn, ppm
Fe, ppm
Conductivity μS/cm
4.8--7.50
6.25 --7.0
500 -- 1700
503—1674
9.2--24.20
<0.01-- 0.02
<0.01-- 0.02
<0.01-- 0.15
<0.01-- 0.03
<0.01---2.34
1003---3250
5
6.5-9.0
Nd
96-100
80
0.1
0.02
0.02
1.5
2
Nd
307---997
Nd
Resistivity
Legend : < presence , nd- no data
Table 7. CDT results of fish samples positive in cyanide.
FISH
N
Test
Parameters
Test
Methods
Specifications
Results
Nile Tilapia
2
Cyanide
ISE-APHA 4500
positive
Chevron
Snakehead
3
Cyanide
ISE-APHA 4500
Limit of Detection
1.209 E-2 mg/Kg
Limit of Detection
1.209 E-2 mg/Kg
Catfish
4
Cyanide
ISE-APHA 4500
Limit of Detection
1.209 E-2 mg/Kg
positive
positive
N-total number of samples.
The PCA of each sex were shown in Figure 5 and
Based on the cumulative report retrieved relative
Figure
between
warp analysis, both of the specimen male or female
deformation grid of the negative relative warp which
have the same percentage of Principal components.,
is on the left side and positive relative warp on right
PC1 is 33.15%, PC2= 21.98 %, PC3=11. 35% ,
side of each Principal Component. The shape
PC4=8.56 %, and PC5 8.08% as shown in Fig. 5 and 6
variation is less among species which means that
respectively.
6
which
include
Histogram
shape differences also less base on 16 landmarks.
Table 8. CDT results of fish samples negative in cyanide.
Fish Samples
N
Test
parameters
Test
Methods
Specifications
Results
Chevron Snakehead
1
Cyanide
ISE-APHA 4500
negative
Catfish
1
Cyanide
ISE-APHA 4500
Limit of Detection
1.209 E-2 mg/Kg
Limit of Detection
1.209 E-2 mg/Kg
negative
N-total number of samples.
The mean thin spline models illustration as express
Furthermore, discriminant analysis using PAST
by landmark showing the same grid formation of
software revealed that there is no sexual dimorphism
sixteen (16) anatomical land mark points of male and
between male and female as presented in Fig. 8. The
female as shown in Fig. 7. This implied that no
graph showed the discriminant plot that overlaps
anatomical landmark points were affected.
which mean same shape differences between male
183 Saura and Andante
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
and female Channa striata sample. Hotellings T2 test
both in T. truncatus (Guidarelli et al., 2014). The
results revealed no significant sexual dimorphism for
important difficult concerns why the sexes are
the body shape of the Channa striata Hotelling’s T2 =
frequently so alike in size this might tell to sperm
6.168, F = 1.1774, P = 1.
competition, size buffering effects, and many other
features (Parker, 1992). However, Chevron snakehead
Similar result of sexual dimorphism for the shape has
female are larger than male according to Chaudry of
no significant or shape were the same of the mandible
2010.
Fig. 2. Landmark points of female (A) and male (B) Channa striata.
Fig. 3. Split Scattered Plot Diagram of Log Total Length and Log Total weight of Male and Female Channa
striata.
184 Saura and Andante
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
In general, negative allometry was observed in the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
samples that as fish grow in length it’s become
provide results of the toxicity level Cyanide and its
slender. Some factors may affects fish growth
effects and fund out that, at 0.05 mg/dL is toxic to
according to Tubb 1972, cyanide had various distinct
blood, 0.3 100 and higher were deadly while in
special effects on growing cichlids, outcome in erratic
hydrogen cyanide at 546 ppm with 10 minutes
time
exposure and 110 ppm after one hour exposure are
of
contact
and
with
the
level
tried
cyanide upheld reduction in fish growth. Cyanide can
both lethal.
disturbs fitness and stress to fishes (BFAR, 2014).
Fig. 4. Scattered Plot Diagram of Log Total Length and Log Total weight of Channa striata.
Fig. 5. Five (5) Principal components (PC) implied grid and histogram of individual shape in Channa striata
male species.
185 Saura and Andante
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
At the same time, people who eat small amounts of
of enormous phenotypic malleability evolutionary
cyanide compounds in a short time may decease
characters relative ecological physiognomies and this
unless they rapidly take remedy therapy. Sex
was studied on the fish Mesopristes cancellatus in
dimorphism
general
Tagoloan River using tps relwarp revealed significant
characteristics of external appearance, shape and
sex dimorphism variation of body shape based on
sizes among species Fishes were recognized on behalf
landmark
is
the
differences
in
generated
(Leopoldo
et
al.,
2014).
Fig. 6. Five (5) Principal components (PC) implied grid and histogram of individual shape in Channa striata
female species.
The software was very useful in learning intraspecific
Physico-chemical, cyanide and four based metals
variation, or perhaps to examine micro-evolution or
The water parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen, pH,
distinguish among kind which may be interpreted in
Salinity, Total Dissolve Solids, Total suspended
terms of environment, genetic differences, sexual
dimorphisms, instars or year classes and Principal
components analysis (PCA) is a method that produces
solids, conductivity and resistivity were determined
presented in Table 4. The cyanide, Copper, Lead, Zinc
hypothetical variables or components, accounting for
and Iron of the water samples from 10 stations
as much of the variation in the data as possible
shown in Table 5. The results were compared to
(Hammer, 2002) Wider uses of these findings can
DENR standards as presented in Table 6. During the
link to evolutionary biology, organization, and
sampling proper water temperature were observed
preservation (Bell and Jacquemin, 2017). Landmark-
from 25 o C to 28.5 o C in the sampling stations. From
based geometric morphometrics is a powerful
approach to quantifying biological shape, shape
variation, and co-variation of shape with other biotic
the Table 4, the range of DO was 4.8 ppm of Saugon
creek to 7.50 ppm of Magsagangsang creek. The pH
or abiotic variables or factors. The resulting graphical
level ranges from 6.25 and 7.0 of Bagnan creek and
representations of shape changes were visually
Koo creek respectively.
attractive and instinctive (Webster and Sheets, 2010).
186 Saura and Andante
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
Fig. 7. Mean thin plate spline models illustrating the same grid of Male and Female Channa striata.
The salinity is ranging from 500 ppm observed from
Magsagangsang creek to 3250 μS/cm which observed
Magsagangsang creek to 1700 ppm recorded from
from Saugon creek with minimum resistivity which
Saugon creek. The range of TDS is 503 ppm to 1674
307 Ω⋅m and high resistivity of 997 Ω⋅m observed in
ppm Magsagangsang and Saugon respectively. The
Magsagangsang creek.
conductivity is ranging from 1003 μS/cm recorded in
Fig. 8. The discriminant plot of sexual dimorphism of Male and Female Channa striata.
The result of the Laboratory analysis of all water
positive
samples in terms of cyanide and base metals
concentrations from <0.01 to 0.02 ppm. Less than
concentrations was presented in the Table 5. Based on
0.01 (<0.01) it doesn’t mean not detected but
the report and result, all waters samples from the ten
interpreted as presence of cyanide. On the other
(10) stations of nine (9) stream tributaries were
hand, the four base metals have the lowest
187 Saura and Andante
of
cyanide
but
varied
in
detectable
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
concentrations of <0.01 ppm. Copper recorded upto
while salinity, total dissolved and suspended solids
0.02 ppm of Magsagangsang creek. Lead and zinc top
were the highest and exceed the acceptable level as
concentrations observed at Lucad creek and Bagnan
well as the conductivity was the highest inversely to
river observed with 2.34 ppm Iron.
resistivity relatively low compare to other area.
However, all sampling area reached beyond the
Furthermore, the water parameters such as Dissolved
normal level of total dissolved solids. pH 6.25 ppm in
Oxygen, pH, salinity, and total Dissolve Solids, Total
Magsagangsang creek deviates minute level of pH to
suspended
resistivity.
the accepted value. In Lucad creek the Lead (0.15
Including cyanide, Copper, Lead, Zinc and Iron were
ppm) and Iron (2.32 ppm) exceed above acceptable
compared
quality
and also the Iron (2.34 ppm) level in Bagnan. Cyanide
standards as shown in Table 6. Comparison revealed
and Copper and Zinc ranged from below detectable
that Saugon dissolve oxygen was lower at 4.8 ppm,
and equal to the accepted value.
solids,
with
conductivity
the
DENR
and
freshwater
Fig. 9. Percentage of Fish samples positive in cyanide.
Total dissolved solids is relatively high and exceeded
concentration level of cyanide and other four base
DENR standards because the day before sampling
metals or two hand way either diluted due increase in
there was low pressure and weather conditions were
volume or more added other metal complexes. The
cloudy to rainy during sampling. High runoff of
four base metals like Pb and Cu is a primary pollutant
sediments due to wet weather conditions contribute
while Zn and Fe were secondary pollutants that
to high dissolved and suspended solids in fact water
should be monitor otherwise adverse effect colour to
in most area were turbid through ocular observation
water and organisms. Lead should be 0.015 mg/L
except in Masapia Falls. The turbidity it is a relative
maximum concentration limits because potentially
increase of TDS, TSS, (Fondriest Environmental Inc.,
affects metal development to infants and children,
2014) which also increase salinity and conductivity,
deficits attention and learning, for adults it is kidney
this was observed from the water sample. The target
related problems (US EPA, 2017).
analytes which is cyanide is very low in concentration
observed may be because of the rainy weather
Cyanide detection in fish sample
conditions since it falls to wet season in the country
Three (3) freshwater fish species such as Nile Tilapia
that rises water level in water and affected the
weighed 1,147.54 g with two (2) individual, Chevron
188 Saura and Andante
Int. J. Biosci.
snakehead
weighed
2018
(4)
In this study, landmark based geometric analysis
individual and catfish weighed 1358.78 g with five (5)
1100.08
g
with
four
revealed no shape differences of male and female
individuals collected in the month of October with a
Channa striata and also observed negative allometric
total of 11 fish sample was sent to BFAR Manila for
growth which so far accumulated cyanide as well as
Cyanide Detection Test or CDT. The analysis used Ion
other fish samples such as catfish and Nile tilapia due
Selective Electrode reference to American Public
to cyanide contamination of water from nine (9)
Health Agency methods no. 4500 with a Limit of
stream tributaries of Agusan Marsh. This implies that
Detection 1.209 E-2 mg/Kg and results revealed that
fishes greatly affected water quality and other
Cyanide were found positive in all Tilapia samples, in
ecological disturbance. Similarly, an analysis on Ibis
three (3) samples of chevron snakeheads and in four
fish (Ambassis interrupta) collected from Masao
(4) Catfish as shown in Table 7.
River, Butuan City, Philippines revealed the two (2)
factors
sides
and
interaction
had
significant
In Table 8 showed the fish sample negative with
differences with (P<0.0001) which influence by
cyanide, one (1) in chevron snakehead sample and
prevailing factors like existence of fish ponds, use of
one (1) Catfish sample.
feeds and publics home lengthways Masao River
affecting water chemistry of river that might also
Furthermore, the result revealed that 82% were
positive in cyanide,18% is negative shown in Figure 9.
Accordingly,
“positive
means
cyanide
(CN-)
concentrations in fish is greater than 0.20 mg/L.
Traces means cyanide (CN-) concentrations from 0.05
to 0.20 mg/L. Cyanide levels greater than zero (0)
distress general phenotype of the fish (Medrano and
Jumawan, 2016). Fluctuating asymmetry of fishes
were susceptible near ecological changes that possibly
manifested the size and forms which analyzed by
utilizing Geometric Morphometric which vital in
recognizing body differences and similarities of
species in the same taxon (Berame et al, 2017).
and less than 0.05 mg/L are scored BDL-below
detectable limits. However, zero (0) values are
Conclusion
considered to be negative” (BFAR, 2001).While most
Therefore the study concluded that pollutants such
prosecutions deal with fish that tested as being
lead, copper, zinc and iron and cyanide were already
Positive, any level of cyanide found in the fish is an
in detectable levels and contaminated water quality in
indication that the fish were exposed to cyanide
stream tributaries of Agusan Marsh. Further, land-
coming from anthropogenic sources.
mark based geometric morphometric were a useful
tool in comparing the shape variation of Channa
This
indicates
the
fish
samples
accumulate
striata relative to sex dimorphism. The relative warp
detectable concentration of cyanide from water since
analysis
cyanide was also detected in water samples. Fishes
component
are
aquatic
differences with p=1 which means the body shape of
organisms (Eisler and Wiemeyer, 2004). In water
male and female were same in shape likewise
cyanide can rise water temperature, minor reduction
provided a strong positive correlations of length –
of pH and dissolved oxygen disturbs fitness and
weight relationship and both sexes have negative
stress to fishes (BFAR, 2014). There are reports that
allometry. Also, a positive accumulation of cyanide in
even cyanide concentrations as low as 0.01-0.1 mg/L
Channa striata, Oreochromis niloticus, and Clarias
lethal to sensitive animals species present in waters.
batrachus samples were observed thru cyanide
Sodium cyanide (NaCN) evidently accumulated to
detection tests. Thereby bio accumulation of cyanide
most
cyanide-delicate
group
of
water species and absorption factors for various
aquatic
organisms
(International
Management Code, 2015).
189 Saura and Andante
Cyanide
similarly
provided
analysis
first
revealed
five
no
principal
significant
pertains to the detectable levels of cyanide and
growth of fish affected by primary and secondary
pollutants such as base metals in the fish habitat.
Int. J. Biosci.
2018
This study suggest to LGU in the monthly monitoring
Bienkowski B. 2013. Environmental Health News
as to cyanide analysis in water and fish and provide
Fish Cannot Smell in Polluted Waters Retrieved
strict implementation of cyanide waste disposal in
November 13, 2017.
mining industries.
www.scientificamerican.com/article/fish-cannotsmell-in-polluted-waters/
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