During the Protestant Reformation, religious reformers called protestants broke from the Catholic Church & started new Christian denominations B. Luther Challenges the Church Martin Luther Martin Luther – Father of the Reformation (1483-1546) Born into a poor German family Got a good education (law) 1505 - life-changing event: he was caught in a violent storm, prayed for safe passage, vowed to become a monk 1507 - Became a monk 1512 – Began teaching scripture at the University of Wittenberg in German state of Saxony He felt unworthy, unjustified (saved) His students asked tough, probing questions that he had difficulty answering (esp. about indulgences) To try to find inner-peace, Luther tried fasting, confession, prayer, etc.; still felt a void Then he stumbled over a passage in the Bible (St. Paul's letter to the Romans) Romans, 1:17 - "the just shall live by faith", he felt reborn Luther was certainly not a rebel! 1517 - took a stand against Johann Tetzel Pope Leo X wanted to complete the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica Tetzel was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome By selling indulgences – buying pardons for sins Gave the impression that people could buy their way into heaven Martin Luther Protests Corruption Wittenberg, Saxony 1517 Indulgences Forgiveness of punishment due to past sins given for: Prayers Actions of Repentance Pilgrimage Donation to Church Indulgences – purchasing pardons C. The Response to Luther The Pope’s Threat Luther was surprised by how rapidly his ideas spread 1520 – Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther The Emperor’s Opposition Holy Roman Emperor – Charles V – age 20 – was opposed to Luther Edict of Worms – 1521 - Charles declared Luther an outlaw and heretic Prince of Saxony – Frederick the Wise protected Luther Lutherans – became a separate religious group no longer part of the Catholic Church Luther translated the Bible into German Priests began to dress in ordinary clothes and call themselves ministers Services were in German instead of Latin Some ministers married Exsurge Domine - papal bull June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X in response to Martin Luther Did not directly condemn all of Luther's doctrines Specifically demanded that Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses within sixty days. This time expired on December 10, 1520, which was the day on which Luther burned his copy of this bull. Because Luther refused to comply, the pope issued the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem in 1521, excommunicating him. "How well we know what a profitable superstition this fable of Christ has been for us" "Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it." Pope Leo X – second son of Lorenzo de Medici The 95 Thesis October 31, 1517 – posted his theses on the door of the Church in Wittenberg Three main ideas 1. Salvation by Faith alone Salvation a "gift" from God, can't be earned by "good works" The Church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation 2. All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible Bible - not the Church - the sole source of religious truth - final authority on religious matters The Bible is the only religious document, not as the Catholic Church translates it! The Pope is not infallible. Bible is the final authority on religious matters Luther translated the Bible into German vernacular - people could participate and understand The pope and church traditions were false authorities Church should be subordinate to civil authority (princes loved this) 3. All people with faith were equal Therefore people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them The church is a "priesthood of all believers" (not a select hierarchy) Priests are not "supernatural" (but "guides" with no specific power), and can marry (Luther story) 4. Preaching instead of ritual - thought Services should be simple: prayer, hymns, teaching 5. Viewed all useful occupations as vocations - callings – not limited to clergy People could serve God by serving their neighbor 6. Man does not have "free will" – challenges claim that they do - Erasmus 7. Only true sacraments are those found in the Bible, baptism and communion (Catholic Church had seven: those, plus confirmation, penance, unction, or anointing with oil, marriage, holy orders) Someone took this theses and printed it Distributed all over the Holy Roman Empire Reformation – a movement for religious reform Led to the founding of churches that did not accept the pope’s authority Burning the Papal Bull 1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther The Emperor’s Opposition Charles V Holy Roman Emperor -Habsburg Dynasty (r. 1519 – 1556)(1500-1558) King of Spain • New HRE, Charles V, is young (19), politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Luther’s protest • Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks Opposed to Luther Sided with Pope Leo X Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598) of Spanish - Implemented the Spanish Inquisition • Circumstances favor Luther Edict of Worms – 1521 Charles declared Luther an outlaw and heretic Prince of Saxony Frederick the Wise protected Luther Edict of Worms – Charles V declared Luther an Outlaw and a Heretic. ■No one could feed or house Martin Luther within the Holy Roman Empire. ■Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony hid Luther in his castle for a year. ■1522 – Luther returns to Wittenberg and saw his teachings in practice Lutheranism The Peasants’ Revolt Peasants began to demand the type of freedom that Luther talked about They wanted to abolish serfdom 1524 – they rebelled attacking monasteries Luther called on princes to show no mercy 100,000 massacred Many peasants then rejected Luther Germany at War Many German Princes supported Luther Some liked his ideas Some wanted an excuse to take Church lands Some wanted independence from Charles V – power Protestant League organized to defend their faith Holy Roman Emperor Charles V went to war against Protestants Catholic League willing to do anything to defend their beliefs Three decades of warfare resulted Peace of Augsburg – 1555 – fighting ended Princes agreed - religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler Protestant North Catholic South Would the new religion be accepted elsewhere in Europe? Supporters of Luther German Princes Some liked his ideas Some wanted Church lands Some wanted independence from Charles V – power VS. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V – Catholics Peace of Augsburg – 1555 Each German prince would decide Catholic or Protestant People given a period to move Protestant North Catholic South Liturgical A form of corporate worship in which the priest or minister leads the congregation in readings and prayers from a prescribed text called a liturgy. Liturgical Churches Non-Liturgical Churches Catholic Orthodox Lutheran Anglican (Episcopal) Presbyterian Methodist Anabaptist Congregational Baptist Churches of Christ Adventist Pentecostal Issue Roman Catholics Protestants - Lutherans Theology Free Will Yes No → needs grace first Impact of Man’s Fall Corruption – Tendency to Sin Total Depravity – Guilt Salvation Faith + Works Final Authority Bible + Church Tradition By Grace alone through Faith alone Bible – interpret yourself If not mentioned then allow If prohibited then prohibit Calling Only Priesthood All are called Mediators between man-God Church Service Purpose Sacrament → Obedience Gives grace Preaching → Thought Style Smells – Bells – all senses Simple – prayers – hymns Sacraments Seven Sacraments Two Required Sacraments Baptism / Communion Lutherans Priests Catholics Priests can’t marry Priests can marry Power State State obeys Church Location Germany South – France – Spain Scandinavia Transubstantiation Real Presence Purgatory North - Italy – Portugal Yes No Yes No Prayer to Saints No Separation Church- Yes Issue Roman Catholics Protestants - Lutherans Leader Ignatius of Loyola - Jesuits Martin Luther Key Documents Council of Trent - 1545 95 Thesis - 1517 Augsburg Confession Free Will Yes No Reformed – Calvinists John Calvin - 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion Westminster Confession No Anglican - Henry VIII Thomas Cranmer - 1549 39 Articles Book of Common Prayer Yes/No Salvation Faith + Works Election – Predestination Faith alone/Grace alone Final Authority Bible interpreted → Pope Scripture + Tradition Faith alone - Sola Fide Sola Gracia Bible – if prohibited Sola Scriptura Bible – unless included Bible - if prohibited Sola Scriptura Scripture - Tradition - Reason Tricycle - Calling Only Priesthood All are called Royal Priesthood Elect are called All are called Royal Priesthood Church Service Purpose Sacrament → Obedience Preaching→ Thought Examination→Revealing Preaching and Sacrament Style Smells – Bells – all senses Simple – prayers - hymns Four walls and prayer Smells - Bells - all the senses Sacraments Seven Sacraments Two Required Sacraments Others allowed Two Sacraments only Two + Five Priests Priests can’t marry Priests can marry Priests can marry Priests can marry Power State obeys Church Separation Church-State City on a Hill/Theocracy State Obey Church TULIP Location South – France – Spain Italy - Portugal Germany - Scandinavia Governance Episcopal - Apostolic Episcopal - Archbishop Succession - Pope Bishop - Priest - Deacon Archbishop - Bishop - Priest - Deacon Switzerland - Holland Presbyterians – Scotland Huguenots – France Puritans – England Puritans America Presbyterian - Elder led/overseer Synod - group of elders Pastor - just another elder Solo Cristo - rejects role of priest - rejects Apostolic Succession Soli Deo Gloria - rejects veneration of Mary, Saints, Angels Sola Ecclesia - the Church alone - rejects individualism Sola Spiritus - In the Spirit alone England + colonies Sun never sets… Episcopal - Archbishop Bishop - Priest - Deacon Methodist - Arminianism Baptist - General + Particular Atonement - governance is congregational Art. Title I God II Original Sin III The Son of God IV Justification By Faith V The Office of Preaching Of The New Obedience Of The Church VI VII VIII What The Church Is IX Of Baptism X Of the Lord's Supper Description Christians believe in the Triune God and reject other interpretations regarding the nature of God. Lutherans believe that the nature of man is sinful, described as being without fear of God, without trust of God and with concupiscence. Sin is redeemed through Baptism and the Holy Spirit. Lutherans believe in the incarnation, that is, the union of the fully human with the fully divine in the person of Jesus. Jesus Christ alone brings about the reconciliation of humanity with God. Man cannot be justified before God through our own abilities; we are wholly reliant on Jesus Christ for reconciliation with God. (This is often described as the one article by which the "Lutheran church stands or falls".) Sola Fide Lutherans believe that to ensure that the gospel of Jesus Christ is proclaimed throughout the world, Christ has established His office of the holy ministry for the purpose of preaching. Lutherans believe that good deeds of Christians are the fruits of faith and salvation, not a price paid for them. Lutherans believe that there is one holy Christian church, and it is found wherever the gospel is preached in its truth and purity and the sacraments are administered according to the gospel. Despite what hypocrisy may exist in the church (and among men), the Word and the Sacraments are always valid because they are instituted by Christ, no matter what the sins may be of the one who administers them. Lutherans believe that Baptism is necessary, and that through Baptism is offered the grace of God. Children are baptized as an offering to them of God's grace. Lutherans believe that Christ's body and blood is truly present in, with, and under the bread and wine of the sacrament and reject those that teach otherwise. Art. XI Title Of Confession XII Of Repentance XIII Of the Use of the Sacraments XIV Of Ecclesiastical Order XV Description Lutherans believe that private absolution should remain in the church, though a believer does not need to enumerate all of his sins as it is impossible for a man to enumerate all of the sins for which he should be forgiven. Repentance comes in two parts: in contrition for sins committed according to the Law and through faith offered through the Gospel. A believer can never be free from sin, nor live outside of the grace of God. The Sacraments (Baptism and the Eucharist) are physical manifestations of God's Word and His commitment to us. The Sacraments are never just physical elements, but have God's word and promises bound to them. Lutherans allow only those who are "properly called" to publicly preach or administer the Sacraments. Of Ecclesiastical Usages Lutherans believe that church holidays, calendars and festivals are useful for religious observance, but that observance and ritual is not necessary for salvation. Human traditions (such as observances, fasts, distinctions in eating meats) that are taught as a way to "merit" grace work in opposition to the Gospel. XVI Of Civil Affairs Secular governments and vocations are considered to be part of God's natural orders; Christians are free to serve in government and the military and to engage in the business and vocations of the world. Laws are to be followed unless they are commandments to sin. XVII Of Christ's Return to Lutherans believe that Christ will return to raise the dead and judge the world; the godly will be given Judgment everlasting joy, and the ungodly will be "tormented without end". This article rejects notions of a millennial kingdom before the resurrection of the dead. XVIII Of Free Will Lutherans believe that we, to some extent, have free will in the realm of "civil righteousness" (or "things subject to reason"), but that we do not have free will in "spiritual righteousness". In other words, we have no free choice when it comes to salvation. Faith is not the work of men, but of the Holy Spirit. XIX Of the Cause of Sin Lutherans believe that sin is caused not by God but by "the will of the wicked", turning away from God. XX Of Good Works The Lutheran notion of justification by faith does not somehow condemn good works; faith causes them to do good works as a sign of our justification (or salvation), not a requirement for salvation. XXI Of the Worship of the Lutherans keep the saints, not as saviors or intercessors to God, but rather as examples and Saints inspirations to our own faith and life. Article Title XXII Of Both Kinds In The Sacrament (Eucharist) XXIII Abuses Corrected - Description It is proper to offer communicants the consecrated bread and wine, not just the bread. Of the Marriage of Lutherans permit their clergy to enter the institution of marriage, for the reasons that the Priests early Church bishops were married, that God blesses marriage as an order of creation, and because marriage and procreation is the natural outlet for human sexual desire. XXIV Of the Mass Lutherans retain the practice of the Mass, but only as a public gathering for the purposes of community worship and the receiving of the Eucharist. Lutherans reject the practice of using the Mass as a "work" for both salvation and worldly (monetary) gain. XXV Of Confession Lutherans uphold the need for confession and absolution, but reject the notion that Confession should induce guilt or anxiety to the Christian. Absolution is offered for all sin, not just sins that can be recounted in a confession, as it is impossible for a man to know all of his transgressions. XXVI Of the Distinction Human traditions that hold fasting and special observances with dietary restrictions as a of Meats means of gaining the favor of God are contrary to the gospel. While fasting and other practices are useful spiritual practices, they do not justify man nor offer salvation. XXVII Of Monastic Vows Man cannot achieve purity in community or isolation from the rest of the world, and perfection cannot be attained by any vow taken or actions of man alone. XXVIII Of Ecclesiastical The only power given to priests or bishops is the power offered through Scripture to Power preach, teach and administer the sacraments. The powers given to the clergy in issues of government or the military are granted and respected only through civil means; they are not civil rulers of governments and the military by divine right. Issue Leader Key Documents Free Will Baptists Salvation Final Authority Faith alone Grace alone Bible Calling All Church Service Purpose Preaching Evangelism - Gospel Yes Style Simple Sacraments Two - no grace Priests Y Power Separation Church/State Location England Rhode Island 5 Beliefs That Set Baptists Apart From Other Protestant Christians 1. Baptism: While some Christian faiths perform Baptism on infants, for Baptists this ritual is only performed after a person professes Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Savior. It is an act that symbolizes the cleansing away of their sins. And while some faiths perform baptism by sprinkling water on the subject, Baptists must be fully immersed in the water. This is usually done by lowering a candidate backwards into the water to imitate the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus. 2. Local Governance: Baptist churches assert that each local church is self-governing and independent of other churches. Baptists are not under the administrative control of any other body, such as a national council, or a leader such as a bishop or pope. Each Baptist church usually has a pastor, deacons, and trustees, but administration, leadership and doctrine are decided democratically by the lay members of each individual church. This is why there is such a variation of beliefs from one Baptist church to another. 3. Separation of Church and State: Baptists have led the way in the struggle for freedom of religion and separation of church and state in the U.S. and other countries. Historically, many Baptists were even imprisoned and died for their faith and this belief. Baptists were influential in the formation of the first civil government based on the separation of church and state in what is now Rhode Island, 4. Lifestyle: If gambling, alcohol and tobacco use are part of your lifestyle, the Baptist faith is probably not for you. Many conservative Baptists oppose these vices and some even prohibit dancing and watching movies. This is especially prevalent in areas where Southern Baptists form a majority of the population. Many conservative Baptists oppose gambling, alcohol, tobacco, and some prohibit dancing and movies. 5. Biblical Authority: Baptists believe that the Bible is free of error and is the only source of God's truth. Any view that can't be tied to scripture is based on human traditions and is not God's teaching. Individuals are responsible for their own understanding of the Bible and can receive salvation through faith alone. Method - Baptists and Catholics believe that God is the ultimate source of salvation. They also believe that Jesus died on the cross in order to provide humanity with access to that salvation. For all that they share in this area, however, Catholics and Baptists do differ somewhat. For example, Baptists believe that Jesus' death came about because sin must be punished. Jesus' death satisfied God's wrath so that Christians don't have to experience that wrath. Catholics instead teach that Jesus' death was the ultimate act of self-sacrifice and love, and that it was sin itself that caused Jesus' suffering. For Baptists, God punished Jesus instead of Christians; for Catholics, Jesus offered a sacrifice of love that was pleasing to God by bearing the consequences of humanity's sins. Faith and Works - Faith is an integral part of salvation for both Baptists and Catholics, but each group's understanding of faith is different. Baptists believe that individuals must ask Jesus to forgive their sins and then trust Jesus will do just that in order to be saved. Catholics believe that faith encompasses not only this trust, but an intellectual assent to the basic doctrines of the Catholic faith. Further, Catholics believe that the good works that follow conversion play a role in saving the believer from sin and hell, too. Baptists, on the other hand, believe that works are irrelevant to salvation. Salvation as Process or Instantaneous - For Catholic Christians, salvation is a process. It begins at conversion and continues on through the life of the believer. It culminates in final salvation, when the believer is raised from the dead and enters heaven. Baptists believe salvation occurs in an instant and that once this takes place, the believer is saved for all eternity. At the moment of conversion, final salvation is assured. The Church - The institutional church plays only a marginal role in salvation for Baptists. While someone might be saved in a Baptist church, the church is only the particular opportunity for salvation. Sacraments, provided by the church, are merely symbols of what's happened for the believer. For Catholics, the church is God's chosen instrument for salvation. Catholics believe that the church is the primary means by which salvation occurs, and that salvation does not occur outside the ministry of the church. Catholics believe the sacraments are necessary for salvation. 1. The Magisterium The term “magisterium” refers to the official teaching body of the Roman Catholic Church. Dr. Horrell explains, “Usually, it’s related to… the large house of cardinals and the leading theologians in the movement; but finally, that all comes under, of course, the pope himself.” Besides providing a trusted, unified voice to guide Catholics, this body also allows the church to make official pronouncements on contemporary issues which Scripture might not directly address. Although there is no equivalent to the magisterium for Protestants, it’s possible to compare Catholic and Protestant views of the role of tradition. 2. Tradition While Protestants don’t view tradition as equal in authority with the Scriptures, the Roman Catholic Church has a different perspective—one which clearly distinguishes itself from Protestant churches. As Dr. Horrell notes: “The issue of Sola Scriptura…versus ‘Scripture plus tradition’ is perhaps the fundamental difference between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism…(what) you’re talking about it’s a hermeneutic, a way of doing theology.” While Protestants only view the Scriptures as authoritative, the Catholic Catechism clearly states that Church: “…does not derive her certainty about all revealed truths from the holy Scriptures alone. Both Scripture and tradition must be accepted and honored with equal sentiments of devotion and reverence.” 3. Salvation and Grace Protestants often express the idea that salvation is by faith alone, through grace alone, in Christ alone. This assertion views justification as specific point upon which God declares that you are righteous—a point where you enter into the Christian life. In contrast, the Roman Catholic Church views justification as a process, dependent on the grace you receive by participating in the Church—which is seen as a repository of saving grace. Dr. Svigel explains the Catholic perspective: “Grace is treated almost as if it’s a substance, something that can be dispensed through various avenues of change and means… You’re saved by grace, but how you receive that grace and what Issues unresolved between RCC and Lutheran the divine right of the pope predestination the number of sacraments character indelebilis the doctrine of the universal priesthood of the faithful sola scriptura Catholic – Atonement Death of Christ created merit that is shared with sinners through sacraments → grace Catholic – Grace Prevenient grace helps one believe Efficacious grace cooperates with the human will to do good Catholic - Works Bring additional merit Catholic – Salvation Gained at Baptism – Lost through sin – regained through penance Work out our salvation → Justification → Sanctification Lutheran Atonement Death of Christ was a substitutionary sacrifice It satisfied God’s justice once for all Sacraments may strengthen faith - only faith → grace Lutheran Grace Common grace enabling good works given to all Sufficient grace for salvation given to the elect only Lutheran Works Result from God’s Grace → not a result of our actions → no merit Lutheran Salvation Gift of Grace – unconditional – can’t be lost – once saved always saved Roman Catholic Church Lutheran Churches When founded/by whom? Catholics consider Jesus’ disciple Peter (d. 67 AD) to be the first Pope Gregory the Great (pope 540-604) was a key figure in the pope’s office. At that time, the pope came to be viewed as ruling over the whole church. 1517 - Martin Luther’s “95 Thesis” challenges Catholic teaching) usually mark the beginning of the Protestant Reformation 1530 - The Augsburg Confession is the first formal Lutheran statement of faith. # adherents? 1.2 billion 62 million in US 80 million worldwide 6.5 million US How is scripture viewed? The Scriptures teach without error the truth needed for our salvation. Scripture must be interpreted with the Tradition of the Church. The canon includes OT - 46 books including (the Apocrypha) NT - 27 books Scripture alone is the authoritative witness to the gospel (some parts more directly than others). Conservative view Scripture as inerrant. The Protestant canon of 39 Old Testament books and 27 New Testament books is accepted. Who is God? The one Creator and Lord of all, existing eternally as the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). The one Creator and Lord of all, existing eternally as the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). Who is Jesus? The eternal Son incarnate, fully God and fully man, conceived and born of the virgin Mary, died on the Cross for our sins, rose bodily from the grave, ascended into heaven, and will come again in glory to judge us all. The eternal Son incarnate, fully God and fully man, conceived and born of the virgin Mary, died on the Cross for our sins, rose bodily from the grave, ascended into heaven, and will come again to judge us all. Roman Catholic Church Lutheran Churches How are we saved? Christ died as a substitutionary sacrifice for our sins; God by his grace infuses a supernatural gift of faith in Christ in those who are baptized, which is maintained by doing works of love and receiving Penance and the Eucharist. We are saved by grace alone when God imputes to us his gift of righteousness through faith alone (sola fide) in Christ, who died for our sins. Good works are the inevitable result of true faith, but in no way the basis of our right standing before God. What happens after death? The souls of the faithful go to heaven either immediately or, if imperfectly purified in this life, after purgatory. The souls of the wicked at death are immediately consigned to eternal punishment in hell. The souls of believers upon dying go immediately to be with Christ, and at Christ’s return, their bodies are raised to immortal, eternal life. The souls of the wicked begin suffering immediately in hell. What is the church? The church is the Mystical Body of Christ, established by Christ with the bishop of Rome (the Pope), who may at times pronounce dogma (doctrine required of all members) infallibly, as its earthly head. It is united (one) in a sacred (holy) worldwide (catholic) community through the succession of bishops whose ordination goes back to the apostles (apostolic); Christians not in communion with the Catholic Church are called “separated brethren.” The church is the congregation of believers (though mixed with the lost) in which the gospel is taught and the sacraments rightly administered. All believers are “priests” in that they have direct access to God. All ministers are pastors; some serve as bishops. Historically, apostolic succession has been rejected. What about sacraments? Baptism removes original sin (usually in infants). In the Eucharist, the substances (but not the properties) of bread and wine are changed into Jesus’ body and blood Baptism is necessary for salvation; in it both adults and infants are given God’s grace. The Lord’s Supper remains truly bread and wine but also becomes truly Jesus’ body and blood Roman Catholic Church Lutheran Churches Other beliefs/practices Mary was conceived by her mother immaculately (free of original sin), remained a virgin perpetually, and was assumed bodily into heaven. She is the Mother of the Church and is considered an object of devotion and veneration (a show of honor that stops short of worship). The church’s liturgy is similar to the Anglican or Episcopal liturgy. Conservative Lutherans generally affirm that God chooses who will be saved before they believe. In 2009 the ELCA opened ministry to gay and lesbian pastors in committed relationships. Major divisions or trends today About one-fourth of Catholics are doctrinally conservative. Many priests and members tend to accept liberal, pluralist beliefs contrary to church teaching. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is the mainline church. In 1999 the ELCA approved full communion with the Episcopal Church. The Lutheran Church Missouri Synod is doctrinally conservative and is in communion with the ACNA. Major differences Between RCC and Orthodox Differences that block reconciliation Papal Infallibility - is the main difference Purgatory Immaculate Conception The filioque clause Luther laid down some of the basic doctrines of what came to be called Protestantism. The word Protestant is a simple Latin verb meaning “they protest,” and it was the first word of a remonstrance issued in 1529. The core of Luther’s teaching turns around the three “alones” or “onlys.” Salvation is “by faith alone” (sola fide). Faith is a free, mysterious, and unmerited (unearned) gift of God. Humanists, such as Erasmus, said that humans could exercise their will, could choose to believe. Luther believed that man was too corrupted by sin to make this choice. Therefore, the presence of faith is attributable to God alone and people cannot take credit for it. Salvation depends on “grace alone” (sola gratia). The grace of God that makes man just in the eyes of God is a free gift wholly independent of human actions. Grace was made available once and for all in the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ on the cross. The “Bible alone” (sola scriptura) teaches what many need to know and is the single source of authority in matters of religion; popes, councils, traditions—all these things were sinful human inventions. The key to understanding these issues has to do with human free will. The Catholic position is that humans have free will. In this free will they can call on God’s aid and in doing so, earn merit in God’s eyes and then be supplied with God’s grace to able to accomplish whatever they had been seeking. For Luther and the reformers that come after him, man is too burdened by sin, too flawed in character to be able to have the capacity to call upon God therefore God’s aid is a free gift and not one that humans can take credit and not one whose human actions will bring. The nature of human is at stake and the nature of the relationship between God and man is at stake. QUESTION: What are the main theological differences between the theology of the Lutheran Church and the Roman Catholic Church? ANSWER: At the risk of oversimplification, and keeping in mind that individual Lutheran (and Catholic) theologians would undoubtedly disagree about the success of recent Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogues in lessening or even "resolving" historic doctrinal differences between these two churches, listed below are what the LCMS would regard as some of the major theological differences between the Lutheran Church and the Roman Catholic Church: 1. The authority of Scripture. Lutherans believe Scripture alone has authority to determine doctrine; the Roman Catholic Church gives this authority also to the pope, the church, and certain traditions of the church. 2. The doctrine of justification. Lutherans believe a person is saved by God's grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone. The Roman Catholic Church, while at times using similar language, still officially holds that faith, in order to save, must be accompanied by (or "infused with") some "work" or "love" active within a Christian. 3. The authority of the pope. Unlike the Roman Catholic Church, Lutherans do not believe the office of the papacy as such has any divine authority or that Christians need to submit to the Pope's authority to be "true" members of the visible church. 4. Differences remain about both the number and the nature of the sacraments. Roman Catholics speak of seven Sacraments while Lutherans tend to speak of only two (or three). More important than number is how the Sacraments are understood. To take a single example, Lutherans believe that in the Sacrament of the Altar (Communion) Christ’s body and blood are truly present in the bread and wine of the Lord’s Supper, but they do not accept the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, which teaches that the elements are permanently changed from the substances of bread and wine to the substances of body and blood. Transubstantiation is rejected for several reasons: It is a philosophical explanation for a work of Christ’s almighty Word which we can only believe, not explain. In seeking to explain a mystery it changes the plain and simple meanings of God’s Word (Scripture refers to the elements as both bread and wine and body and blood, 1 Cor. 11:26-27). Transubstantiation leads to the assertion that the body and blood of Christ remain present “even apart from the administration of the Supper” and so encourages veneration of the elements apart from their sacramental use and detracts from the use Christ commands: “Take eat … drink … for the forgiveness of your sins.” Lutheran rejection of transubstantiation should not in any way be taken to mean a denial that Christ’s very body and blood are truly present in the bread and wine of the Lord’s Supper for the forgiveness of sins. 5. Differences remain about the role of Mary and the saints. Unlike Catholics, Lutherans do not believe it is proper or scriptural to offer prayers to saints or to view Mary as in any sense a "mediator" between God and human beings. While Lutherans believe any doctrinal error has the potential to distort or deny Scripture's teaching regarding salvation, we also believe that anyone (regardless of denominational affiliation) who truly believes in Jesus Christ as Savior will be saved. Article Title Description - Augsburg Confession - 1530 I God Christians believe in the Triune God and reject other interpretations regarding the nature of God. II Original Sin Lutherans believe that the nature of man is sinful, described as being without fear of God, without trust of God and with concupiscence. Sin is redeemed through Baptism and the Holy Spirit. III The Son of God Lutherans believe in the incarnation, that is, the union of the fully human with the fully divine in the person of Jesus. Jesus Christ alone brings about the reconciliation of humanity with God. IV Justification Man cannot be justified before God through our own abilities; we are wholly reliant on By Faith Jesus Christ for reconciliation with God. (This is often described as the one article by which the "Lutheran church stands or falls".) V The Office of Preaching Lutherans believe that to ensure that the gospel of Jesus Christ is proclaimed throughout the world, Christ has established His office of the holy ministry. VI Of The New Obedience Lutherans believe that good deeds of Christians are the fruits of faith and salvation, not a price paid for them. VII Of The Church Lutherans believe that there is one holy Christian church, and it is found wherever the gospel is preached in its truth and purity and the sacraments are administered according to the gospel. VIII What The Church Is Despite what hypocrisy may exist in the church (and among men), the Word and the Sacraments are always valid because they are instituted by Christ, no matter what the sins may be of the one who administers them. IX Of Baptism Lutherans believe that Baptism is necessary, and that through Baptism is offered the grace of God. Children are baptized as an offering to them of God's grace. X XI Of the Lord's Supper Lutherans believe that Christ's body and blood is truly present in, with, and under the bread and wine of the sacrament and reject those that teach otherwise. Consubstantiation Of Confession Lutherans believe that private absolution should remain in the church, though a believer does not need to enumerate all of his sins as it is impossible for a man to enumerate all of the sins for which he should be forgiven. XII Of Repentance comes in two parts: in contrition for sins committed according to the Law and Repentance through faith offered through the Gospel. A believer can never be free from sin, nor live outsid of the grace of God. XIII Of the Use of The Sacraments (Baptism and the Eucharist) are physical manifestations of God's Word the and His commitment to us. The Sacraments are never just physical elements, but have God's Sacraments word and promises bound to them. XIV Of Lutherans allow only those who are "rightly called" to publicly preach or administer the Ecclesiastical Sacraments. Order XV Of Lutherans believe that church holidays, calendars and festivals are useful for religious Ecclesiastical observance, but that observance and ritual is not necessary for salvation. Human traditions Usages (such as observances, fasts, distinctions in eating meats) that are taught as a way to "merit" grace work in opposition to the Gospel. XVI Of Civil Secular governments and vocations are considered to be part of God's natural orders; Affairs Christians are free to serve in government and the military and to engage in the business and vocations of the world. Laws are to be followed unless they are commandments to sin. XVII Of Christ's Lutherans believe that Christ will return to raise the dead and judge the world; the godly will Return to be given everlasting joy, and the ungodly will be "tormented without end". This article rejects Judgment notions of a millennial kingdom before the resurrection of the dead. XVIII Of Free Will Lutherans believe that we have free will in the realm of "civil righteousness" (or "things subjec to reason"), but that we do not have free will in "spiritual righteousness". In other words, we are free to choose and act in every regard except for the choice of salvation. Faith is not the work of men, but of the Holy Spirit. Faith Alone through Grace Alone. XIX Of the Cause Lutherans believe that sin is caused not by God but by "the will of the wicked", turning away of Sin from God. XX XXI Of Good Works Of the Worship of the Saints Article Title XXII Of Both Kinds In The Sacrament (Eucharist) XXIII Of the Marriage of Priests XXIV Of the Mass The Lutheran notion of justification by faith does not somehow condemn good works; faith causes them to do good works as a sign of our justification (or salvation), not a requirement fo salvation. Lutherans keep the saints, not as saviors or intercessors to God, but rather as examples and inspirations to our own faith and life. Description It is proper to offer communicants the consecrated bread and wine, not just the bread. Lutherans permit their clergy to enter the institution of marriage, for the reasons that the early Church bishops were married, that God blesses marriage as an order of creation, and because marriage and procreation is the natural outlet for human sexual desire. Lutherans retain the practice of the Mass, but only as a public gathering for the purposes of community worship and the receiving of the Eucharist. Lutherans reject the practice of using the Mass as a "work" for both salvation and worldly (monetary) gain. XXV Of Confession Lutherans uphold the need for confession and absolution, but reject the notion that Confession should induce guilt or anxiety to the Christian. Absolution is offered for all sin, not just sins that can be recounted in a confession, as it is impossible for a man to know all of his transgressions. XXVI Of the Human traditions that hold fasting and special observances with dietary restrictions as a Distinction of means of gaining the favor of God are contrary to the gospel. While fasting and other Meats practices are useful spiritual practices, they do not justify man nor offer salvation. XXVII Of Monastic Man cannot achieve purity in community or isolation from the rest of the world, and Vows perfection cannot be attained by any vow taken or actions of man alone. XXVIII Of The only power given to priests or bishops is the power offered through Scripture to preach, Ecclesiastical teach and administer the sacraments. The powers given to the clergy in issues of Power government or the military are granted and respected only through civil means; they are not Types of Reformation Magisterial Reformation – Church to remain State-Church: magistrate initiates & supports reform & defends church – Reform included moral & administrative concerns but mainly theological & ecclesiological – Uniformity in doctrine still necessary – Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Reformed, England The Printing Press - 1440 • Luther’s ideas spread quickly with the help of the printing press. • Luther’s supporters distributed copies of his speeches and essays far and wide. • Millions of people sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic Church. Reactions to Luther Church’s Response • 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church • 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V German Diet • Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms • Refused to change opinions Edict of Worms Protestant • Emperor handed down Edict of Worms • 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany • Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings • German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this • Luther’s ideas spread • Term Protestant came from this The Spread of the Printing Press ✞Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs ✞Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Wittenburg, Germany ✞Gained support from people and criticism from Church •The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. •This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c The Emperor’s Opposition – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (devout Catholic) called Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial, where Luther refused to recant his teachings – Charles issued an imperial order (The Edict of Worms) that declared Luther a heretic, and that no one was to give him food or shelter; all Luther’s books were also burned – However, Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony disobeys the emperor’s orders and gives Luther shelter and food (this is where Luther translates the New Testament into German) Wartburg Castle ■ Edict of Worms condemned Luther as civil criminal; 21 days “safe conduct” but predated May 6 ■ Kidnapped on the way home ■ ■ Surrounded by hooded men ■ Taken to Wartburg Castle by order of Frederick the Wise for safety Knight George ■ He hid for 10 months Types of Reformation • Magisterial Reformation – Church prior to RCC had necessary ingredients of Christianity – Alter structure & doctrine of church to condition prior to papal domination – Recreate church of first 5 centuries, NOT prior to Constantinian union of church & state Types of Reformation • Magisterial Reformation – Church to remain State-Church: magistrate initiates & supports reform & defends church – Reform included moral & administrative concerns but mainly theological & ecclesiological – Uniformity in doctrine still necessary – Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Reformed, England Luther’s Theology Luther rediscovered Christ-centered faith & salvation vs. church-centered approach Copyright 2002 NOBTS, Lloyd A. Harsch & Rex D. Butler Luther’s Theology • Defined the Protestant Evangelical principles – Sola gratia: Grace alone – Sola fides: Faith alone – Sola scriptura: Scripture alone Grace alone – not works • God’s grace in Christ alone saves the person, not works or efforts. The sinner receives the righteousness of Christ when he or she trusts in God’s promise in the Gospel. The person is justified by faith alone not by participation in the Church and the sacraments. • The two sacraments (baptism and the Lord‘s Supper which Christ ordained) visibly proclaim the Word of God and are activities which the Holy Spirit uses to strengthen and make real the person’s relationship with Christ. Faith alone – not sacraments • Justification by faith alone for salvation. Luther and other evangelical Christians rejected the Catholic view that humans actually become righteous or justified by partaking of the sacraments (and cooperating with the “grace” in them) so that they can earn merits and thus meet God’s standard. Scripture alone – not traditions • Sola Scriptura. The authority for faith and practice rests in the Scriptures alone not in the Church’s traditions. • Reformers focused on proclamation of God’s word, the centrality of Christ and personal belief in his work in history (His life, death and resurrection) • Sought to recover the biblical views of the Apostle Paul and often relied on Augustine’s framework of interpretation. Protestant View of Church • Priesthood of the believer is the basis – Not hierarchical where the priest mediated or dispensed grace on God’s behalf (sacerdotal agency) – Every believer has a direct relationship with and access to God through Christ and also has a responsibility to minister to other Christians in the life of the church – Holy Spirit enables the individual believers to understand and interpret God’s word – Therefore, Protestants involve laymen as well as clergy in the government and work of the church – Only their respective functions (call) differ among saints in the fellowship of sharing the work of Christ in the world Protestant View of Church • The Church as the communion of the saints – The Protestant leaders, like Luther and Calvin, held to Augustine’s concept that the church of Jesus Christ is made up of the elect, those who really believe in the Gospel – Since God’s election and genuine faith are hidden matters in the person’s heart, this true universal fellowship is invisible – The visible churches embraced everyone in a territory and contained both saved and the lost, the wheat and tares, until the Judgment. – Magistrates act as emergency bishops appointing superintendents, calling synods (councils of ministers) to order church life. Marks of Evangelical Church • A truly “evangelical” church, which focused on the need to believe the Gospel (euanggelion), existed where: –Word of God is correctly proclaimed –Sacraments are properly administered –Discipline for godly living is practiced Luther’s View of Sacraments • Baptism – Infant baptism was retained to incorporate children into the church for their instruction in the Christian faith – Baptism was essential since the Holy Spirit came upon the child (or person) at that point to deal with their sin problem – The Reformed saw baptism as the external sign of the Holy Spirit’s work and thus important but not essential for salvation Luther’s View of Sacraments Lord’s Supper • Consubstantiation, real bodily presence, not a sacrifice with transubstantiation • This belief was essential. • Proclaimed Word and the Supper were channels of grace because only through these means would the Holy Spirit bring the real presence of Christ into the believer’s life • Lutherans, therefore, continued a more elaborate liturgy along the Catholic patterns of worship Problem Areas for Luther’s Followers • Focus on justification to the neglect of sanctification • Inward, passive receiving of faith separated from outward, active obedience Spread of “Evangelical” (Lutheran) Churches • Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Principalities/States • Scandinavian Kingdoms: Denmark, Sweden • Baltic region: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Prussia • Central and Eastern Europe: Areas with ethnic German speaking populations (Bohemia, Silesia, Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, Hungary) had Evangelical churches but not as official state sponsored churches Protestant Reformation Types of Reformation • Magisterial Reformation – Church prior to RCC had necessary ingredients of Christianity – Alter structure & doctrine of church to condition prior to papal domination – Recreate church of first 5 centuries, NOT prior to Constantinian union of church & state LUTHERAN CHURCHES Martin Luther Menu Key Term Protestant Reformation • Movement originally calling for reform of the doctrines, preaching, and rites of the Catholic Church, ignited by the work of Martin Luther, and which resulted in the secession of many churches from the Catholic Church. • All of the church bodies profiled in this presentation are Protestant except for the Catholic and Orthodox churches (although the Anglican Church also regards itself as Catholic). LUTHERAN CHURCHES Founded • 1530: The Augsburg Confession is the first formal Lutheran statement of faith. Key Term Confession • A document stating what a particular church body or other group of Christians believe in common • Examples: Augsburg Confession (Lutheran) Westminster Confession of Faith (Presbyterian) LUTHERAN CHURCHES Adherents • 80 million worldwide • 6–7 million USA LUTHERAN CHURCHES Scripture • Scripture alone is the authoritative witness to the gospel (some parts more directly or fully than others). • The standard Protestant canon of 39 Old Testament books and 27 New Testament books is accepted. • Conservatives view Scripture as inerrant. Key Term Inerrant • Meaning, “without error.” • Used by evangelicals with reference to the complete trustworthiness of the Bible in all matters on which it speaks. LUTHERAN CHURCHES God • The one Creator and Lord of all, existing eternally as the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). LUTHERAN CHURCHES Jesus • • • • • • • The eternal Son incarnate Fully God and fully man Conceived and born of the Virgin Mary Died on the cross for our sins Rose bodily from the grave Ascended into heaven Will come again in glory to judge us all LUTHERAN CHURCHES Salvation • We are saved by grace alone when God imputes to us his gift of righteousness through faith alone (sola fide) in Christ, who died for our sins. • Good works are the inevitable result of true faith, but in no way the basis of our right standing before God. LUTHERAN CHURCHES After Death • The souls of believers upon dying go immediately to be with Christ, and at Christ’s return, their bodies are raised to immortal, eternal life. • The souls of the wicked begin suffering immediately in hell. LUTHERAN CHURCHES The Church • The church is the congregation of believers (though mixed with the lost) in which the gospel is taught and the sacraments rightly administered. • All believers are “priests” in that they have direct access to God. LUTHERAN CHURCHES The Church • All ministers are pastors; some serve as bishops. • Historically, apostolic succession has been rejected. Key Term Apostolic Succession • The doctrine that there is an unbroken line of succession from the original apostles of Jesus Christ to bishops of today. • Only bishops in proper succession may ordain priests authorized to perform the sacraments. LUTHERAN CHURCHES Sacraments • Baptism is necessary for salvation; in it both adults and infants are given God’s grace. • The Lord’s Supper remains truly bread and wine but also becomes truly Jesus’ body and blood (consubstantiation). LUTHERAN CHURCHES Other Beliefs and Practices • The church’s liturgy is similar to the Episcopal. • Conservative Lutherans generally affirm that God chooses who will be saved before they believe. LUTHERAN CHURCHES Other Beliefs and Practices • In 2009 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) opened the ministry to gay and lesbian pastors in committed relationships. LUTHERAN CHURCHES Divisions and Trends • The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod is doctrinally conservative. • In 1999 the ELCA approved full communion with the Episcopal Church. The ELCA is the mainline church. Lutheran ChurchMissouri Synod Key Term Mainline • A Protestant denomination generally originating before 1900 (though it may have undergone recent mergers), from which theologically conservative congregations have separated (for example, the United Methodist Church). Menu Luther Starts the Reformation LIST FOUR PROBLEMS that existed in the Catholic Church during the time of Martin Luther that he and others criticized and wished to reform: Martin Luther ■ Who was Martin Luther? – 1483-1546 – A monk and a teacher of scripture at the University of Wittenberg – All he wanted to be was a good Christian, not lead a religious revolution – He wrote a document called the 95 Thesis which launched a movement against the Catholic Church Martin Luther Luther went against the actions of a friar Johann Tetzel (who rebuilt St Paul’s Cathedral with money from indulgences) INDULGENCES: a pardon that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins (buying their way into heaven!!) 95 THESES: formal statements attacking these “pardonmerchants” Martin Luther ■ October 31, 1517 - Luther posted these statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him! ■ Luther’s Actions begin the REFORMATION (movement for religious reform, leading to the creation of churches NOT under the pope’s authority) Luther’s Teachings Three Main Ideas ■ People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness (the Church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation) ■ All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible (both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities) ■ All people with faith are equal (therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them) Luther Starts the Reformation CAUSES Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences. EVENT or SITUATION In 1517, Luther posts his 95 Theses on the church doors at Wittenberg. EFFECTS Luther’s words are printed and spread all over Germany and attract many followers. Above: The church doors At Luther’s church in Wittenberg. Other pics, Wittenberg, 2002. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School Reaction to Luther ■ ■ 1520 – Pope Leo X – excommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church. (or cut him off from the Church and salvation) 1521 – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms to stand trial for heresy (going against the church). Luther was asked to denounce his beliefs, but Martin Luther refused. Response to Luther ■ The Pope’s Threat – 1520 - Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements – Instead, his students at Wittenberg gathered around a bonfire and cheered as he threw the pope’s decree into the fire – Leo excommunicated Luther Response to Luther ■ Lutherans: a religious group who broke away from the Catholic Church completely to follow Luther’s ideas and teachings ■ The Peasant’s Revolt – 1524 - German peasants, excited by reformers’ talk of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom – Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning – Luther horrified - wrote a pamphlet to the princes of Germany not to show rebels any mercy – Princes respond, crushing the rebellion by killing around 100,000 people – Many peasants rejected Luther's religious leadership Luther Starts the Reformation; CAUSES The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority. The H.R.E., is a devout Catholic, and also feels threatened by the uproar. Charles V Holy Roman Emperor EVENT or SITUATION 2. In 1520, Luther refuses to recant at Worms and is excommunicated. In 1521, he is declared an outlaw and heretic. SAXONY EFFECTS Luther is sheltered by the prince of Saxony where he translates Bible into German. When he returns to Wittenberg, his followers have become a separate religious group – the Lutherans. Frederick, Prince of Saxony offered protection to Luther Martin Luther Pope Leo X Germany at War ■ Many northern German princes supported Lutheranism (some for selfish reasons) – Saw teachings as good excuse to seize Church property and assert independence from Charles V ■ 1529 - German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas – The princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the agreement – These protesting princes came to be known as PROTESTANTS!! ■ PROTESTANT: would eventually be applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches Germany at War ■ 1547 - Charles V defeats the Protestant princes, but is unable to force them back to the Catholic Church – Tired of war, he calls princes (both Catholic and Protestant) to assemble in the city of Augsburg ■ PEACE OF AUGSBURG: religious settlement in which each prince would decide the religion of his state Luther Starts the Reformation CAUSES Excited by Luther’s talk about “religious freedom,” peasants revolt hoping for social / economic freedom (an end to serfdom). EVENT or SITUATION The German peasants revolt in 1524. EFFECTS When the armies of German princes (at Luther’s request) brutally crush this revolt (killing thousands), previous supporters now turn against Luther. Religious Wars begin between Catholics and Protestants. A. Martin Luther (1483-1546) (1) Background • Luther’s early life • Luther’s sense of unworthiness and his fear of God • Luther’s understanding of “passive righteousness” • Luther’s confrontation with the Church • Luther’s marriage to Katherine von Bora (2) Luther’s Teachings • • • • • • “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone) “Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) --Luther’s German Translation of the New Testament The Priesthood of All Believers --Peasant Revolt of 1525 All Vocations are pleasing to God Predestination Some latent Catholicism Overview of the Reformation ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Luther’s appearance at Worms sets the stage for serious challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church Challenges arise to papal temporal authority Reformation shatters Christendom unity New forms of religious practices begin to spring up across Europe Catholic Church has a religious renaissance Religious war between Protestants and Catholics arise over differences 102 Martin Luther and the Reformation of Germany The Protestant Reformation began with the question: What must I do to be saved? Martin Luther found an answer not fitting with the traditional teachings of the medieval church. Ultimately, the church would split, destroying the religious unity of western Christendom. A true reformation would be slower than envisioned because of the social, economic, and political forces entangled in religion 103 The Early Luther ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Martin Luther was born in Germany in 1484 His father wanted him to become a lawyer Enrolled in the University of Erfurt ● Received a bachelors degree ● Received masters degree in liberal arts ● Began to study law ⦿ Caught in thunderstorm, he promised God if he would survive, he would become a monk 104 The Early Luther ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Luther then entered the monastic order of the Augustinian Hermits in Erfurt Luther focused on his major concern— salvation Traditional practices of the church unable to satisfy him with reference to the sacrament of penance or confession ● Confessions seemed ineffective to him…had he remembered all his sin? How could a hopeless sinner be acceptable to an all-powerful God? 105 The Early Luther ⦿ To help Luther with his difficulties, his superiors recommended he study theology ● Received his doctorate in 1512 ● Became a professor of theology at the university of Wittenberg, lecturing on the Bible ● Through his study, he found an answer ⦿ To Luther, human beings could not be saved through good works but through faith--made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross 106 The Early Luther ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ The primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation was the doctrine of salvation or justification by grace through faith Luther found his answer through Bible study The Bible, for Luther and the Protestant Reformation, became the primary source of truth Justification and the Bible became the twin pillars of the Protestant Reformation 107 The Indulgence Controversy ⦿ Luther’s disagreement with indulgences forced him to see the theological implications of justification by faith alone ⦿ Pope Leo X issued a jubilee indulgence to finance the construction of Saint Peter’s Basilica ● John Tetzel hawked indulgences in Germany ● “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul form purgatory springs” 108 The Indulgence Controversy ⦿ Luther was distressed with selling indulgences ● Believed them to be assuring their damnation through purchases of worthless pieces of paper in his view ● Issued his Ninety-Five Theses ● These were stunning indictment of sale of indulgences ⦿ ⦿ Doubtful Luther wanted to break with the church over indulgences He had asked for clarification from the pope 109 The Indulgence Controversy ⦿ Pope Leo X didn’t take Luther seriously ⦿ German translation of the theses were quickly printed and distributed ⦿ Theses received quick German sympathy with a people dissatisfied with papal policies and power 110 The Quickening Rebellion ⦿ In July 1519, Luther debated theologian Johann Eck In Leipzig ● Luther was forced to move beyond the indulgence question and to deny the authority of the popes and councils ● Luther was compelled to see the consequences of his new theology ⦿ Luther was convinced he was doing God’s work and continued on 111 The Quickening Rebellion ⦿ Luther wrote, Address to the Nobility of the German Nation ● Called on the princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and to ● Establish a reform German church ⦿ Luther wrote, Babylonian Captivity of the Church ● Written in Latin for theologians ● Attacked sacramental system—the means the pope held hostage the real meaning of the Gospel 112 The Quickening Rebellion ⦿ Luther called for the reform of monasticism and for the clergy to marry ⦿ He wrote, On the Freedom of a Christian Man ● Treatise on the doctrine of salvation ● Faith alone, not good works, brings salvation through Jesus ● Good works are done by good men ● “Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works” 113 The Quickening Rebellion ⦿ The Church could not accept Luther’s dissent of Catholic teachings and they excommunicated him in January 1521 ● Summoned to appear before the Reichstag in worms ● Expected to recant his doctrines ● Luther refused and made famous reply ○ “…my conscience is captive to the word of God” ○ “…I cannot and will not recant anything” ○ “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.” 114 The Quickening Rebellion ⦿ Emperor Charles was outraged ● “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong” ● Luther was made an outlaw within the empire ● Luther’s works were to be burned and he was to be delivered to the emperor 115 The Rise of Lutheranism ⦿ Luther began to organize a reformed church ⦿ Evangelical sermons on Christ’s return found favor in Germany ⦿ Public debates and pamphlets also brought people to his side ⦿ Luther instituted music as a means to teach the Bible 116 The Spread of Luther’s Ideas ⦿ ⦿ Lutheranism spread rapidly throughout Germany with Nuremberg becoming the first imperial city to convert around 1525 A series of crises challenged Luther’s quest ● More radical elements of the movement wanted to do away with the Mass, relics, and images altogether ● Others saw Luther’s movement as threatening the unity of Christendom—older Christians such as Erasmus broke with Luther ⦿ Younger reformers were supportive 117 The Peasant’s War ⦿ Peasants’ War was Luther’s greatest challenge ● Peasants didn’t feel the gradual economic upturn ● Landlords were often abusive ● Social discontent tangled with religious support ● Peasants looked to Luther for help ● Thomas Muntzer inflamed peasants against lords 118 The Peasants’ War ⦿ Luther reacted quickly against the peasants ● He wrote, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants ○ Called on German princes to “smit, slay and stab” the stupid and stubborn peasantry ○ Luther knew reformation depended on the supported of the princes and magistrates ○ To Luther, the state and its rulers were ordained by God—authority was given to keep the peace so he word of god could be spread 119 The Peasants’ War ⦿ By May 1525, the German princes had suppressed the peasant hordes ⦿ Luther found himself more dependent on state authorities for growth and maintenance 120 State and Church ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Justification by faith alone was starting point for Protestant doctrines Luther downplayed good works, forcing the sacraments to be redefined Luther kept only two Catholic sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper ● Baptism signified the rebirth through grace ● Luther denied transubstantiation, the bread and wine transforms into the body and blood of Christ 121 State and Church ⦿ The Lord’s Supper…transubstantiation ● Luther continued to insist on the real presence of Jesus’ body and blood in the bread and wine given as a testament to God’s forgiveness of sin ⦿ ⦿ Luther rejected the Church’s belief the authority of scripture need be supplemented by Church traditions and decrees The word of God revealed in the Bible was sufficient 122 State and Church ⦿ Luther didn’t believe that a hierarchy of priests was needed, believing in the “priesthood of all believers” ⦿ Luther accepted the need for a tangible church, however, if reformation was to be successful ⦿ Luther depended on the princes and the state authorities to help with organizing and guiding the reform church 123 State and Church ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ The Lutheran churches in Germany soon became territorial or state churches State supervised/disciplined church members Luther created new services to replace Mass ● Vernacular liturgy, focusing on Bible reading ● Preaching the word of God and singing songs ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Luther married x-nun, Katherina von Bora Luther had denounced priest celibacy Luther had a model marriage and family life 124 Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics ⦿ Luther’s movement tied closely to politics ● Charles V reigned over Holy Roman Empire ● Much of Charles land included Austrian Hapsburg and Bohemian lands ● Charles wished to maintain the unity of the Catholic Church throughout his lands ⦿ ⦿ Charles spent lifetime futilely pursuing goals Charles’ problems were the papacy, the Turks, the French and Germany’s internal situation 125 Lutheranism in Scandinavia ⦿ After becoming king of Sweden, King Gustavus Vasa led the Lutheran reformation in his country ⦿ King Frederick of Denmark introduced Lutheran liturgy into his country and installed with the king the supreme authority of all ecclesiastical affairs ⦿ Lutheranism also spread to Norway and by the 1540s, Scandinavia became a stronghold of Lutheranism 126 John Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin was a theologian and key organizer of the Protestant movement ⦿ Diverse education in humanities and law ⦿ Influenced by Luther’s writings ⦿ Experience religious crisis—God guided ⦿ 127 John Calvin and Calvinism ⦿ Calvin fled France where King Francis persecuted Protestants ⦿ Calvin published his first edition of Institutes of the Christian Religion ● Synthesis of Protestant thought ● Immediately secured his reputation as significant Protestant leader 128 Calvin’s Ideas ⦿ Calvin stood very close to Luther ● Justification by faith alone ● Absolute sovereignty of God ○ Engaged, omnipresent, vigilant ⦿ Uniquely, Calvin believe in predestination ● God had predetermined some people to be saved (the elect) ● Others were to be damned (the reprobate) 129 Calvin’s Ideas ⦿ Three tests by Calvin to indicate saving ● Open profession of faith ● Decent and Godly life ● Participation in communion and baptism ⦿ From the dictates of Calvin, Calvinists were convinced they were doing God’s work on earth ⦿ Calvinism became dynamic and the militant form of Protestantism 130 Calvin’s Ideas To Calvin, the church was a divine institution preaching God’s word and performing the sacraments ⦿ Calvin believed in Jesus presence at the Lord’s Supper, but only in a spiritual sense ⦿ ⦿ Spiritually present at the Lord’s Supper 131 Calvin’s Geneva ⦿ Establishing a ministry in Geneva (1541), the city council accepted his church constitution—a major success ⦿ His constitution was known as the Ecclesiastical Ordinances ● Created church government using both clergy and laymen ● Established the Consistory—a special body for enforcing moral discipline 132 Calvin’s Geneva ⦿ The Consistory oversaw the moral life and doctrinal purity of the Genevans ● Corrections consisted of and evolved from/to “fraternal corrections”, public penance, excommunication, banishment, and public whippings ⦿ Geneva became vibrant city of Protestantism ⦿ Missionaries trained in Geneva 133 Calvin’s Geneva By the sixteenth century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the international form of Protestantism and Geneva was the fortress of the Reformation 134 Luther’s Excommunication and the Diet of Worms • June 27, 1519, Luther debated John Eck in Leipzig,. • Questioned the infallibility of the pope and the inerrancy of church councils. • Appealed to the authority of scripture alone. • These views were published in 1520. • Luther was excommunicated on June 15, 1520 • The Diet of Worms • Presided over by Charles V • Luther presented his views and was placed under the Imperial ban as well. • Luther was forced into hiding, protected by the Elector Frederick Luther Looks for Reforms • Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences. • He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation. • He nailed his NinetyFive Theses, or arguments, to the door of Wittenberg cathedral for all to see. Protestant Teaching: Justification by Faith Alone • The Bible is the only source of truth. • People can read and understand the Bible themselves. Luther’s Bible • Salvation comes only through faith in Christ. Lutheranism • Luther’s followers disagreed with many of the teachings of the Catholic Church. • They rejected the authority of Church councils and the pope. • Reading the Bible was the only way to learn how to lead a good life. Luther translated the Bible into German ✞Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany ✞Father encouraged him to study law ✞A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk ✞He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven ✞He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort ✞In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for “The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe. ✞A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) ✞He criticized: ✞The Power of the Pope ✞The Extreme Wealth of the Church ✞Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation) ✞The Diet of Worms ✞1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs ✞Luther burned the order and was excommunicated ✞Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further ✞He was the Pope during the height of the corruption ✞Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas ✞Lutheranism was formed ✞Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms ✞The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants 13.3 – The Protestant Reformation □ Luther Challenges the Church ■ ■ Martin Luther* ■ German Monk ■ Protests sale of indulgences* 95 Theses* (1517) – posted in Wittenberg, Germany ■ Arguments against the Church* ■ Begins Reformation* □ Movement for religious reform 13.3 – The Protestant Reformation Response to Luther □ 1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther ■ ■ □ □ Called Luther to the diet (assembly)* in Worms Luther refused to recant – declared an outlaw Establishment of new church Lutherans call themselves Protestants* ■ ■ “protest papal authority” Christian belonging to a non-Catholic church* Calls for Church Reform • • • Reformation – many wanted to “reform” the Catholic church Many believed the church taxed people too heavily and spent lavishly Indulgences – sold by the church to reduce a punishment for sin Martin Luther • • • • • 1517 – challenged the Catholic Church and led a movement known as Protestantism (to Protest) Believed that only faith = salvation Ninety Five Theses – arguments against indulgences (Wittenberg) Excommunicated by Pope Created his own denomination (branch) Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation Martin Luther Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation. The Ninety-Five Theses • Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful • In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin • Criticized power of pope, wealth of church • Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people Stimulated Discussion • Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards • Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals • Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople • Desire for reform grew Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Luther’s Message • Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate • Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed • 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope Empowered the People • Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible • To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German • Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Identify Supporting Details Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day. Answer(s): God's grace cannot be won by good works but by faith; leader of church is Jesus, not pope; people can interpret scripture; practices come from Bible; challenged Catholic practices and the authority of the pope MARTIN LUTHER Wild Boar In the Vineyard Martin Luther’s Confession ■ Tormented by sensitivity to sin nature ■ Extreme asceticism: prayer, fasts, sleep deprivation, cold, whipping himself ■ Constantly in confession ■ Luther: “If ever a monk got to heaven by his monkery, I was that monk!” Martin Luther’s Trip to Rome ■ Abbot Staupitz sent Luther on pilgrimage to Rome ■ Luther visited holiest places; crawled up Pilate’s staircase ■ Luther observed priests & bishops acting immorally & abusing their power ■ Luther: “I went with onions & returned with garlic” Martin Luther’s Discovery ■ Next Staupitz sent Luther to Wittenberg as theology professor ■ 1515, great discovery: Rom. 1:17 ■ Gospel is revelation of justice of God ■ To Luther, justice of God was unbearable; yet, Gospel linked to God’s justice ■ Justice does not refer to punishment of sinners; righteousness is given to those who live by faith ■ Justification is the free gift of God to sinners: righteousness is imputed by God who justifies humans by their faith in Jesus Christ “Here I felt as if I were entirely born again and had entered paradise itself through gates that had been flung open. The whole of Scripture gained a new meaning. And from that point on the phrase the ‘justice of God’ no longer filled me with hatred, but rather became unspeakably sweet by virtue of a great love” Controversy over Indulgences ■ Leo X sold archbishopric of Mainz to Albert of Brandenburg to raise money to build St. Peter’s ■ Albert hired John Tetzel to sell indulgences ■ Tetzel: “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs” 95 Theses ■ 95 Theses written against the sale of indulgences ■ Nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 ■ 95 Theses translated, printed, & distributed throughout Germany within 2 weeks 4 Attempts to Silence Luther ■ Heidelberg Disputation (May 1518) ■ ■ ■ ■ Luther was put on trial before Augustinian General Council Introduced “Theology of the Cross”: ■ Centrality of Cross ■ Only Jesus can forgive sins ■ Be willing to become nothing for God’s glory Attacked scholastic theology, which he called “Theology of Glory” – those who hate the cross & love works in order to obtain earthly glory Martin Bucer attended & was persuaded 4 Attempts to Silence Luther Leo X offered Luther position of Cardinal if he would be silent “How dare they try to buy me off!” 4 Attempts to Silence Luther ■ ■ ■ Cardinal Cajetan, Dominican papal legate, was sent to stifle Luther Luther presented written arguments ■ Pope was not infallible ■ Authority of council was superior to pope ■ Sacraments apart from faith cannot save ■ Justification by faith was scriptural ■ Appealed to Bible as supreme authority Cajetan published order for Luther’s arrest 4 Attempts to Silence Luther ■ Leipzig Disputation (July 1519) ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ John Maier of Eck vs. Luther Luther bested Eck through citation of Scripture by memory to prove that Christ, not pope, is head of church Eck accused Luther of being “Saxon Huss” At first Luther denied charge; during intermission, he researched Huss; came back to say: “We are all Hussites if we believe the Bible to be true” Luther’s affirmation of Huss, convicted heretic, was dangerous admission 4 Attempts to Silence Luther ■ ■ Why was Luther not killed in order to silence him? He was protected by Frederick the Wise, who was able to manipulate pope & emperor Three Treatises of 1520 ■ An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ■ Attacked Three Walls pope erected around Scripture ■ ■ ■ ■ Spiritual power of pope is above temporal powers of magistrates (preventing magistrates from instituting reform) Interpretation of Scripture belongs only to pope Only pope can call council Insisted on “priesthood of believer” Three Treatises of 1520 ■ The Babylonian Captivity of the Church ■ ■ Attacked sacramental system Affirmed 3 sacraments: baptism, Eucharist & penance (later affirmed only first 2) ■ ■ ■ Denied transubstantiation but affirmed real presence (consubstantiation) Mass was not sacrifice but testament Faith is real element that gives value to sacraments Three Treatises of 1520 ■ The Freedom of a Christian ■ ■ ■ Exposition of relationship between faith & works Devotional work that shows that new person in Christ lives not to himself/ herself, but in Christ & for neighbor Emphasized priesthood of believer Papal Bull of Excommunication ■ 1520, Luther was threatened by papal bull: “Arise, O Lord, a wild boar is loose in the vineyard” ■ Luther burned papal document plus entire canon law “Since they have burned my books,” he said, “I burn theirs.” Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) ■ Charles V, HRE & king of Spain: “Surely one individual could not call into doubt the tradition of the entire church?” ■ Luther was ordered to recant his books “Unless I can be instructed and convinced with evidence from the Holy Scriptures or with open, clear, and distinct ground of reasoning, my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant, because it is neither safe nor wise to act against conscience. I can do no other. Here I stand. God help me. Amen” German Bible ■ New Testament: translated in 11 weeks ■ Old Testament & entire Bible in 1534 ■ Significance of the German Bible ■ Prompted Bible study & spread of Reformation ■ Popularized vernacular in other languages ■ Beginning of increased production of Bibles ■ Improved literacy ■ Unified German language: Luther = “Father of Modern German Language” 4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation ■ Andreas Bodenstein “Karlstadt” (1480-1541) ■ Led reform in Luther’s absence ■ Celebrated radical mass on Christmas 1521 ■ ■ Without vestments ■ Integrated German ■ No reference to sacrifice ■ No elevation of host ■ Bread & wine both given Instigated iconoclastic riots & removed images from churches 4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation ■ Andreas Bodenstein “Karlstadt” (1480-1541) ■ People were nerve-shattered by radical mass & iconoclastic riots ■ Luther returned to Wittenberg ■ Karlstadt was expelled from Saxony 4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation ■ Zwickau Prophets ■ ■ Lay movement of men studying Scripture in Zwickau, Saxony Tenets: ■ ■ ■ ■ Questioned infant baptism Emphasized immediate inspiration over biblical revelation (Spiritualistic Reformation) Influenced by Taborites (militant Bohemian Hussites) with revolutionary eschatology Arrived in Wittenberg just after Christmas 1521 ■ ■ Supported by Karlstadt Luther discerned their spirit to be “of the devil” & expelled them 4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation ■ Thomas Müntzer (1489-1525) ■ ■ ■ Follower of Zwickau Prophets Became critical of Luther, when Luther did not go far enough with Reformation Advocated revolutionary means to obtain social justice 4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation ■ Peasants’ Revolt ■ ■ ■ ■ Peasants discontent over economic suppression Luther’s Freedom of a Christian taught priesthood of believer, interpreted as egalitarian society Müntzer incited peasants against authorities & asked Wittenberg for help; Luther refused 1525, Catholic & Lutheran forces defeated peasants, beheaded Müntzer 4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation ■ Peasants’ Revolt ■ Luther’s Reaction: ■ First, pled for princes to deal mercifully with peasants ■ Then, wrote Against the Robbing & Marauding Hordes of Peasants: “Smite, stab, slay the peasants!” ■ Divorced himself from peasants in order not to impugn Reformation ■ But lost faith in common people & weakened his base of support from them Wittenberg ■ After his return to Wittenberg, he continued work of Reformation & established Lutheran Church ■ Wrote commentaries on every book except Revelation ■ Wrote Large & Small Catechisms ■ Wrote hymns (“Mighty Fortress Is Our God”) Debate with Erasmus ■ Erasmus desired moral reform of Catholic Church & helped pave way for Reformation, but was unwilling to break from Catholic Church ■ Compared to Augustinianism of Luther, Erasmus’ theology was tinged with Pelagianism ■ Luther’s The Bondage of the Will (1525) vs. Erasmus’ On Free Will (1524) ■ Salvation by grace alone not by an act of the will (using sacraments and doing works). ■ Predestination: The hidden and revealed wills of God. ■ God produces a passive disposition, not a free will. A Monk Re-Invents Family Life ■ Marriage to Katherine von Bora (Martin was 41) ■ ■ Established model for Protestant Parsonage ■ Parents of 6 children Frederick the Wise gave them Luther’s former Augustinian cloister as a wedding present; Katie remodeled it as hotel for income Luther’s Wit & Wisdom on Marriage ■ There’s a lot to get used to in the first year of marriage. One wakes up in the morning and finds a pair of pigtails on the pillow that were not there before. ■ If I should ever marry again, I would hew myself an obedient wife out of stone. ■ In domestic affairs I defer to Katie. Otherwise, I am led by the Holy Spirit. ■ According to one story, Luther locked himself in his study for 3 days, until Katie took the door off the hinges. Protestants vs. Catholics ■ ■ First Diet of Speyer (1526) ■ New policy: Cujus regio, eius religio (“whose region, his religion”); ruler’s personal religion dictates his subjects’ religion ■ Within 3 years, most of N. Germany became Lutheran: state church Second Diet of Speyer (1529) ■ Roman Catholics free in Lutheran territories; Lutherans not free in Roman Catholic territories ■ Lutheran princes wrote Protestations; hence, “Protestant Reformation” Protestants vs. Catholics ■ Marbourg Colloquy (1529) ■ ■ ■ Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all Protestants Arranged meeting between Luther & Zwingli to unite German & Swiss Protestants Major doctrinal difference was over Lord’s Supper ■ ■ ■ Luther – real presence; Zwingli – memorial Luther wrote Hoc est meum corpum on table & would not budge Agreement & alliance could not be achieved Protestants vs. Catholics ■ Diet of Augsburg (1530) ■ Charles V needed unity against Turkish threat & attempted reconciliation of Protestants & Catholics ■ Luther could not attend because Edict of Worms was still in effect Protestants vs. Catholics ■ Diet of Augsburg (1530) ■ Melanchthon & Luther composed Augsburg Confession ■ Justification by faith ■ Faith not just mental assent ■ New life in Christ produces good works by God’s grace, not good deeds of merit for salvation ■ German princes signed; RCC gave one year to recant ■ But war with Turks occupied HRE for 16 yrs. Martin Luther’s Death ■ 1546, Luther died: “When I die, I’m going to come back as a ghost & haunt the popes & his bishops. They’ll have far more trouble with the dead Luther than they ever had with the live one.” Martin Luther’s Successor ■ Philip Melanchthon was named successor ■ Real name: Schwarzerd, “Black Earth”, Greek: melan chthon ■ Attended Marbourg Colloquy; coauthored Augsburg Confession Martin Luther’s Legacy ■ Salvation: justification by grace through faith ■ Lord’s Supper: consubstantiation – Christ’s presence with the elements ■ Infant baptism ■ Priesthood of the believer ■ Union of church & state – to retain support of German princes ■ Anti-semitism Martin Luther’s Legacy Principles of Reformation ■ Sola Scriptura ■ Sola Fide ■ Sola Gratia ■ Sola Christus Lutheranism 1. Faith in Jesus, not good works brings salvation 2. The Bible is the final source of truth about god, not priests. 3. Church is all believers, not just the clergy Martin Luther • Planned to be a lawyer • Theology teacher at University of Wittenberg • “The just shall live by faith.” Romans (1:17) – Salvation by faith • 95 Theses – abuses of the church - indulgences • Diet of Worms – Luther is declared an outlaw and excommunicated from the church 95 Theses Lutheranism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. “ Sola Fide” - Salvation by faith “Sola scriptura” – truth lies in the Bible “Sola gratia” – free gift of God’s grace - sacraments German Kings created their own church Services, not mass – reading the Bible, preaching and hymns – everyone equal – baptism and Eucharist 6. German translation of Bible - Guttenberg 7. Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy – Luther would marry a former nun Lutheranism • Peasants’ Revolt – crop failures – Luther did not support the peasants • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V - Catholic • Diet of Augsburg – 1530 • War in 1546 • 1555 - Peace of Augsburg – German prince right to determine religion of his state • Lutheran or Roman Catholic • No recognition of Calvinists or Anabaptists – Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and Scandinavia The Protestant Reformation 1517 – ca.1564 How and why are these two churches different? Reform in Germany, 1517– 1555 • The pattern of religious reform in Germany was complex. Although some territorial princes, such as the dukes of Bavaria, rejected reform, most free towns, particularly those in the southwest, adopted it. Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. “The Complaint of the Godless Against Luther” (Hans Behem, 1524)