FOREST TYPES:
Forest types may be defined as: - “Unit of vegetation which possesses broad characteristics in
physiognomy and structure sufficiently pronounced to permit of it’s different from other such units”.
TEMPERATURE:
Temperature is a very important factor of climate in relation to forest types and it can be related to
latitude giving a rough differentiation into four zones:i.
TROPICAL: - Very hot and winterless
ii. SUB-TROPICAL:- Hot with cool winter
iii. TEMPERATE: – Warm summer and a pronounced winter.
iv. ARTIC: – Short summer and long winter.
On the basis of temperature data Pakistan can be divided into the following zones:TROPICAL
SUB-TROPICAL
TEMPERATE
ALPINE
NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION
Classification of vegetation is important for the following needs and reasons;
1.
It is an aid to recognize soil type.
2.
It helps in the choice of species for afforestation.
3.
It is an aid to recognize Climatic conditions.
4.
It facilitates the selection of Silvicultural systems.
5. It is easy for controlling and administrating the Forest area for protection and production.
6.
It facilitates the Watershed Management.
7.
It helps us to understand the Evolutionary trend.
8.
We should be able to correlate the vegetation with climate.
9.
It facilitates the selection of Silvicultural operations.
1.
Tropical Littoral and Swamp Forest (Mangrove Forest).
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Mangrove forests grown inter-tidal coastlines, meaning every 24 hours, they are inundated
by sea water.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The trees have high salt tolerance, Fosses aerial Roots to collect-oxygen.
Live in the harsh and unpredictable interference between Land and Sea.
Vivipary is usual.
Moreover less dense evergreen Forests.
Very low average height, often only 2-3 meter.
The best patches reach 6-7 height.
Mangroves have specially adapted Aerial and Salt filtering Roots and salt existing leaves
that enable them to occupy the saline wetlands where other plant cannot survive.
9. The accessible parts are much grazed and topped for fodder and firewood.
10. Lenticels are present on the stem and Pneumatophores on the Roots to make the desired
oxygen for the growth of mangrove Forests being growing in salty sea water.
11. The Mangrove Forests litter consisting mainly of fallen leaves and branches provide
Nutrients for marine Environment and nursery ground for Juvenile Fish, Crabs, Shrimps
and mollusks.
12. Mangrove forest are also prime nesting and migratory sites for hundreds of birds and
animals species.
13. Mangroves are also useful in treating effluent as the plant absorb excess nitrates and
phosphates thereby preventing contaminated of near shore waters.
14. Mangroves are principal coastal features of Tropical and Sub Tropical Climates.
15. Mangrove are currently characterized as on open Ecosystem.
16. The Coastal track in Pakistan carries mangrove forests in varying densities of qualities.
LOCALITY FACTORS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mangrove soils are also usually waterlogged and poorly oxygenated.
The soft, silty and shall soils provide very little support for a plant to establish itself.
They consist mainly of limestone and clay.
The soil of the mangrove islands is Alluvium with plenty of clay derived from land
drainages and River discharge. It is reach is slats like sodium chloride, sodium carbonate
and nitrates with some calcium.
5. The muddy clayey soil is very poor in other mineral substances.
6. The tidal action of sea causes erosion on one side of the creek and Accretion on the other.
7. The soils generally are silty clays, silty clay loams, and very ne sandy loams and usually
dark grayish brown, greyish brown or brown.
8. The soils are sticky to very sticky when WET, firm to very firm when moist and hard to
very hard when DRY.
9. The pH ranges from 8 to 8.2 and the organic matter content is less than one percent.
10. The entire coastal area of Sindh is included in the warm monsoon climatic region.
11. Average rainfall is 221.2 mm falls in Monsoon season from April to September.
12. January is a cooler month with minimum temperature of 9.50c.
13. Humidity is an important factor in Coastal Region. It is generally higher in morning then
in the afternoon.
14. The wind is another important factor of Coastal Region. The speed increases during the
day from morning to evening.
15. Salinity of sea water is relatively high due to arid climate and less influence of River water.
DISTRIBUTION:1. The mangrove forests 2, 57,500 hectares are found in Pakistan, out of which 6, 93,032
Acres are in Sindh. They are protected forests having no right.
2. Pakistan is the Seventh largest mangrove forest in the world.
3. The Indus deltic swamp forests are situated:
i.
From Korngi to chan creek, near Keti Bunder.
ii.
From mal to seer creek, touching the Indian Border in the Runn of Kuch.
4. Coast of Gawadar
FLORISTICS:1. Mangroves are considered a Tidal swamp forests by Ecologists and are comparable
tropical rain Forests on small scale.
2. They are natural forests propagated by Propagules which are dispersed over the area of
Islands accessible to Tidal water.
3. There are about 30 species of true mangrove trees and approximately 60 species of
associated mangrove plants worldwide.
4. In Indus delta, so far only Eight species have been reported listed below: i. Avicennia marina ii. Rhizophora mucronata iii. Ceriops tagal iv. Bruguiera conjugata
v. Ceriops roxburghiana vi. Rhizophora apiculata vii. Aegiceras corniculatum
viii. Sonneratia caseolaris
2.
TROPICAL THORN FOREST: -
CHARACTERISTICS:1) Forests in which thorny usually HARDWOOD species predominate.
2) Trees have short bole and low branching crowns and usually, height is up to 20-30 feet.
3) The leaves are small except Salvadora and caloptropis.
4) There is a lower story of smaller trees and large shrubs.
5) Heavy browsing, especially by Goat and Camel, is universal.
6) Cutting of trees for fuel wood has reduced the vegetation to scrub form with scattered lopped
trees.
7) Regeneration by root suckers is common.
LOCALITY FACTORS: 1)
Mean annual temperature varies from 750F to 800F.
2) Mean annual rainfall is from 30″ down to 5″ with variation from year to year.
3) Even this small quantity tends to come in the form of heavy showers and most of it lost as
surface run-o.
4)
Forest occurs as far south as sakrand.
FLORISTICS:1) The species belong to “XEROPHYTE FAMILY” which survive in the shortage of water in
desert regions
2) They produce very deep and extensive roots they penetrate in the soil up great distance and get
some moist in the dry seasons
3) In the dry season, they shed their leaves for reducing the water losses.
SOME SPECIES OF THE XEROPHYTE:1) Acacia nilotica
2) Zizyphus mauratina
3) Zizyphus nummularia
4) Tamrix aphylla
5) Tamrix articulate
6) Prosopis spicigera
7) Prosopis cineraria
8) Salvadora oleoides
9) Acacia modesta
10) Acacia Senegal
11) Capparis aphylla (shrub)
12) Tecoma undulate
13) Acacia leucophlea
14) Acacia leucophlea
15) Calatropis Spp.
16) Spicara Spp.
SAND DUNAL TRACTS ARE OVERGROWTH BY SPECIES (shrubs):1)
Suaeda 2)
Salsola 3)
Haloxula
PREVALENT GRASSES ARE:1)
5)
Aristida 2)
Lasiurus
Eleusis 3)
Panicum 4)
Cenchrus
DISTRIBUTION:1) The Tropical Thorn forests of Pakistan are located in the desert areas 90 percent plants of
Punjab and Sindh are arid or semi-arid and having tropical thorn forests
2)
These forests in the deserts of:
3)
Thal deserts
4)
Cholistan Nara desert
5)
Thapparker desert Kharan deserts are found
THE THAL DESERT
Present between the planes of river Indus and river Jehlam this area is known is Sindh sagar
doab Areas included are:
1)
Mainwali 2)
Sargodha 3)
Muzaargarh 4)
Deragazikhan
5)
Sands are found everywhere 6)
Rainfall is drastically low 7) Dust storms
are frequent 8) A huge percentage of this area has been irrigated with canal water but still a
vast area is barren land
THE CHOLISTAN DESERT
Found along the southern border area of Bahawalnagar It is the part of Rajistan district which
is situated adjacent to it in India Thorny bushes and scattered dunes can be seen everywhere
THE NARA DESERT
The southern border area of Khanpur is Sindh is having a desert region known as Nara, the
driest part of Pakistan Sand dunes and thorny bushes scattered everywhere
THE THARPARKER DESERT
Located at the border area of Mirpurkhas and sanshar is also the part of Rajistan desert in India.
Categorized as the driest part of Pakistan. The problem of salinity is at peak Huge sand dunes
and thorny bushes nothing can be seen there Nomads living 22000 families Rs 3per cattle per
annum for grazing known “TIRNI”
THE KHARAN DESERT
Located in the province of Balochistan Mainly these occur in the Ziarat region Kharan desert
is very near to the Afghan border so many afghan along with their sheep, goats, cattle enter in
these areas A severe shortage of rainfall in barren land under climatic conditions are very
severe Faced with droughts Having severed and long summer No irrigation facilities.
III.
TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS:-
CHARACTERISTICS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
An open rather low forest
Composed almost entirely of deciduous trees and a few trees of the thorn forest type
with a predominantly deciduous shrub layer
There is no extensive occurrence of forests in Pakistan
The forest is subjected to repeated ground res
Grazing and browsing are heavy, close to habitation
6)
The forest adjoins the dry subtropical and also the subtropical pine forest
LOCALITY FACTOR:1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Elevation 1500_3000 foothills
The MAT is about 70F
MA Rainfall is between 20_40 inches
The forest is borne on sandstone, shale, and limestone
The forest occurs at suitable elevation merging Downwards with the tropical thorn
forest and Upward with the subtropical Pine forest
Precipitation receive in July and August and again in the January and February but
erratic
There is a long period of drought
6)
7)
DISTRIBUTION
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Scrub forests of Pabbi hills (KPK)
Kharian (Gujrat)
Margalla hills (Islamabad)
Kalachitta (Attock) hills
Also located in patches on small hills in KPK, AJK and Balochistan==Quetta. Kalat
division
6) Foothills
7) Lower slopes of Himalaya
8) Salt range
9) Suleman range
10) Hazara hills
FLORISTICS:1) Acacia modesta and Olea cuspidata are the dominant trees of this type of forest.
2) Olea ferruginea
3) Ziziphus mauritiana
IV. DRY SUB-TROPICAL BROAD-LEAVED FOREST:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Commonly these are known as scrub forest
2. These scrub forest occur at height of 1500 to 3000 feet
3. Sub-humid, subtropical climate
4. The terrains of these forests are hilly
5. The trees and shrubs are mostly thorny and evergreen but some are not thorny
8. They produce small timber, fuel wood, and fodder, roof, Handicraft, Handles Tools and Rural
cots
9. Conspicuous erosion, Gullies and deep ravines
LOCALITY FACTOR
1. M.A.T is 700 up to 800F with high summer temperature reaching 110F or even more than
marked cold season
2. Forest is usual but may occur
3. The annual rainfall is about 35″ or less
4. Short monsoon period of only three months.
5. Soil: Recent deposit at the foothills with light sandy soil.
FLORISTICS:
1) Acacia modesta
2) Acacia catechu
3) Bauhinia veriegata
4) Bombax ceiba
5) Ziziphus mauritiana
6) Sterculia villosa
7) Terminalia belerica
8) Flacourtia indica
9) Punica granatum
10) Ficus carica
11) Dalbergia sissoo
12) Indigofera tinctoria
13) Dodonaea viscosa
14) Adhatoda vasica
DISTRIBUTION:
1.
Rawalpindi foothills
2.
Murree, Kuhuta hills
3.
Jhelum valley
4.
Outer Mangla hills
5.
Lehtar and Nurpur Shahan
V.
SUB-TROPICAL CHIR PINE FORESTS
CHARACTERISTICS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Open unnamable pine forests are evergreen
There is heavy Neel fall in the may
Chir forests occupy generally between 3000-5500 feet
The forest occurs on slopes of rocky mountains, hence its soils is well drained and often dry
The tree are mostly needle heaving high rate of transpiration
6. Some broad-leaved species are also associated
7. Chir from the top major parts of the top canopy
8. It normally attains the height of 120 feet, heaving girth of 7-8 feet
9. Pine canopy has an even-aged cover
10. Usually catch re in summer
11. In depression, evergreen Quercus incana (oak) and some deciduous plants grow
12. Shrubs are few
13. Herb and greenness occur in monsoon
LOCALITY FACTOR
1. Mean annual temperature lies between 600 F – 700F
2. Rainfall varying 30-50 mainly derived from the southwestern monsoon, falling in July and
August but there is appreciable spring falling as well
3. Sandstone and limestone are abundant in soil
4. There is small overlap with Pinus wallichiana at the upper limit
FLORISTICS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Chir form the major canopy i.e. Pinus roxburghii
Quercus incana
Pyrus pashia
Pistacia integerrima
Lyonia ovalifolia
Rhododendron arboreum
Syzygium cumini
Xylosma longifolium
Quercus glauca
Mallotus philippinensis
Ficus spp.
Olea cuspidata
Grewia oppositifolia
SHRUBS GROWTH ARE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Myrsine africana
Dodonaea viscosa
Woodfordia fruticosa
Berberis lyceum
Indigofera linifolia
Reinwardtia indica
GRASSES:
Heteropogon contortus
PROBLEMS IN THESE FORESTS:
1.
Summer heavy
2.
Uncontrolled continuous grazing/browsing
3.
Excessive fuel wood collection
4.
Shifting cultivation
DISTRIBUTION:
1.
Abbottabad
2.
Mansehra
3.
Butrasi
4.
Shinkari
5.
Dader
6.
Haripur
7.
Malakand
8.
Bunair
9.
Dir lower
10.
Swat
11.
Lower hills of Murree and Kahuta
12.
Valley of Azad Jammu Kashmir
13.
Gadoon Mardan District
VI.
HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE FOREST
CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCALITY OF FOREST
1. It is found on hills at an altitude between 4500 to 10,000 feet.
2. It is coniferous forests with tree varying from 100 to 150 feet in height.
3. The mat is 560F.
4. M.A. rainfall in 57 inches.
5. Precipitation is derived from the south-west monsoon (July – September) while winter rainfall
is due to northwestern disturbance. Mostly the winter precipitation is in the form of snow.
These forests are the Pakistan’s most important watersheds of Mangla and Tarbela lakes.
6. The soil is loamy and acidic due to being humus rich.
7. Conifers mostly occur on the slopes and tend to avoid hot southern exposures. Growth rate is
satisfactory.
8. Moist depression, steep cool slopes and the flatter deep soil carry deciduous broadleaved
species.
9. All species are capable of attaining considerable girth of 4.5 meter or more.
10. Winters are long and severely cold. Summers are short.
11. Snow and hail storms during winters are common.
12. The forest vegetation is dense.
FLORISTIC:
Kail and deodar are typical dominant coniferous trees.
•
The chief coniferous species in Moist Temperate Forests are:
1. Pinus wallichiana 2. Cedrus deodara 3. Picea smithiana 4. Abies pindrow 5. Taxus baccata
•
Broadleaved species are:
1. Quercus incana 2. Quercus dilatata 3. Quercus semecarpifolia 4. Quercus ilex 5. Juglans
regia 6. Acer caesium 7. Aesculus indica 8. Populus ciliata 9. Salix babylonica 10. Alnus nitida
11. Ulmus wallichiana 12. Pyrus pashia 13. Pyrus malus 14. Pyrus communis 15. Prunus padus
•
Shrubs are:
1. Berberis lycium 2. Indigofera tinctoria 3. Viburnum opulus 5. Rhododendron arboreum
•
1.
Climbers:
Rosa 2. Hedera nepalensis.
•
Ferns, on the moist soil and rocks.
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS/ AREAS:
These forests occur in:
1. Tehsil Murree. 2. Abbottabad District. 3. Mansehra District. 4. Gallies e.g. Ayubia. 5. Kaghan
valley. 6. Swat District. 7. Dir-Upper District. 8. A.J.K Leepa Valley 9. Shogran. 10. Nathiagali.
11. Shangla District Alpuri Tehsil 12. Tribal Areas (FATA)
VII. THE HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE FORESTS:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. These are found in mountain ranges beyond the effective reach of the summer monsoon.
2. Elevation ranging from 5000 to 10,000 feet extending to 11,000 on southerly aspect.
3. The foliage is grayish and small-leaved aromatic shrubs predominant notably:
i.
v.
Artemisia vulgaris ii.
Prunus spp.
Rosa spp. iii. Ephedra is highly aromatic. iv. Caragana spp.
4. Receive winter precipitation in the form of rain and snow.
5. Mean annual temperature is 600F or 60C to 160C.
6. The mean annual rainfall varies from 13 to 20 inches.
7. The depth of snowfall lays between 1.5 to 6.2 meter.
8. The summers are mild and short.
9. Winters are long and severely cold. Snow and hail storms are common.
10. Rock avalanches and snow slides are common occurrence.
FLORISTICS:
These forests are coniferous forests. The vegetation of this forests is if small to medium height
predominately on drier sites. The ground vegetation of this forest is also found there in aromatic
fashion.
•
Species are:
1. Cedrus deodara 2. Pinus gerardiana 3. Juniperus macropoda 4. Juniperus excelsa 5. Pinus
wallichiana 6. Picea smithiana 7. Quercus ilex
•
The common shrubs are:
1. Artemisia spp. 2. Aphedra spp. 3. Astragalus spp. 4. Berberis Iycium 5. Punica spp. 6. Rosa spp.
7. Prunus spp. 8. Daphnes spp. 9. Lonicera spp.
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATION:
These dry temperate forests are found in locations/ areas:
1. Chitral 2. Kaghan Valley 3. Nelum valley (A.J.K) 4. Dir-Kohsitan 5. Shinghar 6. Ziarat
7. Zhob and district Lora Lai 8. Zargharan 9. Waziristan (FATA) 10. Diamer Northern
Areas 11. Takhte-Suleman 12. Parachinar
VIII.
SUB-ALPINE FORESTS:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. It occurs between 3350 – 3800 meters or throughout the Himalayas from about 11,000 feet to
the timber limit or tree limit.
2. M.A.T is 100C or below 00C for 5 to 6 months. Maximum temperature does not exceed than
15.60C. 3. Rainfall ranges between 660mm and 9mm.
4. Snowfall is of greater importance for which a depth of 2 meter and over.
5. Evergreen conifers.
6. The conifers rarely exceed 8 meter in height and broadleaved trees reach about 9 meter.
7. There is a spring flush of herbaceous flowers.
FLORISTICS:
(A) Trees
1. Abies spectabilis and Betula utilis are the typical tree species.
2. High level Pinus Wallichiana may occur on landslips or abandoned clearings.
3. Salix and Pyrus in depressions.
(B) Tall shrubs
1. Viburnum and Salix. 2. Evergreen Dwarf Junipers are often abundant communis.
3. Rhododendron Anthopogon. 4. Lonicera. 5. Ribes. 6. Berberis.
(C) Grasses:
1. Poa 2. Primuland 3. Sorbus tianschanica.
(D) Spring Herbaceous Flowers:
1. Ranunculaceae 2. Compositae
DISTRIBUTIONS/ LOCATION/ AREAS:
1. Naltar valley Gilgit at 12000 feet 2. Kaghan valley Hazara 3. Thajwas, sonamarg Kashmir
4. Dir 5. Swat 6. Chitral
IX. ALPINE SCRUB:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. The type ascends normally to 150 meters or more above the sub-alpine forests (About 500 feet
or more).
2. Climate must be similar but more severe than in sub-alpine forests.
3. Shrubs formation often forming a quite dense cover 0.6 to 1.8 meter high. Mostly deciduous
and small leaves.
4. The stems are generally flexible and adaptive to snow pressure.
5. Due to heavy grazing and browsing a scrub formation in summer.
6. Heavy snowfall is the predominant climatic factor.
7. Heaving alpine pastures/ Meadows.
FLORISTICS:
(A) The characteristics genera are:
1. Salix spp. 2. Lonicera. 3. Cotoneaster. 4. Occasionally Junipers dwarf Rhodendron or
Ephedra. 5. Artemisia 6. Caragana 7. Eurotiales 8. Juniperus 9. Hippophae
10. Delosperma cooperi
(B) Grasses includes:
1. Poa spp. 2. Draba trineriva. 3. Polygonum 4. Saxifraga Sibirica
DISTRIBUTION:
1.
Kashmir (A.J.K) Dras, Aparwat, Pirpanjal (12000 to 12500 ft).
2.
Dir-Kohistan.
3.
Swat.
4.
Chitral.
5.
Gilgit Astor valley
6.
Hazara Division.
MOIST ALPINE PASTURE
1. Appear natural and extended by heavy summer grazing and are continuous with those of the
Sub-Alpine Zone.
2. Shorter growing season.
3. The meal lows carry a fairly sward of grasses and other herbs.
i. Primula ii. Anemone iii. Gentiana v. Ranunculaceae vi. Cruciferae vii. Caryophyllaceae viii.
Compositae
RIVERAIN, RIPARIAN, BELA OR INUNDATION FORESTS:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. These forests are located in the floodplains of major rivers of Pakistan.
2. These forests grow on river banks and land subject to periodical overflow to percolate from
rivers.
3. The width of the flooded belt varies from 5 to 10 miles.
4. It is an important serial stage of tropical thorn forest type.
5. Proper management and existence of these forests depends upon on a regular inundation and
recharging of sub-soil water.
6. Erosion and deposition are common features: erosion strips.
7. Water is available at shallow depth.
8. Flood water spills over the river banks. The river begins to rise in May and keeps rising up to
the end of September.
9. These are restricted on both sides of the river by two continuous earthen embankments (Bunds).
In these Bunds, Gates are provided. The area outside the Bunds is called inland while the area
inside is termed riverain.
10. Erosion and deposition are constantly in progress. It is estimated that nearly 1/15th of the total
area between the banks is eroded and re-deposited annually which is known as erosion strips.
EROSION STRIP:
It is an elongated strip of land which is likely to be eroded in the current year.
LOCALITY FACTORS:
1. Climate is hot throughout the year. 2. The soil is deep and loamy. 3. Climate is sub-tropical
arid. 4. The soil is moist, deep, sandy/silty alluvial. 5. Water.
DISTRIBUTION:
1. These forests cover about 7% of total forests area of the country.
2. These forests cover an area of almost 3, 04,200 hectare in Sindh and Punjab.
3. Ding forest, Sukkur, Sindh.
4. Kabrani forests, Hyderabad Sindh.
5. Riverian tract of the Indus between Muzaargarh and Hyderabad.
6. Saidabad.
FLORISTICS:
a) Flora of Riverian Forests of Punjab:
1. Dalbergia sissoo. 2. Morus Alba. 3. Prosopis cineraria. 4. Cannabis sativa.
b) Flora of Riverian Forest of Sindh:
1. Acacia nilotica 2. Prosopis spicigera 3. Populus euphratica 4. Tamarix aphylla
5. Tamarix articulata 6. Salvadora oleoides 7. Ziziphus mauritiana 8. Capparis decidua
c) Shrubs:
1. Tamarix dioica. 2. Tamarix troupii
d) Grasses:
1. Saccharum munja
X. IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS:
CHARACTERISTICS
1. These forests are outcome of human efforts on sub-marginal lands where irrigation water could
be made available.
2. These irrigated plantations were created after clearing 23,000,000 acres of the tropical thorn
forests.
3. Irrigated plantation was first started in 1866, 4860 hectares.
4. These plantations are raised over the plains of Pakistan primarily in Punjab and Sindh.
5. Size of such plantations varies from just 200 hectares to 800 hectares.
6. An irrigated plantation depends upon artificial substance from irrigational canals.
7. Man-made forests were established for providing timber, fuel wood for railways, population
and sports good.
8. The man-made forests of Punjab alone cover about 3, 67,200 acres of land and constitute about
29% of the total forest area of the province.
LOCALITY FACTOR:
1. The climate of this plantation in plains is extremely dry and hot.
2. The max temp during summer rises to 1200F.
3. M.A. rainfall is below 10″.
4. Hot, dry, dust-laden winds are a common feature during summer.
5. The soil varies from shifting sand dunes to heavy clay.
6. Kanker pans occur in places, the pH is always well over 7 and the soils are mostly saline often
with high sodium content especially in the Bahawalpur and Ghulam Muhammad Barrage areas.
7. In Daphar plantation waterlogged conditions have developed.
8. Inmost plantations irrigation water is available from April to May to the Middle of October.
9. The depth of irrigation requires 9″ deep trenches.
10. The first irrigation to 1foot delta requiring
11. Cusecs per acre for an hour should be given to the entire plantation.
12. 12 cusecs is the minimum discharge required for raising 1000 acre of Shisham plantation. This
corresponds to about 50″ of rainfall.
FLORISTICS:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
Dalbergia sissoo
Acacia nilotica
Morus alba
Populus deltoides
Bombax ceiba
Melia azedarach
Azadirachta indica
Leucaena leucocephala
Sesbania sesban
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Populus euramericana
Ailanthus excelsa
Albizia lebbeck
Cedrela toona
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS:
1. Changa Manga national park
2. Gatwala national park
3. Lal Sohra national park
4. Chichawatni
5. Kamalia
6. Dialpur
7. Daar
8. Pirowal
9. Khanewal
10. Inayat
11. Abbasia