 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٦

 ‫א‬

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ?   ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١١٠٠٧٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KIonizers‫א‬Neutralizers
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (١ ١)
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAlternating High Voltage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١
KDirect High Voltage ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢
KImpulse High Voltage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١ ٢)
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K       K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢٢٠ ١٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١-٢-١)
Single Unit Transformer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 (١{١) ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
Variable
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ، ٦٠        VARIAC   Transformer
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kn١:n٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ٢٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
E١F W  KVA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
٢  ١   ‫א‬    ٥٠       
 ٢٠٠    ‫א‬     E٢F KKVA  
 KKVA١٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
Test Chamber
Over-load Relay
‫א‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧
‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
H.V.
Specimen ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬
Electrodes
R
‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮل ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
Variabl Transformer
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{١)
E
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬      
EHV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬     K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cascaded Transformer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (١{٢)‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬
Bushing
٢ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
٣ 
h
Vo
H.V.



m

f
c
d


‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧
V
g
‫دﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬
b
e
E

E

E

E
E
٢V
‫دﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬
a
L
N

n
k
L
 ١

٣V
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢) E

g-b-d-e-f-L-m-n‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   KVo=n×V    V    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  n‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬            
،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K(١{٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢)‫א‬‫א‬


٣ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
V
Vo=V+V +V
=٣V
=nV



 
‫دﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‬

E
٢ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
V
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
١
L
‫ هﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ او‬١٢٧
N
V
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٣) E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٤)
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٤) E
 (Resonant Circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١
٢ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Harmonics)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ KSeries Resonance ‫א‬‫א‬     ،  
   ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٠ F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١{٥) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Natural Frequency (f٠) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Capacitive  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Inductive Reactance (XL) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
XL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KReactance (XC)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬XC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kf٠‫א‬


-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
H.V.
‫ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
Lv
‫ﻨﻈ‬
C
‫آﻴﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬



‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
L
N
‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٥)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Capacitive ‫א‬‫א‬Inductive Reactance (XL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬XL= XC KReactance (XC)
ωL = ١/(ωC)
∴٢πfoL = ١/(٢πfoC)
fo =
1
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
(١{١)
2π LC
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         K‫א‬ ‫א‬
KPartial Discharges‫א‬‫א‬ Schering Bridge‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KFundamental Voltage Amplitude
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KVA‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬KVA‫א‬‫א‬٥٪‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬،IEC‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  −
K‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١{٦)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬(١{٦)
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١ ٣)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ HVDC‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Bushings ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KRectification‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KElectrostatic Generators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١-٣-١)
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    K Si ‫א‬  Diode ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
   ،  ٢٥٠٠      Peak Reverse Voltage ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ Diodes
EF W   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ EF K‫א‬   ‫א‬ EF K‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Half-Wave Rectification‫א‬‫א‬ (‫)أ‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (١{٧)‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K          Rectifier    
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KVmax‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KVmax‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R‫א‬K٢Vmax‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬(١{٨)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣٠‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

R
L
‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧
N

H.V.
C

V




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٧)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٨)

Full-Wave Rectification ‫א‬‫א‬ (‫)ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K(Mid-point transformer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
            ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (١{٩) ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K    
 ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vmax‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (١{١٠)‫א‬ K٢Vmax‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
+
 L
Vs
١ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‬

H.V.
‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧
N

R

C

V
Vs
 ٢ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٩)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{١٠)
Voltage Multiplying Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Vilard‫א‬ K١
K  ‫א‬‫א‬  (١{١١) ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
D‫א‬،EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K Vmax ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F  ٢Vmax ‫א‬ Vo ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EC‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
C
L
+
+

H.V.
‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧
Vs

D
Vo



N

+

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{١١)
Cockroft- Walton ‫א‬J ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Greinacher‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(١{١٢)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، C٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬‫א‬
KVmax‫א‬‫א‬  ١C‫א‬   D١‫א‬
 B‫א‬‫א‬، A‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ٢Vmax ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬D٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬D١‫א‬‫א‬EC
 C٢ ‫א‬K٢Vmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KC١‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٪‫א‬C٢
‫א‬١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠١٠٠
 K١٢٥ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٠٠   ٧٥   ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

A +
L
‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧
C
B
+
D٢
+
Vo

H.V.
Vs

D١
C٢
٢Vm



N


 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{١٢)
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬   (١{١٣) ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K(١{١٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، A‫א‬‫א‬
  KVmax ‫א‬  ‫א‬    C١  ‫א‬    D١ ‫א‬  
 B‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٢Vmax‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬D١‫א‬
‫א‬٢VmaxD‫א‬K٢Vmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C٢
 C٣‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢Vmax‫א‬ D٣‫א‬ C٣‫א‬‫א‬
D٤‫א‬ C٤‫א‬٤Vmax٢VmaxE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢Vmax
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C٣ ‫א‬،٢Vmax
KEC٤ C٢‫א‬F ٤Vmax‫א‬ F‫א‬K
K٢VmaxC٨C٦C٤C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ٨Vmax ٦Vmax ٤Vmax ٢Vmax  L G F D‫א‬
 n،‫א‬‫א‬ Vo=٢nVmax‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ (١{١٤)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVo=٢nVmax‫א‬‫א‬
   ،∆Vo  ‫א‬     ٢nVmax      ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    K(١{١٥) ‫א‬    ،δV ‫א‬   ripple 
δV =
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 n (n + 1)
.
fC
2
(١{٢)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I ⎛ 2n 3 n 2 n ⎞
∆Vo = ⎜⎜
+
− ⎟
fC ⎝ 3
2 6 ⎟⎠
(١{٣)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Vo max=٢nVmax - ∆Vo
(١{٤)

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J (١{١٦)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ nopt
 W‫א‬‫א‬
n=
Vmax fC
I
(١{٥)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬En=١٠F‫א‬‫א‬J  W١{١
‫א‬‫א‬ f=٦٠Hz Vmax=١٠٠kV‫א‬ C=٠{١ µF
 ‫א‬  EF KδV ‫א‬  E‫א‬F   ‫א‬ ،I=٥mA  ‫א‬
 KVo max‫א‬‫א‬EFK∆Vo‫א‬

 W‫א‬(١{٥)‫א‬E‫א‬FW‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
δV =
I n (n + 1)
5x10 −3
10(10 + 1)
=
.
.
fC
n
2
60x 0.1x10 −6
∴ δV = 45833V ≅ 45.83kV
 W،‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬٢nVmax
%δV =
δV
x100
2nVmax
45.83x10 3
%δV =
x100 = 2.29%
2 x10 x100 x10 3

(١{٣)‫א‬EF
5x10 −3 ⎛ 2x103 10 2 10 ⎞
⎜
∆Vo =
+
− ⎟⎟
2
6⎠
60 x 0.1x10 −6 ⎜⎝ 3
= 595833V = 595.833kV
 ١٠٠‫א‬٢nVmax‫א‬

%∆Vo = ٢٩{٨٪
 (١{٤)‫א‬‫א‬EF
Vo max = 2 x10 x100 x10 3 − 595.833 x10 3
= 1404167V ≈ 1.4 MV
  ٢     ،  ١{٤  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  nopt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W١{٢
 C=٠{١µF ‫א‬   f=٦٠Hz  Vmax=١٠٠kV ‫א‬ 
 KI=٥mA‫א‬
 (١{٥)‫א‬ W‫א‬
n opt =
Vmax fC
100x103 x 60x 0.1x10 −6
=
= 11
I
5x10 −3
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K ١١ nopt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+٨Vmax
L
K
C٧
C٨
D٧
H

٢Vm


G

D٦
C٥
C٦

٢Vm
D٥

Vo=+٨Vmax
F
E
D٤

C٣
 L
‫ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٢٢٠ ‫ أو‬١٢٧
+
C١
C٤
٢Vm
D٣

D
H.V. Vm
D٢
٢Vm
D١
Vs


B
+


D٨
A

C٢




N

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{١٣)
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬δV‫א‬∆Vo ‫א‬(١{١٤)

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬δV‫א‬∆Vo ‫א‬(١{١٥)


- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬(١{١٦)
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Electrostatic Generators ‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬١-٣-٢)
Van de ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،SamesFeliciGraff
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬       ،‫א‬   
١٩٣١   F Van de Graff ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE١٨٩٠  Kelvin   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠MeV  ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J  Corona‫א‬ K(١{١٧)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ J  ١٠٠ ١٠‫א‬  
F‫א‬‫א‬E ٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬KEL ١٨٠٠ ٩٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،C‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
V = Q/C
(١{٦)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ic = bvσ
Amp.
(١{٧)
‫א‬E٢LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σELF‫א‬ υ
٣٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    σ =E×εr
‫א‬  t (s)KL‫א‬ ٨{٨٥×١٠
١٢
‫א‬ εr ٢L
‫א‬‫א‬،V=Q/CW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q=It
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ic = ILoad + ILeakage + ICorona
(١{٨)
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VVoaICorona=a(V-Vo)٢
bvσ = ILoad + ILeakage + a(V-Vo)٢
 W(١{٦)‫א‬
(١{٩)
 
 W‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬
V=
bvσ − I Load − I Leakage
(١{١٠)
+ Vo
a

b‫א‬E‫א‬FIc‫א‬‫א‬W١{٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ L٢٠  υ  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١ 
‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬  ٨{٨٥x١٠
١٢
 εr
 K٢L٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
σ = E x εr = ٣٠ x ١٠٣x٨{٨٥x١٠
Ic = bvσ = ١x٢٠x٢{٦٦x١٠
= ٥{٣٢ µA
٧
١٢
= ٢{٦٦x١٠
= ٥{٣٢ x ١٠
٦
٧
coulomb/m٢
 W‫א‬
Amp.

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬(١{١٧)
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Impulse VoltagesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١ ٤ ١)
٤)
Transient  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Voltage
Travelling Waves‫א‬ ، Overvoltages‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ Impulse Voltage      ، 
‫א‬،Wave Front‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،Front Time (tf)‫א‬ Vmax‫א‬
KTail Time (tt)‫א‬‫א‬،Wave Tail‫א‬
‫א‬Lightning Impulse Voltage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬     Switching Impulse Voltage ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
  ‫א‬  International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١{١٨)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ١{٢µsZtf‫א‬F ١{٢\٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٥٠٠µsZtt‫א‬٢٥٠µsZtf‫א‬F٢٥٠\٢٥٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠µsZtt
‫א‬‫א‬ (١{١٩)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (١{٢٠)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١ ٤ ٢)
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K(١{٢١)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ، V ‫א‬   C١ ‫א‬  E‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ EAir Gap ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   F Spherical Spark Gap
KL٣٠E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J   Surge Generator     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎡

⎛
t ⎞
t ⎞⎤
⎟⎟⎥
⎟⎟ − exp⎜⎜ −
⎝ R 1C 2 ⎠⎦
⎝ R 2 C1 ⎠
⎛
(١{١١) v( t ) = V ⎢exp⎜⎜ −
⎣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،(١{٢٢)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬R١C٢‫א‬C٢ ‫א‬R١‫א‬
‫א‬Time Constant‫א‬‫א‬،C٢‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬R٢C١‫א‬‫א‬،C١‫א‬R٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{١٨)

- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{١٩)
 K‫א‬EFK‫א‬EF


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢٠)
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

+
H.V.D.C
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
G
A
R
B
Vo
‫ﺛﻐﺮة ﺷﺮارة‬
Spark Gap
C٢
R٢
C٢
V
 K(١{٢١)

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١{٢٢)
Marx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١-٤-٣)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
    ١٩٢٤  Marx      K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    .E ‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     Spherical Spark Gaps
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  (١{٢٣)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
  K(EF١{٢٤) ‫א‬    ‫א‬ (EF١{٢٤) ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 C٤ C١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ١٠٠ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EEF١{٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V
    K‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬EEF١{٢٤)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KV
  ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   L٣٠   E ‫א‬ ‫א‬
F Trigatron UV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١{٢٤)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C٢‫א‬ R١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ n ، Vo=n%V ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EC١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (١{٢٥)  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
F(١{٢٦)‫א‬K(١{٢١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
R١
J
Vo



C٤

H
G
C٣
R

G٤


R
G٣
E
F
C٢
R
R
G٢
C
D
C١
R
+
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
Rc
+
A
R٢
G١
R
B
Vm
H.V.D.C
V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Marx(١{٢٣)
- ٢٧ -
C٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

R١
Vo
J
C٤
H
G
C٣
R
F
R
E
C٢
R
R
C٢
R٢
C
D
C١
R
R
+
Rc
+
A
Vm
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
H.V.D.C
V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Marx‫א‬‫א‬ J (١{٢٤)

- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
R١
J
Vo
C٤
G٤
H
G
C٣

F

G٣
E
C٢

D

+
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
V

+
Vm
H.V.D.C
A
C


Rc
G٢

R٢
C٢
C١
G١
B






 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Marx‫א‬‫א‬J (١{٢٤)



- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
G
A
+
C٢
R
B
V
R٢
J
Vo
C٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Marx‫א‬(١{٢٥)

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Marx(١{٢٥)
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
C=٠{٣ µF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬En=٩F‫א‬‫א‬J  K٦
‫א‬ ،I=٧mA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f=٦٠Hz Vmax=١٥٠kV‫א‬
KVo max‫א‬‫א‬EFK∆Vo‫א‬‫א‬EFKδV‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J nopt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
١{٥ b‫א‬E‫א‬F Ic‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 εr  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ L١٨  υ  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ٨{٨٥x١٠
١٢
 K٢L
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
KIEC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (٢ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢ ١)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ١)
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF



 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J ٣
 J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥





 (oscilloscope)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 peak voltmeter‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢)

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(peak voltages)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬K(٢{١)،
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V=IR
(٢{١)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(zener diode)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE  F(corona)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠ ٤/oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
V
R
I
‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
UA

 ‫א‬(٢{١)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K٠{٢٪٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢ ٢)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢)
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V=

R1 + R 2
V2
R2
(٢{٢)
 KR٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V٢

- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
V
R1
V2
R2

ESV

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢)

E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٣٠٠٠{١٪ ،١٠٠٠{٠٥٪ 
 K٥٠٠٠{٥٪

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣)
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(peak voltmeter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ١)
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(residual inductance)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢{٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

C
L
R

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٣)

 W‫א‬‫א‬ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z=

R + j ωL
(٢{٣)
(1 − ω 2 LC) + jωCR

 W‫א‬RωCωL‫א‬

ωL
⎡
⎤
Z ≈ R ⎢1 + j(
− ωCR )⎥
R
⎣
⎦
(٢{٤)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CL‫א‬

٢
L/C = R
(٢{٥)

- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫(א‬٢{٤a)K ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٢{٤b)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬KK(tuning resistance)(guard resistance)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RsR‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V

HV
Cg
Cg
Cs
R
Cg
Cs
R
Cg
R
Ic
UA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٤a)
- ٣٧ -


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
V
Ra
Rs
RS
Rs
UA
Ra

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٤b)

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WIc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ic = j ω C V
(٢{٦)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬

V = V12 + V22 + V32 + ........ + Vn2
(٢{٧)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vn…….V٢V١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I١ = ω C V١
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
I٢ = ٢ ω C V٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٢{٨)
I = ωC V12 + 4V22 + .......... + n 2 Vn2
HV
V
Ra
Rs
RS
Rs
UA
Ra

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٥)

‫א‬K١١{٢٪‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٪
 K١١{٢٪‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(cascaded transformers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(oscilloscope)‫א‬
 
‫א‬ C١‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
C٢‫א‬C١‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬C٢


HV
V1
C1
cable
C2
ESV
V2

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٦)
 WV١‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ C + C2 + Cm
V1 = V2 ⎜⎜ 1
C1
⎝
⎞
⎟⎟
⎠
(٢{٩)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cm
 ‫א‬‫א‬V٢
(isolating potential transformer) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

N
V1
=a= 1
V2
N2
(٢{١٠)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V٢V١W
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N٢N١

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(tapping)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬KKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V٢ = V٢o(١H٠{٠١ vx C/CN)
(٢{١١)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V٢o
 K‫א‬‫א‬CN
 K(C≤CN)‫א‬C
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vx

W




 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٤)
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F=

− δWs
δ 1
1
δC
=
( CV 2 ) = V 2
dS
δS 2
2
δS
1
A 1
⎛V⎞
= ε o V 2 2 = ε o A⎜ ⎟
2
2
S
⎝S⎠
2
(٢{١٢)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
 K‫א‬‫א‬C
- ٤١ -
W

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬A

 K‫א‬‫א‬S

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ws

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬εo

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬(guard ring)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٥٠٥‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K ١٠١٣،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬CR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K
 ‫א‬١{٠  ‫א‬
±٠{٢٥٪‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٢{٧)K±٠{١٪‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(V/S)‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬V/S‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K٦٠٠kVrms‫א‬

D
light
G
B
R
HV
F
G M
m
M
o
o
C
o H
H
o
o
F
o

 (٢{٧)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٥)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
√٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

t
i o = C ∫ vdt = jωCV
(٢{١٣)
0
 ‫א‬‫א‬V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (٢{٨)K‫א‬
 WVm‫א‬‫א‬

Vm =
I
2πfC
(٢{١٤)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I
 K‫א‬C
W


HV
C
D1
D2
I

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٨)

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬D٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D١‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٢{٩)‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
t١-t٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
(CR<< ١/ω)C‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬
 K‫א‬

V(t)
ic(t)
V(t)
false
maxima
ic(t)
t
t1

t2
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٩)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
∆V V − Vm ⎛
⎞
=
= ⎜1 −
⎟
2 2 2
V
V
⎝ 1+ ω C R ⎠
(٢{١٥)

 ‫א‬‫א‬V
 ‫א‬‫א‬Vm


 Kω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٠)
Kfm (analog voltage signal)‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
f‫א‬ ‫א‬(gate circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fm/f‫א‬‫א‬
 K∆t=p/f‫א‬

HV
C
D2

D1
R
1
2
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٠)
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬J ١

 Wn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

N= fm.∆t = p . (fm/f) = ٢pCVmAR
(٢{١٦)
 ‫א‬p
A=fm/(R im)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A
 R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬im




‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١١)
KV٢VmRd‫א‬Cs‫א‬C٢‫א‬
CsRd‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Cs
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬١٠١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٣)K‫א‬
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

HV
C1
V1
C2
V2

D
R2
Rd
Vm
Rd
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١١)

HV
C1
Cs
Cs
R
R
C2
D
D
UA

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٢)

HV
C1
D2
Rd2

Cs2
D1
C2
Cs1
Rd1
Vm
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٣)

- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٦)
(sparkover voltage)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
٣٠kVpeak‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٧٦٠ torr)١‫א‬٢٠oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(short rise time≥٠{٥µs)
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٤b)(٢{١٤a)K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١{٠٠٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
‫ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﺎزل‬١
1
‫ ﺳﺎق اﻟﻜﺮة‬٢
4
‫ ﺗﺮوس ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ وﻣﺤﺮك ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺜﻐﺮة‬٣
2
D
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬٤
p
‫ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺸﺮارة‬P
S
‫ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻜﺮة‬D
‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬S
A
‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺸﺮارة ﻋﻦ اﻷرض‬A
3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٤a)
HV
S
D
p
2D

2D
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٤b)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K±٣٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬٥٠٪،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢‫א‬‫א‬٢٪
‫א‬٥٠٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٨
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣)(٢ ٢)
 K‫א‬
 ١٢٥oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(B)

 EF‫א‬
٢٠٠
A
١٥٠
B
A
١٠٠
B
A
٥٠
B
٢٦٢
٢٦٢
٢٦٢
٢٦٢
٢٦٢
٢٦٢
٣٨٤
٣٨٤
٣٨٤
٣٨٤
٣٨٤
٣٨٣
A
٥٠٠
٥٠٠
٥٠٠
٥٠٠
٦١٠
٧٤٠
٧٣٥
٧٣٥
٧٣٠
٩٦٥
٩٦٠
٩٥٠
٩٤٠
١١٦٠
١١٣٠
١١١٠
١٥١٠
١٤٦٠
١٤٢٠
١٥٩٠
١٩٠٠
١٨٧٠
٥٠٠
٦٠٥
B
٧١{٥
٧١{٥
٨٥{٠
٨٥{٠
٩٧{٠
٩٧{٠
١١٠
١١٠
١٣٦
١٣٦
١٩٩
١٩٩
٢٥٩
٢٥٩
٣١٧
٥٠٠
٢٥
٣٧٤
٤٢٥
٣١٥
٣٦٧
٤١٣
A
١٥
B
٣١{٤
٣١{٤
٤٤{٧
٤٤{٧
٥٨{٠
٥٨{٠
٧١{٥
٧١{٥
٨٥{٠
٨٥{٠
٩٧{٠
٩٧{٠
١١٠
١١٠{٠
١٣٦
١٣٥{٠
١٩٦
١٩٥{٠
٢٦٨
٢٥٧
٢٩٤
٢٧٧
٣٣١
٣٠٩
 ٣٦٢
٣٣٦
١٠
‫א‬
٥
EF
A
B
A
B
A
B
١٦{٩
١٦{٩
١٦{٨
١٦{٩
١٧{٤
١٧{٤
٠{٥
٣١{٤
٣١{٤
٣١{٧
٣١{٧
٣٢{٠
٣٢{٠
١{٠
٤٥{١
٤٤{٧
٤٥{١
٤٤{٧
٤٥{٥
٤٤{٧
١{٥
٥٨{٠
٥٨{٠
٥٨{٠
٥٨{٠
٥٨{٠
٥٧{٥
٢{٠
٧١{٥
٧١{٥
٧١{٥
٧١{٥
٢{٥
٨٥{٠
٨٥{٠
٨٥{٠
٨٤{٠
٣{٠
٩٧{٠
٩٧{٠
٩٦{٠
٩٥{٥
٣{٥
١١٠{٠
١٠٨{٠
١٠٨{٠
١٠٦{٠
٤{٠
١٣٢{٠
١٢٧{٠
١٢٧{٠
١٢٣{٠
٥{٠
١٨٧{٠
١٨١{٠
٧{٥
١٠{٠
١٢{٥
١٥
٧١٥
٧٠٠
٤٧٢
٤٥٢
٨٠٠
٧٨٥
٥٤٥
٥٢٠
٢٠{٠
٨٨٥
٨٦٢
٦١٠
٥٧٥
٢٥{٠
٩٦٥
٩٢٥
٧٥٥
٧٢٥
٣٠{٠
١٠٢٠
١٠٠٠
٣٥{٠
١٢٦٠
١٢١٠
٥٠{٠
- ٥٠ -
١٧{٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
٧٥{٠
١٠٠
١٥٠
٢٠٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣)
 K١٢٠oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 EF‫א‬
٢٠٠
١٥٠
١٠٠
٥٠
 
٢٥
١٥
١٠
٥
 ١٦{٥
١٦{٩
١٧{٥
٤٥{٥
٤٥{٨
٤٦{١
 ‫א‬

EF
٠{٥
‫א‬٠{٥D
 ٣١{٠
٠{٥D≤
 ٥٩{٠
٥٩{٢
٥٩{٣
٥٨{٣
٢{٠
 ٨٦{٠
٨٥{٨
٨٤{٩
٧٩{٣
٣{٠
±٣٪
 ٤٥{٠
±٥٪
 ٧٣{٠
 ١٣٧{٠
 ٢٦٧{٠
١٣٧{٠
٢٦٧{٠
١٣٧{٠
٢٦٦{٠
٥١١{٠
٥٠٤{٠
٦٣٢{٠
٦٢٨{٠
٦١٣{٠
٧٢{٩
٣١{٦
٧٢{٤
 ١١٢{٠
١١٣{٠
١١١{٠
١٠٧{٠
 ٢١٤{٠
٢٠٧{٠
١٩٤{٠
١٧٧{٠
١٣٨{٠
١٣٨{٠
١٣٤{٠
١٢٨{٠
٣٢{٢
٦٩{٤
١{٠
١{٥
٢{٥
٤{٠
 ٥{٠
٨{٠
٢٦٣{٠
٢٤٨{٠
١٠{٠
٣٥٣{٠
٣٢٠{٠
١٤{٠
 ٣٠٩{٠
 ٣٩٤{٠
٥١١{٠
٣١{٣
٤٥٢{٠
٤٩٥{٠
٥٥٨{٠
٢٨٦{٠
٣٥٢{٠
١٢{٠
١٦{٠
١٨{٠
٢٠{٠
٢٥{٠
٧٤٦{٠
٧٤١{٠
٧٤٤{٠
٩٧٢{٠
٩٥٠{٠
٩٠٢{٠
٤٠{٠
١٢١٠{٠
٦٠{٠
٨٦٠{٠
١١٨٠{٠
١٣٨٠{٠
١٥٦٠{٠
١٧٣٠{٠
١٩٠٠{٠
٨٤٨{٠
١١٤٠{٠
١٣٢٠{٠
٨١٢{٠
٣٠{٠
٣٥{٠
١٠٧٠{٠
٥٠{٠
١٤٩٠{٠
٧٠{٠
١٦٤٠{٠
٨٠{٠
٩٠{٠
٢٠٥٠{٠
١٠٠{٠
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
K ٢٠٠ ١٥٠, ١٠٠, ٧٥, ٥٠, ٢٥, ١٥, ١٢{٥, ١٠, ٦{٢٥, ٥, ٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٣D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬±٢٪
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(guard ring)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(٢ ٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢D

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬
 EF
١٤S
٧D
٩D
٦{٢٥
١٠S
٥D
٧D
٢٥
٧S
٣{٥D
٥D
١٠٠
٦S
٣D
٤D
٢٠٠
١٢S
٨S
٦S
٨D
٦D
٦D
٤D
٤D
٣D
١٠ ٢٥
٥٠
١٥٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆V = m log (B/D) + C
(٢{١٧)

 ‫א‬∆V
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B

 ‫א‬S

 ‫א‬‫א‬D
 ‫א‬Cm


‫א‬KS/D≤٠{٨S/D≤٠{٥٢٪ 
 ‫א‬
 
 KS/D≥١{٠٣٪‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vo‫א‬‫א‬pT‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W٧٦٠ torr٢٠oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V = k Vo
(٢{١٨)

 W‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k

d=
p
293
760 273 + T
(٢{١٩)
 Kkd‫(א‬٢ ٥)

- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Kd‫א‬‫א‬k‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٥)
١{١٥
١{١٠
١{٠٥
١{٠٠
٠{٩٥
٠{٩٠
٠{٨٥
٠{٨٠
٠{٧٥
٠{٧
١{١٢
١{٠٩
١{٠٥
١{٠٠
٠{٩٥
٠{٩١
٠{٨٦
٠{٨٢
٠{٧٧
٠{٧٢
d
K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬١{٣٠{٣D٠{١D٢٠٪
١{٥٪١{٠٥٪ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١{٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢≤
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥٦{٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٪
K٨٪١L٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬
٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٧)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(٢{١٥)K(delay cable)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Z١K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z٢K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬R-C
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(residual inductance)

- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
Z1
V1(t)
cable
V2(t)
CRO
Vm(t)
Z2

 ‫א‬(٢{١٥)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬R٢R١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٦)
a=
V1 ( t )
R
=1+ 1
V2 ( t )
R2
(٢{٢٠)
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
V1(t)
R1
R1
Zo
V2(t)
R2

C1
V1(t)
Rm
R2
Cm
C2
=Cm V2(t)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٦)

Zo‫א‬K
 ‫א‬R٢‫א‬
١{٠Rm(Rm,Cm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥٠١٠‫א‬Cm‫א‬
a=
V1
R1
=1+
V2
R 2 /(1 + jωR 2 C m )
 W(frequency domain)
(٢{٢١)

‫א‬
 ،‫א‬a‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C١‫א‬‫א‬C١R١‫א‬‫א‬C١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
R 1 C1
=
R 2 C2
i.e.
(٢{٢٢)
R١C١ = R٢C٢

‫א‬‫א‬(probe)K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬Cm 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (٢{١٧)

- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
R1
C1
R2
‫א‬
Cm
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٧)

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R٢R١
R١١٠٠kV‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢{١٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬R١/‫א‬nR١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬Cs‫א‬‫א‬CgR=nR١/‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Ch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٢{١٩)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
Cg
R1'
Cs
R1
Cg
C2
R2
V2(t)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٨)
HV
Cg
V1(t)
Cs
R1'
Ch
Cg
C2
R2
V2(t)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{١٩)
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(lumped element)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K(٢{٢٠)‫א‬
a=
V1 ( t )
C
=1+ 2
V2 ( t )
C1
(٢{٢٣)

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬C٢C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 KC١‫א‬‫א‬C٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠ MHz‫א‬‫א‬٣٥٠ kV‫א‬١٠٠٠W١
 K٢٠٠MHz‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٠kVF‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
HV
HV
C1
C1
V1(t)
C2
CRO

C2
V2(t)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢٠)

/
C١ ‫א‬C١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢١)V١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KCg<<C١C١<<C٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
a=
Cg ⎤
V1 ( t ) ⎡ C1 ⎤ ⎡
1
+
≈ ⎢1 +
⎥
⎥⎢
V2 ( t ) ⎣ C 2 ⎦ ⎣ 6C1 ⎦
(٢{٢٤)

١MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٪ ‫א‬
 KC١=٣Cg

- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cg
HV
C1"
2C1
C1
V1(t)
2C1
2/3 Cg
C1"
C2
v2(t)
Cg
C2
V2(t)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢١)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(compensated devices)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(response time)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠٪١٠٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(٢{٢٢)K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
∞
Tres = ∫ [1 − h ( t )]dt = T1 − T2 + T3 − T4 + ........
(٢{٢٥)
0
aV2 ( t )

V1

 ‫א‬a


 ‫א‬‫א‬V١


 h(t) =
 ‫א‬V٢(t)

W

(chopped ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬δ‫א‬‫א‬Kimpulse voltage)
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
δ=
Tres
Tc
(٢{٢٦)
 K‫א‬Tc

T2
T4
1.0
T5
T1
T3
Tres=T1-T2+T3-T4+

t
 ‫א‬(٢{٢٢)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R١،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢٣)K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(damping resistance)Rd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R١‫א‬K٣٠ ٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 R-C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢≤‫א‬R١/‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K٣٠٥‫א‬(٢{٢٤)
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

HV
Rd
L
S
R1
Cp/2
R2
Cp/2
V2(t)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢٣)
HV
C1'
R1'
C1'
R1'
V1(t)
C1'
R1'
C2
V2(t)
R2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٢٤)
- ٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
(٣ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬(puncture)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF
 K(flashover)‫א‬


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،J  ‫א‬  ‫א‬J E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
٧٠{٠٠٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬L
  ٦٠E‫א‬
 K٢L‫א‬٥٠٠٢L‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(annealing) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L١٤٠‫א‬ E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F
 K‫א‬ E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E٥F
‫א‬ E٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E٧F
 K‫א‬ E٨F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Pin type insulator ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٣)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣{١)، ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ٢٥(٣{١a)
- ٦٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬



 K٢٥J (٣{١a)
 ١١(٣{١b)
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣{١c)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٢)K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٣
 ٣٣(٣{٢)

- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Suspension type insulator ‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،١١‫א‬‫א‬ E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
u
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KK
 J ١
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬flashover distance
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٣)K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٣)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KHigh puncture strength

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٥)
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٦)

 ‫א‬١٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٤)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣ ٧)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٥a)

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٥b)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٨)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٧
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٩)
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 E١FE‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬FZm
 ECL‫א‬FZm
 E٢F‫א‬mCZ‫א‬
 E٣F∴(١/ωC)Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤F∴(١/ωmC)Z‫א‬



- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

V

C
I
C
I

V٥
i١ mC



V
i٢ mC
٤

V
C
I
i٣ mC
C
I٤ mC


V٢

C

V١



V٣

V١
V٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٦) 

 Wi١،I١‫א‬V١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥F∴I١ = [V١/(١/ωC)] = V١ωC
 E٦F∴i١ = [V١/(١/ωmC)] = V١ωmC
 E٧F∴I٢ = I١ + i١
 E٧F‫א‬E٦FE٥F‫א‬i١I١ 
 E٨F∴I٢ = V١ωC + mV١ωC = V١ωC(١Hm)
 E٩F∴V٢ = I٢ /ωC
 WE٩FE٨F‫א‬
 E١٠F∴V٢ = V١ωC(١Hm) / ωC= V١(١Hm)
 E١١F∴ i٢ = (V١+V٢)/(١/ωmC)


 E١٢F‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬
 E١٢F∴ i٢ = m[V١+(١Hm)V١]ωC= mV١ωC(٢Hm)
- ٧٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E١٣FI٣ = I٢ + i٢
 E١٣F‫א‬E١٢FE٨F‫א‬
 E١٤FI٣ = V١ωC(١Hm)+mV١ωC(٢Hm) = V١ωC(١H٣m+m٢)
 E١٥FV٣ = I٣ / ωC
 E١٥FE١٤F‫א‬
 E١٦FV٣ = V١ (١ + ٣m + m٢)
 E١٧FI٣ = (V١+V٢+V٣)/(١/ωmC)
 WE١٧F‫א‬E١٦FE١٠F‫א‬
i٣ = m (V١+V٢+V٣)ωC


=m[V١+(١Hm)V١+(١H٣m+m٢)V١]ωC
 E١٨F = mV١ωC(٣H٤m+m٢)
 E١٩FI٤ = I٣ + i٣

 E١٩F‫א‬E١٨FE١٤F‫א‬
 I٤ = V١ωC(١H٣m+m٢)+mV١ωC(٣H٤m+m٢)

 E٢٠F= V١ ωC(١H٦mH٥m٢+m٣)
 E٢١FV٤ = I٤ / ωC
 E٢١FE٢٠F‫א‬
 E٢٢FV٤=V١(١H٦mH٥m٢+m٣)
 E٢٣Fi٤=(V١+V٢+V٣+V٤)/(١/ωmC)
 WE٢٣F‫א‬E٢٢FE١٦FE١٠F‫א‬
i٤=m[V١+(١Hm)V١+(١H٣m+m٢)V١+(١H٦mH٥m٢+m٣)V١]ωC
 E٢٤F
=mV١ωC(٤H١٠mH٦m٢+m٣)
 E٢٥FI٥ = I٤ + i٤
 E٢٥F‫א‬E٢٤FE٢٠F‫א‬
I٥=V١ωC(١H٦mH٥m٢+m٣)+mV١ωC(٤H١٠mH٦m٢+m٣)
 E٢٦F
=V١ωC(١H١٠mH١٥m٢H٧m٣+m٤)
 E٢٧FV٥=I٥/ωC

 E٢٧FE٢٦F‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E٢٨FV٥=V١(١H١٠mH١٥m٢H٧m٣+m٤)
 E٢٩FV=V١+V٢+V٣+V٤+V٥


 E٢٩F‫א‬E٢٨FE٢٢FE١٦FE١٠F‫א‬
V=V١+(١Hm)V١+(١H٣m+m٢)V١+(١H٦mH٥m٥+m٣)V١+(١H١٠mH١٥m٢H٧m٣+m٤)V١
 E٣٠F∴V = V١(٥H٢٠mH٢١m٢H٨m٣+m٤)

 m=٠{١W
V=V١(٥H٢H٠{٢١H٠{٠٠٨H٠{٠٠٠١)=٧{٢١٨١V١E٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬


 V٢=V١(١Hm)E١٠F‫א‬
 =٠{١٣٨٦x١{١V 

= ٠{١٥٢٤٦V
 V٣=V١(١H٣m+m٢)E١٦F‫א‬
 =V١(١H٠{٣H٠{٠١)
 =٠{١٣٨٦x١{٣١V = ٠{١٨١٥V
 V٤=V١(١H٦mH٥m٢+m٣)E٢٢F‫א‬
= V١(١H٠{٦H٠{٠٥H٠{٠٠١)


= ٠{١٣٨٦x١{٦٥١V = ٠{٢٢٨٨V
V٥=V١(١H١٠mH١٥m٢H٧m٣+m٤)E٢٧F‫א‬

=V١(١H١H٠{١٥H٠{٠٠٧H٠{٠٠٠١)
∴V١=٠{١٣٨٦V

=٠{١٣٨٦x٢{١٥٧١V = ٠{٢٩٨٧V

 ‫א‬(٣-١٠)
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(n)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x nFLE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬
 E‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬(٣-١١)
mE٢٨FE٢٢FE١٦FE١٠F‫א‬Wm E١F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC٤C٣C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C
 E‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬FZm
 E٣١F‫א‬ZmC
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V’
 E٣٢FI١ = V’ ω C
 E٣٣Fi١ = m V’ ωC
 E٣٤FI٢ = I١ + i١
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤FE٣٣FE٣٢F‫א‬
 I٢ = V’ωC + mV’ωC
 E٣٥F= V’ωC(١Hm)
 WV’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٦F V’ = I٢/ωC٢
 WE٣٦FE٣٥F‫א‬
 E٣٧FV’ = V’ωC(١Hm)/ωC٢
 E٣٨FC٢ = C(١Hm)
 i٢ = ٢V١/(١/mωC)
 E٣٩F= m٢V’ωC
 E٤٠FI٣ = I٢ + i٢
 WE٤٠FE٣٩FE٣٥F‫א‬
 I٣ = V’ωC(١Hm) + m٢V’ωC
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
= V’ωC(١HmH٢m)
 E٤١F= V’ωC(١H٣m)

 E٤٢FV’ = I٣ / ωC٣
 E٤٢F‫א‬E٤١F‫א‬I٣
 V’ = V’ωC(١H٣m)/ωC٣

 E٤٣FC٣ = C(١H٣m)
 i٣ = ٣V’/(١/mωC)
 E٤٤F= m٣V’ωC
 E٤٥FI٤ = I٣ + i٣
 WE٤٤FE٤١F‫א‬
 I٤ = V’ωC(١H٣m)+m٣V’ωC
 E٤٦F= V’ ωC(١H٦m) 
 E٤٧FV’ = I٤ / ωC٤

 WE٤٧F‫א‬E٤٦F‫א‬I٤
 V’ = V’ωC(١H٦m)/ωC٤
 E٤٨FC٤ = C(١H٦m)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ١: (١Hm) : (١H٣m) : (١H٦m)…..‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W(guard ring)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
 C٣C٢C١‫א‬‫א‬
 KI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




C١
C
I
I٢ C٢
C
I
I٣ C٣
C
I
I١

i١ mC


i٢ mC



i٣ mC


C



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣{٧)

 W‫א‬‫א‬IE٢F‫א‬
 E٤٩FI = I + i١ – I١
 E٥٠F∴i١ = I١
 E٥١Fi٢ = I٢W
 E٥٢Fi٣ = I٣
 i١ = V/(١/ωmC)
 E٥٣F=mVωC
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣VI١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I١=٣V/(١/ωC١)
 E٥٤F= ٣VωC١
 E٥٤FE٥٣FE٥٠F‫א‬

  ٣VωC١ = mVωC
 E٥٥FC١=mC/٣
 E٥٦FI٢ = ٢V/(١/ωC٢) = ٢VωC٢
 E٥٧FI٢ = ٢V/(١/ωmC) = ٢mVωC
 WE٥٧FE٥٦FE٥١F‫א‬
 ٢VωC٢ = ٢mVωC
 E٥٨FC٢= mC
 E٥٩FI٣ = v/(١/ωC٣) = VωC٣
 E٦٠FI٣ = ٣V/(١/ωmC) = ٣mVωC
 WE٦٠FE٥٩FE٥٢F‫א‬
 VωC٣ = ٣mVωC
 E٦١FC٣= ٣mC
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
C
٠٫١C I١
ix
i
V
i١ ٠٫٢٥C
V
C
I٢
i٢ ٠٫٢٥C
C
I٢
V٣
EF
E
F
 W‫א‬
 I١ = V١ ωC
 i١ = ٠{٢٥ V١ωC
 ix = ٠{١(V٢+V٣)ωC
 I٢ = V٢ ωC
 i٢ = ٠{٢٥(V١+V٢)ωC
 iy = ٠{١ V٣ωC
 I٣ = V٣ωC 
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 A‫א‬
 I٢ + ix = I١ + i١
 I٢ = ٠{١ωC(V٢+V٣)=V١ωCH٠{٢٥V١ωC
 V٢ωCH٠{١ωC(V٢+V٣)=V١ωCH٠{٢٥V١ωC
V٢H٠{١V٢H٠{١V٣=١{٢٥V١
 E٦٢F١{٢٥V١ ١{١V٢ ٠{١V٣=٠
 B‫א‬
 I٣ + iy =I٢ + i٢ 
 V٣ωCH٠{١V٣ωC=V٢ωCH٠{٢٥(V١+V٢) ωC
 ∴١{١V٣=٠{٢٥V١H١{٢٥V٢
 E٦٣F∴٠{٢٥V١H١{٢٥V٢ ١{١V٣=٠ 
 ١١E٦٢F‫א‬
 E٦٤F١٣{٧٥V١ ١٢{١V٢ ١{١V٣=٠
 WE٦٣F‫א‬E٦٤F‫א‬
 ١٣{٥V١ ٣١{٣٥V٢=٠
 ∴V١=٣١{٣٥V٢/١٣{٥ = ٠{٩٨٨V٢
 ٥E٦٣F‫א‬
 E٦٥F١{٢٥V١H٦{٢٥V٢ ٥{٥V٣=٠
 WE٦٢F‫א‬E٦٥F‫א‬

٧{٣٥V٢H٥{٤V٣=٠
 ∴V٣=٧{٣٥V٢/٥{٤ = ١{٣٦٢V٢
 V=V١+V٢+V٣
 =٠{٩٨٨V٢+V٢H١{٣٦٢V٢
 = ٣{٣٥V٢
 ∴V٢ = ٠{٢٩٨٥V
 ∴V١= ٠{٢٩٨٥x٠{٩٨٨V =٠{٢٩٥V
 ∴V٣=١{٣٦٢x٠{٢٩٨٥V=٠{٤٠٦٥V
 V١=٢٩{٥٪
 V٢=٢٩{٨٥٪
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 V٣=٤٠{٦٥٪
 WηZ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬FL‫א‬Zη
 η=(V/(٣x٠{٤٠٦٥V))x١٠٠ = ١٠٠L١{٢١٩٥ = ٨٢{١٪

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٪‫א‬‫א‬K١٧
 ‫א‬EFEF‫א‬‫א‬
 m = ٢٠٪ = ٠{٢W‫א‬
 I١=V١/(١/ωC) = V١ωCEF
 i١ =V١/(١/ωmC) = mV١ωC
 I٢ = I١ + i١
 =V١ωC+mV١ωC
 = V١ωC(١Hm)
 V٢=I٢/ωC = V١ωC(١Hm)/ ωC
 = V١(١Hm) 
 ‫א‬V
 ∴V = V١ + V٢
 =V١ +V١(١Hm)
 = V١(٢Hm)
 V١=V/(٢Hm) = V/(٢H٠{٢) = ٠{٤٥٤٥V
 ١٧V٢‫א‬
 ∴ ٠{٥٤٥٤V =١٧
 ∴ V = ١٧L٠{٥٤٥٤ = ٣١{١٦ kV





- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
C
I١
i١ mC
 V٢=V١(١Hm)EF
 i٢=(V+V٢)/(١/ωmC)
 = m[V١+V١(١Hm)] ωC
 = mV١ωC(٢Hm)
 I٣ = I٢ + i٢
 = V١ωC(١Hm)+mV١ωC(٢Hm)
 = V١ωC(١H٣m+m٢)
 V٣ = I٣/ωC
 = V١(١H٣m+m٢)
 V=V١+V٢+V٣
 = V١+V١(١Hm)+V١(١H٣m+m٢)
 = V١(٣H٤m+m٢)
 = V١(٣H٤x٠{٢H٠{٢٢)
 = ٣{٨٤V١
 V١=V/٣{٨٤ = ٠{٢٦٠٤V
V
١
V
C
I٢
C
I٣
V٢
i٢
mC
V٣
 V٣=V١(١H٣m+m٢)‫א‬
 = ٠{٢٦٠٤ V(١H٣x٠{٢H٠{٢٢)
 = ٠{٤٢٧V
 ∴V = ١٧L٠{٤٢٧ = ٣٩{٨ kVV٣=١٧ kV

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W٣
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF
 ‫א‬
E
F
 ‫א‬
E
F



 W‫א‬
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬mC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CEF
C
I١
i١
mC
C
I٢
i٢
mC
V١
V
C
I٣
V٢
V٣

 K‫א‬
 V٢=(١Hm)V١
 ١١= (١Hm) ٨
 (١Hm) = ١١L٨ = ١{٣٧٥
 ∴m = ٠{٣٧٥
 V٣ = (١H٣m+m٢)V١EF
 = (١H١{١٢٥H٠{١٤)x٨
 = ١٨{١٢ kV
 V‫א‬
 V=V١+V٢+V٣
 = ٨ + ١١ + ١٨{١٢
 = ٣٧{١٢ kV
 kV٦٤{٢٨= ٣٧{١٢x√٣Z‫א‬x√٣Z‫א‬
 η‫א‬ E
F
 η = [V/(٣xV٣)]x١٠٠
 = [٣٧{١٢/(٣x١٨{١٢)]x١٠٠
 = ٦٨{٢٨٪


- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬٥‫א‬ ٦٦‫א‬ E١F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬٤W١‫א‬ ‫א‬
WK‫א‬
 [٣{٣٢kV, ٤{١٦kV, ٦{١٦kV, ٩{٣٦kV, ١٥{١kV, ٥٠{٤٪]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٪٢٥٪‫א‬‫א‬
[٠{٢١٥٩V, ٠{١٩١٤V, ٠{٢٣٤١V, ٠{٣٥٨٦V ٦٩{٧٪]
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬   E٣F
٢١{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
[١١٤{٢٥kV]
١L٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
 K
 ٣٥ ‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[٨٤{٦٤kV, ٨٠{٥٪]
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬٦‫א‬ E٥F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠{٢C
K‫א‬
[٦{٤٣%, ٧{٧٢٪, ١٠{٥٦٪, ١٥{٥٤٪, ٢٣{٥٪, ٣٦{٢٥٪, ٤٦٪]



- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 (٤ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Electric Field Intensity  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  (E=V/D kV/Cm)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٢)
   ‫א‬         ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬‫א‬Breakdown‫א‬‫א‬
WIonization by Electron Collision‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ p d‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
   E    e   ‫א‬   KCathode ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬Anode‫א‬eE‫א‬
 U = e E x = ٠{٥ m v٢
 m ، Anode‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ x
 K‫א‬v‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼ‬
Anode
‫ﺒﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻬ‬
Cathode
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤{١)
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Anode  ‫א‬   Anode ‫א‬   (Avalanche)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Breakdown‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-
e
A  A
e
e
A+
A
eA+
WPhoto Ionization‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ eV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
A+e+k energy → A* + e ; A*→ A+hv


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬hvA‫א‬A*
‫א‬(hv)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
١٠
١٠ ٧
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬Photoionization‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A+hv→A*+e
‫א‬‫א‬K  hv≥eviW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KCorona‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Streamer‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬Metastables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KThermal Ionization‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Townsend Breakdown MechanismEF(٤ ٣)
‫א‬     no ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
α K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
αF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  x    KE‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ dx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ nx
 (αxdx)
 nx = no ‫א‬x=٠
 nx = no exp (αx) dnx=αnx 
 nd = no exp (αd) (x = d) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 I = Io exp (αd) 
 K(Cathode)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Io 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٤)
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 (Photo-emission) ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 (Metastable particles)    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 Thermal Ionization ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
γ  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ، ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬γ‫א‬‫א‬K

Γ= γ١ + γ٢ + γ٣+...
 ‫א‬‫א‬
I o exp( α d )
1 − γ [exp( α d ) − 1]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I =
١ – γ [exp (αd) – ١] = ٠
 W

 γ [exp (αd) –١] = ١
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬exp(αd)

 γ exp (αd) = ١
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   γ  α    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 γα ‫א‬J (٤ ٥)
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K      ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬KE ١٠ ٢‫א‬F 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، (guard electrode)    
  K ١٠١٢  ١٠٩   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K ١٠ ٨  ١٠
١٤
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠ ٦١٠ ٤‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ واﻗﻴﺔ‬


‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺗﻴﺎر‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺛﻐﺮة‬
‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬
 ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮ‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤{٢)
(no)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  T١ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  To
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ T٢‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ T٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I
‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬




Io١

 
To
T١
T٢
V
Vs
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤{٣)


Log I/Io




d١s


d
d٢s
 ‫א‬Log(I/Io)‫א‬(٤{٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ γ α‫א‬
E‫א‬ d‫א‬‫א‬Log(I/Io)‫א‬K
  ‫א‬   α    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K(٤{٤)  
 γ،α‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ γ
 K(E/P)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٨ ٥{٥x١٠
٨
 (steady state)‫א‬‫א‬  ١
٠{١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ٠{٤ ‫א‬
 Kα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٥x١٠
- ٩١ -
٩
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
I = Io exp(αd)
∴I٢ = Io exp(αd٢)

,

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
I١ = Io exp(αd١)
I1 I o exp(αd1 )
=
= expα (d1 − d 2 )
I 2 I o exp(αd 2 )

5.5 x10 −8
= expα (0.4 − 0.1)
5.5 x10 −9
∴١٠ = exp (٠{٣α)
∴٠{٣α = ln(١٠)

∴α = ٧{٦٧٦ /cm
 Paschen,s Law–‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٦)
d‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Breakdown Voltage ‫א‬    P*d  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  P ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٥‫א‬  Vb=f(p*d) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vb min ‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١)K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KCathode‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

Vb
N

W
Vb (NW)


Vb min

pd
(pd)mi
n
 E‫א‬X ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(٤{٥)
Vb min
 EF
٣٥٢
٢٤٠
٢٣٠
٤٥٠
٥٠٧
٤٢٠
٢٤٥
١٥٥
 (٤ ١)
(pd)min
Torr.cm
٠٫٥٥
٠٫٦٥
١٫٠٥
٠٫٧
٠٫٢٦
٠٫٥٧
٤٫٠
٤٫٠

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Electronegative gases ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٤ ٧)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Electron attachment)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
AB + e → AB‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K


 
AB +e → A + B ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

A‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (η) ‫א‬   K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
α
η
exp(α − η)d ] − [
]
α−η
α−η
I = Io
α
1 − {γ
[{exp(α − η)d} − 1]}
α−η
[

γ
W‫א‬‫א‬
α
[exp(α − η)d − 1] = 1
α−η
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ηα‫א‬
  ‫א‬   α   η  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Kγ  η  α 
γ [α / (α - η)] = ١ ;
or
α = η / (١ -γ)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Kα=η‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ ٤≥F‫א‬ γ
 (E/P) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٨)
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J 
EKKKKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Kr‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

⎡ 0.301⎤
E w = 30md ⎢1 +
dr ⎥⎦
⎣

 W‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎡ 0.308 ⎤
E c = 31md ⎢1 +
dr ⎥⎦
⎣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d‫א‬‫א‬ m
d=
 W
3.92P
(273 + T)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ttorr‫א‬‫א‬P


- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   J ٤
K(bundle conductors)‫א‬
K‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬ J ٦

Sulfur hexafluride (SF٦)‫א‬(٤ ٩)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ، ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬K…‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١ ١)
 ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬، -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬J
٢L ١٥   K‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬

- ٩٦ -
٢
L١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ١٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٥ ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬٦٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١ ٢)
 K٥٠٠
K
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Electronegative gas) ‫א‬ K

 K٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K (Al٢O٣)  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١ ٣)
  ٢{٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢L٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬……‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬(Paschen’s Law)
Vb α ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kpd
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   W‫א‬   K٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     (Corona) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬ K‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EFEFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ٢)
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 K‫א‬ K

 K‫א‬ K

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٢)
 ‫א‬
Air
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon tetraflouride
Hexafluoro-ethane
Perfluoro-propane
Perfluoro-butane
Perfluoro-n-butane
Sulfur hexafluoride
٣٠٪SF٦ + ٧٠٪ Air
Freon ١٢
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫ א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
٧٦٠
 torr
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٧٦٠
 Torr
 (Ns=١)
 ١Z‫א‬‫א‬
٢٩
J J J
٢٨
J J J
١٩٦
N٢
٢
٢١٠
٢٥٣
H٢
٨٨
CF٤
١٣٨
١٨٣
٧٨
C ٢F ٦
١٨٨
١٠١
٣٧
C ٣F ٥
٢٣٨
C٤F١٦
٢٠٠
C ٤F ٣
١٤٦
SF٦
CCI٩F٢
 ١٢١
١٩٤
١٢٨
-٢٥٩
١٦٠
٢
٨٠
H٢


١٥٨
‫א‬
‫א‬
J J J
J J J
‫א‬  ‫א‬



 
١{٠٠٠٥٩
١{٠٠٠٠٠
 
١
-١{٠١
١{٠٠٠٥٨
٠{٩٦٧٢٤
 
 
١{٠٠٠٢٦
 
 
٢{٠٢
٠{٠٦٩٥٢
--------J J J
 
 
 
 
٢{٦
١{٠٠٢٠٠
--------- J J J
 J J
J J J
 
 
٣{٦
J J J
J J J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *
 ١
٢{٢
١{٠٠٠٦٠
J J J
٦٣
٦٢{٥
٢{٠
١{٠٠٣٤٠
 J
٣٠
 ٢{٤٦
١{٠٠١٩١
J J J
 J J
١{٠٠١٦٠
J J J
 
 

 
 J J
٧{٣٣٢٣
٥{١٩٠٠
---------
 ٢٠٪*
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٦
 ‫؟‬
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 (٤ ١٠)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١١)

٩
‫א‬‫א‬١٠ W١  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(٤ ١٢)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،E‫א‬F
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
٣٠-٤٠
٢.- ٧٣٫٠
١٠-٣
١٠-٤
٣x١٠١٤
١٫٠ – ١٫١
١٠ – ١٠٠٠
Nil
١٫٥٠–١٫٦٠
< ٠٫٠١
٥x١٠-٤/oC
< ٣٠
negligible
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠-٢٥
٤٫٨
٠٫٦٠x١٠-٣
٠٫٥٠x١٠-٣
٢x١٠١٣
١٫٤
١٠٠ – ١٥٠
Nil
١٫٦٠٠٠
< ٠٫٠١
٧x١٠-١/oC
< ٣٠
negligible

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
٣٠
٢٠
٢٫٣ – ٢٫٦
٢٫١
٠٫٠٠٢
٠٫٢٥x١٠-٣
-٣
٠٫٠٠٠١
٠٫١٠x١٠
١٠١٢ - ١٠١٣
١٠١٣ –
٠٫٩٣
١٠١٤
٣٠
٠٫٨٨–٠٫٨٩
Nil
٣٠
١٫٤٧٠٠
Nil
٠٫٠١
١٫٤٧٤٠
-٤ o
/C
٧x١٠
٠٫٠١
-٤ o
٥٠
٧x١٠ / C
٥٠
‫א‬
١٥
٢٫٢ – ٢٫٣
٠٫٠٠١
٠٫٠٠٠٥
١٠١٢-١٠١٣
٠٫٨٩
٣٠
Nil
١٫٤٨٢٠
٠٫٠١
٧x١٠-٤/oC
٥٠
 ‫א‬
٢{٥mm٢٠oC ‫א‬J
(kV/mm)
 (٥٠ Hz)‫א‬‫א‬J
 ٥٠HzTan δ J
 ١ kHz
 EKF‫א‬‫א‬J
 ٢٠oC‫א‬‫א‬J
 ٢٠oC‫א‬J
 (mg/gm of KOH)‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
(mg of KOH/gm of oil)‫א‬J
 (٢٠ ١٠٠oC)‫א‬J
(ppm)J
(٤ ١٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٢٠٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٠٠{٥
 ١٠٠  ٥٠  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﺑﺮج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫إﻟﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ‬


‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬

 

‫اﻟﺨﺰان‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤{٧)

F١٠
٢٠
 ١٠
١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٤)
‫א‬‫א‬ ١ kV/cm  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠kV/cm
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Cathode)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٤ ٤)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٤ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﺗﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎر‬
‫أﻳﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺒﻊ‬

‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬(٤{٨)


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٥)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٤)
(MV/cm)‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
١٫١ – ١٫٣
١٫١
١٫٠
١٫٠ – ١٫٢
٢٫٤
١٫٦ – ١٫٩
١٫٠
٠٫٧
١٫١٠ – ١٫٤٢
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ EF  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬          W (Particles) ‫א‬ 
K١
   Particles Permitivity) ε١F ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ KE 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ε٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F = 12 r 3
ε −ε
2ε + ε
2
1
1
2
⋅ ∇E 2 
     ‫א‬          ‫א‬
KBreakdown‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W  K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E=V/d (Kv/cm)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
  (٤ ١٦)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E


 E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬voids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Polymers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Tracking‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTreeing‫א‬‫א‬

 Tracking‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ١)

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Leakage Current 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Dry Bands‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d  E=v\d ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ C-H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H٢O
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬Erosion‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

KFlashover‫א‬

H.V
‫ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎزل‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
 (٤{٩)
‫ﻗﻄﺐ أري‬

 TreeingE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٢)
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Plain Electrode ‫א‬ Point Electrode
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Partial Discharge‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Trees
‫א‬ KTreeing‫א‬، ‫א‬
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWater Treeing‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٣)
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬Vddo‫א‬‫א‬
εoεr
 W‫א‬‫א‬
do
V2
=
]
Y
ln[
d
2d 2
V 2 = d 2[
 W‫א‬Y
d
2Y
] ln[ o ]
εoεr
d

 d/do=٠{٦ or do/d=١{٦٧ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E max =
V
Y
= 0 .6
εoεr
do
(٤ ١٧ ٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 2 fε r tan δ
W=
1.8x1012
w/cm٢
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬δ‫א‬f
WT = C v
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dT
+ div(K.gradT)
dt

t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cv
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٥)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٤ ١٧ ٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K(٤{١٠)  
t
C٣
C١
d
V١
C٣
C٢
C٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤{١٠)

K١٤C٣C٢ C١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬C٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C٢‫א‬‫א‬C١ 
 K‫א‬
 WV١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬

V1 =
Vd1
ε
d1 + ( o )d 2
ε1
K‫א‬‫א‬εrεo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d٢d١
V1 = Vε r (
d1
)
d2
 Wd٢d١‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬εr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٨)
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
           ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
plastics ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  KElastomers  rubbers ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KThermosettingThermoplastic،‫א‬
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٩)
(Paper) ‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ١)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠{٨   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ gms/cm٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ PPL, PPLP, BICCLAM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KpermittivityJ 
 KJ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Tanδ‫א‬J 

K‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢٠oC‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٢L٢٠١٠‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ٠{٥٪ ٠{٠١ ٧٪ ٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦{٦ kV‫א‬
oil- ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ resin
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ،        ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMINDmass-impregnated non-drainage‫א‬‫א‬
(Mica)‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٢)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Glass)‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٣)
‫א‬ ٦ g/cm٣  ٢{٢‫א‬١٠  ٣{٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK ١٠٢٠  ١٠١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٠٢٠   ٠{٠٠٤
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬L٥٠٠٠ ٣٠٠٠ 
 K
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Ceramics)‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(εr>١٢) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (εr<١٢) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٥)
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٠
١٦٠٠
١٦
٩
٥
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٠
١٠٠٠
٢٥
٥-٧
٥٠-١٠٠
٠٫٥-٢
٩٠٠
٣
٥-٧
١٠٠-٢٠٠
EF‫א‬‫א‬
(oC) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (kV/mm) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(tanδx١٠٤)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬
 Tanδx١٠٤

‫א‬‫א‬

٥
٩٠
٣
١٥٠
 ١٥٠
 ١٥٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 (Fibers) ‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٥)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K٨  ٣ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٧)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 (Tan δ)
٠٫١٢٠
٠٫١٢٠
٠٫١٢٠
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٤٫٤-٧٫٣
٤٫٤-٧٫٣
٤٫٤-٧٫٣
١٫٥٣
١٫٥٣
١٫٥٣

 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
‫א‬J
٠٫٠١٦
٠٫٠١٦
١٫٥٢
٣٫٤(٤٫٤*)
٠٫٠٥٣
٠٫٠٣٠
٠٫٠٠١-٠٫٠٠٣
٠٫٠٠١-٠٫٠٠٢٥
٢٫٥١
١٫٩٧
١٫٩-٢٫٢
٥-٧
١٫٣١
١٫٣٠
 E‫א‬F
‫א‬
١٫١٤
١٫٣٨
٢٫٣٠
٢٫٥٤


 
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J

 
 ‫א‬J
 J
 ‫א‬J
 J

 Polymeric insulation materials‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٦)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    polymers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fillers‫א‬‫א‬plasticizers
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
         ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Thermoplastic  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  Thermosetting ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Crosslinked
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،Epoxy resin ‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫אא‬
 ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ Cross Linked PolyEithelen (XLPE)‫א‬‫א‬
Vulcanized  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KRubber Compounds
 WThermoplastic‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Polyethylene) ‫ א‬K
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K–CH٢-CH٢-‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٠oC ٨٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١١٥oC ١١٠‫א‬
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
   K٧٠oC    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬  Cross linked polyethelyn (XLPE)  ‫א‬

K٩٠oC
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٨)

 

 


>١٠١٦
٧٢٠-١٠٠٠
٢٫٣
٠٫٠٠٠٥
melts
 
>١٠١٦
١٨٠-٢٤٠
٢٫٣٥
٠٫٠٠٠٢
melts

 

 ‫א‬
 
>١٠١٦
٢٠٠ ٢٨٠
٢{٣
٠{٠٠٠٢
 melts
>١٠١٦
١٧٠-٢٨٠
٢٫٣
٠٫٠٠٠٢
melts
 EKF‫א‬‫א‬
ELF‫א‬
(٥٠ Hz –١٠٦Hz) ‫א‬
 Tanδ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
ENylonF ‫ א‬K
٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
               ٣٠٠ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Poly Vinyle Chloride (PVC) ‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٧٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠٧٠
- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
Aluminum trihydrate ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(Polystyrene) ‫א‬
١٠١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢٠‫א‬KL٣٥٠  ٢٠٠ ‫א‬K
  ‫א‬   K١٠{٠٠٠ MHz   ‫א‬‫א‬   ٠{٠٠٠٢  ‫א‬ ٢{٥٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (PMMA)Acrylic‫א‬
K UV‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Polycarbonate‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Polypropylene‫ א‬K
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (PTFE)Polytetrafloraethylene‫ א‬K
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬      K‫א‬   ٢٥٠ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Polyyurethanes‫ א‬K
    ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WThermosetting‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Polyester) ‫א‬K
  ‫א‬          ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
L٢{٠٠٠ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠ K١٠١٥
Epoxides‫א‬K
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ١٥٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WVulcanized Rubber Compounds ‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٧)
K،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K (Compounding)   ‫א‬  (Vulcanizing) ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Styrene-butadiene Rubber‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، (EPM)  Ethylene-propylene rubber  ‫א‬ ، Nitrile Rubber ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ، Butyl rubber ‫א‬ ، (EPDM) Ethylene-propylene diene rubber  ‫א‬ 
 KThermoplastic Rubber‫א‬،Butadiene rubber
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (٥ ١)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(lightning voltage)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٢)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥-٣)
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(thunderstorms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠{٠٠٠٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ٢٠٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠
L
 ١٠٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬L
 ١٠٠‫א‬،١٠٨
٢٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ١‫א‬‫א‬L
 ٣٠٠ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (٥{١)
+
+ + +++
+++ ++ + + +++ + +
- - - - - - - ---++
- - - - - - +++- -
‫ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫اﻷرض‬
(٥{١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 L ٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬K(٥{٢)،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬K 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬B

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤١٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
++
++++
+-20
++
++
+++
+ + -10
+ + + +
--- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- ----------------------

-----------------
-----------------
0
+ ++
+ ++
C
B
-+
------------------
‫أﻣﻄﺎر ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
---A
-- --- -----
+
+
++
++
++
+
‫ﺣﺮآﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎرات‬
‫هﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻣﻄﺎر ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬

 ‫א‬(٥{٢)
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ٤٠‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(> ٤٠oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٤٠٣٣‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (OH-)‫א‬‫א‬(H+)
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
T١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (T١<T٢)
 T٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬λK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ρ‫א‬v‫א‬‫א‬E
 WE‫א‬‫א‬
dE
+ λ E = ρv
dt
E=
(٥{١)
 W
ρv
[1 − exp(−λt )]
λ
(٥{٢)
 K‫א‬t=٠E=٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Qg‫א‬‫א‬Qs
ρ = Qg/Ah
(٥{٣)
 W
E = Qs/Aεo
(٥{٤)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬A‫א‬εo
 W(٢)‫א‬
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Qg =
Qs h
M
=
v[1 − exp(−λt )] v[1 − exp(−λt )]
(٥{٥)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M=Qsh
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠ZEλL١FZ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١١٠ZMZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠ZtZ
 L٢٠١٠ZvZ‫א‬
Qg =
20,000 20,000
=
= 1000
v
20
 W‫א‬
Coloumb for v=٢٠ m/s
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF(٥ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E L
 ١٠≈F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠L١‫א‬‫א‬ (electric streamer)
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬KK ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(stepped leader)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 




ms
 ٢٠
(٥{٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬٠{٥٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥٠{٠٠٠١{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬


(٥{٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠‫א‬١٠٠٠١٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K E ‫א‬١٪F
٥٠٠٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١  ‫א‬‫א‬K٣٠
 ‫א‬٢٥٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL١٠١١
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٥)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Lightning current (kA)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (Us)

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٥)

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٥)
E ١٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬  (front wave)‫א‬‫א‬
 (tail wave)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٪
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KL
 ٢٥١٠٪L
 K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥{٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١{٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 KL١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(overvoltage)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬(flashover)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(back flashover)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬ZoIo‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 

- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
V=IZ
= Io
= Io
ZZo
Z + Zo
Z
(٦)
Z
1+
Zo

 ‫א‬K٣٠٠٠١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٥٠٠(characteristic impedance)
E‫א‬٥٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠
 K٠{١ Z/Zo
V=Io Z
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬Io
٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٤{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 KEflashover)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Zo/٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K
 ٢{٠٠٠١٠{٠٠٠x(٤٠٠L٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥{٤١١‫א‬‫א‬١٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٧)
L, C, R, G‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬
R
L
R
G

C
G
L
C
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٦)

δ2e
δe
δ2e
= RG + (RC + GL) + LG 2
δt
δx 2
δt
(٥{٦)

δ 2i
δi
δ 2i
= RG + (RC + GL) + LC 2
δt
δx 2
δt
(٥{٧)

 W(٥{٧)(٥{٦)‫א‬

e = [exp(xγ)]f١(t)+[exp(-xγ)]f٢(t)
(٥{٨)
 W
i=−
Y
[{exp( xγ )}f 1 ( t ) − {exp( − xγ )}f 2 ( t )]
Z
γ = LC[(p +
(٥{٩)
 W
R
G
)(p + )]1 / 2
L
C
(٥{١٠)
Y = G + Cp
Z = R + Lp
P= δ/δt

- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬G=∞R=٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
δ2e
δ2e
=
LC
δx 2
δt 2
(٥{١١)
δ 2i
δ 2i
= LC 2
δx 2
δt
(٥{١٢)
 W‫א‬
x
x
e = f1 (t + ) + f 2 (t − )
v
v
i=−
(٥{١٣)
x
C
x
C
f1 (t + ) +
f 2 (t − )
L
v
L
v
(٥{١٤)
 Wv‫א‬
(٥{١٥)
v = 1 / LC
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Z=
L
C
(٥{١٦)
‫א‬v‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
(lossless line)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e(t)‫א‬
E ‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(traveling wave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬KKKKEF
- ١٣٠ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(e,i)‫א‬‫א‬
 WZ٢‫א‬Z١‫א‬‫א‬(e/, i/)
e/ =
( Z 2 − Z1 )
e = Γe
( Z 2 + Z1 )
i/ =
( Z 2 − Z1 )
i = − Γi
( Z 2 + Z1 )
(٥{١٧)
(٥{١٨)
 K‫א‬‫א‬Γ
e

Z١
e//
Z٢
e/
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٧)
 WZ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2Z 2
e = (1 + Γ)e
( Z 2 + Z1 )
2 Z1
i = (1 − Γ)i
i // =
( Z 2 + Z1 )
e // =
(٥{١٩)
(٥{٢٠)
 W
e
= Z1 ,
i
e/
i/
= − Z1 ,
e //
i //
- ١٣١ -
= Z2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
(unit step)‫א‬‫א‬(٥-٨)
 (open circuit)(٥ ٨ ١)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
e = E U(t)
Z٢= ∞
Z١=Z,
Γ=
Γ=
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
( Z 2 − Z1 ) (1 − Z1 / Z 2 )
=
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (1 + Z1 / Z 2 )

1− Z/∞
=1
1+ Z/ ∞
 e/ = Γe = e =E U(t)





 W‫א‬‫א‬
e = (١HΓ) e = ٢e = ٢EU(t)




//

W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(short circuit)(٥ ٨ ٢)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
e = E U(t)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z١=Z,
Γ=
Z٢= ٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
( Z 2 − Z1 ) (0 − Z)
=
= −1
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (0 + Z)
 e/ = Γe = -e = - E U(t)



 W‫א‬‫א‬
e// = (١HΓ) e = ٠




e / EU( t )
=

Z
Z



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i/ = −
- ١٣٢ -

W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
io = (i+i/) = ٢ i



W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
R=٠{١Ω/km٤٠٠٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬W١
 WG=٠C=٠{٠٠٩µF/kmL=١{٢٦mH/km
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF


‫א‬‫א‬EF
، ‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C=٠{٠٠٩x١٠
v=
1
LC
=
٦
F/km
L=١{٢٦x١٠
٣
H/km,
R=٠{١Ω/km,
W‫א‬
 v‫א‬EF
1
= 3x10 5 km / s
1.26x10 −3 x 0.009x10 − 6
 Z‫א‬‫א‬EF
Z=
L
1.26x10 −3
=
= 374.2Ω
C
0.009 x10 − 6
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
t=
line..length
400
=
= 1.33x10 −3 s
5
v
3x10
٦٠Ω‫א‬٥٠٠Ω‫א‬W٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠٠kV‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z٢=٦٠Ω
Γ=
Z١=٥٠٠Ω,
e=٥٠٠ U(t) kV,
W‫א‬
 Γ‫א‬‫א‬
( Z 2 − Z1 ) (500 − 60)
=
= 0.786
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (500 + 60)
e// = (١HΓ) e = (١H٠{٧٨٦) x ٥٠٠ = ٨٩٣ kV
- ١٣٤ -
 e// ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬(expulsion gaps)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥-٩ ١)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٨)
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(capacitances)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠oF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

G
θ
p
h
p
p
G
‫ﻗﻨﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﻟﻠ ﺎ‬
G‫א‬‫א‬Zh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ٣٠oZ‫א‬‫א‬Zθs‫א‬ZP
 ‫( ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﻋﻕ‬٥,٨) ‫ﺸﻜل‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠o‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٢)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
ZT =
Io ZT
Z
(1 + T )
Zs
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zs(surge impedance)‫א‬ZT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬٣٢{٥‫א‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٥٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(counter poise ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬wires)
  K١٠٠٥٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬spark gaps‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٥{٩)K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬
‫א‬

 
‫ﻓﺮاغ‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫ﺛﻐﺮة‬
‫أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫أرﺿﻲ‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬(٥{٩a)‫א‬(٥{٩b)
 ‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣ ٢)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(nonlinear element)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(flashover voltage)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 (١L٥ µs)‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬(٨/٢ µs)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬(silicon carbide)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
I = k Va

 ‫א‬ak‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬I
 K‫א‬
idE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KVp‫א‬‫א‬vd‫א‬

Vd
V(kV)
V
d
Vi
Vs
Vp
id
Id
Id
Vd
T (µs)
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬(٥{١٠a)‫א‬‫א‬(٥{١٠b)
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬٥{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K  
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F١٠٢٠٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ١)

KE‫א‬
(٥ ١)‫א‬١٠٠J ٢٠٠،١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
٢٫٢ – ٢٫٨
٢٫٩ – ٣٫١
٢٫٣ – ٣
 ‫א‬(١{٢L٥٠ µs)J ١
٢ –٢٫٧
٢٫٢ – ٣
٢٫٥ – ٣٫٣
 (٨L٢٠µs)(Vd)J ٤
 ‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬J ٣
 ٥
 ١٠
 ٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٥ ١٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
(current chopping)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(basic insulation level, BIL)‫א‬‫א‬ K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٪‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٣) (٥ ٢)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٦٥١٤٥
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬(line shielding)‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٣٢‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٢ kVW‫א‬‫א‬J
١٤٥ kVWJ
١٤٥x(√٢/√٣)=١١٩ kVpeakWJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
٣x١١٩=٣٥٧ kVpeakW٣‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ١٢٣ kVW‫א‬‫א‬J
٥١٠ kVpeakW‫א‬J
 ١٠‫א‬J
٤٤٣ kVpeakW٨L٢٠
 ‫א‬EF
٥٥٠ kVpeakW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
٢٣٠ kVrmsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
[(٥٥٠ ٤٤٣)/٤٤٣]x١٠٠=٢٤٪W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 switchgear‫א‬‫א‬EF
٦٥٠ kVpeakW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

٦٥٠ kVpeakW‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٪E٥٩F٤٤٠kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(BIL)‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 (kVrms)
٢٣٠
 ١٨٥
٣٩٥
٣٦٠
٣٢٥
٥٧٠
٥١٠
٤٦١
٧٤٠
٦٨٠
٦٣٠
٥٧٠
٧٩٠
٧٤٠
٦٨٠
٦٣٠
 
 (kVrms)
٢٧٥
-----٤٦٠
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
(kVpeak)
٥٥٠
 
(kVpeak)
٦٥٠
٤٥٠
-----٩٠٠
‫א‬
‫א‬
(kVrms)
١٤٥
------
٢٤٥
٧٥٠
------
٣٦٢
١١٧٥
------
٨٢٥
١٣٠٠
١٠٥٠
٤٢٠
١٦٧٥
١٥٥٠
------
٥٢٥
١٤٢٥
١٣٠٠
١٨٠٠
------
١٦٧٥
٧٦٥
١٥٥٠
١٤٢٥
١١٠٠
٢٤٠٠
٩٨٠
٢١٠٠
٩٢٠
١٩٥٠
٨٧٠
١٨٠٠
 ٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٣)
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
(kVpeak)
kVpeak
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
kVpeak

 
١{١٣
٧٥٠
٣{٠٦
٩٥٠
١{٢٧
٨٥٠
٣{٤٥
٩٥٠
١{١٢
٨٥٠
٢{٨٦
١٠٥٠
١{١٢
٩٥٠
٣{٢٠
٩٥٠
٢{٧٦
١٠٥٠
٣{٠٦
١١٧٥
١{٢٤
١{٢٤
١٠٥٠
١{١٢
١١٧٥
١{٢٤
١٣٠٠
١{٢٤
١٤٢٥
١{٣٦
١٠٥٠
٢{٤٥
١٣٠٠
١{٢٤
١٤٢٥
١{٣٦
١١٧٥
٢{٧٤
١٣٠٠
١{١٢
١٤٢٥
١{٢١
١٣٠٠
٢{٠٨
١٤٢٥
١{١٠
١٥٥٠
١{١٩
١٤٢٥
٢{٢٨
١٥٥٠
١{٠٩
١٥٥٠
٢{٤٨
٢١٠٠
١{٤٧
١٨٠٠
١{١٦
١٩٥٠
١{٢٦
٢٤٠٠
١{٥٥
١١٧٥
١١٧٥
١٥٥٠
١٨٠٠
١٨٠٠
Vm‫א‬
Vmx(√٢/√٣)
 kV
٢٤٥
 kVpeak
 
٨٥٠
١٠٥٠
 ‫א‬
١{١٢
٣٠٠
٢٩٦
٣٦٢
٣٤٣
٤٢٠
٤٢٩
٥٢٥
٦٢٥
٧٦٥
١{١٢
١{٣٢
١{٣٨
١{٢٨
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥)
 K‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦)
 W‫א‬‫א‬(٧)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (٦ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬ (٦ ٢)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،E
 F ‫א‬‫א‬،E
 F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K(٦{١)‫א‬

  ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٦{٢)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٦ ١)‫א‬KTriboelectric‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 EF





 EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F(٦{١)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦{٢)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٦{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
•
•
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬‫א‬
•
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
•
•
•
‫א‬‫א‬
•
Orlon‫א‬
•
‫א‬‫א‬
•
Saran‫א‬‫א‬
•
‫א‬
•
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٧ -
•
•
•
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
F ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 
r‫א‬‫א‬q٢q١‫א‬
εoK١L٤πεok F = k q1q2 2 ، ‫א‬
r
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL‫א‬٨{٨٥٤x١٠
١٢
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٦٥٠٠ 
،EElectrostatic Discharges ESD‫א‬ F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٧٤‫א‬٢٥٠ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCharge Neutralization‫א‬Grounding
 (Grounding)‫א‬(٦ ٥ ١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،Conductors
‫א‬،DielectricsInsulators ‫א‬KEF
 KSemiconductors‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FPolararization
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Semiconductors‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 (Charge Neutralization)‫א‬(٦
٥ ٢)
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Passive NeutralizersEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Corona‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Active Neutralizers‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٦‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ KE
 ٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Air Ionizers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Radioactive Neutralizers‫א‬‫א‬EF
Po ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬،E٢١٠
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧



- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

[١] M. Khalifa, et al., High Voltage Engineering; Theory and Practice, Marcel
Dekker, New York, ١٩٩٠.
[٢] M. S. Naidu and V. Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering, TATA McGrawHill, New Delhi, ١٩٨٦.
[٣] P. as Begamudre, Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, John
Wiley& Sons, New York, ١٩٨٦.
[٤] T.J. Gallagher and A.J. Pearmain, High Voltage Measurement, Testing and
Design, John Wiley& Sons, ١٩٨٤.
[٥] M. Abdel-Salam, H. Anis, A. El-Morshedy and R. Radwan, High Voltage
Engineering; Theory and Practice, ٢nd ed., Marcel Dekker, New York,
٢٠٠٠.
[٦] D. Kind, High-Voltage Experimental Technique, ١st ed., Frieder. Vieweg &
Sohn, Braunschweig, ١٩٧٨.
[٧] E. Kuffel and M. Abdullah, High-Voltage Engineering, Pergamon Press,
١٩٧٠.
[٨] E. Kuffel and W.S. Zeangle, High-Voltage Engineering Fundamentals,
Pergamon Press, ١٩٨٤.
[٩] L. H. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, AddisonWesley Publishing Company, ١٩٧٥.
[١٠] 
 ‫א‬‫א‬,  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬,  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬,
١٩٨٨.
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬


 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK (١ ١)
 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٢)
 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٢ ١)
 ٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٢ ٢)
 ٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٣)
 ٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٣ ١)
 ١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٣ ٢)
 ٢١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٤)
 ٢١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٤ ١)
 ٢١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٤ ٢)
 ٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١ ٤ ٣)

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٢ ١)
 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢)
 ٣٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢ ١)
 ٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٢ ٢)
 ٣٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣)
 ٣٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ١)
 ٣٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٢)
 ٤٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٣)
 ٤١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٤)
 ‫א‬

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٥)
 ٤٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٦)
 ٥٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢ ٣ ٧)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٣ ١)
 ٦٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٢)
 ٦٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٣)
 ٦٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٤)
 ٦٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٥)
 ٧١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٦)
 ٧١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٧)
 ٧١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٨)
 ٧٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣ ٩)
 ٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٣ ١٠)
 ٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٣ ١١)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٨٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٤ ١)
 ٨٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٢)
 ٨٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ٣)
 ٨٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٤)
 ٨٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKγα‫א‬(٤ ٥)
 ٩١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK–‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٦)
 ٩٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٧)
 ٩٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٨)
 ‫א‬

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ٩)
 ٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١)
 ٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١ ١)
 ٩٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١ ٢)
٩٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ١ ٣)
 ٩٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ٩ ٢)
 ١٠١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ١٠١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٤ ١٠)
 ١٠١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١١)
 ١٠١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ١٢)
 ١٠٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٣)
 ١٠٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٤)
 ١٠٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٥)
 ١٠٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ١٠٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٤ ١٦)
 ١٠٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ ١٧)
 ١٠٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ١)
 ١٠٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٢)
 ١٠٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٣)
١٠٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٤)
 ١١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٥)
 ١١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٧ ٦)
 ١١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٨)
 ١١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٩)
 ١١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ١)
 ١١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٢)
 ١١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٣)
 ‫א‬

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١١٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٤)
١١٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٥)
 ١١٥KKKKPolymeric insulation materials‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٦)
١١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٤ ١٩ ٧)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٥ ١)
 ١٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٢)
 ١٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٣)
 ١٢٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬EF(٥ ٤)
 ١٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٥)
 ١٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٦)
 ١٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٧)
 ١٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٨)
 ١٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٥ ٨ ١)
 ١٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٥ ٨ ٢)
 ١٣٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩)
 ١٣٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩ ١)
 ١٣٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٢)
 ١٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣)
١٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣ ١)
١٣٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣ ٢)
١٣٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٩ ٣ ٣)
 ١٤٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬(٥ ١٠)

 ‫א‬

 ٢٥٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(٦ ١)
 ١٤٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٦ ٢)
 ١٤٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦ ٣)
 ١٤٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬(٦ ٤)
 ١٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦ ٥)
 ١٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٦ ٥ ١)
١٥٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(٦ ٥ ٢)












 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS