Science and Technology Studies, or
Science, Technology and Society Studies
(STS)
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study of how society, politics, and
culture affect scientific research and
technological innovation, and how
these, in turn, affect society, politics
and culture.
relatively recent discipline,
originating in the 60s and 70s,
following Kuhn's The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions (1962).
result of a “sociological turn” in
science studies.
makes the assumption that science
and technology are essentially
intertwined and that they are each
profoundly social and profoundly
political.
WHAT IS SCIENCE?
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Latin word scientia > knowledge.
knowledge attained through study or
practice.
system of acquiring knowledge
which uses observation and
experimentation.
organized body of knowledge gained
using scientific method or research.
TECHNOLOGY
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Greek words techne > art, craft,or
skill.
Logos > to speak of ;to imply the
practical application of techne.
the application of scientific
knowledge to the practical aims of
human life.
Refers to methods, systems, and
devices which are the result of
scientific knowledge being used for
practical purposes.
Interconnections between Science and
Technology
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Science -purpose of knowing.
Technology -purpose of something
useful from that knowledge
Science > THEORY
Technology > PRACTICE
SOCIETY
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came from the Latin word societas,
derived from the noun socius
("comrade, friend, ally"; adjectival
form socialis) used to describe a
bond or interaction between parties
that are friendly, or at least civil.
grouping of individuals > common
interest-distinctive cultureinstitutions.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1. Science as an Idea
 systematic explanations and
observations about the natural and
physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity
 encompasses a systematic and
practical study.
 systematic observation and
experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge
 deals with the process of learning
about the natural and physical world.
 refer to as school science.
4. Science as a personal and social
activity
 science is both knowledge and
activities done by human beings
 It means to improve life and to
survive in life.
Idea of Scientific Revolution
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started in the early 16th century up to
the 18th century in Europe.
Why in Europe?
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invention of printing machine and
the blooming intellectual activities
done in various places of learning.
was the period of enlightenment
It explained the emergence or birth
of modern science .
was the golden age for people
committed to scholarly life in
science.
Notable Scientist
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
 Heliocentric theory
 One of the renaissance men
 strongly influenced by a book
 entitled Epitome published in
1496
 Copernicu's idea and model of
the universe was essentially
complete in 1510
Two kinds of planetary motion
(1) the orbits of Venus ,Mercury lay inside
the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun;
(2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter
lay outside the Earth’s orbits, thus, farther
from the Sun.
2. Charles Darwin
 published his book The Origin of
Species in 1589.
3. Sigmund Freud
 famous figure in the field of
psychology.
 Psychoanalysis -study the human
mind and neurotic illness
4. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemy)
 Ancient Greek philosopher
 Earth was the center of the Universe.
5. Tycho Brahe
 well known in his lifetime as an
astronomer, astrologer, and
alchemist.
 Tychonic system.
6. Johannes Kepler
 best known for his laws of planetary
motion.
 His calculations supported the
Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory.
 His calculations also showed that the
planets moved in Oval shaped.
7. Galileo Galilei
 "father of observational astronomy",
 "father of modern physics"
 "father of the scientific method"
 "father of modern science".
 He contradicted Ptolemy's idea and
concept.
 He also invented the telescope.
Cradles of Early Science
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Maya Civilization (Mayan civilization)
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lasted for approximately 2,000
years.
known for their works in
astronomy.
Temple of Kukulcan
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Chichen itza in Mexico
Serpent of God
Mayans
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believed in Reincarnation
believed that the universe is
destroyed and then recreated at the
start of each universal cycle.
built looms for weaving cloth and
devised a rainbow of glittery paints
made from mineral called mica.
one of the world's first civilizations
to use a writing system as the Mayan
Hieroglyphics.
“first people “to produce rubber
products.
3 calendars of MAYAN
The Haab
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is a 365-day solar calendar which is
divided into 18 months of 20 days
each and one month which is only 5
days long (Uayeb).
The Tzolkin (the distribution of the days)
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also called the Divine Calendar and
the Sacred Round.
It is a 260-day calendar with 20
periods of 13 days
The Long Count (universal cycle)
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is an astronomical calendar which is
used to track longer periods of time.
Each such cycle is calculated to be
2,880,000 days long (about 7885
solar years).
Inca civilizations
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Road paved with stones;
Stone buildings
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Irrigation system and technique for
storing water
Calendar with 12 months to mark
their religious festivals and prepare
them for panting season
The first suspension bridge;
Inca textiles- type of cloth
Quipu- only experts can interpret
Aztec Civilization
1. Mandatory Education
 puts value on education
2. Chocolates
 they used it as currency.
 valued the cacao beans highly
and made it as part of their
tribute to their gods.
3. Antispasmodic
 prevent muscle spasms and
relax muscles, which could
help during surgery.
4. Chinampa
 Technology for agricultural
farming > divided into
rectangular areas and
surrounded by canals.
5. Aztec calendar
 This enabled them to plan
their activities, rituals, and
planting season.
6. Invention of the Canoe
 light narrow boat used for
traveling in water system.
Development of Science in Asia
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known for manufacturing iron and in
metallurgical works.
Ayurveda- traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before
2500 BC.
AYUR=life and VEDA=science or
knowledge.
Susruta Samhita- describes the
different surgical and other
medicinal procedures famous in
Ancient India.
CHINA
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known in traditional medicines
uses of different plants and animals
to cure human illness.
invented the first seismological
detector.
Acupuncture, Reduced Stress,
Reduced Back Pain, Relief from
Headaches, Reduced Eye Strain, etc.
IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY
1. COMPASS-use for travelling.
2. PAPER MAKING -first paper
making produced by china.
3. GUNPOWDER
4. Different Models of Bridges etc.
Middle East Countries
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dominantly occupied by Muslims.
Muslim scientist placed greater
value on science experiments rather
than plain-thought experiments.
Abu Ali al Hasan Ibn Al –Haytham (“Ibn”
means son of)- is also regarded as the Father
of Optics.
Jābir ibn Hayyān - Father of Chemistry.
Aviccena Ibn Sina -was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials.
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Two notable works in medicine
 The book of healing
 The canon of medicine
Development of Science in Africa
Africa
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INDIA
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blessed with natural and mineral
resources.
Egypt was known to be a center of
alchemy, which is known as the
medieval forerunner of chemistry.
Metallurgy is also known in the
African regions during the ancient
times.
Lebombo Bone
 oldest artefact dated from 35000
BCE.
 found from the mountains between
Swaziland and South Africa
SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,AND
NATION-BUILDING (PART 1)
Brief Historical background of Science and
Technology in the Philippines
PRE-COLONIAL
 had their own culture and traditions.
 had their own belief system and
indigenous knowledge system.
 Science is embedded in the way of
life of the people.
Scientific knowledge is observed in the
way:
 plant their crops that provide them
food.
 taking care of animals to help them
in their daily tasks, and for food
production.
 movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates, and in
organizing days into months and
years.
 they use science in preparing the soil
for agricultural purposes.
 they discovered the medicinal uses of
plants.
Technology is used by;
 people in building houses
 irrigations
 developing tools that they can use in
everything life.
 They developed tools for planting,
hunting, cooking, and fishing.
 They also developed technologies
in creating musical instruments.
 All these ancient practices in science
and technology are considered now
as indigenous science or folk
science.
SPANISH
 brought with them their own culture
and practices.
 They established school for boys and
girls and introduced the concept of
subjects and disciplines.
 Medicine and advanced science were
introduced in formal colleges and
universities.
 Galleontrade- these trades allowed
other ideas, crops, tools, cultural
practices, technology, and Western
practices to reach the country.
 Philippines -being one of the centers
of global trade in Southeast Asia
during that time, was considered to
be one of the most developed
places in the region.
AMERICANS
 They
established
the
public
education system, improved the
engineering works and the health
conditions of the people.
 They established a modern research
university.
 The mineral resources of the country
were also explored and exploited.
 Transportation and communication
systems were improved.
 The teaching in higher education has
also
greatly
improved
and
modernize.
 Researches were done to control
malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis
and other tropical disease.
 World War II - has destabilized the
development of the country in many
ways.
 Institutions and public facilities were
tuned into ashes, houses were
burned, and many lives were
destroyed.
 The human spirit to survive and to
rebuild the country may be strong
but the capacity of the country to
bring back what was destroyed was
limited.
 The reparation funds focused on
building some institutions and public
facilities like schools, hospitals, and
transportation systems.
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba –tissue
culture in Philippine Mangoes.
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso –observing
the characteristics of Antarctica by
using satellite images.
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. –field of
electrical engineering; was elected as
officer of the famous Institute of
Electrical and Electrical Engineering.
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for
her research in sea snail venom.
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his
research on herbal medicine.
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for
his research on tilapia culture.
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for
inventing the meconium drugs
testing.
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for
doing
research
on
plant
biotechnology.
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – for
being outstanding educator and
graph theorist.
10. Gregory Ligot tangonana – for his
research
in
the
field
of
communications technology.
Filipino scientists who are recognized here
and
abroad
for
their
outstanding
contributions in science:
1. Caesar
A.
Saloma
–
an
internationally renowned physicist.
2. Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist
in marine science.
3. William Padolina – chemistry and
president of National Academy of
Science and Technology (NAST) –
Philippines.
4. Angel Alcala – Marine science.
The University of the Philippines
 Los Baños -is a science paradise
for agriculture, forestry, plant
and animal science, and
veterinary science.
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Visayas- is also a national
center for marine science,
fisheries, and other related
sciences.
Manila- is a center of excellence
and
has
produced
many
researchers, doctors, health
professionals, and a scientists
in the area of medical and public
health.
Diliman- also has established a
national
science
and
engineering
complex
to
develop more research and
produce more scientists and
engineers in the country.
Government Policies on Science and
Technology (PART 2)
Philippine government- introduced and
implemented programs, projects and
policies to boost science and technology.
Goal - to prepare the whole country and its
people to meet the demands of a
technologically driven world and capacitate
the people to live in a world driven by
science.
The NRCP clustered these policies into
four:
1. Social Sciences, Humanities,
Education,
International
Policies and Governance
• Integrating ASEAN awareness
in basic education without
adding to the curriculum.
• Emphasizing teaching in the
mother tongue.
• Developing
school
infrastructure and providing
ICT broadband.
• Local food security.
2. Physics, Engineering and
Industrial Research, Earth and
Space Sciences, and Mathematics
• Emphasizing degrees, licenses and
employment opportunities.
• Outright grants for peer monitoring.
• Review of RA 9184.
• Harnessing science and technology
as an independent mover of
development.
3. Medical, Chemical
and Pharmaceutical
Sciences
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Ensuring compliance of drug
manufacturing firms with ASEANharmonized standards by full
implementation of FDA.
Creating an education council
dedicated to standardization of
pharmaceutical services and care.
Empowering food and drug agencies
to conduct evidence-based research
as pool of information.
Allocating two percent of the GDP
to research.
Legislating a law supporting human
genome projects.
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture
and Forestry
• Protecting and conserving
biodiversity by full
implementation of existing
laws.
• Use of biosafety and
standard model by ASEAN
countries.
• Promoting indigenous
knowledge systems and
indigenous people’s
conservation.
• Formulation of common food
and safety standards.
DOST PROGRAMS
SUPPORTED BY THE
PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT
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Providing funds for
basic research and
patents related to S&T.
Providing scholarships
for undergraduate and
graduate studies of
students in the field of
S&T.
more branches of the
Philippine Science High
School System
 Creating parks.
 Balik Scientist
Program.
Capacity-building
programs by the
Philippine-American
Academy of Science and
Engineering (PAASE,
2008):
 National centers of excellence.
 Manpower and institutional
development programs such as
Engineering and Science Education
Program (ESEP).
 Regional centers to support specific
industries.
 Business centers.
 Science education at an early stage
through PSHS system.
In the field of Education
 K-12 Education program included
Science, Technology, Engineering,
Mathematics (STEM) as one of the
major tracks in Senior High School
program
 Special science classes.
 Special science elementary schools.
 Science and math in basic education
were continuously improved.
Commission on Higher Education
(CHED)launched
its
PhilippineCalifornia Advance Research Institutes
(PICARI) allow several higher education
institutions in the Philippines and some USbased laboratories, research institutes, and
universities to work. This project hoped to
strengthen the STEM.
The Philippine congress laws related to
science and technology
 These laws serve as legal framework
for S&T in the country.
 They vary according to different
themes such as conservation, health
related, technology building and
supporting basic research.
SCIENCE EDUCATION
PHILIPPINES
IN
THE
The Concept of Science Education
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TEACHING SCIENCE - involves
developing ways on how to
effectively teach science (explore
pedagogical theories and models).
LEARNING SCIENCE - includes
both pedagogy and helping students
understand and love science.
Understanding
Science
–
developing and applying scienceprocess skills and using science
literacy in understanding the natural
world and activities in everyday life.
John Dewey (2001)- stressed the
importance of utilizing the natural
environment to teach science.
Marx (1994) - opines that science is going
to be one of the most important school
subjects in the future. It is not surprising
therefore that science education is
important.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE
EDUCATION
 Science education is justified by the
vast amount of scientific knowledge
developed in this area.
 Science education provides skills and
knowledge.
 Developing a science culture is
therefore an immense responsibility
for schools.
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary
Education
BASIC EDUCATION
Science education helps students learn
importantconcepts and facts that are related
to everyday life.
Including important skills such as:
 Process skills
 Critical thinking skills
 Life skills
Science education also develops positive
attitudes such:
 love for knowledge
 passion for innovative things
 curiosity to study nature
 creativity
TERTIARY EDUCATION
• Deals with developing students’
understanding and appreciation of science
ideas and scientific works (through
General Education curriculum)

Curriculum also utilizes different
instructional approaches
Quezon City Regional Science High
School
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Establish on September 17, 1967
Originally, it was named Quezon
City Science High School.
Turned into a regional science high
school for the National Capital
Region in 1999.
Curriculum is focused on science
and technology.
Manila Science High School
• Focuses on the preparation of science
teachers, scientists,engineers and other
professionals in various science-related
fields such engineering, agriculture,
medicine and health sciences.
• The state also provides scholarships to
encourage more students to pursue science
courses.
Science Schools in the Philippines
Philippine Science High School System
(PSHSS)
 Government program for gifted
students in the country.
 Under DOST, offering free
scholarship for the secondary course
with special emphasis to science
subjects.
Special Science Elementary Schools
(SSES) Project
 Started in 2007 with 57 identified
elementary schools as science
elementary schools in the country.
 SSES Project aims to develop
Filipino children equipped with
scientific
and
technological
knowledge, skills and values.
MISSION:
 Provide a learning environment to
science-inclined children through a
special curriculum that recognizes
the multiple intelligences of the
learners;
 Promote the development of lifelong
learning skills;
 foster the holistic development of
the learners
 The Subject science and health is
taught in Grade I with longer time
compared to other subjects 70
minutes for Grade I – III and 80
minutes for Grade IV to VI.
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Established on October 1, 1963
as the Manila Science High
School(MSHS).
First science high school in the
Philippines.
The organization and curriculum
puts more emphasis on Science
and Mathematics.
Aims to produce scientists with
souls.
Central Visayan Institute Foundation
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It is the home and pioneer of the
prominent
school-based
innovation known as the
Dynamic Learning Program
(DLP).
DLP is a synthesis of classical
and modern pedagogical theories
adapted to foster the highest
level of learning, creativity and
productivity.
The school takes pride in its
Research
Center
for
TheoreticalPhysics
(RCTP)
establish in 1992, which
organizes small international
workshops.
Science education deals with the
teaching and learning of science
and in helping the public
develop science.