Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society By: Jesza Mei F. Ganiron “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” --Sir Isaac Newton Scientific Revolution • emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed societal views about nature. • began in Europe toward the end of the Renaissance period, and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Period of Enlightenment. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-scientific-revolution/ Image source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f6/96/2c/f6962c9 a4f1d82c398514e129ce659e5.jpg Variables that influence the development of Science Ideas, Science Discoveries, and Technology: Creativity SCIENTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS Curiosity Passion to Know SCIENCE. DISCOVERIES Passion to Discover TECHNOLOGY Critical Thinking Paradigm shift ➢an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way. ➢by Thomas Kuhn Image source: https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/objectionsto-kuhns-theory-of-scientificprogression/ ❖ The duck-rabbit ambiguous image, which Thomas Kuhn famously used as a gestalt demonstration in his scientific philosophy of paradigm shifts, where existing premises are seen in a previously unseen way during a “revolution”. https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/07/18/486487713/what-is-a-paradigm-shift-anyway https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/objections-to-kuhns-theory-of-scientific-progression/ COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Nicolaus Copernicus • “sun as the center of the universe.” • 1543- his book “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium” (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as the start of scientific revolution https://www.britannica.com/topic/Copernican-Revolution DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin • Theory of Evolution • “all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.” • Published his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 2 main points: ✓Evolution ✓Natural Selection https://www.britannica.com/topic/Copernican-Revolution https://www.google.com/search?q=darwinian+revolution&rlz=1C1UEAD_enPH974PH974&oq=darwinian+re&aqs=chrome.0.0i131i355i433i512j46i131i433i512j0i512j69i57j0i512l6.7146j 0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud • psychoanalytic theory Image source: https://opentextbc.ca/psychologyopenstax/chapter/freud-and-thepsychodynamic-perspective/ https://opentextbc.ca/psychologyopenstax/chapter/freud-and-the-psychodynamic-perspective/ https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951 Image Source: https://pmhealthnp.com/pmhnp-topics/sigmundfreud-psychoanalytic-theory/ Defense Mechanisms ❖When we use defense mechanisms, we are unaware that we are using them. Further, they operate in various ways that distort reality. According to Freud, we all use ego defense mechanisms. “Defense mechanisms are unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety.” https://opentextbc.ca/psychologyopenstax/chapter/freud-and-the-psychodynamic-perspective/ Cradles of Early Science ❖Mesoamerica ❖Asia ❖Middle ❖Africa East DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA MAYA CIVILIZATION The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. Known for: ▪ tumpline or mecapal ▪ rubber ▪ chocolate ▪ Mayan Art ▪ Mayan Medicine https://interestingengineering.com/9-incredible-mayan-inventions-and-achievements-and-one-they-surprisingly-missed https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/08/tumplines/537306/ Image source: http://blackorchidresort.blogspot.com/2012/12/mayancalendar-and-anniversary-of.html INCA CIVILIZATION ▪ Flourished in ancient Peru and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in Image source: https://www.viator.com/enPH/tours/Cusco/4-Day-Cusco-and-Machu-PicchuSmall-Group-Tour/d937-13854P14 the south. Known for: ▪ Roads paved with stones ▪ Stone buildings ▪ Irrigation system ▪ Calendar with 12 months ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ First suspension bridge Quipu Inca textiles Mita system https://www.worldhistory.org/Inca_Civilization/ https://www.fcusd.org/cms/lib/CA01001934/Centricity/Domain/1168/inca%20achievements%20placards.pdf AZTEC CIVILIZATION ▪ The legendary origin of the Aztec people has them migrating from a homeland called Aztlan to what would become modern-day Mexico. Image source: https://ezgrogarden.com/history-ofhydroponics-2/aztec-chinampas-of-centralamerica/ Known for: ▪ Mandatory Education ▪ Aztec calendar ▪ Antispasmodic medication ▪ Canoe ▪ Chinampa https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/aztec-civilization/ Image soure: https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/images5/593_15_2.jpg DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA India ▪ Manufacturing irons and metallurgical works ▪ Medicine: ▪Mohenjodaro ruler ▪Aryabhata ❑ Ayurveda ▪Brahmagupta ❑ Sushruta Samhita ▪Madhava of Sangamagrama ▪ Siddhata Shiromani https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065 China • • Traditional medicine Technology: compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools, iron plough, wheelbarrow, propeller, 1 st seismological detector, dry dock facility •Astronomy: significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets-weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities, lunar calendars , seismology https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES ▪ Ibn al-Haytham ▪ Muhammad ▪ Jabir ▪ Ibn ibn Musa al Khwarizmi ibn Hayyan Sina ❑ Book of Healing ❑The Canon of Medicine https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA ▪Geometry ▪Alchemy ▪Anatomy and pharmacology ▪Astronomy ▪Metallurgy ▪The Lebombo Bone Image source: https://afrolegends.com/2019/05/17/the-lebombo-bone-theoldest-mathematical-artifact-in-the-world/ https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065 INFORMATION REVOLUTION • Alan Turing’s machine introduced the idea that thinking and being conscious could be attributed to nonhuman entities • The information revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs, then the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press, and the use of typewriter and telegraph. • Today, computers, laptops, and smartphones are used widely and became even easier with the help of the internet.
