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‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
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‫‪ 1-5‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ )‪ (Riveted Jointed‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻣـﺔ )‪ (Welded Joints‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲢﺖ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲢـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@Š;;;‘bjß@—Ó@@ @MQ‬‬
‫‪@ @@õbä−üa@—Ó@@ @MR‬‬
‫‪@ @@õaì;nÛüa@—Ó@@ @MS‬‬
‫‪2-5‬‬
‫! ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﻘﻮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳑﺎﺳـﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﰱ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٥‬‬
‫‪٩٣‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪A= ab‬‬
‫‪Q = P/A = P/ab‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @—Ûb¨a@—ÔÛaë@Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@@HQMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﺺ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-٥‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ ‪ Š@ ;‘bj½a@—ÔÛbi‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻮ ﺻﻐﲑ )‪ ،(Q.e‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪D2/4‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫— ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ) ‪ ( S‬ﻟﻜﻰ ﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ‪@ Ûb;¨a@—ÔÛa‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (١-٥‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪a.b‬‬
‫‪ Š‘bj½a@—ÔÜÛë‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪.‬‬‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٤‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫‪@ @@…ŠÐ½a@—ÔÛa@@QMRMU‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٥‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻣﻘـﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪q= A‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Q = P/A = P / ab‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@…ŠÐ½a@—ÔÛa@püby@HRMU@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@xë…Œ½a@—ÔÛa@RMRMU‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﲟﻘﻄﻌﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٣-٥‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= 2A‬‬
‫‪2A‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪A= 2ab‬‬
‫‪Q = P/A = P / 2ab‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪P/2‬‬
‫‪@ @P‬‬
‫‪Q=P/2A‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪P/2‬‬
‫‪P/2‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @xë…Œ½a@—ÔÛa@püby@HSMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬
‫‪P/2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٥‬ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ )‪ ،(Q‬ﰒ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻣـﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺷـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (Qd‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٣-٥‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qd = 2 Q‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qd‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2A‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪@ @@kÓbrÛa@—ÔÛa@SMRMU‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﻜﻰ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٥‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ÁÌ™@…bèug‬ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪πD2/4‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪σ= A‬‬
‫— ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﶈﻴﻂ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ )ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﻮﺏ( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪@ Ó@…bèug‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪π.D.t‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪q = p/π‬‬
‫‪πDt‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@ @‪D‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @kÓbrÛa@—ÔÛa@òÛby@HTMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Side Area‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫‪@ @Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@pa‰bjna@TMRMU‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻛﻤﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺑﺮﺷﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ) ‪ (٠,٨‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ )‪ (١,٣٠‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺎﻗﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٥‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Smooth@@Üßc‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫’‪Rough@@å‬‬
‫‘‪—ÔÛa@óÏ@ŠŽØÛa@ÉĐÔß@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Single Shear …ŠÐß@—Ó‬‬
‫‪Double Shear xë…Œß@—Ó‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@pa‰bjna@HUMU@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٧‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺏ ﺑﺈﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺇﻧﺰﻟﻘﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﺲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺸﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٥‬‬
‫‪& 3-5‬‬
‫‪$%‬ء‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲪﻠﺖ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (M‬ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ )‪ (Q‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٦-٥‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫'‪m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫'‪m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫'‪Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫@ @ '‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪SFD‬‬
‫‪BM‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜàa@ñŠàØÛa@Þì@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@âëŒÇë@—ÔÛa@ñìÓ@Éí‹ìm@HVMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٨‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺘﲔ ) ‪ (m' – m') ، (m – m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﲔ )‪ ، (dx‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (ss‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪.(٧-٥‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜàa@ñŠàØÛa@åß@õŒu@óÜÇ@ñŠqû½a@ôìÔÛa@HWMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) ‪M = (m – m‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) '‪M + dM = M' = (m' – m‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ) ‪F = (m – s‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪F + dF = F' = (m' – s‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ = ‪I‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪ …bèug‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) ‪σ = (m – m‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪ …bèug‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) '‪σ + dσ = (m' – m‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (y‬ﻣﻦ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ = ‪da‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ) ‪ (m – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(σ‬‬
‫‪M.y‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪ (m – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(F‬‬‫‪. da‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (m' – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(σ + ∆ σ‬‬
‫‪M.y‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬
‫= ‪F = σ . da‬‬
‫=‪σ+∆σ‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (m' – s‬ﻫﻲ ) ‪(F + dF‬‬‫‪. da‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬
‫= ‪F + dF‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ )‪ (M + dM‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ )‪ ، (M‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ )‪ (F + dF‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ )‪،(F‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (ss‬ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ ، (F + dF‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (F‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (ss‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(dx‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪: (٢) ،(١‬‬
‫)‪dF = ( F + dF) – (F‬‬
‫‪.da‬‬
‫‪M.y‬‬
‫‪. da -‬‬
‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫= ‪dF‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪dM . y‬‬
‫‪.da‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (s – s‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪dF‬‬
‫‪dx .b‬‬
‫)‪(4‬‬
‫= ‪dF‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪dF = q. b. dx‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ = (٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(٤‬‬
‫‪dM . y . da = q. b. dx‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪dM . y. da‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪I. b. dx‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪dM‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫)‪. ( da.y‬‬
‫‪I.b‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪da. y = S‬‬
‫‪,‬‬
‫‪=Q‬‬
‫‪dM‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪Q.S‬‬
‫‪I. b‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻷﻯ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ =‬‫‪ -‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ =‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ =‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ =‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ =‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (b) ، (S‬ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (I) ، (Q‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﱴ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ )‪ (Qy‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ )‪ (Qx‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qx. S@yy‬‬
‫‪Iy. b//yy‬‬
‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬
‫= ‪* qy‬‬
‫= ‪* qx‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٨-٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (q‬ﻟـﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (q‬ﺃﻯ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @õbä−üa@—Ó@åß@òîÈÜ™@pa…b;;èug@HXMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @ÉiŠß@ëc@ÝîĐnŽß@ÊbĐÓ MQ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪d/2-y‬‬
‫‪qst‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪qmax = 1.5 Q/A‬‬
‫‪A=bd‬‬
‫‪d/2 t‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪Qy‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@@ñŠàØÛ@ÝîĐnŽß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@—Ó@…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HYMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ )‪ (st‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ )‪:(Qy‬‬
‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪4y2‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪( 1-‬‬
‫‪bd2‬‬
‫= ] )‪- y‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪– y). b. [ y +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪b.d3‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪4y2‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪. (1-‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= )‬
‫‪4y2‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪(1 -‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪b.d‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫( =‪S‬‬
‫= ‪IX‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜـﻞ ﻗﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻹﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (S‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٩-٥‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬
‫= ‪qmax‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@ÝØ’Ûa@ðŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@MR‬‬
‫‪qst‬‬
‫)‪Qmax= 4/3 (Q/A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@Ší†nŽß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@—ÔÛa@…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQPMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ‪ st‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪ Q‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪:(١٠-٥‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪y2‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪) . (1-‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪π R2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫(=‪q‬‬
‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪π R2‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪١٠٣‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪qmax‬‬
L‫ د‬JL‫د‬K‫ م‬J‫ دم‬L‫د‬K‫אصא אدوא א‬
@@
@ @I@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@MS
@@
q 2-2
b
tf
q 1-1
1
1
2 -2 -2 2
d
3
t2
q -2-2q 3-3 = q max
3
tf
@@
@ @I@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@—Ó@pa…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQQMUI@ÝØ‘
:‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬
q=
Qy. S@xx
Ix. b//xx
q1-1 = 0.0
Q
( tf . b. d - tf )
Ix . b
2
Q
d-tf
q2'-2' =
(tf.b.
) = q2-2 .
Ix.t2
2
q2-2 =
q3-3 =
Q
Ix.t2
[t1.b.
d-tf
2
q3-3 = qmax = q2'-2' +
Q
Ix.t2
+(
[(
d
b
- tf). t2. (
2
d
2
q2'-2' > q2-2
t2
- t1).t2. (
d
2
-tf)/2]
d
2
- t1)/2]
(١١-٥) ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
١٠٤
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫‪@ @T@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@MT‬‬
‫‘‪@ @T@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@óÏ@—ÔÛa@pa…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQRMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ 5 ، 4 ، 3 ، 2 ، 1‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪q1 = 0.0‬‬
‫) ‪. (b. t1.y1‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪q3 > q2‬‬
‫‪) = qmax‬‬
‫‪y12.t2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪= q2.‬‬
‫‪t2‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Ix.t2‬‬
‫‪] = q3 +‬‬
‫‪y1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪. (b. t1.y1‬‬
‫‪[ b. t1.y1 + y1.t2.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Ix . b‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Ix.t2‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Ix.t2‬‬
‫= ‪q2‬‬
‫= ‪q3‬‬
‫= ‪q4‬‬
‫‪q5 = 0.0‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٢-٥‬‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫‪@ @õbä−üa@—Ó@‰bjng‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﺈﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻗـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻐﺮ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻧـﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٣-٥‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫’‪k‬‬
‫‪òãbŠ‬‬
‫‪—Ó‬‬
‫‘†@‪ðŠĐÓ‬‬
‫‘‪@õbä−üa@—Ó@pa…bèug@åß@òЖÔÛa@paŠàØÛa@óÏ@ŠŽØÛa@HQSMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪& 4-5‬‬
‫ ء‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﻃـﻮﱄ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﲔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ‪ .Š@ ;Ła@ÉĐÔ½a@óÜÇ@ê‰ìª@Þìy@´ÈĐÔ½a@†yc@æa‰ë†i@ÖüŒãg‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻄـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ… ﺇﱁ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٦‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻮﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻣﻰ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )‪ (T1‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ )‪ (T2‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪.T2 < T1‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼﺔ )‪(T‬‬
‫‪T = T1 – T2‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺰﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﺍﺭ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (e‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﰱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ )‪.(T‬‬
‫‪T = Q.e‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻻﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‪ (Q‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (e‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪.(T‬‬
‫‪T = Q.e‬‬
‫‪@ @òÐÜn‚½a@pbÇbĐÔÛa@pa‡@pbäîÈÜÛ@õaìnÛüa@—Ó@@QMTMU‬‬
‫@@ @‬
‫‪@ @oà–ß@ôŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@MQ‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻰﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﱏ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺰﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٧‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@Ší†nŽ½a@ÉĐÔ½a@óÜÇ@õaìnÛ⁄a@—Ó@pa…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQTMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻜﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (ab‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻂ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻂ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ )`‪ (ab‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌـﺴﺒﺐ ﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﻘـﻀﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﳏﺪﺛﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ )‪ (Φ‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄـﺮ )‪(ob‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ )`‪ (ob‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ )‪ (θ‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪٠(١٤-٥‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ = ‪L‬‬‫ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ = ‪R‬‬‫ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ = ‪r‬‬‫ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ = ‪T‬‬‫ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ = ‪Φ‬‬‫ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﻥ ) ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ( = ‪θ‬‬‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﺎﺀﺓ )ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ( = ‪G‬‬
‫ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ )‪ ) (R‬ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ( = ‪qR‬‬‫ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ )‪ ) (r‬ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ( = ‪qr‬‬‫ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﱮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ = ‪Ip‬‬‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ا‪#‬ل ا‬
‫=‬
‫إد ا‬
‫ ا و ا‬
‫@@‬
‫‪١٠٨‬‬
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L‫ د‬JL‫د‬K‫ م‬J‫ دم‬L‫د‬K‫אصא אدوא א‬
@ @@Òì©@ôŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@MR
٠‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﳎﻮﻑ‬١٥-٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
@@
@ @ D1
D2
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@ @Òì©@Ší†nŽß@ÉĐÔ½@ó–Óþa@õaìnÛ⁄a@—Ó@…bèug@HQUMUI@ÝØ‘
‫( ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬qmax) ‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬١-٥) ‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
:‫( ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬θ) ‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬
@ @òíŠöa†Ûa@Ëë@òíŠöa†Ûa@pbÇbĐÔÜÛ@õaìnÛüa@òíëa‹ë@ó–Óþa@õaìnÛüa@—Ó@…bèug@HQMUI@Þë†u
qmax 0&1
‫ ء‬2
& 345
16.T
qmax =
qmax =
πD
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16.D1.T
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π(D1 – D2 )
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3
π D1 .
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qmax = ( 3+
1.8B
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θ
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40
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‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫‪@ @@õaìnÛüa@—Ó@‰bjna@RMTMU‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﺘـﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻷﻥ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹸﺎ ﻟﻸﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻯ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲡﺎﻭﻳﻒ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(١٦-٥‬‬
‫‘‪@ @õaìnÛ⁄a@‰bjna@òäîÇ@HQVMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٧-٥‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻜﲔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫـﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـﲔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺜﻘﻞ ﺑﻨﺪﻭﱃ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻯ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬
‫אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@õaìnÛ⁄a@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQWMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ )‪.(θ‬‬
‫‪@ @õaìnÛ⁄a@óÏ@ñn‚½a@pbäîÈÛa@óÏ@ŠŽØÛa@ÝØ‘@@SMTMU‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪-٥‬‬
‫‪ ،(١٨‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﱏ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﲤﺎﺱ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ‪٤٥‬ﻩ ﻣﻊ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٩-٥‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟـﻀﻠﻌﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
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