EDEN UNIVERSITY
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
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Table of Contents
ITEMS
Page No
UNIT 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO USING A COMPUTER……………………………………1
Three main classification of computer…………………………………………………………...1
Functions of the information processing cycle……………………………………………………1
Hardware components and their functions………………………………………………………1
Types of computer storage devices……………………………………………………………2
The computer system…………………………………………………………………………..2
Main components of the computer (monitor, mouse, keyboard)………………………………..2
Use of the following…………………………………………………………………………….3
Desktop…………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Start menu………………………………………………………………………………………3
Status bar………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Exploring the computer………………………………………………………………………….3
Managing files……………………………………………………………………………………3
Customising……………………………………………………………………………………….4
Access application software……………………………………………………………………….4
UNIT 2.0 CALSSES OF SOFTWARE ASSOCIAED WITH INFORMATION SYSTEM…….4
2.1 Key functions of system software…………………………………………………………….4
2.2 widely used software applications…………………………………………………………….4
2.3 Range of languages used in software development…………………………………………5
2.4 Organisation of data in software development………………………………………………5
2.5 New and emerging classes of software………………………………………………………5
Unit 3.0 FUTRUE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY……………………………………5
3.1 NEW TECHNOLOGIES TELEVANT TO INFORMATION TCHNOLOGY……….5
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UNIT 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO USING A COMPUTER
Three main classification of computer
Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity,
particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed
primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the market into the
1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the
supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for five
years (1985–1990). In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the market, in
parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many of these
disappeared in the mid-1990s "supercomputer market crash".
Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron are computers used mainly by large
organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and
consumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing.
The term probably had originated from the early mainframes, as they were housed in enormous,
room-sized metal boxes or frames. Later the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial
machines from less powerful units.
A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. Another
general characteristic of these computers is that they occupy physically small amounts of space
when compared to mainframe and minicomputers. Many microcomputers (when equipped with a
keyboard and screen for input and output) are also personal computers (in the generic sense).
Functions of the information processing cycle
Reading: To assist you in completing Lab 1 and to prepare you for hardware & architecture
lecture.
What is the information processing cycle? The sequence of events in processing information,
which includes (1) input, (2) processing, (3) output and (4) storage
1. Input—entering data into the computer.
2. Processing—performing operations on the data.
3. Output—presenting the results.
4. Storage—saving data, programs, or output for future use.
Hardware components and their functions
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The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits,
displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.
The monitor displays the video and graphics information generated by the computer through the
video card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but displa-y information at a much higher
quality.
The mouse is an input device designed to manipulate objects on the computer screen.
The keyboard is an input device designed to enter text, characters and other commands into the
computer.
Types of computer storage devices
A storage device is a hardware device designed to store information
Types include
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Floppy Disk
Flash Disk
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
DVD (Digital Video Disk)
Magnetic tape
Memory Cards
The computer system
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.
Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human
history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945).
These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern
personal computers (PCs)Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions
of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple
computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery.
Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most
people think of as "computers". The embedded computers found in many devices from MP3
players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.
Main components of the computer (monitor, mouse, keyboard)
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The monitor displays the video and graphics information generated by the computer through the
video card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but display information at a much higher
quality. The Monitor is also known as screen, display, video display, video screen
The keyboard is an input device designed to enter text, characters and other commands into the
computer.
The mouse is an input device designed to manipulate objects on the computer screen. The Mouse
is Also Known As Pointer
Use of the following
Desktop
Desktop is the screen that appears once a window has started up, which displays the taskbar and,
among others, icons for my computer, my documents and recycle bin.
Start menu
The windows start button is the main starting point for finding and accessing files.
Status bar
A status bar, similar to a status line, is an information area typically found at the bottom of
windows in a graphical user interface A status bar is sometimes divided into sections, each of
which shows different information. Its job is primarily to display information about the current
state of its window, although some status bars have extra functionality. For example, many web
browsers have clickable sections that pop up a display of security or privacy information.
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Exploring the computer
As you can use My computer to copy, delete, rename files, you can use another windows
program “Windows Explorer” for these file management operations
Using Windows Explorer you can
 Copy, Delete, Rename, Move, and view files/folders
 Run/execute a program
 Undo the last operation
 Find and view files
Starting windows explorer
To start windows Explorer
1. Click on start
2. Point to programs
3. Click on windows explorer
After the explorer starts on the explorer screen.
 Left side of explorer show the drives and folders
 Right side of the explorer screen show the contents of items, drive or folder selected on
the left side
Managing files
You work with documents, presentations, graphics, and other files all day—and chances are, you
have a lot of them. And that means it takes time to find the documents you need. Even if it's just
a couple of minutes here, and a couple of minutes there, it all adds up.
But there is a better way to stop the file clutter—by managing your files more effectively. Digital
files are no different than paper files, and if you don't have a good method of organization, things
get lost.
Customising
Every computer user is also an individual – different sizes, shapes, heights, weights, ages, etc.
Yet the computer we may spend hours on each day is set up to meet the needs of an amorphous
average person, all sat at the same desk, using the same chair and with the same reach and grip.
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Access application software
For one to access application software
Click on start
Point to all programs
And all the application software will be displayed.
UNIT 2.0 CALSSES OF SOFTWARE ASSOCIAED WITH INFORMATION SYSTEM
2.1 Key functions of system software.
A software system is a system based on software forming part of a computer system (a
combination of hardware and software). The term software system is often used as a synonym of
computer program or software. The term software system is related to the application of systems
theory approaches in software engineering context. This approach is often used to study large
and complex software, because it focuses on the major components of software and their
interactions. The term software system is also related to the field of software architecture.
2.2 widely used software applications.
Software applications are programs that interface between user and system software to allow the
user to perform specific tasks.
This software tells the computer how to process specific data; Application software is used
together with the compatible system software.
Widely used software applications include
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Ms Word
Ms Power Point
Ms Access
Ms Publisher
Ms Excel
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2.3 Range of languages used in software development.
Application programs may be written in high level languages. High level languages are those
that a human can easily understand,
Examples includes
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COBOL (Common Business Oriented Languages)
JAVA
Visual Basic
C++
2.4 Organisation of data in software development.
Data is organized in a well orderly manner so that it can easily be understood by the user and
other programmers.
2.5 New and emerging classes of software
They are many software that are emerging, we have new operating systems coming up, new
drivers and many more.
UNIT 3.0 FUTURE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
3.1 New technologies relevant to information technology.
We are yet to see the technology that will take the place of the fuel attendants, pilots, police force
nurses, doctors and all the trying and demanding works in Zambia.
3.2 Increases in productivity realized by implementation of information system.
We have had an increase in productivity due to the implementation of information system.
When you look at supper markers they are make more money because of the barcode reader
which is also save time for the customers. In banks we are seeing the ATM which one can use to
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get money at any time of the day. The use of credit carders which one can carry with them and
not money it’s much safer.
3.3 Importance of new technologies to future.
The new technologies are very important as the will make life easy for the people. The will be no
need for people to take risky jobs like fire fighting, bomb disarming and all the risky and hard
work this will be of the past.
3.4 New and emerging drivers and inhibitors of information technology change.
We are yet to see a talking computer, one which things on it own, no one which is given
instructions by the human brine.
3.5 ICTs effect on future information Technology development.
ICTs have a good effect on future information technology development, because the technology
is always they all which is needed is to improve it and upgrade it for it to meet the future
standards.
3.6 ICTs impact on future improvements in productivity.
Has a result of this technology we are seeing productivity being high because all the work will be
done be machine which will be computerized, which will be working all day and all night with
no complaints.
UNIT 4.0 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
Features and functions of a :Floppy Disk Drive, Hard Disk Drive, RW CD-ROM Drive, ZIP
Drive, USB Flash Stick.
Floppy Disk Drive
A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (“floppy”)
magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Floppy disks are read
and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD, the initials of which should not be confused with
“fixed disk drive,” which is another term for a (non removable) type of hard disk drive. Invented
by IBM, floppy disks in 8-inch (200 mm), 5¼-inch (133.35 mm), and 3½-inch (90 mm) formats
enjoyed many years as a popular and ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange, from the
mid-1970s to the late 1990s. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially
with legacy industrial computer equipment,[2] they have now been largely superseded by USB
flash drives, External Hard Drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory cards (such as Secure Digital
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8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks
Hard Disk Drive
A hard disk drive (often shortened as hard disk, hard drive, or HDD) is a non-volatile storage
device that stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.
Strictly speaking, “drive” refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its
tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an
HDD today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air pressure) with
fixed media.
5¼″ full height 110 MB HDD,
2½″ (8.5 mm) 6495 MB HDD,
US/UK pennies for comparison.
RW CD-ROM Drive
Many different forms of storage, based on various natural phenomena, have been invented. So
far, no practical universal storage medium exists, and all forms of storage have some drawbacks.
Therefore a computer system usually contains several kinds of storage, each with an individual
purpose.
ZIP Drive
The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system, introduced by Iomega in
late 1994. Originally, Zip disks launched with capacities of only 25 and 100 MB, but later
versions increased this to first 250 MB and then 750 MB.
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The format became the most popular of the super-floppy type products but was never popular
enough to replace the 3.5-inch floppy disk. Later, rewritable CDs and rewritable DVDs replaced
the Zip drive for mass storage. The Zip brand later covered internal and external CD writers
known as Zip-650 or Zip-CD which had no relation to the Zip drive.
Iomega ZIP-100 Drive Logo
An internal Zip drive.
The Zip disk media.
USB Flash Stick
A USB flash drive consists of a NAND-type flash memory data storage device integrated with a
USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable,
much smaller than a floppy disk, and most weigh less than an ounce (30 g).
Flash drive with retractable USB connector
UNIT 5.0 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STORAGE MEDIA
Operational functions and capacities of a : Floppy Disk Drive, Hard Disk Drive, RW CD-ROM
Drive, Zip Drive, USB Flash Stick.
Floppy Disk Drive
Floppy disk drive and floppy media manufacturers specify an unformatted capacity, which is, for
example, 2.0 MB for a standard 3½-inch HD floppy. It is implied that this data capacity should
not be exceeded since exceeding such limitations will most likely degrade the design margins of
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the floppy system and could result in performance problems such as inability to interchange or
even loss of data.
One of the chief usability problems of the floppy disk is its vulnerability. Even inside a closed
plastic housing, the disk medium is still highly sensitive to dust, condensation and temperature
extremes. As with any magnetic storage, it is also vulnerable to magnetic fields. Blank floppies
have usually been distributed with an extensive set of warnings, cautioning the user not to expose
it to conditions which can endanger it.
Hard Disk Drive
Raw unformatted capacity of a hard disk drive is usually quoted with SI prefixes (metric system
prefixes), incrementing by powers of 1000; today that usually means gigabytes (GB) and
terabytes (TB). This is conventional for data speeds and memory sizes which are not inherently
manufactured in power of two sizes, as RAM and Flash memory are. Hard disks by contrast have
no inherent binary size as capacity is determined by number of heads, tracks and sectors.
This can cause some confusion because some operating systems may report the formatted
capacity of a hard drive using binary prefix units which increment by powers of 1024.
RW CD-ROM Drive
Optical storage, the typical Optical disc, stores information in deformities on the surface of a
circular disc and reads this information by illuminating the surface with a laser diode and
observing the reflection. Optical disc storage is non-volatile. The deformities may be permanent
(read only media ), formed once (write once media) or reversible (recordable or read/write
media). The following forms are currently in common use:
ZIP Drive
Higher capacity Zip disks must be used in a drive with at least the same capacity ability.
Generally, higher capacity drives also handle lower capacity media. However, the 250 MB drive
writes much more slowly to 100 MB disks than does the 100 MB drive, and it’s unable to
perform a long (i.e., thorough) format on a 100 MB disk. The 750 MB drive cannot write to
100 MB disks at all, though they are the cheapest and most common of the three formats.
USB Flash Stick
Storage capacities can range from 64 MB to 256 GB with steady improvements in size and price
per capacity. Some allow 1 million write or erase cycles and have 10-year data retention,
connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0.
USB flash drives offer potential advantages over other portable storage devices, particularly the
floppy disk. They have a more compact shape, operate faster, hold much more data, have a more
durable design, and operate more reliably due to their lack of moving parts. Additionally, it has
become increasingly common for computers to be sold without floppy disk drives. USB ports, on
the other hand, appear on almost every current mainstream PC and laptop.
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UNIT 6.0 OPERATING SYSTEMS, FILES AND DIRECTORIES
6.1
Definition of an Operating System.
An Operating System (commonly abbreviated to either OS or O/S) is an interface between
hardware and user; an OS is responsible for the management and coordination of activities
and the sharing of the resources of the computer.
6.2
Purpose of an Operating System.
The operating system is the acts as the middle man between the hardware and the software
without the operating system the system can cont work. The operating system acts as a host
for computing applications that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an
operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves
application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write
applications.
6.3
Functions of an Operating System.
Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications
access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By
invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass
parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating
system with some kind of software user interface (UI) like typing commands by using command
line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface (GUI, commonly pronounced “gooey”).
For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the
operating system. On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-like systems, the user
interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating
system. (Whether the user interface should be included as part of the operating system is a point
of contention.
6.4
Factors to consider when choosing an Operating System.
When one is choosing an operating system the person must take in consideration the following:
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
6.5
Compatibility
Speed
Disk space
Reliability
Features to an Operating System.
memory management
Job scheduling
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File system management
Thread management
UNIT 7.0 MEMORY TYPE FOR PC’S AND OTHER EQUIPMENT
Different memory type for PC’s.
The computer memory can be of tow types based on the whether the memory is inside the
computer or it is an external storage device.
 Primary memory(the main memory which is volatile)
 Secondary memory(storage device non volatile)
Example of primary memory are;
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RAM( Random Access Memory)
DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory)
SRAM(Static Random Access Memory)
Example of secondary memory are:
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ROM(Read Only Memory)
PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read only Memory)
EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
Different memory types for printers.
Printers have a rom that stores the data or information that is being printer after it has printed it
deletes it from the memory
Different memory types for Notebook PC’s
The Notebook PCs have the same types of memories has the other computers they only differ in
teams of capacities which depend on the manufactures of the computer.
UNIT 8.0 STANDARD INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS
8.1DIFFERENT TYPES OF INPUT OUTPUT PORTS
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The picture above shows an internal view of some of the I/O ports on the right and a covered
view on the left. I/O stands for Input and Output. The most common device for input is the
keyboard. When you type, you are putting information into the computer, which is known as
input. The most common device for output is the monitor. After the information has made its
way through the computer, it is sent out to the monitor for us to see. This is known as output. On
the back of computers are several I/O, (or Input/Output), ports. Above, on the very top are two
PS/2 ports, normally used for mouse and keyboard connections. Below that are the USB, (or
Universal Serial Bus), ports. Below those are two serial ports beside a long parallel port that is
often used to connect to a printer. On the bottom right is a game port for joysticks or other game
controllers. On the bottom left is a microphone hook up, a speaker hook up, and an additional
hook up for another sound input device like a musical keyboard. Below is a picture of the I/O
ports on a more recent computer.
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8.2 DIFFERENT TYPES IF INTERNAL INPUT-OUTPUT PORTS
They are many types of internal input-output ports these include;

Processor socket Connector

Primary IDE Connector
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Diskette Drive Connector
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Power Connector

Secondary IDE Connector
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AGP Connector
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RIMM Sockets Connector
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UNIT 9.0 APPLICATION PACKAGES
9.1 WORD PROCESSING
9.1.1 Creation of documents using
Create a New Document
There are several ways to create new documents, open existing documents, and save documents
in Word:


Click the Microsoft Office Button
and Click New or
Press CTRL+N (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the “N”) on the keyboard
You will notice that when you click on the Microsoft Office Button and Click New, you have
many choices about the types of documents you can create. If you wish to start from a blank
document, click Blank. If you wish to start from a template you can browse through your
choices on the left, see the choices on center screen, and preview the selection on the right
screen.
Opening an Existing Document


Click the Microsoft Office Button
and Click Open, or
Press CTRL+O (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the “O”) on the keyboard, or
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
If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and
click the name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert
picture of recent docs
9.1.1 Using the tool bar
Menus
When you begin to explore Word 2007 you will notice a new look to the menu bar. There are
three features that you should remember as you work within Word 2007: the Microsoft Office
Button, the Quick Access Toolbar, and the Ribbon. These three features contain many of the
functions that were in the menu of previous versions of Word. The functions of these three
features will be more fully explored below.
The Microsoft Office Button
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The Microsoft Office button performs many of the functions that were located in the File menu
of older versions of Word. This button allows you to create a new document, open an existing
document, save or save as, print, send (through email or fax), publish or close.
The Ribbon
The Ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document. It has seven tabs: Home, Insert, Page
Layout, References, Mailings, Review, and View that contain many new and existing features of
Word. Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical collections of features designed to
perform functions that you will utilize in developing or editing your Word document. Commonly
used features are displayed on the Ribbon, to view additional features within each group, click
on the arrow at the bottom right of each group.
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Each of the tabs contains the following tools:
Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.
Insert: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols
Page Layout: Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange
References: Table of Contents, Footnote, Citation & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and Table
of Authorities
Mailings: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
Review: Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect
View: Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros
Quick Access Toolbar
The quick access toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains commands that you may want to
use. You can place the quick access toolbar above or below the ribbon. To change the location of
the quick access toolbar, click on the arrow at the end of the toolbar and click on Show Below
the Ribbon.
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You can also add items to the quick access toolbar. Right click on any item in the Office Button
or the Ribbon and click on Add to Quick Access Toolbar and a shortcut will be added to the
Quick Access Toolbar.
9.1.2 Editing the document
Typing and inserting Text
To enter text, just start typing! The text will appear where the blinking cursor is located. Move
the cursor by using the arrow buttons on the keyboard or positioning the mouse and clicking the
left button. The keyboard shortcuts listed below are also helpful when moving through the text of
a document:
Move Action
Beginning of the line
End of the line
Top of the document
End of the document
Keystroke
HOME
END
CTRL+HOME
CTRL+END
Selecting Text
To change any attributes of text it must be highlighted first. Select the text by dragging the
mouse over the desired text while keeping the left mouse button depressed, or hold down the
SHIFT key on the keyboard while using the arrow buttons to highlight the text. The following
table contains shortcuts for selecting a portion of the text:
Selection
Technique
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Whole word
Whole paragraph
Several words or
lines
Entire document
double-click within the word
triple-click within the paragraph
drag the mouse over the words, or hold down SHIFT while using
the arrow keys
choose Editing | Select | Select All from the Ribbon, or press
CTRL+A
Deselect the text by clicking anywhere outside of the selection on the page or press an arrow key
on the keyboard.
9.1.4 Typing, selecting, deleting, inserting, moving text, undoing changes.
Inserting Additional Text
Text can be inserted in a document at any point using any of the following methods:

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

Type Text: Put your cursor where you want to add the text and begin typing
Copy and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy and right click and click
Copy, put your cursor where you want the text in the document and right click and click
Paste.
Cut and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy and right click and click Cut,
put your cursor where you want the text in the document and right click and click Paste.
Drag Text: Highlight the text you wish to move, click on it and drag it to the place
where you want the text in the document.
You will notice that you can also use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon.
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Rearranging Blocks of Text
To rearrange text within a document, you can utilize the Clipboard Group on the Home Tab of
the Ribbon.
Insert picture of clipboard group labeled



Move text: Cut and Paste or Drag as shown above
Copy Text: Copy and Paste as above or use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon
Paste Text: Ctrl + V (hold down the CTRL and the “V” key at the same time) or use the
Clipboard group to Paste, Paste Special, or Paste as Hyperlink
Deleting Blocks of Text
Use the BACKSPACE and DELETE keys on the keyboard to delete text. Backspace will delete
text to the left of the cursor and Delete will erase text to the right. To delete a large selection of
text, highlight it using any of the methods outlined above and press the DELETE key.
Search and Replace Text
To find a particular word or phrase in a document:


Click Find on the Editing Group on the Ribbon
To find and replace a word or phrase in the document, click Replace on the Editing
Group of the Ribbon.
Undo Changes
to undo changes:

Click the Undo Button on the Quick Access Toolbar
9.1.5 Using Align, Indent, Bold, Italic, Fronts, Underline, Line, Spacing, Page Breaks,
Section Breaks,
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FORMATING TEXT
Styles
A style is a format enhancing tool that includes font typefaces, font size, effects (bold, italics,
underline, etc.), colors and more. You will notice that on the Home Tab of the Ribbon, that you
have several areas that will control the style of your document: Font, Paragraph, and Styles.
Change Font Typeface and Size
To change the font typeface:

Click the arrow next to the font name and choose a font.

Remember that you can preview how the new font will look by highlighting the text, and
hovering over the new font typeface.
To change the font size:
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

Click the arrow next to the font size and choose the appropriate size, or
Click the increase or decrease font size buttons.
Font Styles and Effects
Font styles are predefined formatting options that are used to emphasize text. They include:
Bold, Italic, and Underline. To add these to text:


Select the text and click the Font Styles included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Select the text and right click to display the font tools
Change Text Color
To change the text color:



Select the text and click the Colors button included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Highlight the text and right click and choose the colors tool.
Select the color by clicking the down arrow next to the font color button.
Highlight Text
highlighting text allows you to use emphasize text as you would if you had a marker. To
highlight text:




Select the text
Click the Highlight Button on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Select the text and right click and select the highlight tool
To change the color of the highlighter click on down arrow next to the highlight button.
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Copy Formatting
If you have already formatted text the way you want it and would like another portion of the
document to have the same formatting, you can copy the formatting. To copy the formatting, do
the following:



Select the text with the formatting you want to copy.
Copy the format of the text selected by clicking the Format Painter button on the
Clipboard Group of the Home Tab
Apply the copied format by selecting the text and clicking on it.
Clear Formatting
To clear text formatting:



Select the text you wish to clear the formatting
Click the Styles dialogue box on the Styles Group on the Home Tab
Click Clear All
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FORMATING PARAGRAPHS
Formatting paragraphs allows you to change the look of the overall document. You can access
many of the tools of paragraph formatting by clicking the Page Layout Tab of the Ribbon or the
Paragraph Group on the Home Tab of the Ribbon.
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Change Paragraph Alignment
The paragraph alignment allows you to set how you want text to appear. To change the
alignment:


Click the Home Tab
Choose the appropriate button for alignment on the Paragraph Group.
Align Left: the text is aligned with your left margin
Center: The text is centered within your margins
Align Right: Aligns text with the right margin
Justify: Aligns text to both the left and right margins.
Indent Paragraphs
Indenting paragraphs allows you set text within a paragraph at different margins. There are
several options for indenting:




First Line: Controls the left boundary for the first line of a paragraph
Hanging: Controls the left boundary of every line in a paragraph except the first one
Left: Controls the left boundary for every line in a paragraph
Right: Controls the right boundary for every line in a paragraph
To indent paragraphs, you can do the following:


Click the Indent buttons to control the indent.
Click the Indent button repeated times to increase the size of the indent.


Click the dialog box of the Paragraph Group
Click the Indents and Spacing Tab
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
Select your indents
Add Borders and Shading
You can add borders and shading to paragraphs and entire pages. To create a border around a
paragraph or paragraphs:




Select the area of text where you want the border or shading.
Click the Borders Button on the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab
Choose the Border and Shading
Choose the appropriate options
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Apply Styles
Styles are a present collection of formatting that you can apply to text. To utilize Quick Styles:



Select the text you wish to format.
Click the dialog box next to the Styles Group on the Home Tab.
Click the style you wish to apply.
9.1.7 Using numbering, bullets, boaders, and shading
Bulleted lists have bullet points, numbered lists have numbers, and outline lists combine
numbers and letters depending on the organization of the list.
To add a list to existing text:
Select the text you wish to make a list
From the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab, Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button
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To create a new list:
Place your cursor where you want the list in the document
Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button
Begin typing
9.1.8 Special symbols (Mathematical symbols)
Special characters are punctuation, spacing, or typographical characters that are not generally
available on the standard keyboard. To insert symbols and special characters:
Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Symbol button on the Symbols Group
Choose the appropriate symbol.
Equations
Word 2007 also allows you to insert mathematical equations. To access the mathematical
equations tool:
Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
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Click the Equation Button on the Symbols Group
Choose the appropriate equation and structure or click Insert New Equation
To edit the equation click the equation and the Design Tab will be available in the Ribbon
9.1.9 Use of Tabs, Page Breaks and Sections
To view a document in different forms, click the document views shortcuts at the bottom of the
screen
or:
Click the View Tab on the Ribbon
Click on the appropriate document view.
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To insert a page break:
Click the Page Layout Tab on the Ribbon
On the Page Setup Group, click the Breaks Drop Down Menu
Click Page Break
9.1.10 Saving a document using Save, Save as
Click the Microsoft Office Button
and Click Save or Save As (remember, if you’re
sending the document to someone who does not have Office 2007, you will need to click the
Office Button, click Save As, and Click Word 97-2003 Document), or
Press CTRL+S (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the “S”) on the keyboard, or
Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar
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9.1.11 Retrieving a document by open
Click the Microsoft Office Button
and Click Open, or
Press CTRL+O (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the “O”) on the keyboard, or
If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and click the
name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert picture of recent
docs
9.1.12Creating tables
Tables are used to display data in a table format.
Create a Table
To create a table:
Place the cursor on the page where you want the new table
Click the Insert Tab of the Ribbon
Click the Tables Button on the Tables Group. You can create a table one of four ways:
Highlight the number of row and columns
Click Insert Table and enter the number of rows and columns
Click the Draw Table, create your table by clicking and entering the rows and columns
Click Quick Tables and choose a table
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9.1.13 Page numbering, Headers and Footers
To insert Header and Footer information such as page numbers, date, or title, first, decide if you
want the information in the header (at the top of the page) or in the Footer (at the bottom of the
page), then:
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click Header or Footer
Choose a style
I
The Header/Footer Design Tab will display on the Ribbon
Choose the information that you would like to have in the header or footer (date, time, page
numbers, etc.) or type in the information you would like to have in the header or footer
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9.1.14 Spell Checking, Language options, thesaurus
To check the spelling and grammar of a document
Place the cursor at the beginning of the document or the beginning of the section that you want to
check
Click the Review Tab on the Ribbon
Click Spelling & Grammar on the Proofing Group.
Any errors will display a dialog box that allows you to choose a more appropriate spelling or
phrasing.
If you wish to check the spelling of an individual word, you can right click any word that has
been underlined by Word and choose a substitution.
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Thesaurus
The Thesaurus allows you to view synonyms. To use the thesaurus:
Click the Review Tab of the Ribbon
Click the Thesaurus Button on the Proofing Group.
The thesaurus tool will appear on the right side of the screen and you can view word options.
You can also access the thesaurus by right-clicking any word and choosing Synonyms on the
menu.
9.1.15 Working with multi-documents environment using the ‘windows’menu
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Several documents can be opened simultaneously if you are typing or editing multiple
documents at once. All open documents will be listed in the View Tab of the Ribbon when you
click on Switch Windows. The current document has a checkmark beside the file name. Select
another open document to view it.
9.1.16 Viewing (previewing) a document on the computer
There are many ways to view a document in Word.
Full Screen Reading: This is a full view length view of a document. Good for viewing two
pages at a time.
Web Layout: This is a view of the document as it would appear in a web browser.
Outline: This is an outline form of the document in the form of bullets.
Draft: This view does not display pictures or layouts, just text.
To view a document in different forms, click the document views shortcuts at the bottom of the
screen
or:
9.1.17 Layouts
Print Layout: This is a view of the document as it would appear when printed. It includes all
tables, text, graphics, and images.
9.1.19 Printing a document
For one to print a document you can user the short cut ctrl+p or one can go to the office button
click on it then take the mouse pointer to print and click.
9.2 Spreadsheet
Getting started with Excel 2007 you will notice that there are many similar features to previous
versions. You will also notice that there are many new features that you’ll be able to utilize.
There are three features that you should remember as you work within Excel 2007: the
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Microsoft Office Button, the Quick Access Toolbar, and the Ribbon. The function of these
features will be more fully explored below.
Spreadsheets
A spreadsheet is an electronic document that stores various types of data. There are vertical
columns and horizontal rows. A cell is where the column and row intersect. A cell can contain
data and can be used in calculations of data within the spreadsheet. An Excel spreadsheet can
contain workbooks and worksheets. The workbook is the holder for related worksheets.
9.2.1 Design a spreadsheet in accordance with written and/ or oral specifications
There are different ways to enter data in Excel: in an active cell or in the formula bar.
To enter data in an active cell:
Click in the cell where you want the data
Begin typing
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To enter data into the formula bar
Click the cell where you would like the data
Place the cursor in the Formula Bar
Type in the data
9.2.2 Create spreadsheets
To create a new Workbook:
Click the Microsoft Office Toolbar
Click New
Choose Blank Document
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If you want to create a new document from a template, explore the templates and choose one that
fits your needs.
9.2.3 Retrieve existing spreadsheets
To open an existing workbook:
Click the Microsoft Office Button
Click Open
Browse to the workbook
Click the title of the workbook
Click Open
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9.2.4 Check spreadsheet using print preview functions
There may be times when you only want to print a portion of a worksheet. This is easily done
through the Print Range function. To print a range:
Select the area to be printed
Click the Print Area button on the Page Layout tab
Click Select Print Area
9.2.5 Format spreadsheet using basic formatting functions (e.g. page setup
The print titles function allows you to repeat the column and row headings at the beginning of
each new page to make reading a multiple page sheet easier to read when printed. To Print
Titles:
Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon
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Click the Print Titles button
In the Print Titles section, click the box to select the rows/columns to be repeated
Select the row or column
Click the Select Row/Column Button
Click OK
9.2.6 Perform calculations using simple formulae
A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel to perform calculations.
Formals are started in the formula box with an = sign.
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There are many elements to and excel formula.
References: The cell or range of cells that you want to use in your calculation
Operators: Symbols (+, -, *, /, etc.) that specify the calculation to be performed
Constants: Numbers or text values that do not change
Functions: Predefined formulas in Excel
To create a basic formula in Excel:
Select the cell for the formula
Type = (the equal sign) and the formula
Click Enter
Calculate with Functions
A function is a built in formula in Excel. A function has a name and arguments (the
mathematical function) in parentheses. Common functions in Excel:
Sum: Adds all cells in the argument
Average: Calculates the average of the cells in the argument
Min: Finds the minimum value
Max: Finds the maximum value
Count: Finds the number of cells that contain a numerical value within a range of the argument
To calculate a function:
Click the cell where you want the function applied
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Click the Insert Function button
Choose the function
Click OK
9.2.7 Edit spreadsheets
Undo and Redo
To undo or redo your most recent actions:
On the Quick Access Toolbar
Click Undo or Redo
Auto Fill
The Auto Fill feature fills cell data or series of data in a worksheet into a selected range of cells.
If you want the same data copied into the other cells, you only need to complete one cell. If you
want to have a series of data (for example, days of the week) fill in the first two cells in the series
and then use the auto fill feature. To use the Auto Fill feature:
Click the Fill Handle
Drag the Fill Handle to complete the cells
9.2.8 Create charts and graphs from spreadsheets
Charts allow you to present information contained in the worksheet in a graphic format. Excel
offers many types of charts including: Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter and more. To view
the charts available click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon.
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Create a Chart
To create a chart:
Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart
Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon
Click the type of Chart you want to create
Modify a Chart
Once you have created a chart you can do several things to modify the chart.
To move the chart:
Click the Chart and Drag it another location on the same worksheet, or
Click the Move Chart button on the Design tab
Choose the desired location (either a new sheet or a current sheet in the workbook)
To change the data included in the chart:
Click the Chart
Click the Select Data button on the Design tab
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To reverse which data are displayed in the rows and columns:
Click the Chart
Click the Switch Row/Column button on the Design tab
To modify the labels and titles:
Click the Chart
On the Layout tab, click the Chart Title or the Data Labels button
Change the Title and click Enter
9.2.9 Delete within spreadsheet.
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To delete cells, rows, and columns:
Place the cursor in the cell, row, or column that you want to delete
Click the Delete button on the Cells group of the Home tab
Click the appropriate choice: Cell, Row, or Column
9.2.10 Move/Copy within spreadsheets
To copy and paste data:
Select the cell(s) that you wish to copy
On the Clipboard group of the Home tab, click Copy
Select the cell(s) where you would like to copy the data
On the Clipboard group of the Home tab, click Paste
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Cut and Paste
To cut and paste data:
Select the cell(s) that you wish to copy
On the Clipboard group of the Home tab, click Cut
Select the cell(s) where you would like to copy the data
On the Clipboard group of the Home tab, click Paste
9.2.11 Input/process data using spreadsheet functions
The function library is a large group of functions on the Formula Tab of the Ribbon. These
functions include:
AutoSum: Easily calculates the sum of a range
Recently Used: All recently used functions
Financial: Accrued interest, cash flow return rates and additional financial functions
Logical: And, If, True, False, etc.
Text: Text based functions
Date & Time: Functions calculated on date and time
Math & Trig: Mathematical Functions
9.2.12 Save spreadsheets.
When you save a workbook, you have two choices: Save or Save As.
To save a document:
Click the Microsoft Office Button
Click Save
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You may need to use the Save As feature when you need to save a workbook under a different
name or to save it for earlier versions of Excel. Remember that older versions of Excel will not
be able to open an Excel 2007 worksheet unless you save it as an Excel 97-2003 Format. To use
the Save As feature:
Click the Microsoft Office Button
Click Save As
Type in the name for the Workbook
In the Save as Type box, choose Excel 97-2003 Workbook
9.2.13 Print spreadsheets
There may be times when you only want to print a portion of a worksheet. This is easily done
through the Print Range function. To print a range:
Select the area to be printed
Click the Print Area button on the Page Layout tab
Click Select Print Area
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9.3 Databases
9.3.1 Types of databases
Operational Databases. These databases store detailed data needed to support the operations of
the entire organization. They are also called Subject Area Databases (SADB), Transaction
Databases, and Production Databases.
Analytical Databases. These databases stores data and information extracted from selected
operational and external databases. They consist of summarized data and information most
needed by an organizations manager and other end user. They may also be called
multidimensional database, Management database, and Information database.
Data Warehouse Databases. It stores data from current and previous years that has been
extracted from the various operational databases of an organization. It is the central source of
data that has been screened, edited, standardized and integrated so that it can be used by
managers and other end user professionals throughout an organization
Distributed Databases. These are databases of local work groups and departments at regional
offices, branch offices, manufacturing plants and other work sites. These databases can include
segments of both common operational and common user databases, as well as data generated and
used only at a user’s own site.
End-User Databases. These databases consist of a variety of data files developed by end-users
at their workstations. Examples of these are collection of documents in spreadsheets, word
processing and even downloaded files.
External Databases. These databases where access to external, privately owned online
databases or data banks is available for a fee to end users and organizations from commercial
services. Access to a wealth of information from external database is available for a fee from
commercial online services and with or without charge from many sources in the internet.
Hypermedia Databases. These are set of interconnected multimedia pages at a web-site. It
consists of home page and other hyperlinked pages of multimedia or mixed media such as text,
graphic, photographic images, video clips, audio etc.
Navigational databases. Type of database characterized by the fact that objects in it are found
primarily by following references from other objects. Traditionally navigational interfaces are
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procedural, though one could characterize some modern systems like XPath as being
simultaneously navigational and declarative.
9.3.2 Use of databases
Database Development. It is used to define and organize the content, relationships, and
structure of the data needed to build a database.
Database Interrogation. It can access the data in a database for information retrieval and report
generation. End users can selectively retrieve and display information and produce printed
reports and documents.
Database Maintenance. It is used to add, delete, update, correct, and protect the data in a
database.
Application Development. It is used to develop prototypes of data entry screens, queries, forms,
reports, tables, and labels for a prototyped application. Or use 4GL or 4th Generation Language
or application generator to develop program codes.
9.3.3 Database components
DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them
into physical equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a
storage device.
Data Definition Subsystem helps user to create and maintain the data dictionary and define the
structure of the files in a database.
Data Manipulation Subsystem helps user to add, change, and delete information in a database
and query it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are
most often the primary interface between user and the information contained in a database. It
allows user to specify its logical information requirements.
Application Generation Subsystem contains facilities to help users to develop transactionsintensive applications. It usually requires that user perform a detailed series of tasks to process a
transaction. It facilities easy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces.
Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the overall database environment by
providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization,
concurrency control, and change management.
9.3.4 Simple database design
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You can create a new database from scratch or you can create a database from the database
wizard.
New Database
To create a new database from scratch:
Click the Microsoft Office Button
Click New
Click the New Blank Database icon
Type in a name for the database
Click Create
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9.3.5 Designing a simple database in accordance with specification
Click the Design View button
Click on the next available field
Type in the Name of the field
Data Types
There are many types a data that a field can be predefined to hold. When you create a new field
in a database you should closely match the data type to what will be entered into the field.
Text
Text, number, or a combination up to 255
characters
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Memo
Number
Date/Time
Currency
AutoNumber
Yes/No
OLE Object
Hyperlink
Attachment
Similar to the text field, can contain text,
numbers, or a combination up to 2 GB of
data.
Numbers up to 16 bytes of data
Date and Time information
Currency up to 8 bytes and precise to 4
decimal places
Access creates a unique number for each new
record. This is often the primary key for the
table
Yes and No, stored as -1 for yes and 0 for no
Images, documents, graphs up to 2 GB
Web addresses
Attachments such as images, spreadsheets,
documents, and charts.
9.3.6Creating a database table
Table Views
There are two ways to view a table in Access to add data to the table: Design View and
Datasheet View.
In Design View you can view all the fields with the data types and descriptions. The records of
information that has been added to the database is not viewable.
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To go to Design View:
Click the down arrow on the View button
Click Design View
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In Datasheet View you can display the records in a table, where one row is one record. The
column headers are the fields you have defined for the database.
To go to Datasheet View:
Click the down arrow on the View button
Click Datasheet View
9.3.7 Editing the design of a database table
To edit the Data Type in the Design View:
Click Design View
Click the field name you wish to define or create a new field
Click the Data Type
Choose the appropriate Data Type
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Format the field in the Field Properties Dialog box
MANAGE TABLES
Delete a Table
To delete a table:
Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft Office Button and clicking Open
Right click on a table and choose Delete
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Rename a Table
To rename a table:
Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft Office Button and clicking Open
Right click on a table and choose Rename
Type in the new name
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Add a Description to a Table
To add a description to a table
Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft Office Button and clicking Open
Right click on a table and choose Table Properties
Click the Description text box
Type in the description
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9.3.8 Editing the content of a database table (e.g. add, deleting and modify records)
Add Records to a Table
To add a new record to a table:
Open the table in Datasheet View
Click the New Cell
Type in your new record
9.3.9 Sorting data in single field
Sort Records
You can sort records in a datasheet by a single column or by two adjacent columns. To sort
records by a single column:
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Select the field you wish to sort
Click the Sort Ascending or Sort Descending button
To sort two columns:
Move the columns to they are adjacent to each other
Select the desired columns for sorting by holding the shift key and clicking the columns
Click the Sort Ascending or Sort Descending button
To clear the sort:
Click the Clear Sort button
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9.3.10 Entering data using a form
Forms allow you to control the look and feel of the screen for the input of data and the reports
generated.
Form Views
There are three ways to view forms in Access:
Design View
Form View
Layout View
Allows you to design a form
that includes a header,
footer, and details in the
form. You can also add
images and control which
fields appear on the form.
This is a dynamic page
which allows the user to
enter and edit data or
navigate through data in a
field.
This view allows you to
design the form and
manipulate data.
9.3.11 Creating/modifying o form
You can create a form from a table or a query. To create a form:
Click the Create tab
Click the Form Design button
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Click the Format tab
Click the Add Existing Fields Button
In the Field List box on the right, click and drag the fields you would like on the form
To change the colors and fonts, click the Property Sheet button on the Arrange tab
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Insert pic of property sheet button
Choose the Section you wish to modify
Choose the properties you wish to modify
To preview the form:
Click the Views button on the Home tab
Click the Form View button
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9.3.12 Customised reports for databases files
Reports are a means to view and analyze large amounts of data. You can use the Report Wizard
or create a custom report that meets your specific needs.
Report Views
Reports can be displayed in four views:
Design View
Report View
Layout View
Print Preview
This view provides you with the
structure of your report. You can
add, modify or delete components
of the report but you cannot
manipulate the data in the tables
associated with the report.
This view allows you to view the
data from the table but not to
change any layout of the report.
This view allows you to see data
from the table and add, modify,
and delete components of the
report.
This view allows you to see what
your report will look like when it
is printed.
To change report views:
Click the View button on the Home tab
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9.3.13 Locating/replacing data using search and replace functions
Find and Replace
To find data:
Click the Find button on the Home tab
To find and replace data:
Click the Replace button on the Home tab
When you are searching for data for a find, replace or go to, you have several options in the Find
Dialog Box. These options are:
Find What Text Box
Type the text you wish to find
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Link in Drop Drop-Down List Use the drop-down list to
specify a table or a column to
search
Match Drop-Down List
Use the drop-down list to
narrow down the search to a
field or the beginning of a
field
Search Drop-Down List
Use this drop-down to specify
the direction to search.
Match Case Check Box
Use this check box to specify
whether to search by the same
upper and lower case letters.
9.3.14 Printing forms, reports, and results of queries.
To print a report, form and result of queries:
Select the report you wish to print
Right-click on the Report Name
Click Print Preview
Choose the appropriate layout, margins, and paper size in the Page Layout group
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Click Print
Click OK
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UNIT 10.0 USING THE INTERNET AND E-MAIL FACILITIES
Identifying elements of outlook express
Outlook element is part of Microsoft Internet Explorer web browser suite of program. It
offers all the features you need to be able to send and receive electronic mail over the
internet.
Outlook express provides a get way to the world of electronic mail. It allows you to send
and receive electronic mail messages, and it provides facilities for you to record and store
all your e-mail address and personal contact details, in the form of an electronic address
book
Composing, Sending and Receiving information through E-mail
Composing a message can involve a number of different steps, which depend, for
example, whether you with to include extra files, how many recipients there are, or
whether you intend to send the message immediately.
 Select a mail folder, such as Inbox or Outbox by clicking
 Click the new mail button on the toolbar.
 Click the mouse in the message body area of the window and type the text of your
message.
Outlook express offers several options when sending. You can send a message at
once or send it later.
To send a message you have to finish composing
Click the send button on the toolbar. If you are online, it will send immediately. If
you are offline, the message will be automatically stored on the out box ready for
sending when you go online
Receiving a message
All your incoming email arrives by default in a message folder called the inbox. The
inbox can be accessed either from the outlook bar or the folder list.
Handling internet and web
Using the internet, hardware required for internet:

To use internet following hardware is required.
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

A fast computer with enough memory and hard disk space.
A modem and a telephone line.
Benefits of using internet
The changing communication and data transfer technologies of the internet today are affecting
the way many companies do business. Depending on the nature of your organization, the benefits
of internet presence will vary.
We can help your organization take advantage of the internet by developing a web presence that
promotes your company on the web, fits your budget and helps your company gain a great
audience. Here are several benefits of internet publishing.
EXPAND REACHABLE MARKETS
With a presence on the internet companies gain access to previously unreachable local, regional
and international markets. Existing and potential customers can access your site from the office
of at home on their own schedule with not assistance from you.
INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION
Provide information to the public about your organization’s products and services, allow visitors
to browse a museum, or guide users through a presentation. Whether for gathering or distributing
information, a web presence is a great place to engage and share information with your audience.
VALUE ADDED SERVICE
Establish a pro-active customer service oriented image of your company by providing useful
information to your customers online, such as technical publications, examples of product use,
instructions and other value added bits of information. Establish your company as
technologically savvy in the forefront of communications today.
USER INFORMATION REQUEST
Make it easy for customers to request specific information from your company, place a purchase
order or send an e-mail with user request forms. Your site can also gather valuable customer
information with customer reply surveys.
EASY LOCATION OF DATA
Allow visitors easy access to information in your site by utilizing a search engine that can search
the pages within a site or a specific relational database.
CONSISTENT MARKETING
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Utilize your existing communication, marketing and outreach strategies on the internet to
establish a consistent communications approach. Integrating current or existing marketing assets
like logos and customer artwork, can help save on web development costs.
SAVE MAILING COSTS
Begin to reduce the cost of paper, printing and mailing by providing the same material digitally
on-line. Distributing information on the internet may not eliminate the need for hard copy
promotional materials, but if you’ve ever had to update a printed brochure you’ll appreciate the
cost savings associated with internet publishing.
CHANGING CONTENT IS EASY
After the design and architecture of a web site has be established and produced, making revisions
and adding or deleting content from a site can be very cost effective. We provide site
maintenance plans if desired or we’ll share options to educate your staff about basic web page
structure and maintenance.
UTILIZE EXISTING NETWORKS
Take advantage of established industry specific networks to attract the visitors you desire.
Promote your presence with links to your site from related resource lists, internet catalogs and
the best search engines available. Use e-mail updates to specific user groups to promote changes
and additions to your site.
PROJECT AND WORK SHARING
Connecting your web site to an FTP server allows your audience to share documents by
downloading and/or uploading files and folders in application specific formats. For collaborative
projects this can be a great file management and quality control document sharing solution.
Whether within one building or spanning large geographical areas, FTP sites are easily password
protected.
Our professional services can help your business gain an internet presence that will speak to your
intended audience and get the attention your company deserves on the web.
VIDEO AND TELECONFERENCING
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A videoconference (also known as a video teleconference) is a set of interactive
telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way
video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called visual collaboration and is
a type of groupware. It differs from videophone in that it is designed to serve a conference rather
than individuals
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UNIT 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO USING A COMPUTER
Three main classification of computer
Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity,
particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed
primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the market into
the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the
supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for
five years (1985–1990). In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the
market, in parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many
of these disappeared in the mid-1990s "supercomputer market crash".
Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron are computers used mainly by
large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census,
industry and consumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing.
The term probably had originated from the early mainframes, as they were housed in
enormous, room-sized metal boxes or frames. Later the term was used to distinguish
high-end commercial machines from less powerful units.
A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit.
Another general characteristic of these computers is that they occupy physically small
amounts of space when compared to mainframe and minicomputers. Many
microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are
also personal computers (in the generic sense).
Functions of the information processing cycle
Reading: To assist you in completing Lab 1 and to prepare you for hardware &
architecture lecture.
What is the information processing cycle? The sequence of events in processing
information, which includes (1) input, (2) processing, (3) output and (4) storage
1. Input—entering data into the computer.
2. Processing—performing operations on the data.
3. Output—presenting the results.
4. Storage—saving data, programs, or output for future use.
Hardware components and their functions
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects.
Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all
hardware.
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