1.
Major Variable: Distraction and social media
Sub Variable: Inner distractions like hunger, tiredness, ailments, anxiety, uncertainties, or other
disturbing thoughts can interfere with thinking, and the use of media and inadequate sleep.
Indicators: Inner distractions can be as effective in diverting an individual’s attention as external
distractions, and electronic media contributes to a shift in sleep patterns, triggers distractions, and
makes it challenging for students to maintain a customary bedtime.
Reference: Andersson, A., Hatakka, M., Grönlund, Å., & Wiklund, M. (2014). Reclaiming the students:
Coping with social media in 1:1 school. Learning, Media & Technology, 39(1), 37-52.
doi:10.1080/17439884.2012.756518
2.
Major Variable: Sleep Patterns
Sub Variable: Adequate sleep and irregular sleeping patterns
Indicators: To support satisfactory awareness and optimum performance of academic tasks among
students and exhibit shorter attention, poorer endurance, less exuberance, and decreased academic
performance.
Reference: Kang, J. H., & Chen, S. C. (2009). Effects of an irregular bedtime schedule on sleep quality,
daytime sleepiness, and fatigue among university students in Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 9(9), 248.
doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-248
3.
Major Variable: Sleep-deprived students
Sub Variable: Sleep loss, learning capacity, and academic performance.
Indicators: Sleep-deprived students performed poorly on learning capacity skills such as attention,
memory, and problem-solving tasks, and this affected their academic performance
Reference: Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., & Dennaro, L. D. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic
performance. Sleep Medicine, 10, 323-337. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001
4.
Major Variable: Students Health
Sub Variable: Start classes later in the morning and Teens who don’t get enough sleep are more at risk
for drug and alcohol use.
Indicators: Allows students to properly solve problems, encourage them to join extracurricular activities
such as school clubs, sports practices, or music rehearsals
Reference: https://ysjournal.com/the-effects-of-sleep
5.
Major Variable: Sleep and Academic performance
Sub Variable: Behavioral, physiological, cognitive, and emotional concerns
Indicators: Poor sleep also increases your risk of mood problems that can lead to consequences with
poor grades and sleepy students will continue to underperform academically and fall asleep in class.
Reference: Gilbert, S. P., & Weaver, C. C. (2010). Sleep quality and academic performance in university
students: A wake-up call for college psychologists. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24(4), 295306. doi:1080/8756225.2010.509245
6.
Major Variable: Family and Work-Related Responsibilities
Sub Variable: Cramming and staying up extended hours at night to complete work is customary among
students.
Indicators: To get adequate sleep and refrain from filing information into the brain for one-time
retrieval.
Reference: Jovanovski, D., & Bassili, J. N. (2007). The relationship between morningness eveningness
preference and online learning. Biological Rhythm Research, 38(5), 355-365. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0008032