Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 14:
The Consequences of the
Postulates of Special Relativity
Theory
Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 14: The Consequences of the Postulates of Special Relativity
Theory
First Edition, 2020
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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 14:
The Consequences of the
Postulates of Special Relativity
Theory
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
The Consequences of the Postulates of Special Relativity Theory!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
ii
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
The Consequences of the Postulates of Special Relativity Theory!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
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What I Need to Know
This will give you an idea of the skills or
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What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
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What I Have Learned
This
includes
questions
or
blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
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developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
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6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
iv
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the consequences of the postulates of Special Relativity Theory. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focuses on the consequences of the postulates of Special Relativity
Theory
After going through this module, you are expected to explain the consequences of
the postulates of Special Relativity Theory.
1
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Who is the famous scientist that proposed the Special Relativity
Theory?
a. Galileo Galilei
b. Albert Einstein
c. Isaac Newton
d. James Maxwell
2. What is the approximate value of the speed of light?
a. 30,000 km/s
b. 4.0 x 104 km/s
c. 3.0 x 105 km/s
d. 400,000 km/s
3. It is a physical happening with respect to an observer’s perspective.
a. An event
b. An observer
c. A reference
d. A constant velocity
4. A special type of reference frame which means that the observer on it
is at rest and not accelerating.
a. momentum reference frame
b. moving reference frame
c. inertial reference frame
d. non-inertial reference frame
5. A postulate of the Special Relativity Theory where it is assumed that
the laws of Physics are the same everywhere.
a. The Relativity Postulate
b. The Special Postulate
c. The Speed of Light Postulate
d. The Inertial Postulate
2
6. A postulate of the Special Relativity Theory where it is assumed that
the value of the speed of light is always the same in a vacuum.
a. The Relativity Postulate
b. The Special Postulate
c. The Speed of Light Postulate
d. The Inertial Postulate
7. This is a concept that states that events happening simultaneously
for two different observers cannot happen.
a. Length contraction
b. Time dilation
c. Relativity of simultaneity
d. Mass-energy equivalence
8. Two observers, one from Earth, and another from a spaceship
travelling at constant speed experience time differently. What do you
call this apparent time difference?
a. time dilation
b. time contraction
c. length dilation
d. length contraction
9. Two observers, one from Earth, and another from a spaceship is
travelling at a constant speed to another cosmic body outside our
Solar System. The two observers have a different perception on how
far the distance to the other planet. What do you call this effect?
a. length dilation
b. length contraction
c. length expansion
d. length assimilation
10. Two observers, one on a plane and one on the ground. The observer
on the ground noted that two lightning struck two trees at the same
time, but the observer on a plane noticed that the two lightning did
not struck at the same time. What do you call this effect?
a. relativity of simultaneity
b. length dilation
c. lime contraction
d. cosmic speed limit
3
11. Albert Einstein’s formula that says that every mass has an equal
amount of energy.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Energy
Planck-Einstein relation
Mass-energy equivalence
12. What is the cosmic speed limit equal to?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the speed of light
Planck’s Constant
9.81 m/s2
3.0 x 104 km/s
13. The distance of a habitable planet from Earth is 10 light-years. How
would that distance look to an astronaut travelling in space at a
constant?
a.
b.
c.
d.
greater than 10 light-years
equal to 10 light-years
less than 10 light-years
equal to zero
14. Why the speed of light is can never be attained?
a.
b.
c.
d.
fuels will not burn at this speed
it would take an infinite amount of energy
no amount of material can handle this speed
None of the above
15. If a spaceship hypothetically reached the speed of light, what would
happen to time on that travelling ship?
a.
b.
c.
d.
greater than normal time
equal to normal time
lesser than normal time
not moving
4
Lesson
1
The Consequences of the
Postulates of
Special Relativity Theory
The Special Relativity Theory is was developed by
Albert Einstein in 1905. This theory explains how
time and space are connected for objects travelling
at uniform velocity. Objects moving and
approaching the speed of light, which is commonly
denoted as c, and is approximately 300,000 km/s,
is one of the aspects that concerns Special
Relativity Theory.
What’s In
In the previous modules, we have discussed Newton’s Laws and worked with
different speeds that we experience in our everyday life. In this module, we
will be dealing with far greater speeds. And as we go along the module, we
will learn that as an object approaches the speed of light, strange things
start to happen.
Notes to the Teacher
Remind the learners that in this lesson, they are dealing with the
ultimate speed that is known to man – the speed of light. To have
a better understanding of how fast the speed of light really is, tell
them that if the circumference of Earth is 40,000 km, then light
would travel the Earth more than 7 times per second!
5
What’s New
Activity 1.1 The Twin Paradox
Read the story and write a 3 to 5 sentence reaction about it. Write your
answer in a separate piece of paper.
The Twin Paradox
John and Paul are identical twin brothers. Growing up, they have the same
sets of everything. They even have the same clock that ticks at the same
time. John grew up to be an astronaut and Paul grew up to be a scientist.
John became an exceptional astronaut and participated in a space mission
that searched for signals of other habitable planets outside the solar system.
John’s space shuttle reached the edges of the solar system, which is about
4.3 light-years away from Earth in 5 years and then travelled back to Earth
in another 5 years, flying non-stop at constant velocity. Meanwhile, Paul
turned out to be a great physicist back on Earth.
After 10 years of in space, and about 8.6 light-years in distance travelled,
John’s shuttle finally landed on Earth. The twin’s parents were shocked to
find out that their identical twin is not identical anymore! Paul looked like
he aged more when compared to John. To add to their parent’s disbelief,
John and Paul laughed it off, as if they expected what happened.
Speculate what happened to the identical twins. Is this scenario possible?
6
What is It
Key Concepts
Relativity of
simultaneity
Cosmic speed
limit
Time dilation
Special Relativity
Theory
Mass-energy
equivalence
Length contraction
The Special Relativity Theory
Special Relativity Theory is a theory which predicts how events are
measured with various observers who are in motion with respect to an
event. An “event” is just a physical happening, e.g., exploding firecrackers,
a passing rocket, or a flash of light.
What’s so “special” about the Special Relativity Theory? It is because each
observers’ reference frame, or perspective, is a special type of reference
frame called inertial reference frame. This means that the observer is at
rest and not accelerating from the observers’ perspective.
7
For example:


Observer A is sitting on a train station. Observer A’s position is an
inertial reference frame because he/she is at rest or does not move
from his/her perspective.
Observer B is sitting on a train approaching the train station with
constant velocity. Observer B’s position is still an inertial reference
frame because although the train is moving, it is not accelerating, or
not gaining or losing speed.
But are they not truly moving? In this case, the answer is yes, because in
Special Relativity Theory, the effect of gravity, the Earth’s rotation, and its
revolution around the sun is neglected.
The Special Relativity Theory has two postulates or assumptions:
1. The Relativity Postulate, where it is assumed that the laws of
physics are the same in all inertial reference.
2. The Speed of Light Postulate, where it is assumed that the speed of
light in a vacuum is always the same.
Consequences of The Postulates of Special Relativity Theory
1. Relativity of Simultaneity
The relativity of simultaneity is a concept in Special Relativity Theory which
says that if two events are separated in space or position, it is absolutely
impossible for the two events to occur simultaneously for two observers. Two
lightning may strike the front and back end of a moving train at the same
time from an observer inside the trains’ perspective, but for an observer
outside the train, the lightning strike may not occur at the same time. This
concept can be illustrated using one of Albert Einstein’s famous thought
experiment. Imagine a moving train with lightbulb in the exact middle of its
roof. There are two observers observing this event. Observer A inside the
train, and Observer B outside the train.
8
As the Observer A switches on the light, the time it takes for the light from
the bulb to reach both the front and the backdoor is the same, since the
speed of light, c, is constant. If we denote that the light reaching the
backdoor as Event 1, and the light reaching the front door as Event 2, it can
be concluded that the amount of time it took for light to reach Event 1 and 2
is the same, relative to Observer A inside the train.
But as Observer B outside watches the train move from left to right, the
backdoor of the train is moving towards the light source, and the front door
is moving away from the light source. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
time it will take for the light to reach Event 2 will be shorter than the time it
will take to reach Event 2, relative to Observer B outside the train.
9
For both observers, there is only a single event happening. For Observer A,
Event 1 and 2 are simultaneous, but for Observer B, they are not. This is
the principle of the Relativity of Simultaneity. An event is only simultaneous
for an observer, but not necessarily simultaneous for another observer.
2. Time Dilation
Time dilation is the apparent difference in the time interval between two
events as measured by two clocks. Albert Einstein concluded that the faster
you move through space, the slower one moves through time. This concept
is best demonstrated through another thought experiment.
There are two observers, A and B. Observer A is inside a spaceship travelling
at a constant speed through space, while Observer B is at rest on Earth.
Observer A has a “light clock,” which is composed of a ball of light bouncing
from a lower mirror to an upper mirror. For Observer A, the ball of light is
moving vertically, and the time it takes for the ball of light to come from the
lower glass to the upper glass and then back to the lower glass can be
referred to as Δt0, or the proper time.
10
But from the perspective of Observer B from Earth, since the spaceship is
moving at a constant velocity v, the path travelled by the light is not vertical,
but will have a horizontal component to it. The time interval for the ball of
light to travel from the lower mirror to the upper mirror and back to the
lower mirror from the perspective of Observer B can be denoted as Δt, or the
dilated time.
The relationship between the two time intervals can be computed using the
formula
Δt =
𝜟𝒕𝟎
𝟐
√𝟏−𝒗
𝟐
𝒄
where Δt = dilated time interval/ time interval from Observer B’s perspective
Δt0 = proper time interval/ time interval from Observer A’s perspective
v = the velocity of the moving object, in this case, the spaceship
c = speed of light at 300,000 km/s
11
For example, the Observer A’s ship is moving constantly at 80% speed of
light, or 0.8c. We can compute how long is 1 year on that spaceship
compared to one year on Earth. Plugging in the values and computing for Δt,
Δt =
𝟏 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓
√𝟏−(𝟎.𝟖𝒄)
𝟐
𝟐
𝒄
Δt = 1.67 years
This shows that 1 year on Earth will be an equivalent of 1.67 years on that
spaceship.
3. Length Contraction
Length contraction is the phenomenon in which an observer at rest would
observe a moving object’s length to be shorter than its proper length. In
everyday lives, length contraction, just like time dilation, is negligible.
For this concept, we will use another example. A ship is travelling from
Earth to another planet. We will look at this event again, at the perspective
of Observer A on the ship, and the perspective of Observer B on Earth. The
distance between Earth and the other planet is L0, which we will refer to as
the proper length as observed by Observer B. The Observer B on Earth
observes the ship moving at a constant velocity, v. On the perspective of
Observer A on the ship, distance between Earth and the other planet will be
different, and will be denoted as L, which is the contracted length of the
journey, as observed by Observer A. The relationship between L and L0, is
given by the equation:
12
𝟐
𝒗
L = L0 √ 𝟏 − 𝒄 𝟐
where: L = contracted length/length from the perspective of Observer B
L0 = proper length/length from the perspective of Observer A
v = speed of the ship
c = speed of light, (300,000 km/s)
For example, the proper length of the distance between Earth and the planet
is 10 light-years, as observed from Earth, and a ship is moving at a constant
velocity of 80% speed of light, or 0.8c. The contracted length, or the distance
from Earth to the planet, as observed from the ship, can be computed as
(𝟎.𝟖𝒄)
L = 10 light-years √𝟏 − 𝒄𝟐
𝟐
L = 6 light-years
This shows that for the observer on Earth, the distance between Earth and
the planet is 10 light-years, but it would seem only 6 light-years for the
observers on the ship.
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4. Mass-energy Equivalence
One of Albert Einstein’s most famous equation, the mass-energy
equivalence, is the principle which concludes that anything that has a mass
also has an equal amount of energy.
E = mc2
where E = energy
m = mass
c = speed of light
Since the value of c is very large, this equation implies that everything that
has mass, even those at rest, have inherent energies (kinetic energy,
chemical energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy, etc.) in them. These
energies can be harnessed to do work, such as lighting a bulb, or to run an
engine.
This equation also confirms that the speed of light is the absolute and
ultimate speed because this speed can never be attained or surpassed by
any massive object, for reasons that are fundamental to physics.
5. Cosmic Speed Limit
For centuries, scientists thought that speed has no limit. But Albert
Einstein showed that in fact that there is a speed limit, and it is the speed of
light in a vacuum. Based on his calculations, as an object travels faster, the
more massive it needs to be. And as objects become more massive, more
energy will be required for it to move faster. Therefore, it will take an infinite
amount of energy for an object to reach the speed of light.
14
What’s More
Activity 1.2 The Twin Paradox Redux
Re-read the story on Activity 1.1 The Twin Paradox and answer the following
questions in a separate piece of paper.
1. Armed with the knowledge that you have gained from the discussion,
explain why John looked younger than Paul when the twin’s parents
saw them after John’s ship landed back to Earth
2. Determine how long 1 year is in John’s ship from Paul’s perspective if
John’s ship is constantly flying at 90% speed of light.
3. Paul knew from his studies that the distance from the Earth to the
outer reaches of the Solar System is 4.3 light-years. What is this
distance from John’s perspective?
15
Activity 1.3 Special Relativity Theory Crossword Puzzle
On a separate piece of paper, answer the following crossword puzzle about
Special Relativity Theory.
16
Across
1. No two events happen at
the same time for two
observers is the principle of
________
5. _______ is a special type
of reference where an
observer does not accelerate
Down
2. An observer perceives length differently
while moving at constant speed due to the
length _______.
3. The scientist who proposed the Special
Relativity Theory
4. Time _____ is the difference in time
experience by an observer moving at a
constant speed.
6. As the mass of an object becomes
massive, the energy needed to move it
becomes ______.
7. _____ is equal to the mass multiplied by
the square of the speed of light
8. The fastest speed known to man is
equal to the speed of _______.
What I Have Learned
1. Albert Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory predicts how events
happen when it is moving at speeds that approach the speed of light.
2. No two events appear simultaneously from the perspective of different
observers.
3. Time moves slowly for objects that are in motion.
4. Distance appears much shorter for moving objects.
5. Every mass has an equivalent energy, no matter how small it is.
6. As objects move faster, they acquire more mass.
7. The speed of light is the absolute speed.
17
What I Can Do
Activity 1.4 The Time Travelling Student
In this module, we have learned that as we approach the speed of light, time
slows down. If we move at exactly the same as the speed of light,
theoretically, time will stop. This will imply that if we move faster than the
speed of light, then time will theoretically move backwards, essentially
moving you backwards in time! In this activity, to will create a short story
with a plot that revolves around time travel. You may also produce a short
video out of the story you created.
The plot of the story is:
1. You are a student who is not happy about what is happening to your
life.
2. These problems occurred because of a decision that you have made in
the past when you were younger.
3. You encountered a machine that moves faster than the speed of light,
which essentially can move you back into the past.
4. You decided to travel back to the time when you made the decision
that caused your problems and unhappiness.
5. After changing the past, you board the ship again and decided to
travel back to the present time.
6. Your video should focus on the unintended consequences of your
decision to change the past.
7. The video must not exceed 5 minutes.
18
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is special about Special Relativity Theory?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The
The
The
The
reference frames are called inertial reference frames
reference frames are called internal reference frames
reference frames are moving or accelerating
speed of light can be obtained
2. What kind of speeds are we dealing when it comes to Special Relativity
Theory?
a.
b.
c.
d.
encountered everyday
negligible
approaching the speed of light
proportional to the mass of an object
3. Why are the effects of Special Relativity Theory not noticeable in the
course of our daily lives?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It
It
It
It
is just a theory
is only noticeable at speeds that approach the speed of light
contradicts with other laws in Physics
is only noticeable for objects that has an acceleration
4. Which of the following reference frames is NOT an inertial reference
frame?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
A
A
A
man on a car speeding up on a freeway
woman on the street not moving
man on a train that is moving at constant velocity
woman in a car that is not accelerating
19
5. Jimmy and Timmy are twins, and both have the same height. Jimmy
was sent to a space mission to circumnavigate the Solar system for 10
years, flying at a constant speed. After the mission, what difference
can be observed with the twins?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Jimmy
Timmy
Jimmy
Timmy
will
will
will
will
look younger
look younger
be taller
be taller
6. What would be the logical reason for your answer in number 3?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Time contraction
Time dilation
Length contraction
Length dilation
7. At their closest position with one another, Pluto is approximately 4.3
billion kilometers from Earth. What would this distance be at the
perspective of an astronaut travelling towards Pluto at constant 70%
speed of light?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.07
4.30
3.07
2.30
billion
billion
billion
billion
km.
km.
km.
km.
8. A man on a moving train saw two lightnings strike the front and back
of the train simultaneously. The same event was witnessed by a
woman on a train station. The following are the possible situations
that the woman witnessed EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
only one lightning struck the train
the front end of the train was struck by lightning first
the back end of the train was struck by lightning first
both the front and end of the train was struck simultaneously
20
9. A spaceship is travelling on space at a constant speed of 75% speed of
light. How long is one year on that spaceship compared to one year on
Earth?
a.
b.
c.
d.
0.13 years
1 year
1.51 years
2.13 years
10. What is the reason for your answer in number 9?
a. time moves faster on the ship
b. time on the ship moves the same as time on Earth
c. time moves slower on the ship
d. none of the above
11. What is the reason why time behaves differently on the ship in
number 9?
a. relativity of simultaneity
b. time dilation
c. mass-energy equivalence
d. length contraction
12. Which of the following is NOT an implication of the mass-energy
equivalence?
a. Even the smallest amount of mass has an equivalent energy
b. Energies in objects that has mass can be harvested to do work
c. The speed of light can be attained by massive objects
d. It confirms that the speed of light is the absolute speed
13. As an object approaches the speed of light, time on that object moves
slower and slower. What would happen if that object would
theoretically reach the speed of light?
a. time will stop
b. time will return to normal equal to the time on Earth
c. time will theoretically start to speed up
d. time will theoretically start to reverse
21
14. And if the ship in number 13 would theoretically surpass the speed of
light what would happen theoretically?
a. time will stop
b. time will return to normal equal to the time on Earth
c. time will theoretically start to speed up
d. time will theoretically start to reverse
15. A ship that travels at speeds that is the same as the speed of light in
a vacuum is impossible to achieve for the following reasons,
EXCEPT
a. The time on that ship would be faster relative to the time on
Earth
b. The size of the ship would be massive
c. Infinite amounts of resources will be needed to build it
d. The total energy coming from our sun is not even enough to
power it
Additional Activities
Activity 1.5 Interstellar Film Review
Create a film review of the film “Interstellar,” a 2014 film starring Matthew
McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, and Jessica Chastain, and directed by
Christopher Nolan. The movie is about a team of astronaut-researchers in
search for a new home. Analyze the film’s plot and premise if it conforms to
Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory. Limit your review up to 300 words only.
If the film is not available, ask your teacher for other movies, videos, or
stories that deals with time-travel instead.
22
Rubrics (Story, video presentation, or reaction paper)
Criteria
Excellent
(4 points)
Merit
(3 points)
Achieved
(2 points)
Content
Information
are clearly
presented
and ordered
in such a
way that it
brings a full
picture of
the material
Creativity
It is visually
Visually
inviting and inviting and
easy to read easy to read
or watch
or watch
Spelling
and
Grammar
All spelling
and
grammar
are correct
Punctuality
Submitted
on time
Needs
Improvement
(1 point)
Score
Information
is clear
Information
are clearly
presented
and ordered
Order of
information
does not
clearly
show
Visually
pleasing
and
readable or
watchable
Minor
Some
spelling and spelling and
grammar
grammar
error
error
Submitted
on time
Submitted
on time
Information is
unclear and
written in
random order
Readable or
watchable
Notable
spelling and
grammar
error
Submitted
after the
deadline
TOTAL
Highest possible score: (4 x 4)/4 = 4 components
Sample Score Sheet
Criteria
Content
Creativity
Spelling and
Grammar
Punctuality
TOTAL
Score
4
3
4
3
14
14 points / 4 categories = 3.5
Adjectival
Rating
Rating
Range
Grade
Range
Excellent
3.4 – 4.0
95 - 100
Merit
2.6 – 3.3
88 – 94
Achieved
1.8 – 2.5
81 – 87
1 – 1.7
75 - 80
Needs
Improvement
The learner is within the EXCELLENT
range and the teacher may choose a grade
within this range
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What I Know
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. B
10.A
11.D
12.A
13.C
14.B
15.D
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(Activity 1.2)
(Activity 1.1)
What’s More
What's New
Answers may vary.
Refer to rubrics for
scoring
Answers may vary.
Refer to rubrics for
scoring.
Across
1. Simultaneity
5. Inertial
(Activity 1.4)
(Activity 1.3)
What I Can Do
What’s More
Down
2. Contraction
3. Einstein
4. Dilation
6.Infinite
7. Energy
8. Light
1. Time moves
slowly on John’s
ship due to the
effect of time
dilation
2. 2.3 years
3. 1.9 light-years
Assessment
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. C
10.B
11.C
12.A
13.D
14.D
15.A
Additional Activities
(Activity 1.5)
Answers may vary. Refer to rubrics for scoring.
Answer Key
References
American Museum of Natural History. “Cosmic Speed Limit.” Accessed June 7,
2020. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/light/cosmic-speed-limit.
Einstein, Albert. 2015. Relativity: The Special & The General Theory 100th
Anniversary Edition. 2015. Princeton University Press.
Howell, Elizabeth. 2017. “Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity.” Accessed June 6,
2020. https://www.space.com/36273-theory-special-relativity.html.
Redd, Nola Taylor. 2017. “”Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.” Accessed June
5, 2020. https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html.
Reyes, Juan Apolinario and Marco Apolinario. 2017. Physical Science. Jimczyville
Publications.
Siegel, Ethan. 2018. “The Three Meanings Of E=mc², Einstein’s Most Famous
Equation.” Accessed June 7, 2019. https://medium.com/starts-with-abang/the-three-meanings-of-e-mc%C2%B2-einsteins-most-famous-equationa0ec1549b4cd.
Tatsu, Takeuchi. 2010. An Illustrated Guide to Relativity. Cambridge University
Press
Waldrop, Mitch. 2017. “Einstein’s Relativity Explained in 4 Simple Steps.” Accessed
June 5, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/05/einsteinrelativity-thought-experiment-train-lightning-genius/.
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