PASSIVE VOICE (CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG) - ACTIVE là câu trong đó chủ ngữ thực hiện hành động (what the subject does) - PASSIVE là câu trong đó chủ ngữ tiếp nhận hành động (what happen to the subject) 1. Structure: p.p – Past participle: Quá khứ phân từ, động từ cột 3 (nếu động từ bất quy tắc) hoặc thêm -ed (nếu động từ có quy tắc) *Notice: TOBE + P.P Chia theo thì của câu nếu đứng liền kề bên chủ ngữ Chịu sự chi phối của yếu tố đứng trước nếu nó không đứng kề chủ ngữ *Notice: When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant. Đôi khi chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là THEY, PEOPLE, EVERYONE, SOMEONE, ANYONE, etc. thì có thể không cần đưa vào câu bị động EX: - Active: They are writing a report now Passive: A report is being written by them now - They are going to write a report A report is going to be written by them - They wrote a report yesterday A report was written by them yesterday - I dislike being laughed at by people 2. Verbs and the passive: - We can form passive structures with verbs that are followed by an object (transitive verbs) and some clauses where the verb is followed by a preposition: My favourite mug was broken. (Someone broke my favourite mug.) Their car was broken into and the radio was taken. (Someone broke into their car and took their radio.) Passive Voice 1 The holiday hasn’t been paid for yet. (No one has paid for the holiday yet.) - We can’t make passive forms from verbs which do not have objects (intransitive verbs): The parcel arrived in the post this morning. Not: The parcel was arrived … - We don’t usually use the passive with some verbs that describe a state or situation (state verbs): thoughts and opinions: agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, mean, recognise, remember, suspect, think, understand feelings and emotions: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish senses and perceptions: appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste possession and measurement: belong, have, measure, own, possess, weigh. They were having lunch. Not: Lunch was being had. - Some verbs are more common in the passive than the active voice. These include be born, be populated, be stranded, be taken aback: Where were you born? Thousands of passengers have been stranded at airports all over Europe after heavy snowfalls. - Some verbs can have 2 objects: give, ask, offer, pay, show, teach, tell 2 ways to change into passive voice. When verbs have two objects, either object can be the theme or subject of the passive structure, depending on what we want to focus on: Her mother gave each child a present. (active) A present was given to each child (by her mother). (passive) Each child was given a present (by her mother). (passive) - Linking Verbs: We don’t form passive structures with verbs like be, become, seem where the complement of the verb refers back to the subject (linking verbs): After six years of training she has finally become a doctor. Câu bị động ở thì hiện tại CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG TRONG CÁC THÌ CỤ THỂ Tense Active Passive Simple S+V+O S + be + p.p + by + O Present My mother often washes Dishes are often washed by dishes my mother Present S + am/is/are + V_ing + S + am/is/are + being + p.p Continuos O + by+ O She is making a cake A cake is being made by her Passive Voice 2 Present Perfect S + have/has + p.p + O S + have/has + been + p.p + He has washed his car for by + O hours His car has been washed by him for hours Simple S + V_cột 2 hoặc V_ed + S + was/were + p.p + by + Câu Past O O bị My mother bought that That washing machine was động washing machine in 2010 bought by my mother in ở thì 2010 quá khứ Past S + was/were + V_ing + S + was/were + being + p.p Continuous O + by + O Yesterday morning she The grass was being cut by was cutting the grass her yesterday morning Past S + had + p.p + O S + had + been + p.p + Perfect She had cooked lunch by+O before leaving Lunch had been cooked by her before she left Simple S + will + V + O S + will be + p.p + by + O Câu Future I will feed the dogs The dogs will be fed bị động Future S + will be + Ving + O S + will be + being + p.p + ở thì Continuous I will be washing dished by + O tương this time tomorrow Dished will be being washed lai by me this time tomorrow Future S + will have + p.p + O S + will have + been + p.p + Perfect They will have by + O completed the The assignment will have assignment by the end of been completed by the end January of January Near S + am/is/are + going to S + am/is/are + going to + Future +V+O be + p.p + by + O I am going to wash the The cat is going to be cat washed by me Modal S + modal verb + V + O S + modal verb + be + p.p + Câu Verbs by + O bị We must do this before This must have been done động Christmas before Christmas có động S + modal verb + have + S + modal verb + have + từ p.p + O been + p.p + by + O tình An must have done the The assignments must have thái assignments been done by An 3. Special cases: 3.1 Passive Voice with Feeling Verbs (động từ chỉ cảm giác): Passive Voice 3 Active: S + Passive: S + V1 + O1 + to + V2 + O2 V1 Feeling (love, like, want, wish, expect, hate, etc.) + O2 + to + be + p.p + (by + O1) Ex: He wants someone to take photographs He wants photographs to be taken. *Nếu O2 ≡ S, thì có thể bỏ O2 khi nối Ex: He likes everyone to call him “Sir” He likes to be called “Sir” 3.2 Passive Voice with Perception Verbs (động từ chỉ giác quan): Active: S + see/notice/watch + O + V Infinitive: chứng kiến toàn bộ sự việc observe/ hear/feel V_ing: chứng kiến một phần sự việc listen to/ smell Cùng thì, cùng hình thức Passive: S + be + p.p + Verb to Verb: chứng kiến toàn bộ sự việc (+by+O) V_ing: chứng kiến một phần sự viêc Ex: I heard a famous pop star sing at the concert yesterday A famous pop star was heard to sing at the concert by me yesterday When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roomate singing in the shower When I walked into the apartment, my roomate was heard singing in the shower 3.3 Passive Voice with Reporting Verbs (Bị động với các động từ trần thuật): V1 Active: People/They say/said/think/… (+ that) rumour/believe/report + S2 + V2 Cùng thì, cùng hình thức Passive: It + tobe + p.p + (that+) S2 + V2 to infinitive nếu V2 xảy ra cùng hoặc sau thời điểm của V1 to have + p.p nếu V2 xảy ra trước thời điểm của V1 Ngoài những động từ trên, V1 còn có thể là các động từ như assume, believe, claim, consider, expect, feel, find, know, report, say, think, find, understand, discover, prove, observe, estimate S2 + tobe + p.p + V2 Passive Voice 4 Ex: They said Mr.Khoi was a very good doctor. (say-said-said: nói) It was said that Mr. Khoi was a very good doctor. Mr. Khoi was said to be a very good doctor. They said Loi had robbed the bank 2 years ago. It was said that Loi had robbed the bank 2 years ago. Loi was said to have robbed the bank 2 years ago. *Lưu ý đối với trường hợp “There”: V1 Active: People/They say/said/think/… (+ that) rumour/believe/report + there + be + N Cùng thì, cùng hình thức Passive: It + tobe + p.p + (that+) there + be + N to be + N nếu “be” xảy ra cùng hoặc sau thời điểm của V1 to have + been + N nếu “be” xảy xảy trước thời điểm của V1 Ex: They think that there are too many obstacles to peace It is thought there are too many obstacles to peace There are thought to be too many obstacles to peace. There + tobe + p.p + (Số nhiều hay số ít phụ thuộc vào N) Ex: They alleged that there had been a fight. It was alleged that there had been a fight There was alleged to have been a fight. 3.4 Passive Voice of NEED/WANT/REQUIRE/DESERVE/BE WORTH Active: S + need/ want/ require/ deserve + to V + O Passive: S + need/ want/ require/ deserve/ be worth + V-ing = S + need/ want/ require/ deserve/ be worth + to be PP Ex: Active: I need to cut my hair Passive: My hair needs cutting = My hair needs to be cut 3.5 Passive Voice of MAKE Passive Voice 5 Active: S + MAKE + O + V Passive: S + BE + MADE + TO V + BY + O Ex: He makes me do this exercise today. I am made to do this exercise today. 3.6 Passive Voice of Causative Form with HAVE/GET (cấu trúc sai khiến với HAVE/GET): Active: S + HAVE + O1 (người) + V + O2 (vật) S + GET + O1 (người) + TO V + O2 (vật) Passive: S + HAVE/GET + O2 (vật) + P.P (+ BY + O1 (người) ) Cấu trúc Passive của thể sai khiến còn được dùng để nói về trải nghiệm không vui. Ex: I have him open the door I get him to open the door I have/get the door opened by him Ex: My friend had all her money stolen on her vacation. 4. Get Passive Voice: We form the standard passive with be + -ed form. We form the get passive with get + ed form: The trees in the garden were damaged in the wind. (standard passive) The trees in the garden got damaged in the wind. (get passive) We use the get passive especially in informal speaking. When we use the get passive, we also place a little more emphasis on the nature of the action itself or on the person involved in the action: There were blizzards over night and the whole town got snowed in. (‘Get snowed in’ here means to be unable to leave the town because of heavy falls of snow.) I’ve got good news for you. Jim finally got promoted. They had only known each other for six months when they got married in Las Vegas. The get passive is commonly used in speaking of events that are negative or not desired: They’ve worked there for three years but they still got sacked (lost their jobs). He feels his paintings are always getting criticised. Our car got stolen last night. We sometimes use a reflexive pronoun with the get passive. This suggests the subject was at least partly responsible for the event or made it happen: I got myself locked out the other day. I stupidly left my keys in the bedroom. (or I got locked out …) Passive Voice 6 Passive Voice 7