Midterm Study Guide
WEEK ONE:
Prioritizing:
o
You prioritize airway needs
first (any patient obstructions of
airway, choking, aspiration risks)
o
Next, breathing (make sure
patient is getting proper
oxygenation)
o
Finally, circulation (HR, BP,
CPR)
Airway
Breathing Circulation
Before you answer a question, ask yourself…
Is it a ___ question?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nursing process
Priority
Maslow
ABC
Delegation
The nursing process:
Assessment/Data Collection
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Delegation:
Practical Nurse (PN):
o Monitoring findings (as input to the
RN’s ongoing assessment
o Reinforcing client teaching
o Perform tracheostomy care
o Suctioning
o Checking NG tube patency
o Administering enteral feedings
o Inserting Urinary catheter
o Administering medication
o Sterile Specimen collection
o NO IV push
o NO blood transfusion
o NO taking blood from chest only
peripheral
o NO discharging
Assistive Personnel (AP):
o Activities of daily living
(ADLS)bathing, grooming,
feeding, etc
o Routine tasks bed making,
specimen collection, intake &
output
o Vital signs for stable clients
Therapeutic Communication:
o Never pick answers where you make fake promises/give advice
o Open ended question & “tell me more”
o Remember to ask for permission when you are going to touch the patient
o Knock before coming in
o Acknowledge the family
Levels of Basic Communication:
o Intrapersonal: Your Internal discussion when thinking but not verbalizing thoughts;
“self talk”
o Interpersonal: Communication b/w two people
o Public: Communication to, within, or b/w large groups of people (nurses giving
community presentations)
o Small Group: Communication within a group of people, often working toward a mutual
goal (research teams, support groups)
o Transpersonal: Interaction within spiritual needs
Methods of Communication:
o Vocabulary limited vocab/ speaking a
different language can make it difficult
o Credibility lack of credibility creates a
sense of uncertainty for clients
o Denotative & connotative meaning
words have different meanings
(miscommunication if people interpret them
differently)
o Clarity & brevity shortest, simplest
communication
o
Timing knowing when to communicate
o Pacing Rapidly speaking gives feeling of
being rushed
o
Intonation watch your tone of voice
ISBARR:
o
You use this to report any problems with the
patients while calling another doctor or facility
o After recommendation read-back.
Remember: you read back what the doctor said to
make sure it is correct
Pain Management:
PQRST:
o
o
o
o
o
Pain: What provokes the pain? What makes it better or worse?
Quality: Is it sharp, dull, stabbing, crushing, burning?
Radiates: Does it radiate? Or does it stay in one place?
Severity: How severe is the pain on a scale of 0-10? (^7 is severe)
Time/Treatment: Time pain started? How long did it last? What works?
In PEDS:
-FLACC: 2 months-7 years old (or patients’ w/ disability)
(Facial expression, Leg movement, Activity, Crying, Consolability)
- Wong Baker FACES: 3-7 years old (you can also use for certain disabilities)
-CRIES: For pain in infants
(Crying, Increase in oxygen, Requirement from baseline, Increase in vital signs from baseline,
Expression on face, Sleeping)
Pain Duration:
Acute pain: short period of time
Chronic pain: constant or intermittent but persists 3 months or more & can be idiopathic)
PPE STEPS:
Putting on:
Taking Off:
1. Gown
1. Gloves
2. Mask
2. Goggles
3. Goggles
3. Gown
4. Gloves
4. Mask
Infection Control:
Airborne – Measles, Pulmonary/Laryngeal TB, Varicella
o N95 mask (Negative Pressure)
o IF splashing/spraying is a possibility wear full face protection
Droplet – Sepsis, Influenza, Rubella, Strep Pneumonia, Mump, Streptococcal
Pharyngitis, Influenza B, Scarlet fever, Mumps, Mycoplasma Pneumonia,
Meningococcal Pneumonia and sepsis
o Surgical Mask
Contact – Herpes, Shigella, Wound Infections,
Scabies, Impetigo, MRSA, C. Diff, VRE
o
o
o
Gown
Gloves
IF wound is draining, wear goggles
Stages of infection:
Incubation: interval b/w pathogen entering body & presentation
of signs & symptoms
Prodromal stage: Interval from onset of signs & symptom
(bacteria multiples)
Illness stage: Interval when findings specific to infection occur
Convalescence: Signs & symptoms disappear (recovery)
Asepsis:
Medical Asepsis – requires just cleanliness. (Lysol, kills 99.9%)
Surgical Asepsis – absolute removal and killing of bacteria and pathogens
Hand Washing – 15 - 20 seconds (happy birthday twice)
* Inside of sterile glove is considered clean, outside is sterile. *
Inflammation Process: signs & symptomsRedness, Hot, Pus
Hospital Acquired Infection: Infection acquired during hospital visit
Vital Signs:
TEMPERATURE:
Oral: 36-38o C / 96.8-100.4o F
Rectal: 36.5-38.5o C / 97.7-101.3o F
Axillary: 35.5-37.5o C / 95.9-99.5o F
Temporal: 36.5-38.5o C / 97.8-101.4o F
Newborns: 36.5-37.5 o C / 97.7-99.5 o F
RESPIRATION:
Adults: 12-20 breaths/min
School-age Children: 20-30 breaths/min
Newborns: 35-40 breaths/min
HEART RATE:
Adults: 60-100 bpm
Children 12-14 yrs: 80-90 bpm
Infants: 120-160 bpm
PULSES:





0: Absent, not palpable
1+: pulse diminished, barely palpable/weaker
2+: expected/brisk/normal
3+: full pulse/increased/strong
4+: bounding pulse/full volume
SAO2

95-100%
BLOOD PRESSURE:
Normal: <120/<80
Pre-Hypertension: 120-139/80-89
Hypertension 1: 140-159/90-99
Hypertension 2: >160/>100
Infants have low BP & larger children have a higher BP
WEEK TWO:
Before you do head to toe assessment, you need to…
Ask about: previous history,
medical problems, any mobility
issue, can patient hear you?
Is he alert? Body mechanics? &
then vital signs.
Cranial Nerves Grouped:
Cranial nerves w/ eyes: 2,3,4,6.
Cranial nerve 4 & 6: Ask patient
to follow tip of pen while
moving the pen around
Cranial nerve 3: PERRLA
Cranial nerve 8: hearing
Cranial nerve: 11 shrug
shoulders
Cranial nerve with mouth:
9,10,12: AAHH, Tongue side to
side, Taste something,
Swallowing
you always, inspect, palpate, percuss, & then auscultate
Ways to remember
I smell
II vision
III up, down, medial, up & inwards
IV down & inwards
V sensation on forehead, cheek & mastication
VI eyes side to side (6 pack)
VII smile & anterior 2/3 tongue taste (silva)
VIII hearing & equilibrium (8 canes)
IX pharyngeal movement & swallowing, posterior 1/3 tongue taste
X swallowing & gag reflex (also digestion, slow heartbeat, & lungs) (anus)
XI movement of shoulders & head side to side (necklace)
XII speech & movement/ strength of tongue (move side to side)
Reason to access the cranial nerves?
For neurological assessment, trauma, problem,
concussion.
To figure out how bad it is.
IF pupils do not react, think right away brain
damage
Pupils:
Normal: 3-7mm
Bright light: 2-4 mm
Dark: 4-8 mm
Dilated pupil/mydriasis/blown
pupil
Constricted/myosis
CRANIAL NERVES:
Eyes (II-2, III-3, IV-4, VI-6)
o Nerve 4 & 6: movement of eyes
o Nerve 3: eyes to see PERLA When assessing PERLA you assess for neurologic
problems.
o Nerve 2: For Snellen Chart (eye exam)
Ears (VIII-8)
o Nerve 8 – Acoustic





Ø Weber Test – Tuning fork in middle of head and ask patient if they can hear equally
Ø Rinne Test – Tuning fork behind ear and ask when they stop hearing (bone
conduction), then next to the ear (air conduction) count seconds for each and each ear
Ø Checking if patient has any drainage
Ø If white fluid comes out of wear call doctor right away because it could indicate brain
damage such as spinal fluid.
Ø Ringing in ears could indicate medication toxicity.
Sinuses (V-5, VII-7)
o Nerve 5: Sensation and Movement: Cotton Ball & Mastication
o Nerve 7: Facial expression, anterior 2 thirds of tongue taste: Facial Drooping & Bell’s Palsy
Mouth (IX-9, X-10, XII-12)
o Nerve 9 & 10: swallowing and gag reflex & CN9posterior 2 thirds of tongue taste
o Nerve 12: Protrusion of tongue (Ask patient to put his/her tongue out)
Head and Neck (XI-11)
o Nerve11:Supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (Ask patient to shrug shoulders &Push
head against hand move head 360)
Thorax Assessment
Lungs Sounds:
o Wheezing (Asthma) – High whistling musical
o Crackles (Can indicate Pulmonary edema)
Fine (high pitched short crackling sounds)
o Medium (lower, moisture sounds)
course (loud and bubbly)
o Stridor
o Ronchi – course, loud, low-pitched
Assess 6 areas in the front
Assess 8 areas in the back
Auscultate arteries:
-Use bell
-Ask patient to stop breathing for a
few seconds
-Never check both at the same
time
Most common abnormal sounds
of the lungs:
-crackles, wheezing (high pitch
musical sound), ronchi (bubbles in
sounds, like water in the lungs)
THE HEART:
-When a patient has
CHF left sided, you
will hear crackles in
the lungs.
Abnormality of
heart rate, where do
you need to go
auscultate heart
rate?
-Apical pulse
located left 5th
intercostal
Carotid or Aortic
Bruit
o Use bell, if you hear bruit or “blowing/swishing” sound
o Assess carotid one at a time
o Pronounced “brew-ee”
Tactile Fremitus
o Created by vocal chords, transmitted through lungs to chest wall, palpation.
o Ask patient to say 99 and if you feel vibration its normal
Heart Sounds
o
o
o
o
S1 (lub): Ventricular systole (Contraction)
2 (dub): Ventricular diastole(relaxation)
S3 (ventricular gallop): Children & young adult use bell
S4 (atrial contraction):
Older or athletic
o Ventricular gallop: After S2
o Atrial gallop: Before S1
o Systolic murmur: After S1
o Diastolic murmur: After S2
AMERICAN PEOPLE EAT TOO MUCH!
o
o
o
o
o
Aortic – 2nd and right side
Pulmonic – 2nd and left side
Erbs Point – 3rd and left side
Tricuspid – 4th and left side
Mitral/PMI/Atrial – 5th and left side
o
o
o
o
Normal: s1, s2
Abnormal: s3,s4
If you hear s3 in the heart you will hear crackles
S4 in the elderly is normal
Where do you find pulses?
Temporal
Carotid
Apical
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedais
Anterior pedais
Posterior tibial
PULSES:
o
o
o
o
o
0: Absent, not palpable
1+: pulse diminished, barely palpable/weaker
2+: expected/brisk/normal
3+: full pulse/increased/strong
4+: bounding pulse/full volume
THE ABDOMEN:
Assessment Order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpitation
o Start in Lower Right Quadrant
o If you can’t hear you have to assess each quadrant for 5 minutes
Listen to bowel movements:
Hypoactive: < 5 Hyperactive: > 35
Appendicitis – Mcburney’s Point pain & tenderness in assessment.
Organs in Regions:
SKIN ASSESSMENT:
Most Common Bony
Prominences
Nursing interventions to avoid
breakdown:
o Turn every 2 hours
o Use pillow, pad bony
prominences (protective prone
position)
o Use draw sheet to move
Skin Turgor


Suspect dehydration
Pinch skin and skin should go
back in 1-2 secs
Sequential compression device (SED) is used to prevent clots
Hair





Distribution
Alopecia
Lice/ Pediculosis Capitis (Treatment, clean everything at home)
Redness
Bumps
Nails


Capillary Refill: 2-3 seconds
Brown line down middle is sign of a rare nail cancer (subungual melanoma)
Pitting Edema
o
o
o
o
1+: Trace, 2mm, rapid skin response
2+: mild, 4mm, 10-15 seconds skin response
3+: moderate 6mm, prolonger skin response
4+: severe, 8mm prolonged skin response
Skin Malignancies
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Macule – flat (freckles, petechiae)
Papule – Palpable, solid elevation
Nodule – elevated solid mass
Tumor – Solid mass that extends deep
Wheal – Irregularly shaped elevated with superficial edema
Vesicle – circumscribed elevation of skin with serous fluid
Pustule – similar to vesicle but filled with pus
Most common form of skin cancer is basal carcinoma
Skeletal
Lordosis – Pregnant women
Kyphosis – Elderly
Scoliosis – Kids
RANGE OF MOTION:
Passive ROM: Patient that is bed bound, provide 2-3 times a day.
Active ROM: Patient that can ambulate
Range of Motion Used For:
-To promote circulation
-20-30 min per day
LEVEL OF CONCIOUSNESS:
HYGIENE:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
You start from the face going down, never start at legs.
Temperature must be less than 120o F
Move from cleanest area to less clean
If patient has prosthetic eye, use gloves.
Don’t get hearing aids wet
ONLY SOAP AND WATER, NO ALCOHOL.
Gentle pressure from top to bottom.
Place dentures in basin with towel under.
Use electrical razor to shave male patients going with hair direction.
If patient is taking anticoagulants you use electrical razor.
You want to provide proper range of motion while providing hygiene.
Wash to promote circulation from distal to proximal.
Perineal area should be cleansed front to back.
Dress patient from weakest extremity to the strongest, to remove garments remove
from strongest to weakest.
o No cutting nails (file)
o Artificial eye: life eye lid & pressure towards mouth gently & wash with soap, saline, &
water
Partial Bed Bath – perineal area only
Full Bed Bath – complete body
Beds include:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
One large flat sheet
One fitted sheet
One draw sheet (Used to move patient and to dress occupied bed)
Bedspread
Pillow Case (Opening opposite to door)
Hamper/Bag
Bedside chair
Waterproof pad
SECLUSION & RESTRAINTS:
o
o
o
o
o
Tie quick release knots
Adults: max 4 hour restraints
Ages 9-17: max 2 hours restraints
<9 years: max 1 hour
Prescriptions may be renewed for a max of 24 consecutive hours.
Chemical restraints: sedatives, neuroleptics, psychotropics
Complications: Pneumonia, Incontinence, Pressure Ulcer
POSITIONING:
o Semi Fowler – 15-45 degrees bed
positioning
o Fowler – 45-60 degrees
o High Fowler – 60-90 degrees bed
positioning
o Standing – assessment of posture, balance
& gait
o Sitting – allows visualization of upper
body
o Supine – allows relaxation of abdominal
muscles
o Dorsal Recumbent – used if difficulty
maintaining supine position
o Sims – assessment of rectum and/or
vagina
Prone – assessment of hip joint and posterior Thorax
Lithotomy – assessment of female genitalia
Knee-Chest – assessment of anus and rectum
Trendelenburg – feet is up head is down,
promotes postural drainage and venous return
o Orthopneic – allows chest expansion in COPD
o
o
o
o
LET’S TALK ABOUT MATH:
WEEK THREE:
Home Safety:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Remove Items that can cause client to trip (rugs, loose carpets)
Place electrical cords against the wall behind furniture
Monitor gait & balance & provide assistive devices as needed
Make sure steps & sidewalks are in good repair
Place grab bars near toilet & in tub/shower
Use nonskid mat in tub/shower
Ensure lighting is adequate
Treating Injuries
o Rice
 Rest
 Ice
 Compress (maintains the tissue, no hematoma)
 Elevate
o Hot
 Increases blood flow
 Increases tissue metabolism
 Relaxes muscles
 Eases joint stiffness and pain
o Cold
 Decreases inflammation
 Prevents swelling
 Reduces bleeding
 Diminishes muscle spasms
 Decreases pain by decreasing the velocity of nerve conduction
Sleep
STAGE 1:
 Very light sleep
 Only lasts a few minutes
 Muscle relaxation
 Loss of awareness of surroundings
 Vital signs & metabolism
beginning to decrease
 Awaken easily
 Feels relaxed & drowsy
STAGE 2:
 Deeper sleep
 10-20 minutes long
 Period of sound sleep
 Vital signs & metabolism continuing to slow
 Increased Relaxation
 Body functions slow
 Arousal remains relatively easy
STAGE 3
 Lasts 15-30 Minutes
 Vital signs decreasing
 Involves Initial stages of deep sleep
 Muscles relax
 V/S decline but remain regular
 Difficult to arouse and rarely moves
STAGE 4
 Lasts approx. 15-30 min
 Deepest stage
 V/S lower
 Sleepwalking and enuresis occur
 Difficult to arouse
REM
 Vivid dreaming,
 About 90min after falling asleep, average length 20min
 Varying vital signs,
 Very difficult to awaken, Cognitive Restoration
Meds Affecting Sleep
Hypnotics (ex. Zolpidem)
 Interfere with reaching deeper sleep stages
 Provide only temporary increase in sleep
 Eventually cause “hangover” during day
 Can worsen sleep apnea in older adults
Antidepressants
 Suppress REM sleep
 Decreases total sleep time
Benzos
 Alter REM sleep
 Increase sleep time
 Increase daytime sleepiness
Narcotics
 Suppress REM sleep
 Cause increase in daytime drowsiness
 Refer to the medication list for term
Mobility
Cane Use:
o Have the patient hold the cane on the stronger side of the body
o Cane length is equal to the distance between the greater trochanter and the floor
o Move the cane forward 15 cm
o Then move the weaker leg forward toward the cane
o Next advance the stronger leg past the cane
o Walking is the best exercise to prevent osteoporosis
Crutch Use:
o 2 point – requires at least partial weight bearing on each foot. Resembles normal
walking.
o 3 point – requires client to bear weight on both crutches and then on the unaffected leg.
the affected leg does not touch the ground
o 4 point – gives stability but requires weight bearing on both legs
o Support the body weight at the hand grips with elbows flexed at 30 degrees
o Do not alter crutches after fitting
Walker Use:
o Have patient lift walker beforehand to see if they can bear the weight
Gait Belt:
o Stand with feet apart to provide a broad base of support
o Extend one leg and let patient slide against it to the floor
o Bend knees to lower the body as the patient slides to the floor.
Tutoring Session #2
o 55 HR & Digoxin, then hold med.
o Digoxin: apical pulse & check toxicity levels
Medications Classifications:
Immune System Drugs:
 Amoxicillin: Anti-infective/aminopenicillin; beta-lactamase inhibitor w/ clavulanate
o Treat of skin, respiratory, & genitourinary infections
o Teach patient: to notify HCP if diarrhea, ab cramp, fever, or bloody stools occur
o Women taking oral contraceptives should use a barrier method & yeast infect may
occur
 Ketorolac (Toradol) Naproxen (Aleve)/ Ibuprofen (Advil):Antirheumatic;
analgesic/Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (CoX-1 inhibitor)
o Treat of inflammatory disorders & musculoskeletal pain & dysmenorrhea
o Teach patient: take with food or milk & report ab pain, bloody stools, rash, & sore
throat
 Ceftriaxone (Rocephin): Anti-infective/cephalosporins
o Treat of skin infections, bone & joint infections, UTIs etc
o Teach patient: notify HCP if fever, diarrhea develop, rash or signs of yeast infect,
women use barrier method of birth control; related to penicillin report allergy
 Aspirin: Antipyretic; nonopioid analgesic/ salicylate
o Treat of inflammatory disorders, pain, & fever
o Teach patient: take w/ food or milk, report tinnitus (toxicity levels reached), avoid
taking other NSAIDS, if tab smell like vinegar it’s expired
Gastrointestinal System Drugs:
 Docusate (Colace): Laxative/stool softener
o Prevention of constipation & straining stool
o Teach patient: short term only, takes time to work, drink lots of water & eat fiber
& ever use when ab pain, nausea, vomit, or fever exists
 Potassium Chloride: Mineral & electrolyte replacement &/or supplement
o Treat/Prevent of depletion of minerals & electrolytes & treatment of
arrhythmias due to digoxin toxicity
o Teach patient: Report unusual fatigue, weakness, or palpitations. Avoid foods
with a high content of this mineral such as melons, bananas, OJ, potatoes, meats,
& salt subsitutes
 Ondansetron (Zofran): Antiemetic/5-HT3 receptor antagonist
o Prevent of nausea/vomiting associated with chemotherapy/ radiation therapy
 Prochlorperazine (Compro): Antiemetic; antipsychotic/phenothiazine
o manage of nausea/vomiting
 Metoclopramide (Reglan): Antiemetic/ gastric stimulant
o prevent of emesis related to chemotherapy & surgery
 Psyllium (Metamucil): Laxative/bulk forming agents
o manage of simple/chronic constipation particularly if associated w/ low fiber diet
 Bisacodyl (Dulcolax): Laxative/ stimulant laxatives
o Treat of constipation, particularly when associated with slow transit time &
constipating drugs or spastic bowel syndrome
 Diphenoxylate/Atropine(Lomotil)/Loperamide(Imodium): Antidiarrheal
o Adjunctive therapy to acute diarrhea & treat of chronic diarrhea associated w/
inflammatory bowel disease
Cardiovascular System Drugs:
 Warfarin (Coumadin): Anticoagulant/coumarin
o Prophylaxis & treatment of venous thrombosis, PE, & atrial fibrillation w/
embolization
o Teach Patient: Do not eat foods w/ vitamin k such as kale, spinach, chicken, green
beans, & kiwi. Use soft toothbrush, Report any symptoms of unusual bleeding/
bruising. Don’t drink alcohol or take antiplatelet meds
 Digoxin (Lanoxin): Antiarrhythmic agent; inotropic agent/digitalis glycoside
o Treat of CHF, tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, &
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
o Teach patient: Report nausea, vomiting or anorezia
 Nitroglycerin: Antianginal agent/nitrate
o Acute & long term prophylactic management of angina pectoris & adjunctive
treat of chronic CHF
o Teach patient: avoid alcohol, headache is a common side effect, store tablets in
dark glass container away from body heat
 Metoprolol (Lopressor): Antianginal; antihypertensives; antiarrhythmics/betaadrenergic receptor blocker (beta blocker)
o Treat of HTN & prevent of MI
o Notify HCP if slow pulse or dyspnea occurs
 Diltiazem (Cardizem): Antianginal agent; antiarrhythmic agent (Class IV);
antihypertensive agent/calcium channel blocker
o Treat of hypertension, angina pectoris, & Prinzmetal’s angina, & arrhythmias
o Report unrelieved chest pain or SOB
Central Nervous System Drugs:
 Oxycodone/Acetaminophen (Percocet): Opioid analgesic/ opioid agonists & nonopioid
combinations
o Management of moderate to severe pain
o Teach patient: change positions slowly to minimize dizziness, avoid alcohol, use
good oral hygiene & sugarless gum to decrease dry mouth
 Bupropion (Wellbutrin): Antidepressant; smoking deterrent/aminoketone
o Treatment of major depression, often in conjunction w/ psychotherapy
o Teach patient: report suicidal thoughts, avoid alcohol, may cause drowsy/ burred
vision
 Zolpidem (Ambien): Hypnotic/cyclopyrrolone
o Treat of insomnia
 Acetaminophen (Tylenol): Analgesic; antipyretic/nonopioid analgesic
o Treatment of mild pain & fever
 Tramadol (Ultram): Centrally acting analgesic/ opioid
o Treat of moderate to severe pain
 Morphine: Opioid analgesic/ opioid agonist
o Treat of moderate or severe pain
 Naloxone (Narcan): Antidote (for opioids)/ opioid antagonist
o Reversal of CNS depression & respiratory depression because of suspected
opioid overdosage & alcohol abuse
Respiratory System Drugs:
 Albuterol: Bronchodilator/ adrenergic agent; beta2-agonist
o Used as a bronchodilator for control & prevent of reversible airway obstruction
caused by asthma or COPD
o Contact HCP if SOB not relieved
 Diphenhydramine (Benadryl): Allergy, cold, & cough remedy/ antihistamine
o Relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis & manage of chronic idiopathic
urticaria (hives)
Urologic System Drugs:
 Furosemide (Lasix): Diuretic/ loop diuretics
o Treat of edema due to CHF, hepatic or renal disease, & HTN
o Teach patient: change positions slowly, consume high- potassium foods such as
bananas, oranges, & pinto beans, report any unusual bleeding, bruising or sore
throat
 Oxybutynin: Urinary tract antispasmodic/anticholinergic
o Treat of overactive bladder result in symptoms of urinary frequency, urgency, or
urge incontinence
Musculoskeletal System Drugs:
 Celecoxib (Celebrex): Antirheumatic, NSAID/cyclooxygenase-2 (CO2) inhibitor
o Relief of signs & symptoms of osteoarthritis, RA, & ankylosing spondylitis
 Allopurinol (aloprim): antigout & antihyperuricemic agent. Xanthine oxidate inhibitor
o Prevent of attacks of gouty arthritis & nephropathy & treat of secondary
hyperuricemia which may occur during treat of tumors/leukemias
 Dantrolene (Dantrium): Skeletal muscle relaxant (Direct acting)/hydantoin derivative
o Treat of spasticity associated w/ spinal cord injury, stroke, cerebral palsy, &
multiple sclerosis & IV: emergency treat of malignant hyperthermia
 Baclofen (Lioresal): Therapeutic; skeletal muscle relaxants (Centrally acting)
o Manage of acute, painful MS conditions associated w/ muscle spams
Medications Categorized:
Sleep Disorders:


Benzodiazepine – temazepam (Restoril)
Non-benzodiazepine – zolpidem (Ambien)
Muscle Spasms


Centrally acting muscle relaxants – baclofen (Lioresal)
Peripherally acting muscle relaxants – dantrolene (Dantrium)
Pain & Inflammation:
Nonopioid analgesics:




NSAIDs (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors) – aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
NSAIDs (COX-2 inhibitor) – celecoxib (Celebrex)
Acetaminophen – acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Centrally acting nonopiods – tramadol (Ultram)
Opioid analgesics:
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Opioid agonists – morphine
Opioid agonist-antagonists – butorphanol (Stadol), pentazocine (Talwin)
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Opioid antagonists: – naloxone (Narcan) Uricosurics (fout) – allopurinol (Zyloprim)
Glucocorticoids: – prednisone (Deltasone)
Nausea:
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Serotonin antagonists – ondansetron (Zofran)
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Dopamine antagonists – prochlorperazine (Compazine)
Antihistamines – dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Prokinetic – metoclopramide (Reglan)
Constipation:
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Fiber supplements – psyllium (Metamucil)
Stool softeners – docusate sodium (Colace), docusate sodium and senna (Peri-Colace)
Stimulant laxatives – bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
Diarrhea:
• Opioids – diphenoxylate and atropine (Lomotil), loperamide (Imodium)
Urinary incontinence/over-active bladder:
• Anticholinergics – oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan)
Urinary Retention
• Cholinergics – bethanechol (Urecholine)