NEBOSH
International General
Certificate
PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
HAZARDS and RISK CONTROL
2017
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Instructor:
Mr. Masood Ali Khan
Slide 2
Learning Outcome
8.1 Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to noise and appropriate control measures.
8.2 Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to Vibration and appropriate control measures.
8.3 Outline the health effects associated with ionising
and non-ionising radiation and appropriate control
measures.
8.4 Outline the meaning, causes and effects of work
related stress and appropriate control measures.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 3
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 4
Effects of Noise
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 5
EXAM QUESTION
a) Outline the possible health effects from exposure
to high levels of noise.
(6)
b) Give TWO examples of noise techniques, other
than personal hearing protection, that would
benefit all workers.
(2)
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 6
EXAM QUESTION
a) Describe the possible effects on hearing from
exposure to noise.
(4)
b) Outline the factors that are likely to affect the
performance of personal hearing protection. (4)
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 7
Physical & Psychological Effects on Hearing
üCauses annoyance and irritation.
üAffects concentration and efficiency.
üCauses fatigue and makes one prone to accidents.
üPrevents ear from registering other sounds, instructions
and warnings.
üShort exposures to very excessive noise causes damage
to the inner ear, and permanent loss of hearing.
üRegular exposure to excess noise causes damage to the
inner ear, and permanent loss of hearing.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 8
Threshold Shift
üTemporary threshold shift.
üPermanent threshold shift.
üTinnitus.
üA continual noise in the ear, e.g. a ringing or roaring, usually
caused by damage to the hair cells of the inner ear
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 9
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Undamaged Sensory Hairs
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Noise Induced Damage
Slide 10
Intensity & frequency
wavelength
amplitude
The number of cycles per second is measured in hertz (Hz)
and sensed as pitch.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 11
Noise – Basic Principles
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound.
• Frequency - this determines the pitch or tone.
• Audible range - the range of frequencies that
humans can hear.
• Amplitude - volume or loudness.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 12
Frequency
Frequency is the number of vibrations or
pressure waves per second.
We perceive frequency as the pitch of a
sound.
The human ear (when perfect) is capable of
detecting sound frequencies between about
20 to 20,000 Hz.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 13
Amplitude
üThis is the pressure difference between the peaks
and troughs of the sound waves, and is measured
in Pascals.
üThe lowest detectable pressure change we can
note is known as the threshold of hearing.
üThe highest level we can tolerate is the threshold
of pain.
üWe perceive this pressure difference as loudness.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 14
Decibel Scale
üThe difference between the threshold of
hearing and the threshold of pain is some
1,000,000,000,000,000 times.
üSince this does not lend itself to a linear
scale, a logarithmic scale is used instead the decibel (dB) scale.
üThreshold of hearing = 10 dB.
üThreshold of pain = 140 dB.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 15
The Add 3 dB Rule
As a consequence of the logarithmic scale, if you
want to double the sound intensity, you must not
double the dB value.
You simply add 3 dB.
So 88 dB is twice as intense as 85 dB.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 16
Typical Noise Levels - dB(A)
Brushwood cutter
Chainsaw
Pneumatic drill
Heavy lorry (5-7m)
Raised voice at 2 metres
Traffic
Loud radio
Busy office
Normal speech
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
120
115
105
95
90
80
70
60
50
Slide 17
Noise - dB(A) and dB(C)
A-weighting (dB(A)) reflects the way the human ear
responds to different frequencies.
C-weighting (dB(C)) gives a more accurate measurement for
impulse noise, e.g. loud bangs!
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 18
Control of Noise at Work
There are three exposure values:
Lower Exposure Action Value (LEAV) = 80 dB(A) /135 dB(C).
Upper Exposure Action Value (UEAV) = 85 dB(A) /137 dB(C).
Exposure Limit Value (ELV)
= 87 dB(A) /140 dB(C).
These values are based on the recent EU Physical Agents Directive.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 19
Lower Exposure Action Value
If noise exposure exceeds 80 dB(A) LEP,d and/or
135 dB(C) impulse noise, but does not hit the
upper value, then an employer must:
• Arrange for a noise assessment by a competent person.
• Make hearing protection available.
• Provide information, instruction and training.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 20
Upper Exposure Action Value
üIf noise exposure exceeds 85 dB(A) LEP,d and/or 137
dB(C) impulse noise, then an employer must:
ü Arrange for a noise assessment by a competent person.
ü Reduce exposure by means other than PPE.
üIf still above this exposure value, the employer must:
ü Designate a hearing protection zone (sign).
ü Issue PPE and enforce its use.
ü Provide information, instruction and training.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 21
Exposure Limit Value
üAn employer may not expose employees to noise
above this value:
ü87 dB(A) LEP,d.
ü140 dB(C) impulse noise.
üIf the employer does so, he must stop the
exposure, find out why the limit value is
exceeded, and modify the controls.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 22
Basic Noise Control Measures
Other working methods which reduce noise exposure:
üChoice of appropriate work equipment.
üDesign & layout of workplaces.
üInformation & training for workers.
üReduction of noise by technical means.
üMaintenance programs for work equipment.
üLimitation of duration & intensity of exposure.
üAppropriate work schedules with adequate rest periods.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 23
Basic Noise Control Measures
üNoise can be controlled at different points
in the following chain that lead to exposure:
üThe source
üThe path
üThe receiver
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 24
EXAM QUESTION
Identify FOUR types of engineering controls
that may be used to reduce noise in the
workplace AND Give a practical example of
EACH.
(8)
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 25
Engineering Controls
üIsolation: Rubber Mounts
üAbsorption: Foam, wool etc.
üInsulation: Brick wall, lead sheet etc.
üDamping: Metal, plastic, metal panels etc.
üSilencing: Engine exhaust silencers etc.
üForce reduction: rubber pads, lower drop heights
üAir exhaust & jet silencers
üActive: equal but opposite phase noise.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 26
Noise at Work
üFactors influencing the effectiveness of ear
defenders
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 27
Personal Hearing Protection
Cost:
• Cheaper ear defenders attenuate by 8 to 15 dB(A) at low
frequencies, and 35 to 40 dB(A) at high frequencies.
• More expensive earmuffs attenuate by 20 to 25 dB(A) at
low frequencies, and 45 to 50 dB(A) at high frequencies.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 28
Personal Hearing Protection
Practical reduction of ear defender effectiveness:
• Long hair, thick spectacle frames, and jewellery.
• Helmets or face shields preventing good fitting.
• Ear plugs not properly inserted into the ear.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 29
Occupations with potential noise exposure problems
üCONSTRUCTION SITES.
üUNIFORMED SERVICES.
üENTERTAINMENT.
üMANUFACTURING.
üCALL CENTERS.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 30
8.2 Vibration
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 31
Hand Arm Vibration Video
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 32
DEFINITION OF HAND-ARM VIBRATION
ü“‘Hand-arm vibration’: the mechanical
vibration that, when transmitted to the
human hand-arm system, entails risks to the
health & safety of workers, in particular
vascular, bone or joint, neurological or
muscular disorders”
Source: EU, Directive 2002/44/EC
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 33
Vibration White Finger
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 34
EXAM QUESTION
A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand
grinder, and is exposed to vibration.
a) Identify the symptoms that the worker may
experience due to this exposure.
(2)
b) Outline SIX control measures that can be used to
reduce the risk from vibration.
(6)
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 35
HAND-ARM VIBRATION
üEFFECTS ON THE BODY
ü Fingers go numb.
ü Sharp tingling pains in the affected area.
ü Painful deep red flush.
üCONTRIBUTORY FACTORS
ü Vibration frequency.
ü Duration of exposure.
ü Contact force.
ü Factors affecting circulation – temperature, smoking
ü Individual susceptibility
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 36
HAND-ARM VIBRATION
üEXAMPLES OF RISK ACTIVITIES
üUse of hand-held chain saws in forestry.
üUse of hand-held rotary tools in grinding, sanding,
polishing etc.
üUse of hand-held percussive metal-working tools or
holding of metal being worked upon by percussive
tools in riveting, chipping, hammering etc.
üUse of hand-held powered percussive drills or
hammers in demolition or on roads or footpaths,
including road construction.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 37
DEFINITION OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION
“‘Whole body vibration’: the mechanical
vibration that, when transmitted to the whole
body, entails risks to the health & safety of
workers, in particular lower back morbidity
and trauma of the spine”
Source: EU, Directive 2002/44/EC
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 38
WHOLE BODY VIBRATION
üEFFECTS ON THE BODY
ü Fatigue
ü Insomnia
ü Stomach problems
ü Headaches
ü Increased heart rate
ü Increased respiration
ü Increased oxygen uptake
ü Changes in blood and urine
ü Vibration sickness
ü Back pain
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 39
WHOLE BODY VIBRATION
EXAMPLES OF RISK ACTIVITIES
üDriving rough terrain vehicles like dumper trucks.
üProlonged used of compactors.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 40
Risk Assessment
The employer should make a suitable & sufficient assessment of the
risk created by the work that is liable to expose the workers to the
risk from vibration. Consideration should be given to the:
ü Type of vibration,
ü Duration of exposure,
ü Effects of exposure,
ü Exposure limit/action values,
ü Effects on workers at particular risk,
ü Temperature and
ü Information from health surveillance etc.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 41
EAV & ELV
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Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
1.
15m/
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Slide 42
Exposure Action Values
When a worker is likely to be exposed to
vibration at or above an exposure action
value, the employer should:
üPlace the worker under suitable health
surveillance and,
üProvide
the
worker
and
their
representatives with suitable and sufficient
information, instruction and training.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 43
Exposure Limit Values
If an exposure limit value is exceeded the
employer must immediately:
üReduce exposure below the limit value.
üIdentify the reason for the limit value being
exceeded.
üModify the measures taken to prevent a
reocurrence.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 44
BASIC VIBRATION CONTROL MEASURES
AND
üPREVENTIVE
MEASURES
üCHOICE OF EQUIPMENT
üMAINTENANCE
üLIMITING EXPOSURE
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
PRECAUTIONARY
Slide 45
8.3 Radiation
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 46
Radiation
What is Radiation?
Radiation is a form of energy. It travels as a stream
of particles or as a waveform from a source.
üSources can be natural or man-made.
üIt is found in two types:
ü Ionising radiation.
ü Non-ionising radiation.
Background radiation – we are exposed to all forms, all the time!
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 47
Non-Ionising Radiation
Is a form of radiation without the ability to
ionise tissue, but it can cause harm. Most
forms of non-ionising radiation have an effect
on the skin and eyes and can cause damage to
them.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 48
Non-Ionising Radiation
üThis type of radiation is electromagnetic and does
not cause ionisation of the material through which
it passes.
üForms occurring are:
üUltraviolet.
üVisible light (including LASERs)
üInfrared.
üRadio frequency.
üMicrowaves.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 49
ULTRAVIOLET - SOURCES
ü The sun.
ü Electric arc welding and cutting.
ü Insect killers, to attract insects.
ü Sunbeds and sunlamps.
ü Crack detection equipment.
ü Water treatment.
ü Tanning.
ü Adhesive curing equipment.
ü Forgery detectors.
ü Some lasers.
ü Mercury vapour lamps.
ü Tungsten halogen lamps.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 50
ULTRAVIOLET – Potential Health Effects
üSunburns.
üSkin thickening.
üSkin cancer.
üInflammation of the eye.
üCataract formation.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 51
VISIBLE LIGHT- SOURCES
üLaser operating in visible wavelength.
üFurnaces or fires.
üMolten metal.
üWelding and cutting.
üHigh intensity light beams and light bulbs.
üLights in photocopiers and printers.
üThe sun.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 52
VISIBLE LIGHT– Potential Health Effects
üSkin burns.
üHeat exhaustion.
üDehydration.
üCornea and lens damage.
üCataract.
üRetinal damage.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 53
INFRARED- SOURCES
üFurnaces or fires.
üMolten metal or glass.
üBurning and Welding.
üHeat lamps.
üSome lasers.
üThe sun.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 54
INFRARED– Potential Health Effects
üSkin burns.
üHeat exhaustion.
üDehydration.
üCornea and lens damage.
üCataract.
üRetinal damage.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 55
RADIO FREQUENCY & MICROWAVE - SOURCES
üRadio transmitters.
üTelevision transmitters.
üHigh voltage electrical cables.
üInduction heating of metals.
üIntruder detectors.
üCooking equipment.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 56
RF & Microwave– Potential Health Effects
üBurns can be caused. Jewellery worn by
workers will absorb the energy, become
hot and cause burns.
üMicrowaves can cause the same deep
heating effect in the live tissue as they
can produce in cooking.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 57
Ionizing Radiation
It is a form of energy, which has the strength to
alter the electrical charge of an atom or molecule,
i.e. to ionise it.
ü It can also penetrate the body and cause serious
and permanent harm to a person, dependent on
the dose.
üION – is an atom or group of atoms that has
acquired an electric charge by losing or gaining
one or more electrons.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 58
Ionization
üAn atom is made up of the nucleus which contains
protons and neutrons, and electrons which orbit
the nucleus.
üProtons are positively charged & neutrons are
neutral. They both have measurable mass.
üElectrons are negatively charged & have negligible
mass.
üIf unstable, atoms fall apart (decay), releasing
radiation.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 59
EXAM QUESTION
a) Identify FOUR types of ionizing radiation.
(4)
b) Outline the main control measures for
ionizing radiation.
(4)
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 60
Forms of Ionising Radiation
üAlpha emission.
üBeta emission.
üGamma rays.
üX-rays.
üRADON
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 61
Alpha Particles
üMade up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
üHeavy and slow moving, charged (2++).
üShort range and stopped by a few centimetres of air, tin
foil or outer layer of dead skin.
üOnly hazardous if inside the body. If ingested, causes very
localised ionisation, so then considered dangerous.
üOccupational uses – smoke detectors (encapsulated),
science and medical labs.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 62
Beta Particles
üCharged (-ve), but very light (almost no
mass) and very fast moving (<speed of light).
üTravel further (less likely to hit anything).
üPenetrate further - through skin.
üCan cause secondary radiation emission.
üExamples – sterilisation and thickness
gauges.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 63
Gamma Rays
üA form of electromagnetic radiation.
üMuch higher frequency and higher energy than light.
üOnly emitted by radioactive decay.
üTravel at speed of light, over vast distances.
üVery penetrating.
üUsed in industrial radiography – source material is
Caesium 137.
Ex.
Building structure X – ray procedure.
(NDT test)
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 64
Ionising Radiation
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 65
X-Rays
ü Another form of electromagnetic radiation.
ü Lower frequency and energy than gamma rays.
ü Can be generated - bombard a metal target in a vacuum
tube with electrons.
ü Can be switched off.
ü Used in medical radiography.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 66
RADON
RADON is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can
seep out of the ground and enter buildings.
It occurs naturally from decaying uranium. Once inhaled
into the lungs, the gas decays into other radioactive
isotopes of lead, bismuth etc.
Some decay products emit alpha particles which, when
breathed in, can cause harm to the sensitive cells of the
lungs.
It can also cause lung cancer.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 67
Occupational Sources
üMedical and Dental radiographic diagnosis: x-rays.
üNuclear power: power stations and defence
(nuclear submarines).
üNon-destructive testing: gamma rays.
üLaboratory analysis, diagnosis and research.
üSmoke detectors.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 68
Health Effects
ü Ionising radiation changes DNA (cell nucleus).
ü High doses kill the cell (as in radiotherapy).
ü Survivable dose may prevent division (eventually death) or cause
mutation.
ü In somatic cells - may cause cancer.
ü In reproductive cells - may cause sterility, mutation of offspring,
etc.
ü Acute effects: skin burns, radiation sickness, hair loss and death.
ü Chronic effects: cancers (including leukaemia), sterility, mutations,
damage to developing foetus, cataracts and skin damage.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 69
Controls for Ultraviolet Radiation
üBarrier creams.
üUV rated clothing & head protection.
üEye protection.
üFrequent breaks in shades.
üSegregation of UV emitting sources.
üUse of warning signs.
üShielding with partitions / plastic curtains.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 70
Controls for Visible Light
üEyelids and Iris.
üConfinement of high-intensity sources.
üMatt finishes to nearby paint work.
üProtective glasses.
üWarning signs.
üRestricted process areas.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 71
Controls for Infrared Radiation
üRemote controls.
üScreening.
üInterlocks and clamps.
üPPE.
üEnforced maximum working periods.
üCurtains.
üRestricted access.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 72
Controls for Radio Frequency & Microwaves
üShielding at source.
üRestrictions on entry and working near an
energised microwave device.
üMetals, tools flammable and explosive materials
should not be left in the electromagnetic field.
üWarning devices.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 73
Controls for Ionising Radiation
üBest achieved by dose limitation.
üTime limitation of exposure.
üMaintain distance from the source:
üInverse square law applies.
üShielding of the source.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 74
Protection Strategies
Key aspects of radiation control
Appointment of specialists:
üRadiation Protection Advisors (RPAs) and Radiation
Protection Supervisors (RPSs) may need to be appointed
to offer specialist advice and offer supervision.
üDesignated areas may need to be defined and managed.
Access must be restricted. Warning signs used, named
authorised workers and SSWs.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 75
Controlling Exposure
Dosimetry & Medical Surveillance
The International Commission on Radiological Protection
(ICRP) has set dose limits to exposure:
ü General public must not be exposed to more than 1 mSv
per year.
ü Occupational exposure must not exceed 20 mSv per
year.
ümSv - millisievert
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 76
Controlling Exposure
Ensure compliance to the limits by means of:
üPersonal Monitoring
üWorkers in controlled and supervised areas use personal
dosimeters, either whole body or part of the body.
üMedical Examination
üRoutine examination conducted before employment and every
12 months.
üArea monitoring
üLevels assessed and equipment maintained regularly.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 77
8.4 Stress
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 78
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 79
STRESS
“ Work-related stress is the response people may have
when presented with work demands and pressures that are
not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which
challenge their ability to cope”.
Source: WHO
“Stress is the adverse reaction people have to excessive
pressures or other demands placed on them”.
Source: UK, HSE
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 80
EXAM QUESTION
Outline the factors that may lead to
occupational stress amongst workers.
(8)
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 81
CAUSES OF STRESS
ü Job Content
üMonotonous, under-stimulating, meaningless tasks.
üLack of variety.
üUnpleasant tasks.
üAversive tasks.
üNoise, vibration, temperature and lighting.
üLone working.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 82
CAUSES OF STRESS
üWorkload and Work pace
üHaving too much or too little to do.
üWorking under time pressures.
üWorking hours
üStrict and inflexible working hours.
üLong and unsocial hours.
üUnpredictable working hours.
üBadly designed shift systems.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 83
CAUSES OF STRESS
üParticipation and control
ü Lack of participation in decision making.
ü Lack of control over work methods, work pace etc.
üCareer development, status and pay
ü Job insecurity.
ü Lack of promotion prospects.
ü Under promotion or over promotion.
ü Work of low social value.
ü Piece rate payment schemes.
ü Unfair performance evaluation systems
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 84
CAUSES OF STRESS
üRole in the organisation
üUnclear role.
üConflicting roles within the same job.
üResponsibility for people.
üContinuously dealing with other people.
üOrganisational change.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 85
CAUSES OF STRESS
üInterpersonal relationships
üInadequate, inconsiderate or unsupportive supervision.
üPoor relationships with co-workers.
üBullying, harassment, abuse and violence.
üIsolated or solitary work.
üNo agreed procedures for dealing with problems or complaints.
üPoor communication between individuals and management.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 86
CAUSES OF STRESS
üOrganisational culture
üPoor leadership.
üConflicting priorities.
üLack of clarity about organisational objectives and
structure.
üPoor communication.
üLack of support from line managers or co-workers or a
feeling of isolation.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 87
CAUSES OF STRESS
üHome-work interface
üConflicting demands of work and home.
üLack of support for domestic problems at work.
üLack of support for work problems at home.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 88
EFFECTS OF STRESS
üPhysical Effects
üIncreased Heart Rate.
üIncreased sweating.
üHeadache.
üDizziness.
üBlurred vision.
üAching neck and shoulders.
üSkin rashes.
üLowered resistance to infection.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 89
EFFECTS OF STRESS
üBehavioural Effects
üIncreased anxiety.
üIrritability.
üIncreased alcohol intake.
üIncreased smoking.
üErratic sleep patterns.
üPoor concentration.
üFeeling of inability to cope with everyday tasks.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 90
EFFECTS OF STRESS
This can result in
üLack of motivation.
üLack of commitment.
üPoor timekeeping.
üIncrease in mistakes.
üIncrease in sickness absence.
üPoor decision making.
üPoor planning.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 91
EFFECTS OF STRESS
Stress is reflected in relationships at work as
üTension between colleagues/supervisors.
üPoor service to clients.
üDeterioration in industrial relations.
üIncrease in disciplinary problems.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 92
PREVENTION STRATEGIES
üDEMAND
üCONTROL
üSUPPORT
üWORK RELATIONSHIPS
üROLE
üCHANGE
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 93
Learning Outcome
8.1 Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to noise and appropriate control measures.
8.2 Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to Vibration and appropriate control measures.
8.3 Outline the health effects associated with ionising
and non-ionising radiation and appropriate control
measures.
8.4 Outline the meaning, causes and effects of work
related stress and appropriate control measures.
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 94
The END
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
Slide 95