Name:
Saf
f
anahAyesha
Enr
ol
l
ment
:
GJ7297
Facul
t
yRol
lno:18ENB425
Assi
gnment1
Tr
acet
heHi
st
or
yofAf
r
i
canWr
i
t
i
ngi
nEngl
i
shand
Hi
ghl
i
ghtOkar
a'
spost
i
oni
nt
hi
sCanon.
Af
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
ei
st
hebodyoft
r
adi
t
i
onalor
alandwr
i
t
t
en
l
i
t
er
at
ur
esi
nAf
r
oandAf
r
i
canl
anguagest
oget
herwi
t
h
wor
kswr
i
t
t
enbyAf
r
i
cansi
nEur
opeanl
anguages.
Af
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
ehadbeenpr
oducedout
si
det
he
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsofcol
oni
al
i
sm:t
heexi
st
enceofor
all
i
t
er
at
ur
e
i
nal
lAf
r
i
canl
anguagesandpr
ecol
oni
alwr
i
t
i
ngi
nAr
abi
c,
Amhar
i
c,
Swahi
l
i
,
andot
herAf
r
i
canl
anguagesi
sampl
e
ev
i
denceofat
hr
i
v
i
ngl
i
t
er
ar
yt
r
adi
t
i
oni
npr
ecol
oni
al
Af
r
i
ca.
Butwhati
snowconsi
der
edt
obet
hehear
tofl
i
t
er
ar
y
schol
ar
shi
pont
hecont
i
nentcoul
dnothav
eacqui
r
edi
t
s
cur
r
enti
dent
i
t
yorf
unct
i
oni
ft
het
r
aumat
i
cencount
er
bet
weenAf
r
i
caandEur
opehadnott
akenpl
ace.Notonl
y
wer
et
hef
ounder
sofmoder
nAf
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
ecol
oni
al
subj
ect
s,
butcol
oni
al
i
sm wasal
sot
obet
hemost
i
mpor
t
antandendur
i
ngt
hemei
nt
hei
rwor
ks.
Fr
om ei
ght
eent
hcent
ur
yonwar
ds,
t
hecol
oni
alsi
t
uat
i
on
shapedwhati
tmeantt
obeanAf
r
i
canwr
i
t
er
,
shapedt
he
l
anguageofAf
r
i
canwr
i
t
i
ng,
andov
er
det
er
mi
nedt
he
cul
t
ur
eofl
et
t
er
si
nAf
r
i
ca.
1
Moder
nAf
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
e
Moder
nAf
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
ewaspr
oducedi
nt
hecr
uci
bl
eof
col
oni
al
i
sm.t
het
r
adi
t
i
onofmoder
nAf
r
i
canwr
i
t
i
ng,
bot
h
i
nEur
opeanandi
ndi
genousl
anguageswer
epr
oduct
sof
t
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatcol
oni
al
i
sm hadi
nt
r
oducedand
dev
el
opedi
nt
hecont
i
nent
,
especi
al
l
yi
nt
heper
i
od
begi
nni
ngwi
t
ht
heBer
l
i
nConf
er
enceof1884–85and
decol
oni
zat
i
oni
nt
hel
at
e1950sandear
l
y1960s.
Af
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
eoft
he1950swaschar
act
er
i
zedbyi
t
s
f
ocusont
hedi
sr
upt
i
v
eef
f
ect
sofEur
opeancol
oni
al
i
sm
ont
r
adi
t
i
onalAf
r
i
cansoci
et
y
.AsAf
r
i
cannat
i
onsbegant
o
emer
gef
r
om cent
ur
i
esofcol
oni
alr
ul
e,
wr
i
t
er
sr
ef
l
ect
ed
ont
hei
mposi
t
i
onofWest
er
nv
al
uesont
heAf
r
i
can
peopl
eandexami
nedt
henewconf
l
i
ct
st
hataccompani
ed
i
ndependence.Theer
awasal
sonot
abl
ef
ort
he
pr
ol
i
f
er
at
i
onofwor
kswr
i
t
t
enbybl
ackAf
r
i
cansi
nEngl
i
sh,
t
houghi
nsomecasesi
twasanEngl
i
sht
hathadbeen
si
gni
f
i
cant
l
yr
ef
ashi
onedbyabl
endi
ngwi
t
hi
ndi
genous
l
anguages.
Wor
ksandThemesoft
hePer
i
od
Af
r
i
canwor
ksbestknowni
nt
heWestf
r
om t
heper
i
ods
ofcol
oni
zat
i
onandt
hesl
avet
r
adear
epr
i
mar
i
l
ysl
ave
nar
r
at
i
ves,
suchasOl
audahEqui
ano'
sTheI
nt
er
est
i
ng
Nar
r
at
i
v
eoft
heLi
f
eofOl
audahEqui
ano(
1789)
.
Dur
i
ngt
hi
sper
i
od,
Af
r
i
canpl
ay
swr
i
t
t
eni
nEngl
i
shbegan
t
oemer
ge.Her
ber
tI
saacEr
nestDhl
omoofSout
h
2
Af
r
i
capubl
i
shedt
hef
i
r
stEngl
i
sh-l
anguageAf
r
i
can
pl
ay,
TheGi
r
lWhoKi
l
l
edt
oSave:Nongqawuset
he
Li
ber
at
ori
n1935.I
n1962,
Ngũgĩwa
Thi
ong'
oofKeny
awr
ot
et
hef
i
r
stEastAf
r
i
candr
ama,
The
Bl
ackHer
mi
t
,
acaut
i
onar
yt
al
eabout"
t
r
i
bal
i
sm"
(
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onbet
weenAf
r
i
cant
r
i
bes)
.
Af
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
ei
nt
hel
at
ecol
oni
alper
i
od(
bet
weent
he
endofWor
l
dWarIandi
ndependence)i
ncr
easi
ngl
y
showedt
hemesofl
i
ber
at
i
on,
i
ndependence,
nat
i
onal
i
sm,
di
spl
acementandr
oot
l
essness.
Wi
t
hl
i
ber
at
i
onandi
ncr
easedl
i
t
er
acysi
ncemostAf
r
i
can
nat
i
onsgai
nedt
hei
ri
ndependencei
nt
he1950sand
1960s.Thet
hemesi
nt
hi
sper
i
odi
ncl
udesoci
alpr
obl
ems
suchascor
r
upt
i
on,
t
heeconomi
cdi
spar
i
t
i
esi
nnewl
y
i
ndependentcount
r
i
es,
andt
her
i
ght
sandr
ol
esof
women.Femal
ewr
i
t
er
sar
et
odayf
arbet
t
err
epr
esent
ed
i
npubl
i
shedAf
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
et
hant
heywer
epr
i
ort
o
i
ndependence.
Wr
i
t
er
swhoWr
ot
eI
nEngl
i
sh
AnumberofNi
ger
i
anaut
hor
swr
i
t
i
ngi
nEngl
i
shachi
ev
ed
i
nt
er
nat
i
onalf
amedur
i
ngt
he1950sandear
l
y1960s.
Ar
t
hurRavenscr
of
tment
i
onsi
nhi
sI
nt
r
oduct
i
on(
The
Voi
ce)t
hatAf
r
i
canwr
i
t
er
swr
ot
et
oawakent
heAf
r
i
can
consci
ousnessoft
hev
al
ue,
di
gni
t
yandr
el
ev
anceoft
he
Af
r
i
canpast
.
3
AmosTut
uol
a
Ni
ger
i
anwr
i
t
er
,
whogai
nedwor
l
df
amewi
t
hhi
sst
or
yThe
Pal
m-Wi
neDr
i
nkar
d(
1952)
.
Dur
i
ngWor
l
dWarI
ITut
uol
awor
kedf
ort
heRoy
alAi
r
For
cesasabl
acksmi
t
h,
andt
ookanumberofoddj
obs,
i
ncl
udi
ngsel
l
i
ngbr
ead,
andmessenger
i
ngf
ort
he
Ni
ger
i
anDepar
t
mentofLabor
.Thi
swor
kl
ef
thi
m wi
t
h
pl
ent
yoff
r
eet
i
me,
whi
chhespentwr
i
t
i
ngst
or
i
esi
n
Engl
i
shr
at
hert
hani
nYor
uba,
hi
smot
hert
ongue.
Tut
uol
a'
sl
anguagei
suncor
r
upt
edbyWest
er
nl
i
t
er
ar
y
gi
mmi
cks,
wor
dsar
eshor
tandsi
mpl
e,
butt
hei
mpacti
s
f
r
eshandpoet
i
c.
Hi
sot
hernot
abl
ewor
ksar
e“
MyLi
f
ei
nt
heBushof
Ghost
s”(
1954)and“
Si
mbiandt
heSat
yroft
heDar
k
Jungl
e”(
1955)
.
Chi
nuaAchebe
Chi
nuaAchebehasconsi
st
ent
l
yar
guedf
ort
her
i
ghtof
Af
r
i
canst
ot
el
lt
hei
rownst
or
yi
nt
hei
rownway
,
andhas
at
t
ackedt
her
epr
esent
at
i
onsofEur
opeanwr
i
t
er
s.Buthe
al
sodi
dnotr
ej
ectEur
opeani
nf
l
uenceent
i
r
el
y
,
choosi
ng
t
owr
i
t
enoti
nhi
snat
i
v
eI
gbobuti
nEngl
i
sh.I
nhi
scour
se
ofawr
i
t
i
ngl
i
f
ehehasi
ncl
udedf
i
v
enov
el
s,
col
l
ect
i
onsof
shor
tst
or
i
esandpoet
r
y
,
andnumer
ousessay
sand
l
ect
ur
es.
Thi
ngsFal
lApar
t(
1958)i
sAchebe’
sf
i
r
stnov
el
.I
n1960
Hepubl
i
shedasequelcal
l
edNoLongeratEase.He
r
ecei
v
edManBookerI
nt
er
nat
i
onalPr
i
zei
n 2007.
4
JamesThi
ong’
oNgugi
JamesThi
ong’
oNgugi,
Keny
anwr
i
t
erwhowas
consi
der
edEastAf
r
i
ca’
sl
eadi
ngnov
el
i
st
.Hi
s
popul
arWeepNot
,
Chi
l
d(
1964)wast
hef
i
r
st
maj
ornov
eli
nEngl
i
shbyanEastAf
r
i
can.Decol
oni
si
ng
t
heMi
ndandhi
ssubsequentwor
ks,
bot
hf
i
ct
i
onand
nonf
i
ct
i
on,
sett
heKeny
anaut
horapar
tasaf
or
cef
ul
adv
ocat
eoff
ul
ldecol
oni
zat
i
on—notonl
yoft
hemor
e
v
i
si
bl
epol
i
t
i
calandeconomi
cspher
e,
butoft
hemi
ndas
wel
l
.Hebel
i
ev
edt
hatt
r
ansl
at
i
oncoul
dbeabr
i
dge
bet
weencul
t
ur
es,
butheal
sounder
st
oodt
hateach
l
anguage,
eachdi
al
ect
,
hadadi
st
i
nctmusi
cal
i
t
yt
hatwas
l
osti
nt
r
ansl
at
i
on,
andt
hatwoul
dbef
or
ev
erl
ostwer
et
he
l
anguaget
odi
e.I
nal
lofhi
swr
i
t
i
ngsNgugiat
t
acked
i
nj
ust
i
ceandoppr
essi
onandchampi
onedt
hecauseof
t
hepooranddi
spossessedi
nKeny
a.
JohnPepperCl
ar
k,
JohnPepperCl
ar
k,
t
hemostl
y
r
i
caloft
heNi
ger
i
anpoet
s,
whosepoet
r
ycel
ebr
at
est
hephy
si
call
andscapeof
Af
r
i
ca.Heconduct
edr
esear
chi
nt
ot
r
adi
t
i
onal
I
j
omy
t
hsandl
egendsandwr
ot
eessay
sonAf
r
i
canpoet
r
y
.
I
nhi
sbestpoemshi
ssensuali
magi
nat
i
onmakes
successf
uluseoft
hepat
t
er
nsoft
r
adi
t
i
onalAf
r
i
canl
i
f
e.
Hi
sCasual
t
i
es:Poems1966–68(
1970)i
sconcer
ned
pr
i
mar
i
l
ywi
t
ht
heNi
ger
i
anci
v
i
lwar
.Anexper
i
ment
al
5
wor
k,
Ozi
di(
per
f
or
medi
nt
heear
l
y1960s;
pub.1966)
,
i
sa
st
agev
er
si
onofat
r
adi
t
i
onalI
j
or
i
t
ualpl
ay
,
whi
chi
na
nat
i
v
ev
i
l
l
agewoul
dt
akesev
enday
st
oper
f
or
m.
Wol
eSoyi
nka
TheNobelpr
i
zewi
nni
ngpl
ay
wr
i
ghtWol
eSoyi
nkawr
ot
e
t
hecaut
i
onar
ydr
amaADanceoft
heFor
est
s,
f
i
r
st
per
f
or
medi
n1960,
f
orcel
ebr
at
i
onsofNi
ger
i
a’
s
i
ndependence.Usi
nghi
schar
act
er
i
st
i
csat
i
r
i
calst
y
l
e,
Soy
i
nkasuggest
edt
hatt
henat
i
onst
i
l
lf
aceddi
f
f
i
cul
t
pr
obl
emsev
enaf
t
ert
heendofcol
oni
alr
ul
e.
Ni
ger
i
ahasbeenaf
ontofcr
eat
i
vewr
i
t
i
ngi
nEngl
i
sh,
f
r
om t
hewor
ksofChi
nuaAchebet
ot
hoseofBenOkr
i
.
Gabr
i
el
Okar
a
Gabr
i
elOkar
ai
sNi
ger
i
anpoetandnov
el
i
st
.Okar
awas
bor
ni
n1921i
nNi
ger
i
a.Att
hi
st
i
meNi
ger
i
awasst
i
l
la
Br
i
t
i
shcol
onyand,
i
ndeed,
i
twoul
dbenear
l
yf
or
t
yy
ear
s
bef
or
ehi
scount
r
ywast
ogai
ni
ndependencei
nOct
ober
1960.Hei
sconsi
der
edoneoft
hef
ounder
sofmoder
n
Af
r
i
canl
i
t
er
at
ur
e.Hi
snot
abl
ewor
ksar
e“
TheVoi
ce”
and“
TheFi
sher
man’
sI
nvocat
i
on”
.
Hi
sv
er
sehadbeen
t
r
ansl
at
edi
nt
osev
er
all
anguagesbyt
heear
l
y1960s.At
f
i
r
sthet
r
ansl
at
edpoet
r
yf
r
om I
j
awi
nt
oEngl
i
sh.Justas
bl
ackwr
i
t
er
si
nt
heUni
t
edSt
at
esandt
heCar
i
bbeanhav
e
f
acedt
hepr
obl
em ofhowt
oexpr
esst
hemsel
v
esi
nt
he
l
anguageoft
hosewhoensl
av
edt
hem,
bl
ackAf
r
i
can
wr
i
t
er
shav
eexper
i
ment
edwi
t
hdi
f
f
er
entway
sof
6
communi
cat
i
ngi
nEur
opeanl
anguagest
heexper
i
enceof
col
oni
zat
i
onandt
hef
eeloft
hei
rt
r
adi
t
i
onalcul
t
ur
es.
TheVoi
ce
Okar
ai
ncor
por
at
edAf
r
i
cant
hought
,
r
el
i
gi
on,
f
ol
kl
or
e,
and
i
mager
yi
nt
obot
hhi
sv
er
seandpr
ose.Hi
sf
i
r
stnov
el
,
The
Voi
ce(
1964)
,
i
sar
emar
kabl
el
i
ngui
st
i
cexper
i
menti
n
whi
chOkar
at
r
ansl
at
eddi
r
ect
l
yf
r
om t
heI
j
o(
I
j
aw)
l
anguage.I
nt
henov
elhehasconst
r
uct
edanunusual
br
i
dgeov
ert
hedi
v
i
debet
weenEngl
i
shandAf
r
i
can
l
anguages:par
t
soft
henov
elar
ewr
i
t
t
eni
nauni
quef
or
m
ofEngl
i
sht
hatr
epr
oducest
hepat
t
er
nsofOkar
a’
snat
i
v
e
I
j
awl
anguage.
“
Iwr
ot
eTheVoi
cebecauseoft
hei
nconsi
st
enci
esofour
r
ul
er
saf
t
ert
heBr
i
t
i
shhadl
ef
tNi
ger
i
a,
”Okar
awasquot
ed
assay
i
ngi
nCont
empor
ar
yAut
hor
s.
Okar
a'
sPoet
r
y
Okar
a’
sequal
l
ywel
l
-knownpoet
r
yi
sal
sopoi
sed
bet
weenEur
opeanandAf
r
i
canmodesofexpr
essi
on."
The
Cal
loft
heRi
verNun,
”wonanawar
datt
heNi
ger
i
an
Fest
i
v
alofAr
t
si
n1953,
sev
er
alofhi
spoemswer
e
f
eat
ur
edi
nt
heNi
ger
i
anl
i
t
er
ar
yj
our
nalBl
ack
Or
pheusr
cul
arpat
t
er
ns.I
naddi
t
i
ont
oanov
el
,
andsev
er
al
booksofadul
tpoet
r
y
,
i
ncl
udi
ngTheFi
sher
man’
s
I
nvocat
i
on(
1978)
,
Okar
ahaspubl
i
shedt
wocol
l
ect
i
ons
ofchi
l
dr
en’
spoet
r
y,
Li
t
t
l
eSnakeandLi
t
t
l
eFr
og(
1992)
andAnAdvent
ur
et
oJuj
uI
sl
and(
1992)
.
7
Feat
ur
esofOkar
a'
sPoet
r
y
 Okar
a’
spoemst
endr
ef
l
ectt
het
r
aumat
i
cef
f
ectt
hat
col
oni
sat
i
onandde-col
oni
sat
i
oncanhav
eont
he
sel
fandonone’
ssenseofper
sonali
dent
i
t
y.
 Af
r
i
caandmoder
nEur
opecl
ashl
eav
i
ngpeopl
e
wi
t
houtacl
earsenseofhowt
obehaveandwher
e
t
ol
ookf
orgui
dance.
 Okar
aal
soexami
nest
hecont
r
astbet
weent
he
honestsi
mpl
i
ci
t
i
esoft
hepastandt
hesuper
f
i
ci
al
unr
el
i
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hemoder
nwor
l
dandheseemst
o
poi
ntt
hatonl
ybyl
ooki
ngatandl
ear
ni
ngf
r
om t
hei
r
pastcant
heAf
r
i
canpeopl
ehopet
ohav
eaposi
t
i
v
e
f
ut
ur
e.

Aswi
t
hmanyot
herAf
r
i
canpoet
s,
t
het
heme
ofNegr
i
t
ude,
ort
hegl
or
i
f
i
cat
i
onofAf
r
i
ca,
i
spr
esent
i
nmuchofOkar
a’
swor
k.
8