C
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • ALBANY, NY 12234
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/CHEMISTRY
2011 Edition
Table A
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Name
Value
Standard Pressure
Unit
101.3 kPa
1 atm
Standard Temperature
kilopascal
atmosphere
273 K
0°C
kelvin
degree Celsius
Table B
Physical Constants for Water
Heat of Fusion
334 J/g
Heat of Vaporization
2260 J/g
Specific Heat Capacity of H2O(ᐍ)
4.18 J/g•K
Table C
Selected Prefixes
Factor
Prefix
Symbol
103
kilo-
k
10 –1
deci-
d
10 –2
centi-
c
10 –3
milli-
m
10 –6
micro-
μ
10 –9
nano-
n
10 –12
pico-
p
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
Table D
Selected Units
Symbol
Name
Quantity
m
meter
length
g
gram
mass
Pa
pascal
pressure
K
kelvin
temperature
mol
mole
amount of
substance
J
joule
energy, work,
quantity of heat
s
second
time
min
minute
time
h
hour
time
d
day
time
y
year
time
L
liter
volume
ppm
parts per million
concentration
M
molarity
solution
concentration
u
atomic mass unit
atomic mass
1
Table E
Selected Polyatomic Ions
Formula
Name
Formula
Name
H3O+
hydronium
CrO42–
chromate
Hg22+
mercury(I)
Cr2O72–
dichromate
NH4+
ammonium
MnO4–
permanganate
C2H3O2–
CH3COO–
acetate
NO2–
nitrite
nitrate
CN–
cyanide
NO3–
CO32–
peroxide
carbonate
O22–
HCO3–
OH–
hydroxide
hydrogen
carbonate
PO43–
phosphate
C2O42–
oxalate
SCN–
thiocyanate
ClO–
hypochlorite
SO32–
sulfite
ClO2–
chlorite
SO42–
sulfate
ClO3–
chlorate
HSO4–
hydrogen sulfate
ClO4–
perchlorate
S2O32–
thiosulfate
}
Table F
Solubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions
Ions That Form
Soluble Compounds
Exceptions
Ions That Form
Insoluble Compounds*
Exceptions
Group 1 ions
(Li+, Na+, etc.)
carbonate (CO32–)
when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
ammonium (NH4+)
chromate (CrO42–)
acetate (C2H3O2– or
CH3COO–)
when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, or
ammonium (NH4+)
phosphate (PO43–)
hydrogen carbonate
(HCO3–)
when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
sulfide (S2–)
chlorate (ClO3–)
when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
hydroxide (OH–)
when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr 2+, or
ammonium (NH4+)
nitrate (NO3–)
halides
(Cl–,
Br–, I–)
sulfates (SO42–)
when combined with
Ag+, Pb2+, or Hg22+
when combined with Ag+,
Ca2+, Sr 2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
*compounds having very low solubility in H2O
2
Table G
Solubility Curves at Standard Pressure
150.
KI
NaNO3
140.
130.
KNO3
120.
110.
Solubility (g solute/100. g H2O)
100.
90.
80.
NH4Cl
70.
HCl
60.
KCl
50.
40.
NaCl
30.
KClO3
20.
NH3
SO2
10.
0
0
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
Temperature (°C)
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
3
Table H
Vapor Pressure of Four Liquids
200.
propanone
ethanol
water
Vapor Pressure (kPa)
150.
ethanoic
acid
101.3 kPa
100.
50.
0
0
25
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
50.
75
100.
125
4
Table I
Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K
ΔH (kJ)*
Reaction
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(ᐍ)
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(ᐍ)
–890.4
Table J
Activity Series**
Most
Active
Metals
Li
Nonmetals Most
Active
F2
–2219.2
Rb
Cl2
2C8H18(ᐍ) + 25O2(g)
16CO2(g) + 18H2O(ᐍ)
–10943
K
Br2
2CH3OH(ᐍ) + 3O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 4H2O(ᐍ)
–1452
Cs
I2
C2H5OH(ᐍ) + 3O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(ᐍ)
–1367
Ba
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ᐍ)
–2804
Sr
–566.0
Ca
–393.5
Na
–3351
Mg
+182.6
Al
2CO(g) + O2(g)
2CO2(g)
C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
2Al2O3(s)
N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g)
N2(g) + 2O2(g)
2NO2(g)
+66.4
Ti
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)
–483.6
Mn
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(ᐍ)
–571.6
Zn
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
–91.8
Cr
2C(s) + 3H2(g)
C2H6(g)
–84.0
Fe
2C(s) + 2H2(g)
C2H4(g)
+52.4
Co
+227.4
Ni
+53.0
Sn
2C(s) + H2(g)
C2H2(g)
H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g)
KNO3(s)
H2O
K+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
+34.89
Pb
NaOH(s)
H2O
Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
–44.51
H2
NH4Cl(s)
H2O
NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
+14.78
Cu
+25.69
Ag
NH4NO3(s)
NaCl(s)
LiBr(s)
H2O
H2O
H2O
NH4+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Li+(aq)
H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
+
Br–(aq)
H2O(ᐍ)
+3.88
–48.83
–55.8
*The ΔH values are based on molar quantities represented in the equations.
A minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
Least
Active
Au
Least
Active
**Activity Series is based on the hydrogen
standard. H2 is not a metal.
5
Table N
Selected Radioisotopes
Table K
Common Acids
Formula
Name
Nuclide
HCl(aq)
hydrochloric acid
HNO2(aq)
nitrous acid
HNO3(aq)
nitric acid
H2SO3(aq)
sulfurous acid
H2SO4(aq)
sulfuric acid
H3PO4(aq)
phosphoric acid
H2CO3(aq)
or
CO2(aq)
carbonic acid
CH3COOH(aq)
or
HC2H3O2(aq)
ethanoic acid
(acetic acid)
Table L
Common Bases
Formula
NaOH(aq)
sodium hydroxide
KOH(aq)
potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2(aq)
calcium hydroxide
NH3(aq)
aqueous ammonia
Table M
Common Acid–Base Indicators
Indicator
Approximate
pH Range
for Color
Change
Color
Change
methyl orange
3.1–4.4
red to yellow
bromthymol blue
6.0–7.6
yellow to blue
phenolphthalein
8–9
Decay
Mode
Nuclide
Name
198Au
2.695 d
β–
gold-198
14C
5715 y
β–
carbon-14
37Ca
182 ms
β+
calcium-37
60Co
5.271 y
β–
cobalt-60
137Cs
30.2 y
β–
cesium-137
53Fe
8.51 min
β+
iron-53
220Fr
27.4 s
α
3H
12.31 y
β–
hydrogen-3
8.021 d
β–
iodine-131
37K
1.23 s
β+
potassium-37
42K
12.36 h
β–
potassium-42
85Kr
10.73 y
β–
krypton-85
7.13 s
β–
nitrogen-16
19Ne
17.22 s
β+
neon-19
32P
14.28 d
β–
phosphorus-32
131I
16N
Name
Half-Life
francium-220
239Pu
2.410 × 104 y
α
plutonium-239
226Ra
1599 y
α
radium-226
222Rn
3.823 d
α
radon-222
90Sr
29.1 y
β–
strontium-90
99Tc
2.13 × 105 y
β–
technetium-99
232Th
1.40 × 1010 y
α
thorium-232
233U
1.592 × 105 y
α
uranium-233
235U
7.04 × 108 y
α
uranium-235
238U
4.47 × 109 y
α
uranium-238
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., 2010–2011,
CRC Press
colorless to pink
litmus
4.5–8.3
red to blue
bromcresol green
3.8–5.4
yellow to blue
thymol blue
8.0–9.6
yellow to blue
Source: The Merck Index, 14th ed., 2006, Merck Publishing Group
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
6
Table O
Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Notation
alpha particle
4 He
2
beta particle
0
–1 e
Symbol
or 42α
α
or –10 β
β–
gamma radiation
0γ
0
γ
neutron
1
0n
n
1H
1
or 11p
p
0
+1e
or +10 β
β+
proton
positron
Table P
Organic Prefixes
Prefix
Number of
Carbon Atoms
meth-
1
eth-
2
prop-
3
but-
4
pent-
5
hex-
6
hept-
7
oct-
8
non-
9
dec-
10
Table Q
Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons
Name
Examples
General
Formula
Name
CnH2n+2
ethane
Structural Formula
H H
alkanes
H C C H
H H
H
H
alkenes
alkynes
CnH2n
CnH2n–2
ethene
ethyne
C C
H
H
H C
C H
Note: n = number of carbon atoms
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
7
Table R
Organic Functional Groups
Class of
Compound
Functional
Group
General
Formula
halide
(halocarbon)
F (fluoro-)
Cl (chloro-)
Br (bromo-)
I (iodo-)
R X
(X represents
any halogen)
alcohol
OH
R
OH
CH3CH2CH2OH
1-propanol
ether
O
R
O R′
CH3OCH2CH3
methyl ethyl ether
ketone
organic acid
C H
R C H
amide
CH3CH2C H
propanal
O
O
C
R C R′
CH3CCH2CH2CH3
2-pentanone
O
O
O
C OH
R
C O
C OH
O
R C O R′
R′
amine
O
O
O
ester
CH3CHClCH3
2-chloropropane
O
O
aldehyde
Example
N
R N R′′
O
O R′
C NH
R
C NH
CH3CH2C OH
propanoic acid
O
CH3CH2COCH3
methyl propanoate
CH3CH2CH2NH2
1-propanamine
O
CH3CH2C NH2
propanamide
Note: R represents a bonded atom or group of atoms.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
8
P eriod
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
Periodic Table of the Elements
18
1
+1
–1
1.00794
H
1
1
4.00260
KEY
12.011
Atomic Mass
1
C
Symbol
Group
2
1
6.941
+1 9.01218
Li
2
3
4
2-1
2-8-1
39.0983
19
K
85.4678
2-8-8-2
+1 87.62
38
2-8-18-8-1
132.905
4
+3 47.867
Ca 21Sc
Rb
22
39
2-8-18-8-2
+3 91.224
Y
40
+3 178.49
Cs 56Ba 57La
2-8-18-18-8-1
(223)
87
2-8-18-18-8-2
+1 (226)
Fr
-18-32-18-8-1
2-8-18-18-9-2
+2 (227)
Ra 89Ac
88
-18-32-18-8-2
Zr
2-8-18-10-2
2-8-18-9-2
+2 138.9055
Ti
2-8-10-2
2-8-9-2
+2 88.9059
Sr
+1 137.33
55
B
72
Hf
*18-32-10-2
+3 (261)
-18-32-18-9-2
Rf
104
6
5
+2 50.9415
+3
+4
23
V
2-8-11-2
+4 92.9064
+2 51.996
+3
+4
+5
7
+2 54.9380
+3
+6
+2 55.845
+3
+4
+7
Cr 25Mn 26Fe
24
2-8-13-1
+3 95.94
+5
2-8-13-2
2-8-14-2
+4 101.07
+6
+7
+6 (98)
10
9
8
11
+2 58.9332
+3
+2 58.693
+3
+2 63.546
+3
27
28
29
Co
2-8-15-2
+3 102.906
Ni
2-8-16-2
+3 106.42
12
+1 65.409
+2
2-8-18-12-1
+4 180.948
Ta
73
-18-32-11-2
+4 (262)
2-8-18-13-1
+5 183.84
74
2-8-18-13-2
+6 186.207
2-8-18-15-1
+4 190.23
+6
+7
Re 76Os
W
75
-18-32-12-2
(266)
2-8-18-1
+2 107.868
+4
Ce
232.038
15
16
17
–1 39.948
+1
+5
+7
14
Si
2-8-4
+3 72.64
P
2-8-5
+2 74.9216
+4
S
2-8-6
–3 78.96
+3
+5
2-8-18-2
+1 112.41
+2 196.967
+4
77
78
79
2-8-18-18-2
+1 200.59
+3
Au 80Hg
2-8-18-3
+2 114.818
49
In
2-8-18-18-3
+1 204.383
+2
81
Tl
2-8-18-4
+3 118.71
Sn
50
2-8-18-18-4
+1 207.2
+3
Pb
82
2-8-18-5
+2 121.760
+4
2-8-18-6
–3 127.60
+3
+5
Sb 52Te
51
2-8-18-18-5
+2 208.980
+4
83
Bi
2-8-18-18-6
+3 (209)
+5
Po
84
Cl
2-8-7
Ne
18
2-8-8
–2 79.904
+4
+6
–1 83.798
+1
+5
35
36
Br
2-8-18-7
–2 126.904
+4
+6
l
53
2-8-18-18-7
+2 (210)
+4
85
Kr
Xe
54
(222)
-18-32-18-2
-18-32-18-3
-18-32-18-4
-18-32-18-5
-18-32-18-6
-18-32-18-7
-18-32-18-8
(280)
(285)
(284)
(289)
(288)
(292)
(?)
(294)
Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113
Uut
Uup 116
Uuq 115
Uuh 117
Uus 118
Uuo
114
**
109
+3 150.36
+2 151.964
+3
+2 157.25
+3
+3 158.925
Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb
92
U
+3 (244)
+4
+5
+6
+3 (243)
+4
+5
+6
+3 (247)
+4
+5
+6
+3 (247)
Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk
93
*denotes the presence of (2-8-) for elements 72 and above
**The systematic names and symbols for elements of atomic numbers 113 and above
will be used until the approval of trivial names by IUPAC.
9
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., 2010–2011, CRC Press
0
At 86Rn
-18-32-18-1
+3 (237)
+4
+5
+6
0
+2
+4
+6
2-8-18-18-8
(281)
+4 238.029
+5
0
+2
2-8-18-8
–1 131.29
+1
+5
+7
-18-32-17-1
+3 (145)
0
Ar
(276)
60
91
–2 35.453
+4
+6
0
10
-18-32-15-2
59
Th Pa
90
–4 30.97376
+2
+4
F
9
(277)
+3 144.24
+4 231.036
+3 195.08
+4
Pt
+2 69.723
2-8
O
–1 20.180
-18-32-14-2
+3 140.908
+4
Pr
2-8-18-18-1
+3 192.217
+4
Ir
Al
2-8-3
18
2-7
N
7
2-5
+3 28.0855
17
–2 18.9984
(272)
Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs
58
2-8-18-18
C
6
16
–3 15.9994
–2
–1
+1
+2
+3
+4 8
+5 2-6
–3 32.065
+3
+5
–4 14.0067
+2
+4
-18-32-13-2
105
140.116
2-8-18-16-1
+3 12.011
15
Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se
Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd
41
13
14
2-4
26.98154
+2 44.9559
20
37
7
10.81
Group
2-8-2
+1 40.08
2-8-8-1
6
Note: Numbers in parentheses
are mass numbers of the most
stable or common isotope.
+2
3
He
Group
5
Na 12Mg
4
Relative atomic masses are based
on 12 C = 12 (exact)
2-3
+1 24.305
11
5
Be
2
2
13
2-4
Electron Configuration
Selected Oxidation States
2-2
22.98977
3
6
Atomic Number
+2
–4
+2
+4
0
+3 162.500
+3 164.930
Dy 67Ho
66
+3 (251)
+4
98
Cf
+3 (252)
+3 167.259
68
+3 168.934
+3 173.04
+3
+2 (262)
+3
+3
Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
+3 (257)
+3 (258)
+2 (259)
+3
Es 100Fm 101Md 102No
99
+2 174.9668
+3
Lr
103
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
Table S
Properties of Selected Elements
Atomic Symbol
Number
Name
First
Ionization
Energy
(kJ/mol)
Electronegativity
Melting
Point
(K)
Boiling*
Point
(K)
Density**
(g/cm3)
Atomic
Radius
(pm)
10
1
2
3
4
5
H
He
Li
Be
B
hydrogen
helium
lithium
beryllium
boron
1312
2372
520.
900.
801
2.2
—
1.0
1.6
2.0
14
—
454
1560.
2348
20.
4
1615
2744
4273
0.000082
0.000164
0.534
1.85
2.34
32
37
130.
99
84
6
7
8
9
10
C
N
O
F
Ne
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
neon
1086
1402
1314
1681
2081
2.6
3.0
3.4
4.0
—
—
63
54
53
24
—
77
90.
85
27
—
0.001145
0.001308
0.001553
0.000825
75
71
64
60.
62
11
12
13
14
15
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
sodium
496
magnesium
738
aluminum
578
silicon
787
phosphorus (white) 1012
0.9
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
371
923
933
1687
317
1156
1363
2792
3538
554
0.97
1.74
2.70
2.3296
1.823
160.
140.
124
114
109
16
17
18
19
20
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
sulfur (monoclinic) 1000.
chlorine
1251
argon
1521
potassium
419
calcium
590.
2.6
3.2
—
0.8
1.0
388
172
84
337
1115
718
239
87
1032
1757
2.00
0.002898
0.001633
0.89
1.54
104
100.
101
200.
174
21
22
23
24
25
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
scandium
titanium
vanadium
chromium
manganese
633
659
651
653
717
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
1814
1941
2183
2180.
1519
3109
3560.
3680.
2944
2334
2.99
4.506
6.0
7.15
7.3
159
148
144
130.
129
26
27
28
29
30
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
iron
cobalt
nickel
copper
zinc
762
760.
737
745
906
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.7
1811
1768
1728
1358
693
3134
3200.
3186
2835
1180.
7.87
8.86
8.90
8.96
7.134
124
118
117
122
120.
31
32
33
34
35
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
gallium
germanium
arsenic (gray)
selenium (gray)
bromine
579
762
944
941
1140.
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.0
303
1211
1090.
494
266
2477
3106
—
958
332
5.91
5.3234
5.75
4.809
3.1028
123
120.
120.
118
117
36
37
38
39
40
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
krypton
rubidium
strontium
yttrium
zirconium
1351
403
549
600.
640.
—
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.3
116
312
1050.
1795
2128
120.
961
1655
3618
4682
0.003425
1.53
2.64
4.47
6.52
116
215
190.
176
164
.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
Atomic Symbol
Number
First
Ionization
Energy
(kJ/mol)
Name
Electronegativity
Melting
Point
(K)
Boiling*
Point
(K)
Density**
(g/cm3)
Atomic
Radius
(pm)
41
42
43
44
45
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
niobium
molybdenum
technetium
ruthenium
rhodium
652
684
702
710.
720.
1.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2750.
2896
2430.
2606
2237
5017
4912
4538
4423
3968
8.57
10.2
11
12.1
12.4
156
146
138
136
134
46
47
48
49
50
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
palladium
silver
cadmium
indium
tin (white)
804
731
868
558
709
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0
1828
1235
594
430.
505
3236
2435
1040.
2345
2875
12.0
10.5
8.69
7.31
7.287
130.
136
140.
142
140.
51
52
53
54
55
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
antimony (gray)
tellurium
iodine
xenon
cesium
831
869
1008
1170.
376
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.6
0.8
904
723
387
161
302
1860.
1261
457
165
944
6.68
6.232
4.933
0.005366
1.873
140.
137
136
136
238
56
57
Ba
La
barium
lanthanum
503
538
0.9
1.1
1000.
1193
2170.
3737
3.62
6.15
206
194
Elements 58–71 have been omitted.
72
73
74
75
Hf
Ta
W
Re
hafnium
tantalum
tungsten
rhenium
659
728
759
756
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2506
3290.
3695
3458
4876
5731
5828
5869
13.3
16.4
19.3
20.8
164
158
150.
141
76
77
78
79
80
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
osmium
iridium
platinum
gold
mercury
814
865
864
890.
1007
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
3306
2719
2041
1337
234
5285
4701
4098
3129
630.
22.587
22.562
21.5
19.3
13.5336
136
132
130.
130.
132
81
82
83
84
85
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
thallium
lead
bismuth
polonium
astatine
589
716
703
812
—
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
577
600.
544
527
575
1746
2022
1837
1235
—
11.8
11.3
9.79
9.20
—
144
145
150.
142
148
86
87
88
89
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
radon
francium
radium
actinium
1037
393
509
499
—
0.7
0.9
1.1
202
300.
969
1323
211
—
—
3471
0.009074
—
5
10.
146
242
211
201
Elements 90 and above have been omitted.
11
*boiling point at standard pressure
**density of solids and liquids at room temperature and density of gases at 298 K and 101.3 kPa
— no data available
Source: CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., 2010–2011, CRC Press
Table T
Important Formulas and Equations
d = density
m = mass
V = volume
m
V
Density
d=
Mole Calculations
number of moles =
Percent Error
% error =
Percent Composition
% composition by mass =
given mass
gram-formula mass
measured value – accepted value
× 100
accepted value
parts per million =
mass of part
× 100
mass of whole
mass of solute
× 1 000 000
mass of solution
Concentration
moles of solute
liter of solution
molarity =
Combined Gas Law
P1V1
T1
=
P2V2
T2
Titration
MAVA = MBVB
Heat
q = mCΔT
q = mHf
q = mHv
Temperature
K = °C + 273
P = pressure
V = volume
T = temperature
MA = molarity of H+
MB = molarity of OH–
VA = volume of acid
VB = volume of base
q = heat
Hf = heat of fusion
m = mass
Hv = heat of vaporization
C = specific heat capacity
ΔT = change in temperature
K = kelvin
°C = degree Celsius
DET 609 ADU
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
12