Mặc dù + sub clause + (nhưng/song) + main clause
Although + sub clause + “,” + (but) + main
clause
Main clause + mặc dù + sub clause
Main clause + “,” + although + sub clause
Main clause + “(“ + mặc dù + sub clause + “)”
Main clause + “(“ although + sub clause “)”
Subject of main clause + mặc dù + sub clause +
predicate of main clause
Main clause + “-” + although + sub clause
Mặc dù + sub clause, S ellipted + (nhưng/song) +
main clause
S of main clause + “,” + although + sub
clause + “,” + predicate of main clause
S of main clause + mặc dù + sub clause, S ellipted
+ predicate of main clause
Although + PP phrase + “,” + main clause.
Main clause + mặc dù
+ sub clause, S ellipted
S of main clause + “,” + although + PP
phrase + “,” + predicate of main clause.
S of main clause + mặc dù + AP
+ predicate of main clause
Main clause + “,” + although + PP phrase.
Main clause + mặc dù + AP
Although + noun phrase + “,” + main clause.
Mặc dù + sub clause + (nhưng/song) + main
clause, S ellipted
S of main clause + “,” + although + NP + “,”
+ predicate of main clause.
Mặc dù + sub clause, S ellipted + (nhưng/song) +
main clause, S ellipted
Although + PreP phrase + “,” + main clause.
Main clause + mặc dù + AdvP
S of main clause + “,” + although + PreP
phrase + “,” + predicate of main clause.
Main clause + mặc dù + negative phrase
Subject of main clause + “,” + although + AP
+ “,” + predicate of main clause.
S of sub clause + mặc dù + predicate of sub clause
+ main clause
Main clause + “,” + although + AP.
Mặc dù thế + main clause
Main clause + “,” + although + AdvP.
Mặc dù + sub clause + (nhưng/song) + complex
sentence
Main clause + “,” + although + ‘not’ phrase.
Mặc dù + sub clause, S ellipted + (nhưng/song) +
complex sentence
Although + complex sentence + (but) + main
clause
Mặc dù + complex sentence + (nhưng/song) +
main clause
Main clause + mặc dù + complex sentence
Mặc dù + complex sentence + (nhưng/song) +
complex sentence
Mặc dù + sub clause + “.”
Figure 3. Identifying the equivalent structures between ‘although’ and ‘mặc dù’ sentences