Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 – Module 1: Importance of Research in Daily Lives Practical Research 1 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 1: Importance of Research in Daily Lives First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio SENIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM Author : Dexter V. Fernandez Co-Author – Language Editor : Niljoy G. Senina Co-Author – Content Evaluator : Joel A. Cayabyab, EdD Co-Author – Illustrator : Dexter V. Fernandez Co-Author – Layout Artist : Dexter V. Fernandez Team Leaders: School Head : Marijoy B. Mendoza, EdD LRMDS Coordinator : Karl Angelo R. Tabernero SDO-BATAAN MANAGEMENT TEAM: Schools Division Superintendent : Romeo M. Alip, PhD, CESO V OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent : William Roderick R. Fallorin, CESE Chief Education Supervisor, CID : Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS : Edgar E. Garcia, MITE Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM : Romeo M. Layug Education Program Supervisor, Senior HS : Danilo S. Caysido Project Development Officer II, LRMDS : Joan T. Briz Division Librarian II, LRMDS : Rosita P. Serrano REGIONAL OFFICE 3 MANAGEMENT TEAM: Regional Director : May B. Eclar, PhD, CESO III Chief Education Supervisor, CLMD : Librada M. Rubio, PhD Education Program Supervisor, LRMS : Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD Education Program Supervisor, ADM : Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan Telefax: (047) 237-2102 E-mail Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 – Module 1 Importance of Research in Daily Lives Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the importance of research in daily life. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is divided into two lessons, namely: • Lesson 1 – Research Experience and Knowledge • Lesson 2 – Importance of Research After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. share research experiences and knowledge; 2. explain the different life processes 1 What I Know Write T if the statement is True, F if otherwise. Write your answer on your notebook. 1. Research involves finding possible answer to questions. 2. Research is carried out to explain situation or phenomenon. 3. Research is a discipline or process for experts only. 4. Surveying is data gathering. 5. Only new knowledge can be considered research. 6. Research happens only in a laboratory. 7. Research improves life. 8. The end result of research is lies or falsehood. 9. Rice cooker can be considered as output of research. 10. We better understand our humanity with research. 2 Lesso n 1 Research Experiences and Knowledge You have heard probably the term “research” during your junior high school or from some who have taken the subject in Senior High School. I am pretty sure that this term has petrified you, chilled you out, and made you anxious. Some of them shared their unforgettable experiences on this subject. Nonetheless, you cannot deny that somehow you are afraid to take this chance. However, those are just misconceptions about research (Kaur 2014). Research is not what you think of. We can say that part of their stories are true and part of those are exaggerations. Nevertheless, if you would just realize how exciting and engaging the process of research is, you would definitely be interested to do it. Research is fun. Here you are going to explore and to investigate to understand the phenomenon, and to establish new knowledge that is worthwhile to discover and to share. Research is easy. It is just requiring to commit yourself and to exert extra effort in understanding the rudiments on how to write it done and to enhance the skills that you needed. If you worrying for you’re just a senior high school student, an amateur, and novice who lacks skills and determination.. You have the skills and the process itself is not new to you. You have been researching for a long time. Remember how many times you search for solutions to your problem or investigate to know the answers to your questions. Can we consider them as a form of informal research? Yes, they are! 3 What’s In Imagine that you are a police inspector assigned to solve a crime. There are four (4) clues in the crime scene. It is your job to decode the clues using the alphabet, musical notes, and symbols in order to identify who is the culprit. Write your answers on your notebook. Sample 14/15/5/20/19 Word: Notes 1. 2. 3. 5. Name of Culprit: 25/ 15/ 21 4. Notes to the Teacher This module prepares the students to appreciate research through its connection to the experience of the students and importance of research to humanity. 4 What’s New The misAdventures of Bok and Nonoy Do you have a similar problem searching about things you don’t know? I know during that time you were very eager to satisfy your curiosity. How did you come up with the answer? Have you consulted anybody? Or you switched on your smartphone or computer and search on the internet? Isn’t fun to know the answers to your questions? By doing that, you are actually researching. You are now conducting research! Continue reading this module to remember how a student like you do research. Moreover, you will understand how this subject differs from other subjects that you have gone through. What is It If you think research is not for you, let me give you some instances that you might have applied “researching”. Can you still recall when your Math teacher- asked you to solve a mathematical problem that you cannot understand? Thus, no matter how you try you cannot find the right answer or concepts behind it Most probably, you ask somebody to help you out or you open your cellphone and search for a video tutorial. Can you still recall when you first played your favorite online game, and no matter how much you try, you still cannot defeat your opponent’s hero? I think what 5 you did was to ask your friend or an expert to help you out or you searched on the internet for answers. The process that you have done is research. You had a problem, you established your methods on how to solve your problem, you conducted a literature review or an actual interview and survey, then you came up with solutions. These requires you to search and to overcome your problems. Research flows in the same manner. Doing research does not necessarily mean creating extraordinary things like Mark Zuckerberg who developed Facebook or even Zhang Yiming who created TikTok. Etymologically, research came from “re” and “search”. "Re" is a prefix that means again and search is a word which means to look for. Therefore, research is to look for something (Chapman 1979). There are two (2) things that we need to take note of in this definition. First, research is not only about the discovery of something unknown, it is coming up with a new explanation of something that is known. Second, research is a process. It is a process of searching for something to solve an existing problem or difficulty to solve. Research is also understood as a systematic investigation or inquiry entailing collection of data, documentation of critical information, analysis, interpretation of information (Williams 2007). From the given definition, this highlights the manner how research is conducted. It is systematic. The question is, how does it becomes systematic and what makes it systematic. The term systematic entails the structure. To understand the word system, just imagine your body. Are your hands located in your ears? Or is your nose located on your chin? Of course, you will reason out that your hands are located to where it should be and your nose is located in the middle of your face. The manner of how your body parts are structured and organized implies the system. Research as systematic means it follows the structure or method. Therefore, whenever collecting data, documenting information, analyzing, and interpreting information are conducted, a particular method is used. On the other hand, research can be also viewed as the formation of new knowledge and the employment of previous or existing knowledge into a new and creative way (O’Donnell 2012). Imagine these two (2) scenarios: mother giving birth to a baby and a potter molding a pot. The creation of new knowledge can be compared to a mother giving birth. The mother stands for the research itself and the baby is new knowledge. Thus, through research, new knowledge is born. On the other hand, a potter molding a pot can be paralleled to the use of existing knowledge in a new creative way. Here, 6 the potter stands for the researcher, the clay as the existing knowledge, and the pot itself is a new knowledge made creatively. Now, do not be afraid to carry out research. It is because you can make a research. Why? First, it is not new to you. You are not just fully aware that what you were doing is research and you have been doing many times. Second, research is not a demanding activity that would exhaust your strength. However, some particular techniques and processes are involved and needed to be carried out in conducting this activity. What you have heard from others is a piece of hoax and challenges. It is a hoax for research is not after all difficult. It is a challenge for you that needs dedication and commitment to successfully do this exciting activity. What’s More Identify the word that is being described in each sentence. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. It is conducted if someone wants to know something. It starts with the letter “R” and ends with the letter “H”. 2. It stands for an action when someone follows structures or order in conducting research. It starts with the letter “s” and ends with the letter “c”. 3. The term represents for the something that someone can get after finishing a research. It consists of two words? The longest word starts with the letter “k” and ends with the letter “e”. 4. It happens when somebody wants to answer questions or inquiries. The longest word starts with the letter “c” and ends with the letter “n”. Further, the word in the middle is a preposition. 5. It happens when someone wants to answer something. It starts with the letter “p” and ends with the letter “m”. 6. This word refers to an act when someone seeks to inquire for a question. It starts with the letter “a” and ends with the letter “r”. 7. Researchers do with the help of experts. It can be one on one or with the group. It starts with the letter “I”. 8. The word refers to an action when you read articles and other materials to know more what you are searching for. It starts with the letter “r” and ends in “w”. 7 9. It refers to observation, survey or interview. This word starts with the letter “I” and ends with the letter “n”. 10. It stands for an action to answer queries, understand problems seek new knowledge or based from existing knowledge in a new and creative way. It starts with the letter “r”. What I Have Learned Write T if the statement is True, F if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. Research etymologically came from “re” and “search”. 2. Research is only about the discovery of something unknown. 3. Research is not only coming up with a new explanation of something that is known. 4. Research is a process of searching for something to solve an existing problem or difficulty to solve. 5. Research is a systematic investigation or inquiry entailing collection of data, documentation of critical information, analysis, interpretation of information. What I Can Do Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. What is the best example of informal research? Searching for an answer through… a. the use of internet or expert. b. looking at the beautiful sceneries. c. to the humming of the birds. 2. What does the word “search” mean? a. to be attached b. to be industrious c. to look for 3. What does the word “systematic” mean? a. inquire b. gather c. structure 8 4. Why we cannot make research without any problem? It is because … a. research doesn’t require any problem at all b. answering problem is its main purpose c. all students ought to take in the senior high school 5. In research, what do we search? We search for … a. new knowledge, explanations and understanding b. what is not existing in this world c. on things that can give us satisfaction to our lives Assessment Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. What makes research a systematic? a. Research follows certain process or standards. b. Research is just looking for answers. c. Research is based from previous knowledge. 2. Why research is not new to our experience? a. because we think b. because we find explanation for answer c. because we have research subject 3. What do you call a research that does not follow the usual format of researching? a. formality research b. formal research c. informal research 4. Why research is not only concern with discovering or creating new things? It is because… a. we also seek for explanations. b. we also search for old things. c. we are abiding citizens. 5. How do we conduct research in usual human experience? a. by conducting investigation with the use of different platform b. by reflection of what has been done for a day c. by giving importance to the things that we do at present 6. How does our usual and personal process of conducting inquiry and problem solving become research? a. It has process before drawing up conclusion. b. It follows our innate intuition in solving problem. c. It uses a non-understandable and complicated process. 7. How existing knowledge becomes basis for new knowledge? a. It serves as ground or support to the new knowledge. b. It actually doesn’t have any connection to the new knowledge. c. It becomes the only source of explanation. 9 8. How simple internet searching or observation became research? It can be considered as… a. literature review b. non-essential review c. obsolete referencing 9. What makes informal research differs from the formal way of researching? a. does not have process b. follows process c. does have system 10.What is the purpose of collecting data in research? It is to gather information a. necessary for the problem b. non-related to the issue c. obsolete and outdated. Additional Activities Search for ten (10) words in the box that are related to research. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. ___________________________ 6. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ 7. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________ 8. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________ 9. ___________________________ 5. ___________________________ 10. __________________________ 10 Lesso n 2 Research Experiences and Knowledge Do you feel annoyed if there is a power interruption? Can you imagine a world without electricity? Do you feel unease if the internet connection is not stable? Can you imagine if there is no internet or if there is no cellphone? Well, of course, you will be annoyed, mad, and worried. Life will be difficult if there is no electricity. Life will be boring if there is no cellphone or even the internet. Life is threatened if there will be no cure for COVID-19. But thanks to research, all our worries are gone. It is because of research which made our lives comfortable, easy, and secured. Various researches have changed our lives. Here are some leading outputs of the researches that really changed the world and our perspectives in lives. 1. Electricity 6. Computer 2. Engines 7. Internet 3. Telephone 8. Vaccines for Viruses 4. Rubber 9. Antibiotics 5. Modern Education 10. Modern Medicine Can you imagine if no one has dared to conduct research on these things? For sure life will be miserable. Thus, research is indeed important to us. What’s In Arrange the jumbled words related to the importance of research. Write your answers on your notebook. TTRHTU 1. IU LAQ T Y I U L A Q T Y 2. 3. LEFILEFI 4. IFNOIF NO 5. HYMINATUHYMINATU 11 What’s New The misAdventures of Bok and Nonoy Think of what you consider most valuable on the things that you have now? Can you cite five of them? It can be your cellphone, your shirt, your pants, your computer, your pencil, or your ballpen. I know you are aware that those are products of research. These are made out of a long and tedious study of different groups or individuals like what you are doing when you seek for answer. If things that you have are important and these are the product of research, can we say that research is important to us? ABSOLUTELY YES! RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT! What is It Research is very significant on our lives, it has gradually changed human life through history. Here are the five (5) importance of research to our daily lives. 1. Research aims for truth (Rolfe 2002). 2. Research improves quality of human life (Bornmann 2013). 3. Research saves life(Cancer Research UK 2019). 4. Research gathers necessary information (Igwenagu 2016). 5. Research explores humanity (Lee, Tran, and Lee 2007). 12 The research aims for truth. We crave truth for no one has the desire to live in lies (Rasmussen 2013). Research is about establishing truth based on evidence or data. We conduct a study to seek for truth. Just imagine, for many centuries people believe that the world is flat and it is over the giant turtle. Beyond the horizon of the sea is an abyss. But there came Ferdinand Magellan who proved this otherwise. His courage and research have made us live with the fact that the world is round. Have you ever heard about the belief that earth is the center of the universe? Actually, for many years men believed that everything revolved around us. But thanks to Copernicus, because of his tedious research, now we know that it is not Earth as the center of the universe but the sun. I beat you can cite more examples related to this concern. Nonetheless, the main idea here is that research provides us an explanation or solution to particular problem based on truth (Kasi 2009). Research improves the quality of human life. I believe that you often hear from your parents about their experiences when they were young. Though it sounds so boring, they live without television, without the internet, without a cellphone, without an air condition, without an electric fan, without computer, or online games. Can you imagine that kind of life? But look at our situation now. Everything that they don’t have before, we have it now. You can cook now without a fire stove. Now, it is a matter of pushing a button with the use of a rice cooker or electric stove. You can call and see your friends abroad without hustles through the use of social media platforms. You can travel anywhere by just a matter of hours or a few days using your motorcycles and bikes. You can enjoy staying at home not going outside with the use of your smartphones. This is the life we have now. Do you think it just went down from heaven like rain during the rainy season? All of the technological advancements are brought by different researches (Gupta 2018). Without the people who dedicated their lives for the sake of humanity, we will not have this kind of life. Through research, it improves our standard of living. Research saves a life. Through the course of human history, research has proven its worth and roles in our lives. In the past, when penicillin was not yet discovered, people just die without proper medication. It was by the research of Fleming that the first generation of antibiotics were discovered (Pandey et al. 2014). In the same manner, how can we forget the research of Dr. Abelardo Aguilar, a Filipino doctor, one of the contributors to the discovery of Erythromycin during the late 1940s? Now, 13 we have effective medicine in bacteria that causes infections in the respiratory tract (Peretti et al. 2011). Moreover, Dr. Fe Del Mundo improved the incubator and jaundice relieving device. Now pre-matured babies and those suffering from jaundice can survive and enjoy life in the future. With our situation now with the threat of COVID 19, the only hope is research. Research on understanding the disease, development of vaccines, and medication will save us. Nonetheless, researchers are doing their best working day and night to have a medical remedy for this pandemic. Later, research will succeed and will continue to provide us a safer life. Research gathers the necessary information. Conducting research implies gathering necessary data to explain your problem and to answer your particular questions for example, you want to understand students’ perceptions about modular learning, then, you conduct survey to the projected respondents or direct interviews with the projected participants. Thus, the content of the survey questionnaire and the guided interview must aligned to the your problem and to the questions that you like to answer. On this manner, you are gathering important data needed for your research. Another, when COVID 19 was just starting to spread, medical experts are puzzled about the emerging disease (Vetter, Eckerle, and Kaiser 2020). Many of them wanted to know what was the cause. Some of them investigated how it is being transmitted. Some experts dealt with medical mapping. Others determined the incubation period and how it can be prevented. Each of them intensively conducted a particular study to answer their inquiries. They did many laboratory experiments, observations, and literature review. Data related only to their questions were considered. Now, we have at least a good perspective on the manner the virus is transmitted, possible medication, ways to prevent it, incubation period, and location affected by the pandemic. Thus, the necessary information to understand the situation was gathered. Research explores humanity. Do you know that Bataeños have developed distinct Tagalog intonation and words? Do you know that the song “Ati Ku Pung Singsing” is about the culture of the Kapampangan? Do you know that in Zambales, the Aetas have customary maternal and infant care beliefs based on their tradition and faith passed through generations? Do you know that the Dumagat of Aurora considered prayers as part of their economic life? Do you know that the province of Tarlac came from the "Malatarlak"? I am quite sure that you are familiar with some of these questions. These are just examples of how research explores the culture of people. 14 Research likewise deals with the investigation of culture to understand and to appreciate others' practices, and beliefs (Zion and Kozleski 2005). The way we understand others is the result of a long study of different individuals to provide us explanations about group or individual culture. Because of this, we can now related, understand, and respect others. Probably you have your own, experience aware with your own experience how research works, you can still cite importance of research. These five (5) importance are just the representation of many benefits we can get out of research. Research is important because it aims for truth, improves quality of human life, saves life, gathers necessary information, and explores humanity. Who knows in the future, you’re research might be beneficial to humanity. Hand on your pencil! Let us start researching! What’s More Using the illustration below, write “A” if the symbol shows importance of research related to exposing the truth, “B” if it improves quality of human life, “C” if it saves life, “D” if it is gathers necessary information, and “E” if it is humanity. Write your answers on your notebook 1. Making vaccine for COVID 19 2. Carefully studying the situation to know where COVID started. 3. Going to different places to understand their culture. 4. Coming up with technology to make life easy. 5. Using the internet and other social media platform to get information. 15 What I Have Learned Read each statement carefully. Write T if it is True, F if otherwise. Write your answer on your notebook. 1. Research provides us a narrow understanding on a particular problem. 2. Research makes man’s life simple and easy. 3. Research continues to provide us a safer life. 4. In research, necessary information to understand the situation. 5. Research explores the culture of the people. What I Can Do Look at the doodle carefully and identify five (5) outputs of research. Name and explain how they become important to us. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. ___________________________________ 2. ___________________________________ 3. ___________________________________ 4. ___________________________________ 5. ___________________________________ 16 Assessment Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. How does research become important to humanity? a. It makes our lives easy and comfortable. b. Researchers makes money out of it. c. We are required to take this subject. 2. How can research save lives? a. provides no solution to our health problems b. saves lives because it is harmless c. provides medical explanations and probable solutions 3. How does research improve our lives? a. continuous development of technology b. using limited practices and technology c. using old practices and technology. 4. What is the best example of exploring culture of individuals? a. development of cellphone b. space travel. c. understanding cultural 5. Who is the main beneficiary of research? a. dogs b. humanity c. animals 6. How does research provide answers to our inquiries? a. drawing through intuition b. making introduction. c. inferring through evidences 7. How does research serve as a medium of understanding the culture of others? a. Research provides benefits to people. b. Research becomes a platform or method. c. Researcher just reflects without evidence. 17 8. In what way, does research gather information? a. through interviews, observations and survey b. through interviews only c. through observations only 9. Why truth is the main aim of conducting research? a. to seek for limitations b. to seek for the truth c. to know one’s purpose 10. What is the best explanation why we are conducting research? a. to improve our lives. b. make money out of it. c. don’t have anything to do. Additional Activities In three (3) sentences, explain the role of research in understanding the situation of those who are affected by the COVID 19 pandemic. Write your answer on your notebook ____________________________________________________________________ _ ____________________________________________________________________ _ ____________________________________________________________________ _ Rubrics on how your composition will be graded Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 Concept The essay shows complete understandi ng of the topic. The essay shows substantial understandi ng of the topic. The essay shows some understandi ng of the topic. The essay shows very limited knowledge on the topic. The essay is insufficien t. Reasoning The essay has complex and refined reasoning The essay has effective reasoning The essay has some effective reasoning The essay shows poor reasoning The essay does not show reasoning Grammar The essay does not have any grammatical error. The essay has 1 to 3 grammatic al errors. The essay has 4 to 5 grammatical errors. The essay has 6 to 7 grammatic al errors. The essay has more than 8 grammatic al errors. 18 T 4. T 3. F 2. T 1. What I Have Learned Answer Key Lesson 1 T 10. T 9. F 8. T 7. F 6. F 5. T 4. F 3. T 2. T 1. What I Know T 5. Data 10. Expert 9. Problem 8. Info 7. System 6. True 5. Search 4. Answer 3. Investigation 2. Collection 1. Additional Activities You 5. Know 4. Information 3. Investigation 2. Research 1. What’s In Research 10. Investigation 9. Review 8. Interview 7. Answer 6. Problem 5. Collection of Data 4. New Knowledge 3. Systematic 2. Research 1. More What’s a a a a a a a 4. c 3. b 2. a 1. a 5. b 4. c 3. c 2. a 1. Assessment What I Can Do 19 Humanity 5. Info 4. Life 3. Quality 2. Truth 1. Lesson 2 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. What’s In a 10. b 9. a 8. b 7. c 6. b 5. c 4. a 3. a 2. D 5. B 4. C 3. A 2. C 1. What’s More a 1. Assessment T 5. T 4. T 3. T 2. F 1. What I Have Learned 20 References Bornmann, L. (2013). What is social impact of research and how can it be assessed? A literature surveys. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 64 (2): 217–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22803. Cancer Research UK. (2019). We’re saving lives through research. London. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/ec1060588_cruk _ar_2019_interactive.pdf. Chapman, L. H. (1979). Research means ‘searching again'. Art Education Association 32 (4): 6–10. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.2307/3192382. Gupta, M. (2018). The innovation process from an idea to a final product: A review of the literature. International Journal of Comparative Management 1 (4): 400. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijcm.2018.10017885. Igwenagu, C. (2016). Fundamentals of research methodology and data collection. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303381524_Fundamentals_ of_research_methodology_and_data_collection. Kasi, P. M. (2009). Research: What, why and how?: A Treatise from researchers to researchers. Bloomington: AuthorHouse. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3274.1442. Kaur, A. (2014). Attitude of students towards research. Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies. Lee, J., Thu G. T., and Kun, P. L. (2007). Cultural difference and its effects on user research methodologies. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73287-7_16. O’Donnell, J. (2012). What is research? The Research Whisperer. 2012. https://researchwhisperer.org/author/jod999/%0AWe. Pandey, S., Tauseef A., Sagar, A., Bikash, R., and Bipin, S. (2014). Penicillin production and history: An overview corresponding author. International Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences 1 (November): 103–8. Peretti, G., et al. (2011). Macrolides for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: An effective application of their unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports 4 (6): 1035–44. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.575. Rasmussen, J. (2013). How truth relates to reality. American Philosophical Quarterly 50 (2): 167–80. 21 Rolfe, G. (2002). A lie that helps us see the truth: Research, truth and fiction in helping professions.” In Reflective Practice. Vol. 3. Carfax Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462394022012989. Vetter, P., Eckerle, I., and Kaiser, L. (2020). Covid-19: A puzzle with many missing pieces. The BMJ 368 (2): 10–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m627. Williams, C. (2007). Research methods. Journal of Business and Economics Research 1 (3): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108656184.003. Zion, S. D., and Kozleski, E. (2005). Understanding culture. Arizona: National Institute for Urban School Improvement. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781441605054. . 22 23 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Region III, Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS) Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan Telefax: (047) 237-2102 Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph