Types of Quantitative
Research
g. Intervention
Studies
b. Characteristics
j. CausalComparative
k.
Experimental
1. Definition of a
Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research, according to Aliaga
and Gunderson, (2000), is explaining
phenomena by collecting numerical data
that are analyzed using mathematically
based methods.
Frequency Distribution
The scores of 28 students in an
examination in mathematics are as follows:
26 49 50 56 59 61 63
30 49 52 58 59 61 65
42 50 53 59 60 62 65
48 50 56 59 60 62 69
STEPS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Get the highest score (HS) and the lowest
score (LS). Compute the range.
Determine the number of steps of cases
for the table . This is the class number .
Compute the interval. i=Range/CN .
Determine the Starting Number.
From the SN move up the table by the
multiples of i until the highest score is
accommodated in the bracket.
5.
6. Tally the scores in the table.
Range=43
CN=7
i=7
SN-21
CLASS
CLASS
FREQUENCY
70
63-69
4
63
56-62
13
56
49-55
7
49
42-48
2
42
35-41
0
35
28-34
1
28
21-27
1
21 (SN)
FREQUENCY
Present the following
scores in frequency
distribution
using 7 classes/groups.
27
45
54
61
68
72
80
29
50
55
62
69
75
81
35
50
56
63
69
78
90
38
51
59
65
70
78
95
40
51
60
66
70
79
96
The ages of a sample of senators are:
28
49
50
56
59
61
63
30
49
52
58
59
61
65
42
50
53
59
60
62
65
48
50
56
59
60
62
70
a. Prepare a frequency distribution
using 10 groups/classes.
b. Graph the data using bar graph or
pie chart
c. Interpret the result.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
1. It is reliable
and objective.
2. It uses
Statistics to
generalize a
finding.
3. It reduces and
restructures a
complex problem to
limited number of
variables.
4. It test
theories or
hypotheses.
5. It assumes that the
sample is a
representative of the
population.
Advantages of
Quantitative Research
1. It allows the researcher to measure and
analyze the data to arrive at an objective
answer.
2. The result is reliable since the study uses a
big sample of the population.
3. Personal biases can be avoided since
personal interaction is not part of the
research process.
Advantages….
4. Standards are usually used in choosing the
instruments, in sampling procedures, and in
choosing the most appropriate statistical
treatment, thus making the research
replicable.
5. Results can be reduced through statistical
treatments and interpreted in a few
statements.
General Research Types
Descriptive
Associational
Intervention
Types of
Quantitative Research
Quantitative
Experimental
 True Experimental
 QuasiExperimental
Single Subject
Non-Experimental
•Survey
• Observational
•Correlational
•Descriptive
• Comparative
Descriptive
— is the most widely used research
design.
— its common means of obtaining
information include the use of the
questionnaire and personal interviews.
— is used to describe characteristics of
a population of phenomenon being
studied.
1. Frequency of Tardiness
and Absences among Senior
High School Students in
Selected Public Schools
Example
Example
2. A Study of Students’
Satisfaction Level from
Educational Services
Provided by B.S. ANHS
Example
3. Buying Behavior of
Selected Consumers
of Concepcion, Tarlac
Correlational
∞ Correlational research
is also known as
associational research.
Continuation…
∞ Correlational
research describes the
relationships of the
variables via
correlation coefficient.
Examples
1. The longer the
couples have been
together, the more
similar they are in
their attitudes and
opinions?
2. A researcher
finds that
students who
have more
absences gets
lower grades.
Example
Suppose that
you notice
That kids who
sit in front of
Class typically
get higher
grades.
3. Causal-Comparative
The Nature of CausalComparative Research
1. Causal comparative seeks to identify
associations among variables.
2. Causal-comparative research attempts to
determine the cause or Consequences of
differences that already exist between or among
groups of individuals.
There are three types of
causal-comparative research
they are enumerated as follows:
A.
Exploration
of Effects
B.
Exploration
of Causes
C. Exploration
of
Consequences
4. A Causal-Comparative
Study is often used as an
alternative of experimental studies.
Causal-Comparative Versus
Correlational Research
The basic similarity between causalcomparative and correlational study is
that both seek to explore relationships
among variables.
Causal-Comparative Versus
Experimental Research
In experimental research, the group membership
variable is manipulated; in causal-comparative
research, the group differences already exist.
4. Survey Research
The Purpose of Survey Research
1. The major purpose of all surveys is to
describe the characteristics of
a population.
2. Rarely is the population as a whole
studied, however. Instead, a sample
is surveyed and a description of the
population is inferred from what the
sample reveals.
Experimental research is unique in
that it is the only the type of research
that directly attempts to influence a
particular variable and it is only type
that, when used properly, can really
test hypotheses about cause-andeffect relationships.
Essential Characteristics of
Experimental Researches
Comparison of
treatments
Manipulation of one or
more independent
variables
Randomization
Random Selection
Random
Assignment
True Experimental Research
Treatment
Control and
Experimental
Group
Randomization
• Key: X
• Key: O1
and O2
• Key: R
Major
Considerations
in True Research
Quasi Experimental Research
No
randomization!
Single-Subject Experimental Research
Single-subject Research, at time referred to as
single-case research, is a quantitative approach to
examine functional relationships between baseline
and experimental conditions as over time within
individual subjects.
Identify the appropriate research design based on the given
title
Is there a
treatment?
N
O
YE
S
Is the primary purpose
examination of
relationships?
N
O
YE
S
Is the treatment tightly
controlled by the
researcher?
Will the
sample be
studied as a
single
group?
Descriptive
Design
YE
S
Correlational
Design
N
O
YE
S
Will a randomly
assigned or
selected control
group be used?
Quasiexperimental
Design
YE
S
True
experimental
Design