1
Instructor’s Manual
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology
Laboratory Manual, Cat Version and Fetal Pig Version
Fifteenth Edition
Terry R. Martin
Kishwaukee College
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
2
CONTENTS
PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
AN OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES …............................................................................................................................................................
7
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK SYSTEMS AND SUPPLEMENTAL LABORATORY EXERCISES
8
.........................................................
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................................................................
11
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Laboratory Exercise 1 – Scientific Method and Measurement .....................................................................................................................
12
Laboratory Exercise 2 – Body Organization and Terminology .....................................................................................................................
13
Laboratory Exercise 3 – Chemistry of Life ...................................................................................................................................................
15
Laboratory Exercise 4 – Care and Use of the Microscope
16
..........................................................................................................................
Cells
Laboratory Exercise 5 – Cell Structure and Function ...................................................................................................................................
17
Laboratory Exercise 6 – Movements Through Membranes .........................................................................................................................
18
Laboratory Exercise 7 – Cell Cycle ..............................................................................................................................................................
19
Tissues
Laboratory Exercise 8 – Epithelial Tissues ..................................................................................................................................................
20
Laboratory Exercise 9 – Connective Tissues
21
.............................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 10 – Muscle and Nervous Tissues
22
............................................................................................................................
Integumentary System
Laboratory Exercise 11 – Integumentary System
23
......................................................................................................................................
Skeletal System
Laboratory Exercise 12 – Bone Structure and Classification
24
Laboratory Exercise 13 – Organization of the Skeleton
25
Laboratory Exercise 14 – Skull
26
.....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 15 – Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
28
Laboratory Exercise 16 – Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
30
Laboratory Exercise 17 – Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
32
Laboratory Exercise 18 – Joint Structure and Movements
34
..............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
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3
Muscular System
Laboratory Exercise 19 – Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function...............................................................................................................
35
Laboratory Exercise 20 – Muscles of the Head and Neck………..................................................................................................................
36
Laboratory Exercise 21 – Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb
37
.............................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 22 – Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall, and Pelvic Floor ...........................................................................
38
Laboratory Exercise 23 – Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb
39
...................................................................................................................
Surface Anatomy
Laboratory Exercise 24 – Surface Anatomy
40
...............................................................................................................................................
Nervous System
Laboratory Exercise 25 – Nervous Tissue and Nerves
42
Laboratory Exercise 26 – Brain and Cranial Nerves
43
.............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 27 – Dissection of the Sheep Brain
44
Laboratory Exercise 28 – Spinal Cord and Meninges
45
Laboratory Exercise 29 – Reflex Arc and Reflexes
46
...........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
General and Special Senses
Laboratory Exercise 30 – Receptors and General Senses
47
.......................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 31 – Smell and Taste
48
.................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 32 – Ear and Hearing
49
.................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 33 – Ear and Equilibrium
50
Laboratory Exercise 34 – Eye Structure
51
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 35 – Visual Tests and Demonstrations
53
......................................................................................................................
Endocrine System
Laboratory Exercise 36 – Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology
54
...................................................................................................
Cardiovascular System
Laboratory Exercise 37 – Blood Cells and Blood Typing
56
...........................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 38 – Heart Structure
57
...................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 39 – Cardiac Cycle
59
....................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 40 – Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries, and Veins
60
Laboratory Exercise 41 – Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
62
.....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Lymphatic System
Laboratory Exercise 42 – Lymphatic System
63
.............................................................................................................................................
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4
Digestive System
Laboratory Exercise 43 – Digestive Organs
64
..............................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 44 – Action of a Digestive Enzyme
66
............................................................................................................................
Respiratory System
Laboratory Exercise 45 – Respiratory Organs
67
...........................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 46 – Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
68
Laboratory Exercise 47 – Control of Breathing
69
..................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Urinary System
Laboratory Exercise 48 – Urinary Organs…….
70
Laboratory Exercise 49 – Urinalysis
71
...........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Reproductive Systems and Development
Laboratory Exercise 50 – Male Reproductive System
72
...............................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 51 – Female Reproductive System
73
............................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 52 – Fertilization and Early Development
74
Laboratory Exercise 53 – Genetics
75
..................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Cat or Fetal Pig Dissection
Laboratory Exercise 54 – Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Musculature
77
........................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 55 – Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Cardiovascular System
79
Laboratory Exercise 56 – Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Digestive System
81
................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 57 – Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Respiratory System
83
Laboratory Exercise 58 – Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Urinary System
85
......................................................................................
............................................................................................
...................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 59 – Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Reproductive Systems
87
.......................................................................................
Supplemental Laboratory Exercises (these laboratory exercises are available online)
Laboratory Exercise 60 – Skeletal Muscle Contraction
89
Laboratory Exercise 61 – Nerve Impulse Stimulation
90
Laboratory Exercise 62 – Blood Testing
91
..............................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory Exercise 63 – Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle
92
Appendix 1: Materials Needed
93
...................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
Appendix 2: Laboratory Suppliers
96
..............................................................................................................................................................
Appendix 3: Student Safety Rules Agreement
98
............................................................................................................................................
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5
Appendix 4: Student Informed Consent Form
99
.............................................................................................................................................
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
6
PREFACE
This instructor’s manual is designed to assist those who are using the Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and
Physiology, cat version and fetal pig version, fifteenth edition by Terry R. Martin. It describes the purpose of the laboratory manual
and its special features, and provides suggestions for presenting the laboratory exercises to students. The instructor’s manual also
parallels the laboratory manual, exercise by exercise, providing labels for unlabeled diagrams and answers to questions that appear in
the laboratory reports. For some exercises, special instructional suggestions that propose alternative procedures, laboratory equipment,
or laboratory techniques are provided.
Most of the illustrations and labels parallel the textbook very closely as requested by many of the users of the laboratory
manual. Many of the leader lines are arranged differently than the book, and several illustrations are different than the textbook. This
has been requested also by many of the users of the laboratory manual. I have attempted to reach a balance that will be beneficial for
all students and instructors.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
7
AN OVERVIEW
The Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, cat version and fetal pig version, fifteenth edition,
was written to accompany the textbook Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, fifteenth edition, by Shier, Butler, and Lewis. As in
the case of the textbook, the laboratory manual is planned for students pursuing careers in allied health fields who have minimal
backgrounds in the physical and biological sciences.
The manual contains fifty-nine laboratory exercises and four online supplemental laboratory exercises that are closely
integrated with the content of a textbook (four of these exercises only appear online via the text McGraw-Hill Connect site). The
exercises are designed to review and illustrate various anatomical and physiological facts and principles presented in the textbook and
to help students investigate some of these ideas in more detail.
The laboratory exercises include a variety of special features that are designed to stimulate student interest in the subject
matter, to involve students in the learning process, and to guide them through the planned experiences. These features include the
following:
Materials Needed. The laboratory materials listed are those that students require to complete the exercise and to perform the learning
activities.
Safety. If the laboratory exercise requires special safety guidelines, this section is included. Laboratory Safety Guidelines also appear
as Appendix 1 of your laboratory manual.
Some institutions might have committees for reviewing labs using live animals, biohazards, and physiology experiments
performed on students. Be sure your labs conform to their guidelines. You might find the forms available in Appendixes 3 and 4 useful
at your school.
Purpose of the Exercise. The purpose provides a statement concerning the intent of the exercise—that is, what will be accomplished.
Learning Outcomes. The learning outcomes list in general terms what a student should be able to do after completing the exercise.
Introduction. The introduction briefly describes the subject of the exercise or the ideas that will be investigated.
Procedure. The procedure provides a set of detailed instructions for accomplishing the planned laboratory activities. Usually these
instructions are presented in outline form so that a student can proceed through the exercise in stepwise fashion. Frequently, the
student is referred to particular sections of a textbook for necessary background information or for review of subject matter presented
in some previous part of the course.
The procedures include a wide variety of laboratory activities and, from time to time, direct the student to complete various
tasks in the laboratory reports.
Learning Activities. Learning activities appear in separate boxes as Learn: Activity or Learn: Lab in Motion. They are planned to
encourage students to extend their laboratory experiences. Some of these activities are open-ended in that they suggest how a student
can plan an investigation or experiment and carry it out after receiving approval from the laboratory instructor.
Illustrations. Diagrams are used as aids for reviewing subject matter. Other illustrations provide visual instructions for performing
steps in procedures or are used to identify parts of instruments or specimens. Micrographs often are included to help students identify
microscopic structures or to evaluate student understanding of tissues.
Some figures, such as the skull, are presented so that they are suitable for coloring. You may want to have your students use
colored pencils to highlight various parts of these illustrations. This activity should enhance their ability to observe the figures more
carefully and help them locate and identify important anatomical features.
Laboratory Reports. Immediately following each exercise, there is a laboratory report to be completed by the student. These reports
include various types of review activities, spaces for sketches of microscopic objects, tables for recording observations and
experimental results, and questions dealing with the analysis of such data.
As a result of these laboratory exercises, students should develop a better understanding of the structural and functional
characteristics of their bodies. In addition, their skills in gathering information by observation and experimentation should increase.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
8
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES
Exercise Selection
Although the laboratory manual contains fifty-nine separate exercises, it may not be possible to include all of them in any one
program. However, because many of the exercises are relatively short and because the procedures of others are divided into sections,
an instructor can easily select those exercises or parts of exercises that best meet the needs of a particular class.
These exercises also vary in the quantities of equipment needed to complete them; if necessary, an instructor can make some
selection based upon the amount of laboratory equipment available for use by a class.
Animal Dissection
In the laboratory manual, the preserved cat or fetal pig is used as the major animal to be dissected. Detailed instructions for dissecting
certain organs, such as the sheep brain, sheep heart, pig kidney, and mammalian eye are also included.
A laboratory option is to obtain a cadaver as a demonstration specimen. If this is not possible, consider a field trip to a
location that has a prosected cadaver. A minimum of two viewings is recommended—one during muscle study and the other near the
end of the course.
The Use of Animals in Biology Education*
The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) believes that the study of organisms, including nonhuman animals, is essential
to the understanding of life on Earth. NABT recommends the prudent and responsible use of animals in the life science classroom.
NABT believes that biology teachers should foster a respect for life. Biology teachers also should teach about the interrelationship and
interdependency of all things.
Classroom experiences that involve nonhuman animals range from observation to dissection. NABT supports these
experiences so long as they are conducted within the long-established guidelines of proper care and use of animals, as developed by
the scientific and educational community.
As with any instructional activity, the use of nonhuman animals in the biology classroom must have sound educational
objectives. Any use of animals, whether for observation or dissection, must convey substantive knowledge of biology. NABT believes
that biology teachers are in the best position to make this determination for their students.
NABT acknowledges that no alternative can substitute for the actual experience of dissection or other use of animals and
urges teachers to be aware of the limitations of alternatives. When the teacher determines that the most effective means to meet the
objectives of the class do not require dissection, NABT accepts the use of alternatives to dissection including models and the various
forms of multimedia. The Association encourages teachers to be sensitive to substantive student objections to dissection and to
consider providing appropriate lessons for those students where necessary.
To implement this policy, NABT endorses and adopts the “Principle and Guidelines for the use of Animals in Precollege
Education” of the Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources (National Research Council). Copies of the “Principle and Guidelines”
may be obtained from the ILAR (2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20418; 202-334-2590).
*Adopted by the Board of Directors in October 1995. This policy supersedes and replaces all previous NABT statements regarding
animals in biology education.
Background Information
The procedures of many exercises begin by suggesting that students review specific sections of the textbook. If the subject matter
involved in a particular exercise has been covered recently in lecture, the students may be able to accomplish such a review rather
quickly. On the other hand, if the material has not been presented previously, this part of a procedure may be used as a means of
introducing information needed to understand the ideas presented in the exercise.
When the procedure is used to introduce new material, an instructor may ask students to complete the first section before coming to
the laboratory. Following this, some portion of the laboratory time may be needed for class discussion of the new material.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
9
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS AND
LABORATORY EXERCISES
Textbook Chapters
Ch. 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Related Laboratory Exercises
Ex. 1
Scientific Method and Measurements
Ex. 2
Body Organization and Terminology
Ch. 2
Chemical Basis of Life
Ex. 3
Chemistry of Life
Ch. 3
Cells
Ex. 4
Ex. 5
Ex. 6
Ex. 7
Care and Use of the Microscope
Cell Structure and Function
Movements Through Membranes
Cell Cycle
Ch. 4
Cellular Metabolism
Ch. 5
Tissues
Ex. 8
Ex. 9
Ex. 10
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle and Nervous Tissues
Ch. 6
Integumentary System
Ex. 11
Integumentary System
Ch. 7
Skeletal System
Ex. 12
Ex. 13
Ex. 14
Ex. 15
Ex. 16
Ex. 17
Bones and Structure and Classification
Organization of the Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Ch. 8
Joints of the Skeletal System
Ex. 18
Joint Structure and Movements
Ch. 9
Muscular System
Ex. 19
Ex. 20
Ex. 21
Ex. 22
Ex. 23
Ex. 24
Ex. 54
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb
Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall, and
Pelvic Floor
Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb
Surface Anatomy
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Musculature
Ch. 10
Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function
Ex. 25
Nervous Tissue and Nerves
Ch. 11
Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System
Ex. 26
Ex. 27
Ex. 28
Ex. 29
Brain and Cranial Nerves
Dissection of the Sheep Brain
Spinal Cord and Meninges
Reflex Arc and Reflexes
Ch. 12
Nervous System III: Senses
Ex. 30
Ex. 31
Ex. 32
Ex. 33
Ex. 34
Ex. 35
Receptors and General Senses
Smell and Taste
Ear and Hearing
Ear and Equilibrium
Eye Structure
Visual Tests and Demonstrations
Ch. 13
Endocrine System
Ex. 36
Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology
Ch. 14
Blood
Ex. 37
Blood Cells and Blood Typing
Ch. 15
Cardiovascular System
Ex. 38
Ex. 39
Ex. 40
Ex. 41
Ex. 55
System
Heart Structure
Cardiac Cycle
Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries, and Veins
Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Cardiovascular
Ch. 16
Lymphatic System and Immunity
Ex. 42
Lymphatic System
Ch. 17
Digestive System
Ex. 43
Digestive Organs
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10
Ex. 44
Ex. 56
Action of a Digestive Enzyme
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Digestive System
Ch. 18
Nutrition and Metabolism
Ch. 19
Respiratory System
Ex. 45
Ex. 46
Ex. 47
Ex. 56
Respiratory Organs
Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Control of Breathing
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Digestive System
Ch. 20
Urinary System
Ex. 48
Ex. 49
Ex. 58
Urinary Organs
Urinalysis
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Urinary System
Ch. 21
Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Ch. 22
Reproductive Systems
Ex. 50
Ex. 51
Ex. 59
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Reproductive Systems
Ch. 23
Pregnancy, Growth, and Development
Ex. 52
Fertilization and Early Development
Ch. 24
Genetics and Genomics
Ex. 53
Genetics
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11
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS AND
SUPPLEMENTAL LABORATORY EXERCISES
Ch. 9
Muscular System
Ex. 60
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Ch. 10
Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function
Ex. 61
Nerve Impulse Stimulation
Ch. 14
Blood
Ex. 62
Blood Testing
Ch. 15
Cardiovascular System
Ex. 63
Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
12
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE
Different instructional programs provide different lengths of time for laboratory preparations, work activities, and follow-up
discussions. Other factors that influence the time required for each exercise are the availability and variety of laboratory equipment
and materials. Consequently, it is difficult to make precise suggestions for the amounts of time that should be set aside for particular
laboratory exercises.
The suggested time schedule was prepared with these limitations in mind. The hours listed for each exercise indicate the
minimal time that probably will be needed for students who are acquainted with the subject matter of the exercise to complete the
laboratory work. Students who lack background information and who have to read various sections of the textbook before beginning
an exercises probably will require additional time. Similarly, students who are expected to complete the laboratory reports in class
may need more time.
Laboratory Exercise
Minimal Time
Ex. 1
Scientific Method and Measurements
Ex. 2
Body Organization and Terminology
Ex. 3
Chemistry of Life
Ex. 4
Care and Use of the Microscope
Ex. 5
Cell Structure and Function
Ex. 6
Movements Through Membranes
Ex. 7
Cell Cycle
Ex. 8
Epithelial Tissues
Ex. 9
Connective Tissues
Ex. 10 Muscle and Nervous Tissues
Ex. 11 Integumentary System
Ex. 12 Bone Structure and Classification
Ex. 13 Organization of the Skeleton
Ex. 14 Skull
Ex. 15 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 2 hr.
Ex. 16 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Ex. 17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Ex. 18 Joint Structure and Movements
Ex. 19 Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function
Ex. 20 Muscles of the Head and Neck
Ex. 21 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper
Limb
Ex. 22 Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall,
and Pelvic Floor
Ex. 23 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb
Ex. 24 Surface Anatomy
Ex. 25 Nervous Tissue and Nerves
Ex. 26 Brain and Cranial Nerves
Ex. 27 Dissection of the Sheep Brain
Ex. 28 Spinal Cord and Meninges
Ex. 29 Reflex Arc and Reflexes
Ex. 30 Receptors and General Senses
Ex. 31 Smell and Taste
Ex. 32 Ear and Hearing
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
3 hr.
1 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
3 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
2 hr.
1 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
Minimal Time
Laboratory Exercise
Ex. 33
Ex. 34
Ex. 35
Ex. 36
Ex. 37
Ex. 38
Ex. 39
Ex. 40
Ex. 41
Ex. 42
Ex. 43
Ex. 44
Ex. 45
Ex. 46
Ex. 47
Ex. 48
Ex. 49
Ex. 50
Ex. 51
Ex. 52
Ex. 53
Ex. 54
Ex. 55
Ear and Equilibrium
1 hr.
Eye Structure
3 hr.
Visual Tests and Demonstrations
2 hr.
Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology 3 hr.
Blood Cells and Blood Typing
3 hr.
Heart Structure
2 hr.
Cardiac Cycle
3 hr.
Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries, and Veins
3 hr.
Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
2 hr.
Lymphatic System
2 hr.
Digestive Organs
2 hr.
Action of a Digestive Enzyme
2 hr.
Respiratory Organs
2 hr.
Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
1 hr.
Control of Breathing
1 hr.
Urinary Organs
2 hr.
Urinalysis
3 hr.
Male Reproductive System
2 hr.
Female Reproductive System
2 hr.
Fertilization and Early Development
2 hr
Genetics
2 hr.
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Musculature
6 hr.
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Cardiovascular
System
3 hr.
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Digestive System 2 hr.
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Respiratory
System
2 hr.
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Urinary System 1 hr.
Cat (or Fetal Pig) Dissection: Reproductive
Systems
2 hr.
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
3 hr.
Nerve Impulse Stimulation
3 hr.
Blood Testing
2 hr.
Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle
3 hr.
Ex. 56
Ex. 57
Ex. 58
Ex. 59
Ex. 60
Ex. 61
Ex. 62
Ex. 63
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13
LABORATORY EXERCISE 1
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND MEASUREMENTS
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Answers and data will vary.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. Answers will vary, however many students will conclude that the data will support the original hypothesis.
PART B
1 – 6. Answers will vary
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14
LABORATORY EXERCISE 2
BODY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY
Instructional Suggestions
If a dissectible human torso model (manikin) is not available, you might want to have students consult the figures in various sections
of a textbook, particularly the body sections in the reference plates, to gain some understanding of the organizational pattern of the
human body.
Figure Labels
FIG. 2.1
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominal cavity
3. Abdominopelvic cavity
4.
5.
6.
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
FIG. 2.2.a
1. Visceral pleura
2. Pleural cavity
3. Parietal pleura
4.
5.
6.
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
FIG. 2.2b
7. Visceral peritoneum
8. Peritoneal cavity
9.
Parietal peritoneum
FIG. 2.5
1. Sagittal plane (median; midsagittal plane)
2. Frontal (coronal) plane
3.
Transverse (horizontal) plane
FIG. 2.6a
1. Epigastric region
2. Right hypochondriac region
3. Right lateral (lumbar) region
4. Umbilical region
5. Right inguinal (iliac) region
6.
7.
8.
9.
Left hypochondriac region
Left lateral (lumbar) region
Left inguinal (iliac) region
Pubic (hypogastric) region
12.
13.
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
FIG. 2.6b
10. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
11. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
FIG. 2.7a
1. Nasal
2. Oral
3. Cervical
4. Acromial
5. Axillary
6. Mammary
7. Brachial
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Antecubital
Abdominal
Antebrachial
Carpal
Palmar
Digital
Gential
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Crural
Tarsal
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Buccal
Mental
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
FIG. 2.7b
1. Otic
2. Occipital
3. Acromial
4. Vertebral
5.
6.
7.
8.
Brachial
Dorsum
Cubital
Lumbar
9.
10.
11.
12.
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal
Femoral
13. Popliteal
14. Sural (calf)
15. Plantar
Sternal
Pectoral
Umbilical
Inguinal
Coxal
Patellar
Pedal
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15
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. a
2. d
3. a
4.
5.
6.
a
b
c
7.
8.
9.
a
c
d
10. e
11. d
12. a
PART B
1. c
2. d
3. h
4.
5.
6.
g
j
i
7.
8.
9.
e
f
k
10. b
11. a
PART C
1. Inferior
2. (Correct)
3. (Correct)
4.
5.
6.
Anterior
(Correct)
(Correct)
7.
8.
9.
Distal
(Correct)
(Correct)
10. (Correct)
11. Contralateral
12. Posterior
PART D
1. e
2. k
3. b
4.
5.
6.
i
l
j
7.
8.
9.
g
c
d
10. h
11. f
12. a
PART E
1. l
2. c
3. h
4.
5.
6.
i
k
f
7.
8.
9.
j
g
d
10. a
11. b
12. e
4.
5.
6.
RUQ
LUQ or LLQ
LUQ
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
PART F
1. LUQ
2. RLQ
3. Any or all quadrants
PART G
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16
LABORATORY EXERCISE 3
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Instructional Suggestions
1. The 7 assorted common liquids for the pH tests could include among the following: orange juice, lemon juice, milk, bottled
water, baking soda solution, aspirin solution, borax solution, ammonia, vinegar, antacid, liquid soap, cola, and diluted catsup. Any
beverage can be used, and any household product, even solids if they can be dissolved.
2.
The unknown compounds could include among the following: diluted milk, diluted corn syrup, chicken or beef broth, diluted
potato soup, diluted pudding, salad dressing, egg substitute, and diluted yogurt. It is very important to use some numbering code
to keep track of which unknown is which. The unknowns often look alike and are easily confused. The students need to be
instructed to take care not to contaminate their unknown. They need to be reminded to perform all tests, as students often think if
they get one positive result they can stop. Be aware that different brands of food products can contain different ingredients.
Inform the students when heating the samples using Benedict’s solution, if there is a protein present it may denature or become
solid, which should not be interpreted as a positive result.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A (matching)
1. b
2. e
3. h
4. j
5.
6.
7.
8.
f
i
c
d
PART A (molecules and bonding)
1. 1; 1
3. (sketches)
2. 17; 7
4. No; No
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. No
PART C
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
4.
Various substances
dissolved in tap water
will influence the pH
3.
4.
(experimental results)
(experimental results)
9.
10.
11.
12.
k
g
a
l
5.
6.
Ionic
(sketches)
5.
(experimental results)
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Answers will vary. However, albumin has the highest protein value along with the lowest amount of carbohydrates (starch and sugar.)
PART D
1 – 4. (experimental results) Answers will vary depending upon the unknown compound selected.
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17
LABORATORY EXERCISE 4
CARE AND USE OF THE MICROSCOPE
Instructional Suggestions
1. To stimulate student interest in use of the microscope, you may want to have students prepare wet mounts of pond water and
observe the various forms of life present. A plankton net is a helpful device to concentrate pond organisms. Students can be
encouraged to bring samples of pond water to class in preparation for this experiment.
2.
You may want to provide students with prepared slides of major human organs to examine as a way of increasing their experience
with using the microscope.
3.
If oil-immersion objectives are available, you may want to provide students with prepared slides of various forms of bacteria to
observe using these objectives.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Answers will vary depending upon the order of the three colored threads. However, the colored thread on the top will be in focus first,
the middle one second, and the bottom one last as the student continues to turn the fine adjustment the same direction.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. 100×
2. 1,000×
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. About 4.5 mm for scanning power (using
4× objective)
3. About 4,500 micrometers
PART C
1. (sketch)
2. About 1.7 mm (using a 10× objective)
3. The diameter of the scanning-power field of view is
about 2.6 times greater than that of the low-power
field of view.
4. Student is unable to see two adjacent mm lines on the
scale in a high-power field of view.
PART D
1. f
2. i
3. c
4. a
5. h
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
5.
About 2.2 mm
About 2,200 micrometers
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Light intensity is decreased when high-power objective is used.
(sketch)
Upside down and reversed from right to left
Left
Toward the observer
j
d
b
g
e
PART E
(sketches)
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18
LABORATORY EXERCISE 5
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Instructional Suggestions
1. Instead of preparing cheek cell slides, you may want to have students prepare slides of plant cells using Elodea leaves or onion
skin.
2. If live frogs are available, you may want to pith the frogs and have students prepare wet mounts using small samples of the
ciliated epithelium that lines the oral cavity. They also can prepare smears of frog blood and stain the cells with methylene blue,
and prepare wet mounts of sperm cells from the testes of the male frogs. You then might provide students with prepared slides of
human ciliated epithelium, blood, and sperm cells and have the students compare the frog cells with the human cells.
Figure Labels
FIG. 5.1
1. Flagellum
2. Centrioles
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5. Nucleus
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cilia
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The outer body surface is the same tissue as inside the cheek, however outer surface cells are dead from drying out.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. a
2. g
3. k
4. l
5.
6.
7.
8.
i
f
c
b
9.
10.
11.
12.
PART B
1. (sketch)
3.
2. The wet-mount cells look like shells or “ghosts.”
The stained cells made the nucleus and other cellular
components more clearly visible.
PART C
1. (sketches)
2. They should always notice cytoplasm, nucleus,
nuclear envelope, and cell membrane
PART D (FIG. 5.4)
1. Nucleolus
2. Chromatin
3. Nuclear envelope
4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
3.
d
e
h
j
Yes. The stained cheek cells are essentially the same size
and shape; however, the process of cell removal may cause
many of the cells to become folded and distorted.
Answers will vary.
5. Mitochondria
6. Answers will vary
7. Only nonliving cells can be observed, and only sections of a cell
can be observed
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19
LABORATORY EXERCISE 6
MOVEMENTS THROUGH MEMBRANES
Instructional Suggestion
Instead of using human blood for Procedure C, you may want to substitute some other type of animal blood obtained from a meat
packing house, a veterinarian, or a biological supplier. The hemolysis experiment, using RBCs from a safe source, demonstrates
concepts of osmosis, tonicity, and membrane characteristics.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
(experimental results)
3. Answers will vary.
1.
2.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Yes
Yes
4.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration as
a result of molecular motion.
3.
No
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
4.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Water entered the thistle tube through the membrane,
thus increasing the volume of liquid in the tube as a
result of osmosis.
1.
2.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Yes
No
PART C
1. (sketches)
2. Tube 3. There was a net movement of water out of
the cells.
PART D
1. Water, glucose, and starch.
2. The tests for glucose and starch were positive.
3. Gravity
4. Charcoal
1.
2.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
No
Yes
2.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a
selectively permeable membrane.
3.
Yes
3.
4.
Tube 1. There was a net movement of water into the cells.
Tube 2. There was no net movement of water into or out of
the cells.
5.
6.
Pore in the filter paper were too small.
Filtration is the movement of substances through a membrane
as a result of hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side
of the membrane than on the other side.
3.
Yes
PART E
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20
LABORATORY EXERCISE 7
CELL CYCLE
Figure Labels
FIG. 7.4
1. Chromosome (chromatid)
2. Centromere
3.
4.
Centrioles
Spindle fiber (microtubules)
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Interphase. Even in rapidly dividing cells interphase is the most prevalent because it requires the longest period of time for growth and
duplication of cell structures.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
Table:
Stage
Major Events Occurring
Interphase
Growth, duplication of cell structures, and normal metabolism take place.
Prophase
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse; chromatin fibers condense, forming chromosomes (paired
chromatids); centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
Metaphase
Chromosomes align midway between centrioles.
Anaphase
Microtubules pull sister chromatids toward centrioles.
Telophase
Chromosomes elongate and become chromatin fibers; nuclear envelopes reassemble.
Cytokinesis
Cell membrane constricts, dividing cell into new cells (daughter cells).
PART B
(sketches)
PART C (FIG. 7.6a-d)
1. a. Metaphase
b. Telophase
2.
3
5
2
c.
d.
Prophase
Anaphase
1
4
6
PART D
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21
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22
LABORATORY EXERCISE 8
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. f
2. d
3. c
4.
5.
6.
d
c
d
7.
8.
9.
e
f
b
10. a
11. a
12. e
PART B
(sketches)
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Stratified squamous epithelium would have excellent protection as it is several cells thick. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with
cilia would provide good movement of mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs.
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23
LABORATORY EXERCISE 9
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. f
2. a
3. c
4. d
5.
6.
7.
8.
b
e
a
i
9.
10.
11.
12.
h
d
g
j
PART B
(sketches)
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The spleen is composed of reticular connective tissue. This type of tissue contains only short, thin, collagenous fibers (reticular fibers)
that are widely scattered. The result is a delicate distribution of fibers among cells and a fluid ground substance. (Spleen repair is
difficult due to the short reticular fibers. A ruptured spleen is sometimes removed in surgery.)
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24
LABORATORY EXERCISE 10
MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. a
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
b
c
a
9.
10.
11.
12.
d
b
c
d
PART B
(sketches)
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25
LABORATORY EXERCISE 11
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 11.1
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
4.
5.
6.
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Hair follicle
FIG. 11.2
1. Hair shaft
2. Sebaceous gland
3. Hair root
4.
5.
6.
Arrector pili muscle
Hair follicle
Apocrine sweat gland
7.
8.
Merocrine sweat gland
Blood vessels
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Melanin granules are concentrated within some of the most superficial living cells of the body. Because melanin absorbs the
ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, minimal damaging wavelengths reach the living cells of the dermis. (Most of the melanin granules are
orientated on the superficial side of the nucleus that serve as a protective shield of the nucleus of the epidermal cells.)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. j
2. l
3. a
4. g
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
h
d
i
9.
10.
11.
12.
f
k
e
b
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle
divide and grow, pushing older cells outward;
as these cells die, they become keratinized
parts of the hair.
4. The pigment melanin is produced by melanocytes.
PART C
1. The epidermis is the superficial layer composed of
stratified squamous epithelium. The dermis is the deep layer
of skin composed mostly of irregular dense connective tissue.
The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and composed
of areolar and adipose connective tissues.
2. Cells of the stratum basale are living and reproduce actively;
cells of the stratum corneum are dead and keratinized
and form the surface layer of the skin.
PART D
1. Hair root
2. Dermis
3.
4.
Melanin is found in the stratum basale.
It contains both elastic and collagenous fibers that give
the dermis the qualities of elasticity and strength.
3.
Sebaceous glands are connected to hair
follicles and secrete sebum into the follicles.
Hair follicles
4.
PART E
(sketch)
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26
LABORATORY EXERCISE 12
BONE STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION
Figure Labels
FIG. 12.1
1. Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
2. Spongy bone (red marrow)
3. Medullary cavity
4. Yellow marrow
5. Compact bone
FIG. 12.2
1. Spongy bone
2. Compact bone
3. Osteon
4. Perisoteum
5. Central canal
6.
7.
8.
9.
Periosteum
Proximal epiphysis
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Perforating canal
Blood vessels
Nerve
Canaliculus
Osteocyte
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The closest blood supply to an osteocyte is located in the central canal of an osteon unit. Nutrients and wastes can move from one cell
to another via small cellular processes located in minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi. In this way, all of the osteocytes of one
osteon are tied together to a blood source.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Flat
8.
2. Short
9.
3. Long
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid or round
6. Flat
7. Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long bone;
diaphysis refers to the shaft between the ends of such
a bone.
PART B
1. Periosteum composed of irregular dense connective
tissue forms the outer covering of a bone, whereas
endosteum composed of reticular connective tissue
lines its hollow, internal chambers.
2. Compact bone has osteons closely packed together,
and spongy bone has large spaces between thin
bony plates called trabeculae.
.
PART C (FIG. 12.5 a-b)
1. Epiphysis (distal)
2. Diaphysis
3. Epiphysis (proximal)
3.
4.
4.
5.
6.
Hyaline cartilage covers the articular ends of a long bone.
Dense irregular connective tissue comprises the periosteum that
encloses the bone except for its articular ends.
Compact bone provides strength in the shaft and
along the borders of the bone. Spongy bone reduces
the weight of the bone and provides spaces occupied
by red marrow.
The marrow of the medullary cavity of an adult is yellow, but
marrow in the spaces of spongy bone is red.
Medullary cavity
Compact bone
Spongy bone
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27
LABORATORY EXERCISE 13
ORGANIZATION OF THE SKELETON
Figure Labels
FIG. 3.1a
1. Cranial bones (cranium) 5.
2. Facial bones (face)
6.
3. Skull
7.
4. Clavicle
Sternum
Rib
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
8.
9.
10.
11.
Hip bone
Carpals
Metacarpal
Phalanx
12.
13.
14.
15.
FIG. 13.1b
1. Scapula
2. Humerus
3. Ulna
Radius
Femur
Tibia
7.
8.
Fibula
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
9. Sacrum
10. Coccyx
4.
5.
6.
Patella
Tarsals
Matatarsal
Phalanx
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. The largest foramen in the human body is the obturator
foramen in the hip bones.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Axial
2. Sutural (wormian)
3. Skull
4. Hyoid
5. Coccyx
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sternum
Twelve
Pectoral
Ulna
Carpals
11.
12.
13.
14.
Sacrum
Patella
Tarsals
Phalanges
PART B
1. c
2. e
3.
4.
a
d
5.
6.
g
b
7.
f
PART C
1. c
2. a
3.
4.
g
e
5.
6.
b
d
7.
f
PART D (FIG. 13.2)
1. 1. Hip bone
2. Sternum
3. Sacrum
4. Fibula
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ulna
Scapula
Radius
Clavicle
9.
10.
11.
12.
Humerus
Patella
Femur
Tibia
13. Rib
2. The sacrum, rib and sternum are part of the axial skeleton.
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28
LABORATORY EXERCISE 14
SKULL
Instructional Suggestion
You might want to have the students use colored pencils to color the bones in figure 14.2. They should use a different color for each of
the individual bones in the series. This activity should cause the students to observe the figures more carefully and help them to locate
the various bones that are shown from different views in the figures. The students can check their work by referring to the
corresponding full-color figures in the textbook.
Figure Labels
FIG. 14.1
1. Parietal bone
2. Frontal bone
3. Coronal suture
4. Temporal bone
5. Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone)
6. Infraorbital foramen
7. Vomer
8. Mandible
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Supraorbital foramen
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mental foramen
FIG. 14.2
1. Parietal bone
2. Squamous suture
3. Lambdoid suture
4. Temporal bone
5. Occipital bone
6. Temporal process (of zygomatic bone)
7. External acoustic meatus
8. Mastoid process
9. Styloid process
10. Mandibular condyle
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Coronoid process
FIG. 14.3
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Vomer
5. Zygomatic arch
6. Styloid process
7. Mastoid process
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Occipital condyle
Temporal bone
Palatine process (of maxilla)
Palatine bone
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
FIG. 14.4
1. Ethmoid bone
2. Foramen magnum
3. Crista galli
4. Cribriform plate (olfactory foramina)
5. Frontal bone
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Sella turcica
Parietal bone
Occiptal bone
FIG. 14.5
1. Coronal suture
2. Frontal bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Frontal sinus
5. Nasal bone
6. Maxilla
7. Parietal bone
8. Temporal bone
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Sella turcica
Styloid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Vomer
Mandible
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29
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone with numerous olfactory foramina is a weak location of the cranium. Excessive pressure on
the cribiform plate could result in a skull fracture.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid cranial bones are visible on a lateral view of the skull
2. Coronal
5. Squamous
3. Sagittal
6. Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
4. Lambdoid
7. Maxilla
PART B
1. d
2. a
3. a
4.
5.
6.
f
c
f
7.
8.
9.
f
a
c
10. e
11. f
12. b
PART C
1. e
2. c
3. c
4.
5.
6.
h
d
g
7.
8.
9.
h
a
d
10. c
11. f
12. b
PART D
1. c
2. a
3.
4.
g
f
5.
6.
d
b
7.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Mandible
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha
Mental foramen
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Mandibular condyle
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Palatine process of maxilla
Palatine bone
Vomer
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Sella turcica
Foramen magnum
e
PART E (FIG. 14.10-14.13)
FIG. 14.10
1. Frontal bone
2. Nasal bone
3. Zygomatic bone
4. Infraorbital foramen
5. Maxilla
FIG. 14.11
1. Parietal bone
2. Squamous suture
3. Temporal bone
4. Lambdoid suture
5. Occipital bone
6. External acoustic meatus
7. Mastoid process
FIG. 14.12
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Temporal bone
5. Occipital bone
6. Incisive foramen
FIG. 14.13
1. Frontal bone
2. Temporal bone
3. Parietal bone
4. Occiptal bone
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30
LABORATORY EXERCISE 15
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE
Figure Labels
FIG. 15.1
1. Cervical vertebrae
2. Thoracic vertebrae
3. Lumbar vertebrae
4. Sacrum
FIG. 15.2 a-b
8
3
4
7
FIG. 15.3 a-c
6
7
3
5
4
5.
6.
7.
Coccyx
Intervertebral foramina
Intervertebral discs
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sacral canal
Tubercles of median sacral crest
Posterior sacral foramen
Sacral hiatus
1
6
5
2
1
9
2
8
FIG. 15.4
1. Superior articular process
2. Anterior sacral foramen
3. Coccyx
4. Superior articular process
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebal column to function more like a spring instead
of a rigid rod.
FIG. 15.5
1. True ribs
2. False ribs
3. Thoracic vertebra
4. Manubrium
5. Body
6.
7.
8.
9.
Xiphoid process
Sternum
Costal cartilage
Floating ribs
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Axis
Dens
Lumbar
Five
Sacral promontory
Sacral hiatus
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Spinal cord
2. 26
3. Bodies
4. Spinal nerves
5. Vertebral arteries
6. Atlas
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31
PART B
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32
Vertebra
Number
Size
Body
Spinous Process
Transverse
Foramina
Cervical
7
Smallest
Smallest
C2 through C6 are
forked (bifid)
Present
Thoracic
12
Intermediate
Intermediate
Pointed and angled
downward
Absent
Lumbar
5
Largest
Largest
Short, blunt, and
nearly horizontal
Absent
PART C
1. Floating
2. Seven
3. Hyaline cartilage
PART D (FIG. 15.7)
1. Spinous process
2. Atlas
3. Axis
4. Clavicles
5. a. Supports pectoral girdle and arms
b. Protects visceral organs in thoracic and upper abdominal cavities
c. Aids in breathing
4. Transverse process
5. Intervertebral disc
6. Body (of sixth cervical vertebra)
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33
LABORATORY EXERCISE 16
PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 16.1
1. Clavicle
2. Rib
3. Sternum
4. Costal cartilage
5. Scapula
6. Humerus
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Ulna
Radius
Acromion process
Head of humerus
Coracoid process
FIG. 16.2a-b
1. Acromion process
2. Coracoid process
3. Spine
4. Supraspinous fossa
5. Infraspinous fossa
6.
7.
8.
9.
Glenoid cavity
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise force occurs on this
structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it is likely to fracture.
FIG. 16.3a-b
1. Head
2. Lesser tubercle
3. Deltoid tuberosity
4. Coronoid fossa
5. Lateral epicondyle
FIG. 16.4
1. Head of radius
2. Radial tuberosity
3. Styloid process of radius
4. Olecranon process
FIG. 16.5
1. Olecranon process
2. Humerus
3. Olecranon fossa
FIG. 16.6
1. Scaphoid
2. Capitate
3. Trapezoid
4. Trapezium
5. Carpals (carpus)
6. Metacarpals (metacarpus)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Capitulum
Trochlea
Greater tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
5.
6.
7.
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Head of ulna
4.
5.
6.
Head of radius
Radius
Ulna
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Phalanges
Lunate
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
5.
6.
7.
8.
Spine
Acromion
Coracoid
Head
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Scapulae
2. Manubrium (clavicular notch)
3. Acromion
4. Clavicle
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34
PART B
1. a
2. b
3. b
4.
5.
6.
b
c
d
PART C (FIGS. 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9)
FIG. 16.7
FIG. 16.8
1. Humerus
1. Acromion process
2. Olecranon process
2. Head of humerus
3. Head of radius
3. Clavicle
4. Radius
4. Scapula
5. Ulna
5. Rib
6. Humerus
7.
8.
9.
b
a
b
10. e
11. a
12. f
FIG. 16.9
1. Phalanges
2. Metacarpals
3. Carpals
4. Distal phalanx
5. Proximal phalanx
PART D (FIG. 16.10)
6
12
5
2
9
11
4
10
1
8
7
3
PART E
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35
LABORATORY EXERCISE 17
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 17.1
1.
2.
Hip bone (coxal bone; pelvic bone; innominate bone)
Sacrum
FIG. 17.2a
1. Ilium
2. Ischial spine
3. Ischium
4. Ischial tuberosity
5. Iliac crest
FIG. 17.2b
1. Anterior superior iliac spine
2. Ilium
3. Pubis
3.
Coccyx
6.
7.
8.
9.
Anterior superior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Pubis
Obturator foramen
4.
5.
6.
Iliac crest
Ischial spine
Ischium
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
All of the features examined are wider in the female pelvis which will result in a larger pelvic cavity and must also serve as a birth
canal for a vaginal delivery.
FIG. 17.4a-b
1. Head
2. Fovea capitis
3. Greater trochanter
4. Neck
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lateral epicondyle
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
FIG. 17.5
1. Head of fibula
2. Fibula
3. Lateral malleolus
4. Medial condyle
5.
6.
7.
Tibial tuberosity
Tibia
Medial malleolus
FIG. 17.6
1. Medial condyle
2. Femur
3. Lateral condyle
4.
5.
Fibula
Tibia
FIG. 17.7
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Cuboid
4. Navicular
5. Lateral cuneiform
6. Intermediate cuneiform
7. Medial cuneiform
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Tarsals (tarsus)
Metatarsals (metatarsus)
Phalanges
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Hip bones
2. Acetabulum
3. Ilium
4.
5.
6.
Ischial spines
Pubic symphysis
Iliac crest
7.
8.
9.
Tuberosity
Pubic arch
Obturator foramen
10. Sacroiliac
PART B
1. e
2. a
4.
5.
a
f
7.
8.
g
f
10. b
11. d
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36
3.
g
6.
f
PART C (FIGS. 17.8, 17.9, and 17.10)
FIG. 17.8
FIG. 17.9
1. Obturator foramen
1. Lateral epicondyle
2. Pubic symphysis
2. Lateral condyle
3. Ilium
3. Head of fibula
4. Sacrum
4. Fibula
5. Head of femur
5. Femur
6. Pubis
6. Tibia
PART D (FIG. 17.11)
1. Distal phalanges
2. Proximal phalanges
3. Metatarsals
4. Medial cuneiform
5. Intermediate cuneiform
6. Lateral cuneiform
9.
a
12. c
FIG. 17.10
1. Metatarsal
2. Proximal phalanx
3. Distal phalanx
4. Tibia
5. Talus
6. Calcaneus
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Navicular
Talus
Middle phalanges
Cuboid
Calcaneus
PART E
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37
LABORATORY EXERCISE 18
JOINT STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENTS
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Maximum flexion of body parts can occur when in fetal position or performing a cannon ball into a swimming pool.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. b
2. c
3. d
4.
5.
e
a
PART B (FIG. 18.4)
1. Fibrous (suture); synarthrosis
2. Cartilaginous (symphysis); amphiarthrosis
3. Cartilaginous (symphysis); amphiarthrosis
4. Synovial (plane); diarthrosis
5. Synovial (hinge); diarthrosis
6.
7.
8.
9.
Synovial (pivot); diarthrosis
Synovial (condylar); diarthrosis
Synovial (saddle); diarthrosis
Synovial (ball-and-socket); diarthrosis
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a
c
f
e
e
PART C
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. c
PART D
Table:
Type of Joint
Bones Included
Types of Movement Possible
Ball-and-socket
Humerus, scapula
Movements in all planes and rotation
Hinge, plane, pivot
Humerus, radius, ulna
Flexion and extension between humerus and ulna; twisting
movements occur between radius and humerus; rotation between
head of radius and ulna
Ball-and-socket
Femur, hip bone
Movements in all planes and rotation
Hinge (modified),
condylar, plane
Femur, tibia, patella
Flexion and extension between femur and tibia and slight rotation
when flexed; sliding (gliding) movements occur between femur
and patella
PART E (FIG. 18.5)
1. Rotation
2. Elevation
3. Depression
4. Supination
5. Pronation
6. Abduction
7. Adduction
8. Flexion
9. Extension
10. Abduction
11. Adduction
12. Circumduction
13. Protraction
14. Retraction
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
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38
LABORATORY EXERCISE 19
SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Figure Labels
FIG. 19.3
1. Fascicle
2. Sacroplasmic reticulum
3. Tendon
4.
5.
Perimysium
Nucleus
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. l
2. i
3. c
4.
5.
6.
f
g
b
PART B (FIG. 19.5)
1. Sarcomere
2. Z line
PART C
1. Origin
2. Insertion
3.
4.
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
7.
8.
9.
h
a
j
3.
4.
I band (light)
A band (dark)
5.
6.
Agonist
Synergists
10. k
11. e
12. d
7.
8.
Agonists
Prime mover
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39
LABORATORY EXERCISE 20
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Figure Labels
FIG. 20.1
1. Temporalis
2. Occipitalis (epicranius)
3. Masseter
4. Sternocleidomastoid
5. Platysma
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Frontalis (epicranius)
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
FIG. 20.2
1. Lateral pterygoid
2.
Medial pterygoid
FIG. 20.3
1. Semispinalis capitis
2.
Splenius capitis
PART A
1. Zygomaticus major
2. Buccinator
3. Orbicularis oris
4. Lateral pterygoid
5. Temporalis
6. Medial
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Lateral
Orbicularis oculi
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Platysma
Zygomaticus
PART B
1. Epicranius
2. Zygomaticus major (or minor)
3. Masseter
4. Lateral pterygoid
5. Sternocleidomastoid
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Buccinator
Platysma
Temporalis
Semispinalis capitis
Scalenes
4.
5.
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
Laboratory Report Answers
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
PART C (FIG. 20.4)
1. Epicranius (frontalis)
2. Zygomaticus major
3. Orbicularis oculi
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40
LABORATORY EXERCISE 21
MUSCLES OF THE CHEST, SHOULDER, AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 21.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Trapezius
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
5.
6.
7.
8.
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
9.
Rhomboid major
3.
4.
Pectoralis major
Deltoid
5.
Serratus anterior
4.
5.
6.
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
3.
4.
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
3.
4.
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
3.
4.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digitorum
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
j
a
b
l
k
11. d
12. f
5.
Teres major
6.
Subscapularis
10. Brachioradialis
11. Flexor carpi radialis
12. Palmaris longus
7.
8.
9.
Teres minor
Brachialis
Pronator teres
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Biceps brachii
Serratus anterior
External oblique
Deltoid
Trapezius
FIG. 21.2
1.
2.
Pectoralis minor
Internal intercostal
FIG. 21.3a
1.
2.
3.
Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
FIG. 21.3b
1.
2.
Deltoid
Subscapularis
FIG. 21.4a
1.
2.
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
FIG. 21.4b
1.
2.
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c
g
e
i
h
PART B
1.
2.
Rhomboid major
Serratus anterior
3.
Pectoralis minor
4.
Coracobrachialis
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
PART C (FIG. 21.5a-c)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Rectus abdominis
Sternocleidomastoid
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Infraspinatus
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
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41
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii
Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
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42
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43
LABORATORY EXERCISE 22
MUSCLES OF THE DEEP BACK, ABDOMINAL WALL, AND PELVIC FLOOR
Figure Labels
FIG. 22.1
1. Longissimus (intermediate group)
2. Spinalis (medial group)
FIG. 22.2
1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3.
Iliocostalis (lateral group)
3.
4.
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
An appendectomy incision would involve the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles from
superficial to deep.
FIG. 22.3
1. Bulbospongiosus
2. Ischiocavernosus
3.
4.
Superficial transversus perinei
Levator ani
FIG. 22.4
1. Ischiocavernosus
2. Bulbospongiosus
3.
4.
Superficial transversus perinei
Levator ani
4.
5.
6.
Flex and rotate vertebral column
Flex the vertebral column
Erector spinae group
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ischial tuberosity
Levator ani
Support the pelvic viscera
Ischial spine
External urethral sphincter
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Linea alba
2. Rectus abdominis
3. Transversus abdominis
PART B
1. Pelvic diaphragm (floor)
2. Close the anal canal
3. Support the pelvic viscera and provide sphincterlike
action in the anal canal and vagina (aid the levator ani)
4. Bulbospongiosus
5. Constrict the vagina
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44
LABORATORY EXERCISE 23
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 23.1
1. Tensor fasciae latae
2. Sartorius
3. Rectus femoris
4. Vastus lateralis
5. Vastus medialis
6.
7.
8.
9.
Psoas major
Iliacus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
4.
5.
6.
Tensor fasciae latae
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
FIG. 23.3
1. Adductor magnus
2. Gracilis
3. Gluteus medius
4. Gluteus maximus
5.
6.
7.
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
FIG. 23.4
1. Fibularis (peroneus) longus
2. Tibialis anterior
3.
Extensor digitorum longus
FIG. 23.5
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Fibularis (peroneus) longus
4.
5.
6.
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
FIG. 23.6
1. Gastrocnemius
2.
Soleus
PART A
1. e
2. b
3. f
4. h
5. c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
j
a
g
i
PART B
1. Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
2. Adductor magnus
3. Sartorius
4. Gastrocnemius
5. Tensor fasciae latae
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Vastus lateralis
Semitendinosus
Vastus medialis
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
5.
6.
7.
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
FIG. 23.2
1. Gluteus medius
2. Gluteus maximus
3. Biceps femoris
Laboratory Report Answers
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
PART C (FIG. 23.7)
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus medialis
3. Vastus lateralis
4. Sartorius
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45
LABORATORY EXERCISE 24
SURFACE ANATOMY
Figure Labels
FIG. 24.1
1. Hyoid bone
2. Mandible
3.
4.
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius (upper)
FIG. 24.3a-b
1. Sternum
2. Sternocleidomastoid
3.
4.
Biceps brachii
Serratus anterior
FIG. 24.4
1. Acromion process
2.
Olecranon process
3.
Lateral malleolus
3.
4.
Calcaneal tendon
Gastrocnemius
FIG. 24.6
1. Medial malleolus
2. Patella
FIG. 24.8
1. Lateral malleolus
2. Patella
Table 24.1 Representative Bony and Soft Tissue Surface Features
Bony and Soft Tissues
Bony Features
Soft Tissue Features
Biceps brachii
X
Calcaneal tendon
X
Deltoid
X
Gastrocnemius
X
Greater trochanter
X
Head of fibula
X
Iliac crest
X
Iliotibial tract
X
Lateral malleolus
X
Mandible
X
Mastoid process
X
Medial border of scapula
X
Rectus abdominis
X
Sacrum
X
Serratus anterior
X
Sternocleidomastoid
X
Sternum
X
Thenar eminence
X
Tibialis anterior
X
Zygomatic arch
Laboratory Report Answers
Part A
1. b
4.
2. d
5.
X
d
b
7.
8.
c
b
10. a
11. a
13. d
14. c
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46
3.
b
Part B
FIG. 24.9a
1. Zygomatic arch
2. Trapezius
3. Clavicle
4. Xiphoid process
5. Rectus abdominis
6. Iliac crest
7. Greater trochanter
8. Tibial tuberosity
9. Tibia
10. Acromion process
FIG. 24.9a (continued)
11. Pectoralis major
12. Biceps brachii
13. Thenar eminence
14. Vastus lateralis
15. Head of fibula
6.
a
9.
c
12. c
FIG. 24.9b
1. Mastoid process
2. Erector spinae
3. Iliac crest
4. Styloid process of ulna
5. Iliotibial tract
6. Popliteal fossa
7. External occipital protuberance
8. C7
9. Medial border of scapula
10. Inferior angle of scapula
FIG. 24.9b (continued)
11. Olecranon process
12. Sacrum
13. Distal interphangeal joint
14. Soleus
15. Calcaneal tendon
Part C (FIG. 24.10)
Answers will vary.
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47
LABORATORY EXERCISE 25
NERVOUS TISSUE AND NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 25.1
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Nodes of Ranvier
4.
5.
6.
Schwann cell
Dendrites
Cell body
FIG. 25.2
1. Neurilemma (of Schwann cell)
2. Myelin sheath (of Schwann cell)
3.
4.
Axon (nerve fiber)
Schwann cell nucleus
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. g
2. c
3.
4.
h
f
5.
6.
e
d
7.
8.
a
b
PART B
1. d
2. f
3.
4.
h
g
5.
6.
e
a
7.
8.
c
b
PART C
(sketches)
PART D
(sketches)
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48
LABORATORY EXERCISE 26
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 26.1
12
1
10
4
8
3
FIG. 26.2
1. Frontal lobe
2. Insula
3. Temporal lobe
6
11
5
7
9
2
4.
5.
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
FIG. 26.3
1. Motor area for voluntary muscle control
2. Motor speech area (Broca’s area)
3. Auditory area
4.
5.
6.
Cutaneous sensory area
Sensory speech area (Wernicke's area)
Visual area
FIG. 26.4
1. (I) Olfactory nerve
2. (II) Optic nerve
3. (III) Oculomotor nerve
4. (IV) Trochlear nerve
5. (V) Trigeminal nerve
6. (VI) Abducens nerve
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
(VII) Facial nerve
(VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve
(IX) Glossopharyngeal nerve
(X) Vagus nerve
(XI) Accessory nerve
(XII) Hypoglossal nerve
PART A
1. j
2. f
3. k
4. c
5. e
6. a
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
i
l
h
d
g
b
PART B (FIG. 26.5)
1. Corpus callosum
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Diencephalon
5. Midbrain
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
PART C
1. k
2. l
3. j
4. i
5. f
6. g
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
b
e
h
a
c
d
Laboratory Report Answers
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49
LABORATORY EXERCISE 27
DISSECTION OF THE SHEEP BRAIN
Instructional Suggestion
Rather than have students dissect sheep brains, you might want to provide the class with samples of whole sheep brains and
sectioned brains for examination. This should extend the use of the available specimens.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The brain would have the delicate pia mater adhering to its outer surface of the gyri and sulci. The arachnoid mater spans
the fissures of the brain. The dura mater of the meninges probably remained adhering to the inside of the skull when the
brain was removed.
2. The human cerebral hemispheres are relatively larger than those of the sheep.
3. There are more gyri and sulci in the human cerebrum.
4. The human cerebrum with its larger size and greater number of gyri is more complex and thus able to carry on more
complex functions.
5. The human cerebellum is divided in the midline (vermis) into two hemispheres, whereas the sheep cerebellum is not
divided.
6. The olfactory bulbs of the sheep brain are larger than those of the human brain.
7. The olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves seem to be most highly developed in the sheep brain.
8. The senses of smell and sight and the sensory functions associated with the trigeminal nerve are highly developed.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
PART B
1-6. Answers will vary. The sheep brain and the human brain features are more similar than different. Therefore a complete list
of similar features would be very long. Among similar features include two cerebral hemispheres, medulla oblongata, pineal
gland, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, olfactory bulb, four ventricles, and others. (Note only 6 answers are
needed.) Mammal brains have more similarities than differences.
PART C (FIG. 27.6)
4
1
2
8
7
6
3
9
5
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50
LABORATORY EXERCISE 28
SPINAL CORD AND MENINGES
Figure Labels
FIG. 28.1
1. Subarachnoid space
2. White matter
3. Posterior root of spinal nerve
4. Anterior root of spinal nerve
5.
6.
7.
Body of vertebra
Epidural space
Gray matter
FIG. 28.2
1. Posterior horn
2. Lateral funiculus
3. Anterior horn
4. Central canal
5.
6.
7.
Gray commissure
Anterior median fissure
Anterior funiculus
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Anterior
Gray commissure
Central canal
Funiculi
Nerve tracts
4.
5.
d
c
FIG. 28.5
1. Pia mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Dura mater
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Spinal nerves
2. Cervical enlargement
3. Lumbar enlargement
4. Posterior median sulcus
5. Horns
PART B
1. b
2. e
3. a
PART C (FIG. 28.6)
8
4
5
1
6
3
2
7
PART D
1. b
2. c
3.
4.
d
f
5.
6.
g
a
7.
e
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51
LABORATORY EXERCISE 29
REFLEX ARC AND REFLEXES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Pathways
2. Central nervous system (spinal cord)
3. Reflexes
4. Muscles
5. Sensory
6. Quadriceps femoris
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Quadriceps femoris
Posture
Skin
Flexor
Flexion
Babinski
PART B
1. Table: (Note: The answers will vary in relation to the degree of the response.)
Response Observed
Effector Involved
Extension of leg at the knee joint
Quadriceps femoris
Plantar flexion of the foot
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Flexion of forearm at the elbow joint or slight biceps twitch
Biceps brachii
Extension of forearm at the elbow joint or slight triceps twitch Triceps brachii
Plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of toes
2.
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorum longus
The quadriceps femoris is stretched, stimulating stretch receptors (muscle spindles) within the muscle. As a result, impulses
pass along sensory neurons into the spinal cord and synapse with a motor neuron. Motor impulses travel out of the cord on
nerve fibers that lead to the quadriceps femoris. Muscle fibers contract, and the leg is extended at the knee joint.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
All of these reflexes are rapid, subconscious responses to physical stimuli.
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52
LABORATORY EXERCISE 30
RECEPTORS AND GENERAL SENSES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Chemoreceptors
2. Pain
3. Thermoreceptors
4. Photoreceptors
5. Sensory adaptation
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
PART C
1. (experimental results)
PART D
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Touch
Pressure
25ºC (77ºF) and 45ºC (113ºF)
10ºC (50ºF) and 20ºC (68ºF)
General
3.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
3.
Answers will vary.
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53
LABORATORY EXERCISE 31
SMELL AND TASTE
Figure Labels
FIG. 31.1
6
5
3
7
FIG. 31.3
6
1
4
1
2
4
3
5
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Bipolar
2. Cilia
3. Water
4. Cribriform plate
5. Crista galli
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Olfactory tracts
Frontal
Sensory adaptation
Outside environment
Odorless
3.
Answers will vary.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Answers will vary. Any variations in time for sensory adaptation could be a result of the concentration of the test substance,
volatility of the test substance, or the number of receptors for the test substance.
PART C
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial
Taste pore
Taste hairs (microvilli)
Water
5.
6.
7.
8.
Receptor
Acids
Salts
Bitter
PART D
1. (experimental results)
2 (a-c). Answers will vary.
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54
LABORATORY EXERCISE 32
EAR AND HEARING
Figure Labels
FIG. 32.1
1. Auricle
2. Malleus
3. Incus
4. Semicircular canals
5. Stapes
6. Cochlea
FIG. 32.2
4
6
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
5
3
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Oval window
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Auditory tube
External acoustic meatus
1
2
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The largest ear structure is the auricle which is able to trap and funnel a minute sound wave into the middle and inner ear
structures. This will allow a concentration of the vibrations making the sound detection more likely to occur.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. e
2. k
3. j
4.
5.
6.
PART B (FIG. 32.8)
1. Cochlear duct
2. Tectorial membrane
3. Hair cells (receptor cells)
PART C
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
h
d
c
7.
8.
9.
l
i
f
4.
5.
Basilar membrane
Scala tympani
3.
4.
(experimental results)
Answers will vary.
10. b
11. a
12. g
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55
LABORATORY EXERCISE 33
EAR AND EQUILIBRIUM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Utricle
2. Temporal
3. Macula
4. Calcium carbonate
5. Vestibulocochlear (vestibular branch)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ampulla
Crista ampullaris
Cupula
Inertia
Cerebellum
PART B
1. a. The eyes, inner ears, and proprioceptors provide information needed to maintain equilibrium when the eyes are open.
b. The inner ears and proprioceptors provide such information when the eyes are closed.
2. a. (experimental results)
b. Probably yes; this demonstrates the importance of visual information in maintaining equilibrium.
c. With the eyes closed, such a person would receive very little sensory information needed to maintain equilibrium.
3. a. (experimental results)
b. Answers will vary.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Vision, touch, and proprioception would all supplement equilibrium.
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56
LABORATORY EXERCISE 34
EYE STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 34.1
1.
2.
Lacrimal gland
Superior and inferior canaliculi
3.
4.
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
3.
4.
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
5.
6.
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Aqueous humor
Anterior cavity
Retina
Choroid coat
Sclera
Vitreous humor
13.
14.
15.
16.
Fovea centralis
Optic nerve
Optic disc
Posterior cavity
FIG. 34.2
1.
2.
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
FIG. 34.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pupil
Iris
Ciliary body
Suspensory ligaments
Lens
Cornea
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The delicate retina is only located next to the choroid coat by the pressure maintained by the vitreous humor. Any alteration of
this pressure could allow the retina to detach as was easily observed during the dissection. No connective tissue was observed
between the inner and middle tunics of the eye.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
j
e
d
g
6.
7.
l
h
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
f
a
i
k
c
Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil
of iris, lens, vitreous humor,
retina
14. More rods than cones; rods
stimulated by dim light; cones
enable perception of color
[other answers could be
acceptable.]
4.
Aqueous humor occurs
between the cornea and the
lens.
The dark pigment absorbs
excess light and keeps the eye
dark inside.
6.
PART B
1.
2.
3.
The outer tunic/layer (sclera) is
toughest.
Dense (fibrous) connective
tissue.
The pupil of the dissected eye
probably was elliptical in
shape, and the human pupil is
round.
5.
7.
The lens is biconvex, flexible,
and transparent. It may be firm
and opaque in a preserved eye.
The vitreous humor is a
transparent, jellylike fluid.
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57
PART C
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58
LABORATORY EXERCISE 35
VISUAL TESTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
When using both eyes for observations, if the image of a small object falls on the optic disc of one eye, the object is still seen by
the other eye. This can be confirmed because the blind-spot demonstration will not work with both eyes open.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. (experimental results)
4. (experimental results)
5. a. A person with 20/70 vision can see from 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 70 feet. This person has less than normal
vision.
b. A person with 20/10 vision can see from 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 10 feet. This person has better than
normal vision.
c. Astigmatism results in blurred vision because some parts of the image on the retina are in focus, while other parts are not
in focus.
d. The elastic quality of the lens tends to decrease with age.
e. The retina is lacking cones that are sensitive to red or green wave lengths (an X-linked/sex-linked trait).
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. a. The optic disc lacks photoreceptors (rods and cones) and thus creates a blind spot in the retina.
b. The photopupillary reflex involves the constriction of the pupil in response to exposure to bright light.
c. The photopupillary reflex occurs in both eyes even when one eye is shielded from the light; however, the shielded eye
may not show as much change as the exposed one.
d. When an eye is focused on a close object, the pupil constricts.
e. When the eyes are focused on a close object, they converge toward the midline.
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59
LABORATORY EXERCISE 36
ENDOCRINE HISTOLOGY AND DIABETIC PHYSIOLOGY
Instructional Suggestions
1. You might consider the live fish part of this lab as a class demonstration to save expenses and materials needed.
2. HumulinR administered in 200 units will suffice to induce insulin shock within about 5 minutes.
3. Consult with your local pharmacist to purchase insulin and insulin syringes. Store the HumulinR in the refrigerator – do not
freeze.
4. The recovery from insulin shock when the fish is placed into a 10% solution of glucose is usually within 5 minutes.
5. The recovery from insulin shock works faster if the fish selected is very small (total length about 1-1.5 inches). The species
of fish selected does not seem significant so try a fish species that is readily available. It does not work well to use the same
fish for a second experiment for the next section of class. The fish usually survive the experiment and a student is almost
always willing to take the fish home after the class is over.
6. It probably works to use the same beakers of insulin and glucose solution for other sections of class the same day; however,
use a different fish. Be sure to rinse the fish net between fish transfers from one solution to another and the holding container
of aquarium water.
Figure Labels
FIG. 36.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Testis (male)
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
6.
7.
8.
9.
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin.
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin
3. a. antidiuretic hormone
b. growth hormone
c. thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. oxytocin
e. adrenocorticotropic hormone`
f. prolactin
4. Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
5. Calcitonin
6. Parathyroid hormone
7. Bones, intestine, kidneys
8. Epinephrine, norepinephrine
9. Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, rise in blood sugar concentration, increased metabolic rate, increased
breathing rate, dilation of airways, decreased activity in the digestive tract (These are seven possible responses for five
requested.)
10. Aldosterone
11. Kidneys conserve sodium ions, kidneys increase excretion of potassium ions, kidneys conserve water (reduce urine volume).
(These are three possible responses for two requested.)
12. Cortisol
13. Decreases protein synthesis, increased release and use of fatty acids, stimulates liver to produce glucose from
noncarbohydrates
14. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Glucagon stimulates change of glycogen to glucose, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration. Insulin causes a
decrease in the blood glucose concentration by promoting the transport of glucose into cells.
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
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60
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
f
d
h
e
a
6.
7.
8.
c
b
g
PART D
Table:
Characteristic
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Onset age
Early age or adult
Usually over 40
Onset of symptoms
Rapid
Slow
Percentage of diabetics
10-15%
85-90%
Natural insulin levels
Below normal
Normal or increased
Beta cells of pancreatic islets
Destroyed
Not Destroyed
Pancreatic islet cell antibodies
Present
Absent
Risk factors of having the disease
Heredity
Heredity, obesity, lack of exercise
Typical treatments
Insulin administration
Avoid foods that stimulate insulin
production, weight control, exercise,
medications
Untreated blood sugar levels
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia
PART E
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
The amount of time until insulin shock occurs varies with the type of insulin used and the size of the fish selected for the
experiment. Rapid or irregular swimming, gill cover, and mouth movements usually are noted within about 5-10 minutes.
3. (experimental results)
Recovery from insulin shock usually occurs within about 5-10 minutes.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The main hormone regulating blood sugar is insulin. A normal person’s insulin level will adjust the blood sugar homeostasis level
according to changes in daily diets and exercise levels. A person with type 1 diabetes needs to attempt to have similar daily diets
and exercise to correlate with the designated daily insulin administered.
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61
LABORATORY EXERCISE 37
BLOOD CELLS AND BLOOD TYPING
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood slides are prepared in
the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood slides and commercially prepared simulated blood-typing kits be
used in this exercise. The instructor, however, may wish to demonstrate the procedures.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Erythrocytes
2. Transporting and exchanging gases (O2 and CO2)
3. Hemoglobin
4. Leukocytes
5.
6.
7.
8.
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Neutrophils
Nucleus
PART C
1. (experimental results)
2.
Answers will vary.
PART D
1. Membrane
2. Four
3. A
4. B
5.
6.
7.
8.
Anti-B
Anti-A
AB
O
PART E
1. (experimental results)
2. Answers will vary.
3. Answers will vary
4.
5.
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
PART F
1. Rhesus monkey
2. Antigen D
3. Rh-negative
4.
5.
Agglutinate
Rh-positive
4.
Answers will vary.
PART B
(sketches)
PART G
1.
2.
3.
(demonstration results)
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
PART H
1. A
2. Rh-positive
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
1.
2.
The anti-A serum would contain anti-A antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type A blood. The anti-B
serum would contain anti-B antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type B blood.
A total white blood cell count provides the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood; a differential white
blood cell count gives the relative percentages of types of white blood cells in a blood sample.
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62
LABORATORY EXERCISE 38
HEART STRUCTURE
Instructional Suggestions
1.
2.
You may want to have the students use colored pencils
to color the features of the heart and blood vessels in
figure 38.3. This activity should help them observe the
illustrations more carefully and locate the various
features shown from different views in the figures.
They can check their work by referring to the
corresponding figures in the textbook, which are
presented in full color.
Instead of using preserved sheep hearts, you might
want to provide fresh pig hearts for dissection.
3.
4.
To reduce the cost of specimens used, you might
provide predissected, preserved sheep hearts for
observation and save the specimens for use with other
classes.
Fresh beef hearts are sometimes available from meatpacking houses. You might want to demonstrate the
dissection of this large heart. Try to make sure that the
atria and large blood vessels are left attached for this
purpose.
Figure Labels
FIG. 38.1
1. Aorta
2. Superior vena cava
3. Right atrium
4. Right coronary artery
5. Right ventricle
6. Inferior vena cava
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pulmonary trunk (artery)
Left coronary artery
Great cardiac vein
Left ventricle
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Apex
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
FIG. 38.3
1. Aorta
2. Superior vena cava
3. Aortic valve
4. Right atrium
5. Tricuspid valve
6. Chordae tendineae
7. Inferior vena cava
8. Left pulmonary artery
9. Pulmonary trunk
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Pulmonary valve
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Papillary muscle
Interventricular septum
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
FIG. 38.4
1. Superior vena cava
2. Aorta
3. Right atrium
4. Aortic valve
5. Tricuspid valve
6. Right ventricle
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Interventricular septum
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Apex
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
e
g
i
b
c
a
FIG. 38.2
1. Aorta
2. Left pulmonary artery
3. Left pulmonary veins
4. Left atrium
5. Left ventricle
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. h
2. l
3. j
4. f
5. k
6. d
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63
PART B
1.
The right atrioventricular valve is composed of three
relatively large cusps that contain chordae tendineae;
the pulmonary valve is made up of three smaller
pocket-like cusps that lack chordae tendineae.
4.
2.
The cusps of the right atrioventricular valve move
upward into a horizontal position and close the
opening between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
The chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent
the cusps of the right and left atrioventricular valves
from swinging into the atria when the ventricles
contract.
5.
3.
The thicker wall of the aorta allows it to withstand the
higher pressure of the blood pumped out from the left
ventricle. The thinner wall of the pulmonary trunk
(artery) is related to the lower pressure of the blood
that leaves the right ventricle.
Vena cava, right atrium, right atrioventricular
(tricuspid) valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve,
pulmonary trunk, the lungs, pulmonary vein, left
atrium, left atrioventricular (mitral; bicuspid) valve,
left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The thicker wall of the left ventricle allows it to contract with greater force and create the high pressure needed to move blood to
all parts of the body (systemic circuit) except the lungs. The thinner wall of the right ventricle creates the lower pressure needed
to move blood a relatively short distance to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
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64
LABORATORY EXERCISE 39
CARDIAC CYCLE
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. 70
2. Systole
3. Diastole
4. Closed
5. Open
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ventricles
Vibrations
AV valves
Pulmonary and aortic valves (semilunar valves)
Murmur
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
PART C
1. Cardiac muscle
2. SA (sinoatrial; sinu-atrial)
3. AV (atrioventricular)
4. AV bundle (bundle of His)
5. Purkinje
6. Electrocardiogram
7. Polarized
8. Atria
PART D
1. (labeled ECG recordings)
2. Answers will vary.
3. Normal is 0.12-0.20 sec.
4. The PQ (PR) interval indicates the time it takes
for the atria to depolarize and the cardiac impulse
to reach the AV node.
9. Ventricles
10. Ventricles
11. Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time that the
ventricular fibers depolarize. The QRS complex indicating
ventricular depolarization obscures any recording of the atrial
repolarization.
12. Tachycardia; bradycardia
5.
6.
Because each QRS wave in the pattern indicates a ventricular
contraction, the heart rate can be determined by counting the
QRS waves that occur in a minute.
(experimental results)
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
36
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65
LABORATORY EXERCISE 40
BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE, ARTERIES, AND VEINS
Instructional Suggestions
If live frogs are not available for the microscopic observation of blood vessels, you might want to provide small goldfish. The
head of a fish can be wrapped loosely in wet cotton to keep its gills moist, and the fish can be placed on a glass plate on the stage
of a microscope. If its tail is spread out beneath the microscope slide, the blood vessels can be observed with low- and highpower magnification. However, if the fish is not returned to water within a few minutes, it will likely die.
Figure Labels
FIG. 40.1
1. Tunica interna
2. Tunica media
FIG. 40.4
1. Superior vena cava
2. Pulmonary trunk
3.
Tunica externa
3.
4.
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
5.
6.
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
The left ventricle wall is thicker which provides a more powerful contraction to force the blood through the longer distance of the
systemic circuit.
FIG. 40.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic artery
Aortic arch
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ascending aorta
Right renal artery
Right common iliac artery
Left common carotid artery
9. Left subclavian artery
10. Coronary artery (left)
11. Abdominal aorta
4.
5.
6.
Vertebral artery
Subclavian artery
Facial artery
7.
8.
Common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic artery
4.
5.
6.
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
4.
5.
6.
Popliteal artery
Abdominal aorta
Internal iliac artery
7.
8.
9.
Femoral artery
Anterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
3.
4.
Internal jugular vein
Vertebral vein
5.
Brachiocephalic vein
2.
3.
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
4.
Median cubital vein
3.
4.
Gastric vein (right)
Splenic vein
5.
Inferior mesenteric vein
FIG. 40.6
1.
2.
3.
Superficial temporal artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
FIG. 40.8
1.
2.
3.
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Deep brachial artery
FIG. 40.9
1.
2.
3.
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Deep femoral artery
FIG. 40.10
1.
2.
External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
FIG. 40.11
1.
Axillary vein
FIG. 40.12
1.
2.
Hepatic portal vein
Superior mesenteric vein
FIG. 40.13
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66
1.
2.
3.
Inferior vena cava
Common iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
4.
5.
6.
External iliac vein
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
Endothelium
2.
Middle layer (tunica media)
3.
4.
5.
Outer layer (tunica externa)
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
6.
7.
8.
9.
Capillaries
Hydrostatic
Osmotic
Valves
PART B
1. (sketches)
2. The inner and outer layers are similar in the artery and vein. The middle layer of the artery contains relatively greater
amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue than that of the vein.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
Because arteries are under higher pressure than veins, the thicker arterial walls help to maintain the strength and elasticity
necessary against their walls.
PART C
1. The blood in an arteriole moves with a pulsating rapid flow, but blood in a venule moves with a steady slower flow.
2. A capillary could be identified by its small diameter and the presence of blood cells moving in single file.
3. Blood moves fastest in arterioles, somewhat slower in venules, and slowest in capillaries.
PART D
1.
2.
3.
4.
d
i
c
a
5.
6.
7.
8.
f
b
h
j
9. g
10. e
4.
5.
6.
e
h
c
7.
8.
PART E
1.
2.
3.
a
b
d
g
f
PART F
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67
PART G (FIG. 40.14)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
External jugular vein
Subclavian artery
Axillary vein
Pulmonary vein
Inferior vena cava
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac vein
Common iliac artery
Femoral artery
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68
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
69
LABORATORY EXERCISE 41
PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
Instructional Suggestions
The following suggestions should be considered when trying to obtain an accurate blood pressure:
1.
2.
3.
The room environment should have a moderate temperature and be quiet (no talking).
The client needs to be relaxed and comfortable. A temporary increase in blood pressure could exist from smoking, pain,
anxiety, or a full urinary bladder.
Palpate the pulse first so that you are certain to pump the cuff high enough to not miss the first tapping sound. It also assures
that you do not pump the cuff so high that we alter the blood pressure when releasing air.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Arterial
2. Systolic
3. Diastolic
4. Heart
5. Pressure
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sphygmomanometer
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
Systolic
Pulse pressure
Brachial
PART B
1. (test results)
2.
Answers will vary.
PART C
1. (test results)
2. (test results)
3.
4.
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
A palpated pulse would be characteristic of the systolic pressure as the arterial wall is expanding at that moment under the higher
pressure.
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70
LABORATORY EXERCISE 42
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 42.1
5
3
2
4
FIG. 42.2
1
2
4
7
1
6
6
3
5
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Lymphatic capillaries
2. Squamous epithelial
3. Lymph
4. Veins
5. Valves
6.
7.
8.
9.
Nodes
Intestinal
Jugular
Thoracic (left lymphatic)
PART B
1. Lymphocytes
2. Hilum
3. Nodules
4. Sinuses
5. Afferent
6.
7.
8.
9.
Capsule
Peyer’s patches
Scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx
Inguinal
PART C
1. Mediastinum
2. Puberty
3. Adipose and connective tissues
4. Bone marrow
5. Thymosins
6. Spleen
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Hilum
Blood
White
Red
Macrophages
PART D
(sketches)
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71
LABORATORY EXERCISE 43
DIGESTIVE ORGANS
Figure Labels
FIG. 43.1
1. Lip
2. Hard palate
3. Soft palate
4. Uvula
5.
6.
7.
Palatine tonsil
Tongue
Vestibule
FIG. 43.2
1. Parotid gland
2. Masseter muscle
3. Tongue
4.
5.
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
FIG. 43.3
1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Root
4.
5.
6.
Crown
Gingiva
Root canal
FIG. 43.5
1. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
2. Opening of auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
3. Nasopharynx
4. Palatine tonsils
5.
6.
7.
8.
Oropharynx
Lingual tonsils
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
6.
7.
8.
Fundus
Cardia
Body
5.
6.
7.
Bile duct
Pancreatic duct
Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)
FIG. 43.7
1. Esophagus
2. Gastric folds (rugae)
3. Pyloric sphincter
4. Duodenum
5. Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
FIG. 43.9
1. Cystic duct
2. Gallbladder
3. Duodenum
4. Hepatic duct (common)
FIG. 43.12
10
4
1
3
7
2
6
9
8
5
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
The small intestine, which is much longer than the large intestine and contains villi, provides more surface area for absorption
than the large intestine.
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72
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. b
2. i
3. e
4.
5.
6.
f
g
j
PART B
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
4. Mucus
PART C
1. Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus (pyloric part)
2. Chief cells
3. Parietal cells
4. Pepsin
7.
8.
9.
h
c
k
10. d
11. a
5.
The esophagus provides a passageway for food from the
pharynx to the stomach
.
5.
6.
Chyme
The stomach receives food from the esophagus, mixes it with
gastric juice, initiates the digestion of protein, does limited
amount of absorption, and moves food (chyme) into the small
intestine.
PART D
(sketch)
PART E
1. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
4.
2. A mesentery supports and suspends organs. It
5.
contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
that supply the organs.
3. Peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase, 6.
enterokinase (only 5 of 6 needed to answer the
question)
Ileocecal sphincter (valve)
The small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and
liver, completes digestion of nutrients, absorbs the products of
digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms
and stores feces.
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73
LABORATORY EXERCISE 44
ACTION OF A DIGESTIVE ENZYME
Instructional Suggestion
For this experiment to work the best, it is important to obtain amylase that is free of sugar. Some of the amylase sold by
laboratory suppliers contains sugar, as can be determined by the control in tube 1 of this experiment. A low maltose solution of
amylase yields good results. Keep any of the unused amylase frozen. The alternative procedure using human saliva does not
contain sugar and works well for this experiment. Use proper safety procedures when using human body fluids.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
1
0
0
2
+
0
3
(varies)
+
2.
a. Testing the amylase solution for the presence of starch and sugar demonstrates the negative results of the tests.
b. Tube 2 demonstrates that starch will not change to sugar when warmed to 37ºC (98.6ºF).
c. The change of starch to sugar is a result of the action of the amylase in tube 3.
PART B
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
4
+
(varies)
5
(varies)
+
6
+
0
2.
a. Amylase is slow to act or inactive in low temperature and high temperature. Its optimum temperature is near 37ºC
(98.6ºF).
b. The tubes in which digestion failed to occur could be placed in the 37ºC (98.6ºF) water bath. If digestion occurred at this
temperature, the enzyme was not destroyed by the previous treatment.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
The test would show a positive result for sugar. The experiment would not be valid as it would not show a change from starch to
sugar when sugar is already present. (Note: some amylase sold contains sugar.)
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74
LABORATORY EXERCISE 45
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
Figure Labels
FIG. 45.1
1. Nostril
2. Oral cavity
3. Epiglottis
4. Larynx
5. Bronchus (right main)
6. Right lung
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Left lung
FIG. 45.2
1. Frontal sinus
2. Nostril
3. Auditory tube opening
4. Uvula
5. Palatine tonsil
6. Epiglottis
7. Trachea
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
FIG. 45.3
1. Epiglottic cartilage (epiglottis)
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
4.
5.
6.
Epiglottic cartilage (epiglottis)
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
FIG. 45.4
1. Epiglottis
2. Glottis
3.
4.
False vocal cord (vestibular fold)
True vocal cord (vocal fold)
7.
8.
9.
j
f
g
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. h
2. b
3. i
4.
5.
6.
a
e
d
10. c
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1. The sticky mucus is secreted into the upper and
3.
lower respiratory tract, which will trap particles of
dust and microorganisms.
4.
2. The cilia create a current of mucus toward the pharynx.
The mucus contains entrapped particles that are usually
swallowed.
If the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree relaxes, the air
passages dilate, which allows a greater volume of air movement.
If the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree contracts, the air
passages constrict the size of the lumens, which reduces the
volume of air movement.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
The simple squamous epithelial cells allow for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the alveolar
air.
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75
LABORATORY EXERCISE 46
BREATHING AND RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
Aging results in some natural loss of elasticity of the lungs as well as the muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) used in
breathing. This can be measured by a vital capacity test.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Ventilation
2. Atmospheric
3. 760
4. Atmospheric pressure
5. Phrenic
6. Increases
PART B
1. a
2. g
3. e
4. f
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
5.
6.
7.
8.
External intercostal
Visceral pleura
Surfactant
Elastic recoil
Internal intercostal
Abdominal
d
h
c
b
PART C
1. (experimental results).
2. a. Answers will vary.
b. Answers will vary.
c. A measurement of residual volume is needed.
3. Answers will vary.
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76
LABORATORY EXERCISE 47
CONTROL OF BREATHING
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Medulla oblongata
2. Ventral
3. Dorsal
4. Hydrogen
5. Increases
6.
7.
8.
9.
Reduced
Increased
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. a. Hyperventilation lowers blood carbon dioxide levels, and the breathing center is stimulated to a lesser degree.
b. Air that is rebreathed has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, and thus the breathing center is stimulated to a greater
degree.
c. Breath holding causes the blood carbon dioxide concentration to increase, stimulating the breathing center to a greater
degree.
d. Exercise causes an increase in the breathing rate. This is due in part to the joint reflex from proprioreceptors being
stimulated and in part to an increasing concentration of blood carbon dioxide.
3. a. It is difficult for a person to breathe normally while thinking about it.
b. Depth of breath can be measured by breathing into an instrument that measures air volumes.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
A person who has hyperventilated may lose consciousness under water because of changes in the blood carbon dioxide and
oxygen levels causing respiratory alkalosis. This is accompanied by arteriole vasoconstriction to the brain, which deprives the
brain tissue of oxygen. Hyperventilation has a minimal influence on oxygen carrying capacity on the hemoglobin which is
normally nearly saturated (about 97.5%) in lung capillaries. However, hyperventilation can decrease the carbon dioxide enough
during breath-holding that depleted oxygen to the brain could cause unconsciousness. This loss of consciousness could occur
before the urge to take the next breath takes place.
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77
LABORATORY EXERCISE 48
URINARY ORGANS
Figure Labels
FIG. 48.1
1. Kidney
2. Ureter
3.
4.
Urinary bladder
Urethra
FIG. 48.2
1. Minor calyx
2. Major calyx
3. Renal pelvis
4. Renal papilla
5. Ureter
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Renal pyramid
Renal column
Renal capsule
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
FIG. 48.4
1. Proximal tubule
2. Glomerulus
3. Nephron loop
4.
5.
6.
Glomerular capsule
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. e
2. a
3. h
4. f
5. i
6.
7.
8.
9.
c
d
g
b
PART B
1. A renal corpuscle is the cluster of capillaries (glomerulus) and the saclike structure (glomerular capsule) that surrounds it; a
renal tubule is the coiled tube that leads away from the glomerular capsule and empties into a collecting duct.
2. 4 6 3 5 1 2 7
3. 1 3 2 4 5
PART C
(sketches)
PART D
(sketches)
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78
LABORATORY EXERCISE 49
URINALYSIS
Instructional Suggestion
Because most students’ urine will produce negative results for glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and hemoglobin, you may
want to provide samples of “artificial urine” (distilled water that contains weak concentrations of some of these substances). By
performing the urinalysis test on such samples, students will be able to obtain some positive results. Normal and abnormal
simulated urine specimens are suggested as a substitute for collected urine.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (test results)
2. Answers will vary.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
If urine is not refrigerated, substances within it will begin to change as a result of bacterial action, and the composition of the
urine will be altered.
PART B
1. (sketches)
2. Answers will vary.
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79
LABORATORY EXERCISE 50
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 50.1
1. Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
2. Urethra
3. Penis
4. Glans penis
5. Prepuce
6. Testis
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Scrotum
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Epididymis
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Epididymis
Fructose
Prostate
Bulbourethral
Glans penis
Emission
Ejaculation
FIG. 50.2
6
1
4
3
7
5
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Spermatic cord
2. Inguinal canal
3. Lobules
4. Epididymis
5. Spermatogenic
6. Meiosis (spermatogenesis)
7. 23
PART B
1. (sketches)
2. a. The scrotum provides a lower body temperature for spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and storage
of sperm cells in the epididymis.
b. Spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm cells by meiosis (spermatogenesis).
c. Interstitial cells produce and secrete male sex hormones.
d. The epididymis stores sperm cells while they mature and propels them into the ductus deferens.
e. The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum form three columns of erectile tissue that contain vascular spaces
(sinuses) that become engorged with blood during an erection. They also form most of the body of the penis.
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80
LABORATORY EXERCISE 51
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 51.1
1. Suspensory ligament of ovary
2. Uterine tube
3. Ovarian ligament
4. Round ligament of uterus
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fimbriae of uterine tube
Broad ligament
Left ovary
Uterus
FIG. 51.2
1. Uterine tube
2. Ovary
3. Uterus
4. Clitoris
5. Labium minus
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Labium majus
Vaginal orifice
Fimbriae
Cervix
Vagina
5.
6.
7.
Labium majus
Labium minus
Anus
FIG. 51.3
1. Clitoris
2. External urethral orifice (meatus)
3. Vaginal orifice/vestibule
4. Mons pubis
FIG. 51.4
5
10
9
4
3
8
1
2
7
6
FIG. 51.5
1. Areola
2. Nipple
3. Lactiferous duct
4. Alveolar glands
5. Adipose tissue
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Pelvic
2. Broad
3. Ovarian follicles
4. Oogenesis
5. Follicular
6. First polar body
7. FSH
8. Ovulation
9. Fallopian tubes
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Infundibulum
Cervix
Endometrium
Smooth muscle
Hymen
Vulva
Mons pubis
Clitoris
Vestibular glands
PART B
1. (sketches)
2. a. A mature antral follicle swells and ruptures under the influence of certain hormones. As this happens, the secondary
oocyte and follicular fluid escape from the ovary.
b. The cilia that line the uterine tube beat toward the uterus and help draw the secondary oocyte into the infundibulum of the
tube and continue to move it toward the uterus.
c. The uterine lining thickens and then it becomes glandular and vascular. If fertilization does not occur, the lining
disintegrates and sloughs away, creating the menstrual flow.
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81
LABORATORY EXERCISE 52
FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Instructional Suggestions
Sea urchin egg and sperm suspensions can be obtained from ripe sea urchins. The “Sea Urchin Embryology Kit” from Carolina
Biological Supply Company is one source of these materials.
Figure Labels
FIG. 52.1
1. Ovulation
2. Zygote
FIG. 52.2
1. Yolk sac
2. Mesoderm
3. Endoderm
4. Chorion
3.
4.
Morula (late)
Blastocyst
5.
6.
7.
Amnion
Chorionic villi
Connecting stalk
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Secondary oocyte
2
Acrosome
3. Zygote
4.
5.
6.
Mitosis
Cleavage
Cilia
7.
8.
9.
Three
Blastocyst
Embryo
10. Fetus
4.
5.
6.
b
i
g
7.
8.
9.
e
c
j
10. d
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
(sketches)
PART D
1. f
2. h
3. a
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82
LABORATORY EXERCISE 53
GENETICS
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results); Answers will vary.
PART B
1. Probability: 10/20 heads; 10/20 tails
(experimental results)
2. Probability: 8/24 number below 3
(experimental results)
3. Probability: 8/32 of two heads; 16/32 of a heads and a tails; 8/32 of two tails
(experimental results)
4. Probability: 8/32 of two odd numbers; 16/32 of an odd and an even number; 8/32 of two even numbers
(experimental results)
5. O = odd numbers
E = even numbers
O
6.
E
O
OO
OE
E
OE
EE
a. Yes
Deviations from expected probabilities (outcomes) occur because of random variation or chance. The results are closer to
expected probabilities as trial numbers increase.
b. No
Each toss of a coin is an independent event.
c. ½ or 50%
Each fertilization is a separate independent event.
d. 1/16
Each fertilization has the probability of ½ for a girl. Therefore, the chances are ½ · ½ · ½ · ½ = 1/16
PART C
1. a. Rr x rr
b and c.
2.
3.
R
r
r
Rr
rr
r
Rr
rr
d. Genotypes: 50% Rr; 50% rr (1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 50% tongue rollers; 50% nonrollers (1:1 phenotypic ratio)
a. Ff x Ff
b and c.
F
f
F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
d. Genotypes: 25% FF; 50% Ff; 25% ff (1:2:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 75% freckles; 25% no freckles (3:1 phenotypic ratio)
a. IBi x IAIA
b and c.
IB
i
IA
IA IB
IA i
IA
IA IB
IA i
d. Genotypes: 50% IAIB; 50% IAi (1:1 genotypic ratio)
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83
Phenotypes: 50% AB; 50% A (1:1 phenotypic ratio)
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84
4.
a. 1Ai x IBi
b and c.
IA
IB
IA IB
i
IA i
i
IBi
ii
IAIB;
5.
d. Genotypes: 25%
25% IAi, 25% IBi, 25% ii (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 25% AB; 25% A; 25% B; 25% O (1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio)
a. XHXh x XHY
b and c.
XH
Xh
XH
X HX H
X HX h
Y
X HY
XhY
d. Genotypes: 25% XHXH; 25% XHXh; 25% XHY; 25% XhY (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 50% normal females; 25% normal males; 25% males with hemophilia (2:1:1 phenotypic ratio). Note that all
females will have normal blood clotting.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
1. WwEe x WwEe
2-3.
4.
WE
We
wE
we
WE
WWEE
WWEe
WwEE
WwEe
We
WWEe
WWee
WwEe
Wwee
wE
WwEE
WwEe
wwEE
wwEe
we
WwEe
Wwee
wwEe
wwee
Genotypes 1 WWEE; 2 WWEe; 2 WwEE; 4 WwEe; 1 WWee; 2 Wwee; 1 wwEE; 2 wwEe; 1 wwee (1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 9 widow’s peak, free earlobe; 3 widow’s peak, attached earlobe; 3 straight hairline, free earlobe; 1 straight
hairline, attached earlobe (9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio)
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85
LABORATORY EXERCISE 54
CAT DISSECTION: MUSCULATURE
Instructional Suggestions
1.
You may want to provide the students with preserved cats that have been preskinned. Such cats are available from various
biological supply companies. The use of preskinned cats will save about an hour of class time and avoid the unpleasantness
that some students associate with the skinning procedure.
2.
You may want to reduce the amount of time spent in dissecting the cat muscles by having the students dissect only selected
areas of the cat. For example, you might have them complete Procedure D (muscles of the thorax), Procedure E (muscles of
the abdominal wall), Procedure F (muscles of the shoulder and back), and Procedure H (muscles of the hip and hindlimb),
omitting the other sections.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Masseter
3.
Sternohyoid, mylohyoid
(also geniohyoid and thyrohyoid)
3.
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
3.
4.
5.
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres major
PART D
1. Biceps brachii
Brachialis
2.
3.
Epitrochlearis
Triceps brachii
PART E (FIG. 54.25)
1. Pectoralis major
2. Biceps brachii
3. External oblique
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Sartorius
6. Rectus femoris
7. Vastus medialis
8. Tibialis anterior
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
PART B
1. Pectoantebrachialis
Xiphihumeralis
2. Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
PART C
1. Clavotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius
Spinotrapezius
2. Clavodeltoid (clavobrachialis)
Acromiodeltoid
Spinodeltoid
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86
LABORATORY EXERCISE 54
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: MUSCULATURE
Instructional Suggestions
1.
Due to changes from fewer small pig farms to large scale pig production operations, fewer pigs are available. The increased
costs can be reduced by dissecting smaller fetal pigs (musculature becomes more difficult), increasing the group size, and
reusing dissected pigs with future classes.
2.
You may want to reduce the amount of time spent in dissecting the fetal pig muscles by having the students dissect only
selected areas of the fetal pig. For example, you might have them complete Procedure E (muscles of the thorax), Procedure
F (muscles of the abdominal wall), Procedure G (muscles of the shoulder and back), and Procedure I (muscles of the hip and
hindlimb), omitting the other sections.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Masseter
3.
Sternohyoid, mylohyoid
3.
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
PART C
1. Clavotrapezius (ventral portion of brachiocephalic)
Acromiotrapezius
Spinotrapezius
2.
3.
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
PART D
1. Biceps brachii
Brachialis
2.
Triceps brachii
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
PART B
1. Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
2. Superficial pectoral
Posterior deep pectoral
Anterior deep pectoral
PART E (FIG. 54.12)
1. Deltoid
2. Biceps brachii
3. External oblique
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Sartorius
6. Rectus femoris
7. Vastus medialis
8. Tibialis anterior
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87
Laboratory Report Answers
LABORATORY EXERCISE 55
CAT DISSECTION: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PART A
1. The parietal pericardium forms a relatively thick, tough sac that encloses the heart. It is attached to the large blood vessels at
the base of the heart and to the diaphragm.
2. The walls of the atria are much thinner than those of the ventricles. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of
the right ventricle.
3. Wall thickness is related to the force of its contraction and the amount of pressure it imparts to the blood inside a heart
chamber. The left ventricle has the thickest wall, contracts with the greatest force, and creates the greatest amount of blood
pressure in the heart chambers. The left ventricle is the pump for the systemic circuit.
4. In the human, the right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the left common carotid
artery comes directly from the aortic arch. In the cat, both common carotid arteries branch from the brachiocephalic artery.
5. In the human, the aorta divides to form the two common iliac arteries, which in turn give rise to external and internal iliac
arteries. In the cat, the aorta divides to form the external iliac arteries, and the internal iliac arteries branch from the aorta
independently.
PART B
1. In the human, the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian vein on each side. In
the cat, the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the external jugular and the subclavian vein on each side.
2. In the human, the internal jugular vein is somewhat larger than the external jugular vein. In the cat, the external jugular vein
is larger.
3. Answers will vary as there are more than twelve correct answers. Most of the veins in the cats are also found in humans.
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88
Laboratory Report Answers
LABORATORY EXERCISE 55
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PART A
1. The parietal pericardium forms a relatively thick, tough sac that encloses the heart. It is attached to the large blood vessels at
the base of the heart and to the diaphragm.
2. The walls of the atria are much thinner than those of the ventricles. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of
the right ventricle.
3. Wall thickness is related to the force of its contraction and the amount of pressure it imparts to the blood inside a heart
chamber. The left ventricle has the thickest wall, contracts with the greatest force, and creates the greatest amount of blood
pressure in the heart chambers. The left ventricle is the pump for the systemic circuit.
4. In the human, the right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the left common carotid
artery comes directly from the aortic arch. In the fetal pig, both common carotid arteries branch from the brachiocephalic
artery.
5. In the human, the aorta divides to form the two common iliac arteries, which in turn give rise to external and internal iliac
arteries. In the fetal pig, the aorta divides to form the external iliac arteries, and the internal iliac arteries branch from the
aorta independently. (The umbilical arteries originate from the internal iliac arteries.)
PART B
1. In the human, the internal jugular vein is somewhat larger than the external jugular vein. In the fetal pig, the external jugular
vein and the internal jugular vein are a similar size.
2. Answers will vary as there are more than twelve correct answers. Most of the veins in pigs are also found in humans.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
Fetal lungs are nonfunctional until birth. The oxygen originates from the mother’s breathing, and this oxygen enters fetal
circulation at the placenta. The umbilical vein which is returning blood from the placenta is oxygen-rich until birth.
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89
LABORATORY EXERCISE 56
CAT DISSECTION: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) in the human and the cat occupy similar locations.
2. The adult cat has 6 incisors, 2 canines, 8 premolars, and 2 molars in the upper jaw; the lower jaw teeth are similar, except 4
premolars are present. The adult human has 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, and 6 molars in the upper and lower jaw.
3. The cat’s canine teeth are adapted for stabbing and holding prey whereas its rear molars are adapted for cutting meat.
4. The uvula is missing in the cat.
5. The transverse ridges help to hold food.
6. Many of the papillae on the cat’s tongue have spiny projections that help the cat to clean its fur. These are lacking on the
human tongue.
PART B
1. The peritoneum is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. Double-layered folds in
this membrane form the mesentery that supports the abdominal organs.
2. The inner lining of the stomach is folded to form many ridges called gastric folds (rugae).
3. The cat’s liver has five lobes; the human liver has four.
4. The cat’s pancreas is relatively smaller than that of the human and it is double-lobed. One lobe lies along the duodenum, and
the other extends behind the stomach toward the spleen.
5. The appendix is missing in the cat.
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90
LABORATORY EXERCISE 56
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) in the human and the pig occupy similar locations.
2. The jaw of the baby pig has six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and zero molars; the jaw of the human child has four
incisors, two canines, zero premolars, and four molars.
3. The pig’s canine teeth are adapted for an omnivorous diet as in humans. The pig has larger canine teeth than in the human
that aid in grasping food.
4. The uvula is missing in the pig.
5. The transverse ridges help to hold food.
6. Many papillae are near the tip and base of the tongue in the pig. The papillae are sensory and function in food manipulation.
PART B
1. The peritoneum is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. Double-layered folds in
this membrane form the mesentery that supports the abdominal organs.
2. The inner lining of the stomach is folded to form many ridges called gastric folds (rugae).
3. The pig’s liver has five lobes; the human liver has four.
4. The pig’s large intestine is on the left side and is composed of a predominant spiral colon. The human large intestine has an
ascending colon on the right side which is connected to a descending colon on the left side by a transverse colon.
5. The appendix is missing in the pig.
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91
LABORATORY EXERCISE 57
CAT DISSECTION: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
1. The auditory tube allows air to pass between the cavity of the middle ear and the outside environment. As a result, air
pressure normally remains equal on both sides of the eardrum.
2. The glottis is the opening of the superior (anterior in cats) end of the larynx. The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that shunts
food and liquid away from the glottis during swallowing.
3. The tracheal rings are incomplete as they are in the human.
4. The structure of the primary (main) bronchi and the trachea are similar.
5. The cat has three main lobes in each lung (anterior, middle, and posterior). The posterior lobe on the right side has an
accessory lobe associated with it, making a total of four lobes on the right lung. The human has three lobes in the right lung
and two in the left.
6. The diaphragm is attached to the rim of the thorax and to a central tendon.
7. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are found in the mediastinum.
8. The major structures in the mediastinum of the cat are also found in the human mediastinum.
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92
LABORATORY EXERCISE 57
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Assess: Critical Thinking Answers
Fetal lung tissue lacks residual air because the lungs have never inflated which occurs during the first breath. Therefore, fetal
lung tissue is more dense than water and will sink. Lung tissue with any residual air in it will float when placed in water.
Laboratory Report Answers
1. The auditory tube allows air to pass between the cavity of the middle ear and the outside environment. As a result, air
pressure normally remains equal on both sides of the eardrum.
2. The glottis is the opening of the superior (anterior in pigs) end of the larynx. The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that shunts
food and liquid away from the glottis during swallowing.
3. The tracheal rings are incomplete as they are in the human.
4. The pig has three lobes in the left lung and four lobes in the right lung. The human has three lobes in the right lung and two
in the left.
5. The diaphragm is attached to the rim of the thorax and to a central tendon.
6. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are found in the mediastinum. These are the same major structures found in
the human mediastinum.
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93
LABORATORY EXERCISE 58
CAT DISSECTION: URINARY SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
1. In the human, the left kidney is usually higher than the right one; in the cat, the right kidney is usually somewhat anterior to
the left one. In both cases, the kidneys are retroperitoneal.
2. In the human, the adrenal glands are located on the superior ends of the kidneys; in the cat, the adrenal glands are located
anteriorly and medially to the kidneys.
3. In the cat, the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder are retroperitoneal.
4. The wall of the urinary bladder is relatively thick, tough, and somewhat elastic. Its inner surface is irregular.
5. In the human kidney, there are about twelve renal pyramids that communicate with the renal pelvis by calyces. Each calyx
bears one or more papillae. In the cat kidney, there is a single pyramid and one papilla.
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94
LABORATORY EXERCISE 58
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: URINARY SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
1. In the human, the left kidney is usually higher than the right one; in the pig, the kidneys are at similar positions on both
sides. In both cases, the kidneys are retroperitoneal.
2. In the human, the adrenal glands are located on the superior ends of the kidneys; in the fetal pig, the adrenal glands are
located anteriorly and medially to the kidneys.
3. During fetal development the allantoic bladder eliminates wastes via the allantoic stalk. As a result, the mother eliminates
the metabolic wastes for the fetus until birth.
4. The wall of the urinary bladder is relatively thick, tough, and somewhat elastic. Its inner surface is irregular.
5. The termination of the urethra of a female pig is the urogenital sinus a short distance from the urogenital orifice. The human
urethra has its own external opening, the external urethral orifice (urinary meatus), just anterior to the vaginal orifice.
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95
LABORATORY EXERCISE 59
CAT DISSECTION: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The cat uterine tubes are small, coiled tubes near the ovaries that travel relatively short distances to join the uterine horns.
The human uterine tubes are much larger and longer, traveling from the region of the ovaries to the uterine body.
2. The human uterus contains a single chamber in which the offspring develop. The cat uterus is Y-shaped with branches,
forming right and left uterine horns.
3. The uterine horns of the cat provide room for many offspring to develop at one time.
4. In the cat, the vagina and urethra open into a common urogenital sinus; in the human each of these organs has a separate
opening to the outside.
PART B
1. The glans penis of the cat has small spines on its surface, whereas that of the human does not.
2. In the cat, the prostate gland is relatively small and is located some distance from the urinary bladder (it does not surround
the urethra). In the human, the prostate gland is relatively larger and surrounds the urethra near the base of the bladder.
3. The seminal vesicles are lacking in the cat.
4. The prepuce of the cat encloses the entire penis for protection. In the human, the prepuce or foreskin is vestigial and only
covers the glans penis. A circumcision is commonly performed on humans to remove the prepuce for sanitation and other
reasons.
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96
LABORATORY EXERCISE 59
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The fetal pig uterine tubes are small, coiled tubes near the ovaries that travel relatively short distances to join the uterine
horns. The human uterine tubes are much larger and longer, traveling from the region of the ovaries to the uterine body.
2. The human uterus contains a single chamber in which the offspring develop. The fetal pig uterus is Y-shaped with branches,
forming right and left uterine horns.
3. The uterine horns of the pig provide room for many offspring to develop at one time.
4. In the fetal pig, the vagina and urethra open into a common urogenital sinus; in the human, each of these organs has a
separate opening to the outside.
PART B
1. The ovaries and testes are homologous structures that originate near the dorsal abdominal wall posterior to the kidneys. In
the male fetus, the testes migrate through the inguinal canal by means of the gubernaculum until they reach the scrotum
which provides an environment better for spermatogenesis and sperm storage. Because fetal pigs were not full term
(gestation), the testes are located at some point within the inguinal canal.
2. In the fetal pig, the bulbourethral glands are large along the urethra near the proximal end of the penis; in the human, the
bulbourethral glands are the smallest of the accessory glands located also along the urethra near the proximal end of the
penis.
3. The prepuce of the fetal pig encloses the entire penis for protection. In the human, the prepuce or foreskin is vestigial and
only covers the glans penis. A circumcision is commonly performed on humans to remove the prepuce for sanitation and
other reasons.
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97
LABORATORY EXERCISE 60
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. h
2. a
3. c
4. i
5. b
6.
7.
8.
9.
f
g
d
e
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
2. (experimental results)
3. (experimental results)
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
Probably not; differences in electrolyte concentrations and various other factors would probably result in slightly different values.
PART C
1. (attached myogram)
2. (labels for myogram)
3.
Answers will vary.
PART D
1. (attached myogram)
2. (labels for myogram)
3. (experimental results)
4. (experimental results)
5. Answers will vary.
6. (experimental results)
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98
LABORATORY EXERCISE 61
NERVE IMPULSE STIMULATION
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Potassium
2. Sodium
3. Potassium
4. Resting potential
5. Depolarized
6. Summation
7. Repolarized
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Repolarization
Refractory period
All-or-none
Lipid
Schwann cells
Saltatory
Faster
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. (experimental results)
4. Answers will vary.
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99
LABORATORY EXERCISE 62
BLOOD TESTING
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another during blood-testing
procedures, it is suggested that the following tests be performed by the instructor. Mammal blood other than human or
contaminant-free human blood is suggested as a substitute for collected blood.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
(testing results)
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
3.
Answers will vary.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
The hematocrit and hemoglobin tests could indicate anemia if the values are lower than normal values.
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100
LABORATORY EXERCISE 63
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Pump the blood to the lungs and body cells
2. SA node
3. Vagus
4. Acetylcholine
5. Accelerator
6. Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
PART B
1. The atria contract as a unit followed by the
contraction of the ventricle (single in frogs).
2. (experimental results)
3. (experimental results)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Medulla oblongata
Blood pressure (stretch)
Sympathetic (accelerator)
Increase
Potassium (K+)
4.
The SA node activity at room temperature is slower than the
human resting heart rate. Colder temperatures slow the rate;
warmer temperatures increase the rate.
PART C
1. The force (amplitude) of the contractions normally
2.
increases as calcium ions help initiate muscle
contractions. There is danger of prolonged contraction.
Normally the rate and force of contractions decrease by altering
the usual polarized state of cardiac muscle cells. Excessive
potassium ions may result in cardiac arrest.
Assess: Critical Thinking Answer
This will allow the ionization to occur providing K+ and Ca++ when in a solution of water.
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101
APPENDIX 1: MATERIALS NEEDED
This is a composite list of materials needed for the entire lab manual. The amount or number of each item will depend upon the
laboratory size and the number of students working as a group. The laboratory manual lists the materials needed at the beginning
of each lab, as some of these materials might not be needed if certain labs or learning activities are not attempted. Items indicated
with an (*) are learning activities, alternative materials, or online labs.
Prepared Microscope Slides
Adipose tissue
Adrenal gland
Areolar connective tissue
Artery cross section
Blood smear (Wright’s stain)
Bone tissue (compact, ground, cross section)
Cardiac muscle tissue
Cochlea (section)*
Dense connective tissue
Dorsal root ganglion (section)
Ductus deferens, cross section
Elastic cartilage
Elastic connective tissue
Epididymis, cross section
Esophagus
Fibrocartilage
Heavily pigmented human skin*
Human chromosomes from leukocytes in mitosis*
Human chromosomes*
Human scalp or axilla
Human spleen section
Human thymus section
Hyaline cartilage
Kidney section
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle*
Large intestine
Letter e slide
Lung tissue (emphysema)*
Lung tissue (smoker)*
Lung, human (normal)
Lymph node section
Mammalian eye (sagittal section)
Mitosis (whitefish blastula)
Nervous tissue (spinal cord smear and cerebellum)
Neuroglia cells (astrocytes)
Olfactory epithelium*
Ovary section with maturing follicles
Pancreas (normal)
Pancreas of diabetic*
Parathyroid gland
Pathological blood, such as eosinophilia, leukocytosis,
leukopenia, and lymphocytosis*
Penis, cross section
Peripheral nerve (cross section and longitudinal section)
Pituitary gland
Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium (trachea)
Purkinje cells from cerebellum*
Reticular connective tissue
Salivary gland
Sea urchin embryos (early and late cleavage)
Semicircular canal (cross section through ampulla)*
Simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney)
Simple squamous epithelium (lung)
Skeletal muscle tissue (cross section and longitudinal
section)
Small intestine (jejunum)
Smooth muscle tissue
Spinal cord cross section with spinal nerve roots
Stomach (fundus)
Stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus)
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle*
Taste buds*
Tattoo*
Testis section
Thick skin (plantar or palmar)
Three colored threads
Thyroid gland
Trachea (cross section)
Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
Ureter, cross section
Urinary bladder wall
Uterine tube, cross section
Uterine wall section
Uterine wall, early menstrual phase*
Uterine wall, early proliferative phase*
Uterine wall, secretory phase*
Vein cross section
Apparatus/Supplies/Equipment
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93
3” x 5” cards
ABO blood-typing kit
Anatomical charts of various systems
Anti-D serum*
Astigmatism chart
Audiometer*
Beakers (assorted sizes)
Bicycle pump*
Blunt metal probes
Bone shears
Bright light
Bristle or sharp pencil
Bunsen burner
Calculator
Capillary tubes (nonheparinized)*
Centrifuge
Centrifuge tubes
Electrocardiograph (or other instrument for recording an
ECG)
Colored pencils
Compound light microscopes
Cot or table
Cotton swabs (sterile; disposable)
Coverslips
Depression microscope slides
Dialysis tubing of 1 5/16-inch diameter or greater
Dice
Disposable mouthpieces for the spirometer
Disposable urine-collecting container
Dissecting needle (needle probe)
Dissecting pins
Dissecting trays
Dissection instruments (scalpel, probe, scissors, and
forceps)
Dropper bottles
China marker
Clock with second hand or timer
Electrode cream (paste)
Electronic stimulator (or inductorium)*
Filter paper
Flasks*
Forceps
Forceps (fine points)
Frog board or heavy cardboard
Glass funnel
Glass plate
Glass rod
Glass tubing*
Graduated cylinder (10 mL)
Hand counter (tally)*
Hand magnifier
Heavy thread
Hemoglobinometer*
Hemolysis applicator*
Heparinized microhematocrit capillary tube*
Hook (small)*
Hot plate
Ice
Slide warming box (Rh blood-typing box or view box)*
Ichikawa’s color plates or other colorblindness test
Identification tags
Large plastic bags
Kymograph recording system*
Laboratory balance
Laboratory scoop
Laboratory thermometer
Lead selector switch
Lens paper
Long knife
Marking pen (washable)
Marking pen (washable)
Masking tape
Medicine dropper
Meterstick
Microhematocrit centrifuge*
Microhematocrit reader*
Microscope slides
Myograph and stand*
Normal and abnormal simulated urine specimens*
Nose clips
Oil immersion objective on compound microscope*
Ophthalmoscope*
Paper bags, small
Paper cups (small)
Paper towels
Pen flashlight
Pennies (or other coins)
Petri dish
pH test paper
Physiograph*
Physiological recording appartus*
Pipet rubber bulbs
Pipets (1 mL and 10 mL)
Plate electrodes and cables or self-sticking leads
Pneumograph*
Porcelain test plate
PTC paper
Radiographs of skeletal structures and joints*
Reagent strips (individual or combination) to test for the
presence of glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and
hemoglobin/occult blood in the urine
Ring stand and clamp
Rubber bands (short and long)
Rubber percussion hammer
Rubber stoppers, two-hole*
Rubber tubing*
Safety equipment (first aid kit, disposable latex and vinyl
gloves, safety glasses, laboratory coats, and
disinfectant solution)
Sealing clay (or Critocaps)*
Single-edged razor blade*
Slide staining rack and tray*
Small fish net
Small round stickers
Small triangular file*
Snellen eye chart
Sphygmomanometer
Spirometer, handheld (dry portable)
Spoon*
Stereomicroscopes (dissecting microscopes)
Sterile cotton
Sterile disposable blood lancets*
Stethoscope
Swivel chair
Syringe for U-100 insulin
Tallquist test kit*
Test tubes
Test-tube clamps
Test-tube rack
Thistle tube
Thread
Toothpicks (flat)
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distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
94
Transparent plastic millimeter ruler
Tuning fork (128 or 256 cps)
Twine
Urinometer cylinder
Urinometer hydrometer
Watch that ticks
Wax marker
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distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
95
Models/Skeletons
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distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
94
Animal cell
Animal mitosis
Articulated human skeleton
Cat skeleton* (for cat version)
Disarticulated human skeleton
Disarticulated human skull (Beauchene)
Dissectible ear
Dissectible eye
Dissectible human brain
Dissectible human heart
Dissectible human torso model with musculature
Fetal skull*
Human long bone, sectioned longitudinally
Human skull, sagittal section
Kidney model
Larynx model
Lung function model*
Preserved Materials
Animal lung with trachea*
Beef or sheep eyes
Cats or fetal pigs (double injection)
Human brain
Mammalian embryos*
Living Specimens/Fresh Material
Amoeba culture*
Chopped fresh red cabbage
Egg albumin
Fish (small goldfish, guppy, or other)
Fresh animal bones, sectioned longitudinally and transversely
Fresh animal joint (knee joint preferred)*
Fresh chicken bones (radius and ulna from wings)*
Fresh chicken eggs*
Fresh round beefsteak*
Frog (or goldfish)
Chemicals, Reagents, and Biologicals
0.5% amylase solution (must be free of sugar)
0.5% quinine sulfate solution or 0.1% Epsom salt solution
0.5% starch solution
0.9% NaCl (aqueous solution)
1% acetic acid or lemon juice
1% glucose solution
1% HCl solution
1% monosodium glutamate (MSG) solution
1% NaCl solution
1% starch solution
10% glucose solution
10% starch solution
2% Novocain solution (procaine hydrochloride)*
3% NaCl (aqueous solution)
5% NaCl solution
5% sucrose solution
95% ethyl alcohol
Acetylcholine, 1:10,000 solution
Bacterial amylase powder (store in a freezer)
Baking soda
Benedict’s solution
Biuret reagent
Caffeine, 0.2% solution
Calcium chloride
Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)*
Clear carbonated soft drink
Corn syrup (Karo)*
Male and female pelves*
Model of female reproductive system
Model of male reproductive system
Models of human embryos
Muscular model of the lower limb
Muscular model of the upper limb
Muscular models of male and female pelves
Neuron
Skeletal muscle fiber model
Skin
Spinal cord
Synovial joints (shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee)
Teeth, sectioned
Thoracic organs model
Tooth model, sectioned
Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar examples)
Pig or sheep kidneys
Sheep brains
Sheep or other mammalian hearts
Spinal cord with meninges intact*
Paramecium culture*
Pieces of apple, carrot, and onion or packages of mixed
flavors of LifeSavers
Plant materials such as leaves, soft stems, fruits, and
vegetables*
Potatoes
Sea urchin egg and sperm suspensions (these can be
obtained by using Sea Urchin Embryology Kits sold
by Carolina Biological Supply Company)
Uncoagulated animal blood
Cornstarch
Distilled water
Epinephrine, 1:10,000 solution
Frog Ringer’s solution
Glucose
Insulin (regular U-100) (HumulinR in 10 mL vial—store in
refrigerator)
Iodine
Iodine-potassium-iodide (IKI) stain
Methylene blue (dilute)
Molasses (or Karo dark corn syrup)
Potassium chloride
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium iodide
Potassium permanganate crystals
Powdered charcoal (or ground black pepper)
Sedi-stain
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium chloride
Stopper bottles of cinnamon, sage, garlic powder, oil of
clove, oil of wintergreen, and perfume
Sudan IV dye
Vaseline*
Vegetable oil
Vinegar
Wright’s stain*
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
95
APPENDIX 2: LABORATORY SUPPLIERS
This list is not complete, but it does contain well-established names recognized by most anatomy and physiology instructors.
Additional suppliers often advertise in scientific journals or have booths at scientific association meetings. Some of these
companies also have regional offices.
Carolina Biological Supply Company
2700 York Road
Burlington, NC 27215
www.carolina.com
Connecticut Valley Biological Supply Co.
82 Valley Road; P.O. Box 326
Southampton, MA 01073
www.ctvalleybio.com
Cynmar Corporation
21709 Route 4 North
P.O. Box 530
Carlinville, IL 62626
www.cynmar.com
Fisher Scientific
U.S. Headquarters
2000 Park Lane
Pittsburgh, PA 15275
www.fisheredu.com
Flinn Scientific
P.O. Box 219
Batavia, IL 60510
www.flinnsci.com
Nasco, Inc.
901 Janesville Ave.
Fort Atkinson, WI 53538
www.enasco.com
Nebraska Scientific
3823 Leavenworth St.
Omaha, NE 68105
www.nebraskascientific.com
Phipps and Bird/Intelitool
P.O. Box 7475
Richmond, VA 23221
www.phippsbird.com
Sargent-Welch Scientific Company
P.O. Box 4130
Buffalo, NY 14217
www.sargentwelch.com
The Scope Schoppe
P.O. Box 583
DeKalb, IL 60115
www.scopeshoppe.com
Ward’s Natural Science
5100 West Henrietta Road
P.O. Box 92912
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
96
Rochester, NY 14692
www.wardsci.com
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
97
APPENDIX 3
Student Safety Rules Agreement
I have read all of the “Laboratory Safety Guidelines” in Appendix 1 of the laboratory manual. I
agree to follow these guidelines, and any additional safety guidelines included in the individual
labs, to insure my own personal safety as well as the safety of all persons in the laboratory. I will
inform my instructor of any safety violations and any health conditions changes that might
impact the safety of anyone in the laboratory. I have read, understood, and agree to the safety
rules.
Signature
Date
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
98
APPENDIX 4
Student Informed Consent Form
My participation in a particular lab that has any safety or privacy concerns is voluntary; I may
choose not to participate in that specific lab, and be required to do an alternative project. The
potential risks have been included in the laboratory manual and/or explained to me by my
instructor. My individual personal data will be confidential although a summary of class results
may be included in a review of the laboratory exercise. I have no known health condition that
would prohibit me from participating in this laboratory exercise.
Signature
Date
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner.
This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.