Binary
August 2013
Question 1
The organisms in a pond and the physical factors influencing them best describe
(1) a population
(3) a biosphere
(2) an ecosystem
(4) a food chain
Question 2
Which row in the chart below best describes decomposers?
Row
Method of Nutrition
Recycles
(1)
autotrophic
nutrients
(2)
heterotrophic
nutrients
(3)
autotrophic
energy
(4)
heterotrophic
energy
Question 3
Some processes that occur in a cell are listed below.
A. utilize energy
B. detect changes in the environment
C. rearrange and synthesize chemical compounds
Which processes will all living organisms use to maintain homeostasis?
(1) A and B, only
(2) B and C, only
(3) C and A, only
(4) A, B, and C
Question 4
Which cell structures are correctly paired with their functions?
(1) The mitochondria produce enzymes, and ribosomes transport them.
(2) The ribosomes make proteins, and the nucleus stores genetic information.
(3) The cell membrane makes enzymes, and cytoplasm transports them.
(4) The vacuole stores genetic information, and chloroplasts make proteins.
Question 5
The diagram below represents the region between two nerve cells. Cell A releases a chemical that
travels to and binds with structure X on cell B.
Structure X most likely represents
(1) a receptor molecule
(2) an inorganic substance
(3) a ribosome
(4) an antibody
Question 6
Over the past few thousand years, humans have helped to bring about changes in many plant and
animal species in order to make them more useful. Examples include strong workhorses, hunting
dogs, large-eared corn, and beautiful flower varieties. These changes were primarily brought
about by humans, using the process of
(1) mitosis
(3) cloning
(2) selective breeding
(4) natural selection
Question 7
Certain antibacterial soaps kill 99% of the bacteria present on hands. Constant use of these
soaps could be harmful over time because
(1) more pathogens may be resistant to the soap
(2) microbes prevent viral diseases
(3) large populations of pathogens are beneficial to the hands
(4) the soap stimulates skin cell division
Question 8
Which factor would cause two specialized tissues that contain identical chromosomes to function
Differently?
(1) Specific sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated.
(2) All of the sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated.
(3) Specific sections of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated.
(4) All of the amino acid molecules in the cytoplasm are activated.
Question 9
Some variation must be present in a population in order for natural selection to take place.
These variations arise from mutations in the DNA and
(1) sorting of chromosomes during sexual reproduction
(2) combining of chromosomes during organ development
(3) changing of chromosomes during cloning
(4) removal of chromosomes during selective breeding
Question 10
The diagram below represents a segment of a gene on two chromosomes.
The change in the gene sequence is an example of
(1) an insertion
(3) a substitution
(2) a deletion
(4) a replication
Question 11
In a certain species of insect, some individuals have flattened white disks on their bodies that
protrude and interlock, resembling an orchid flower. This adaptation provides the insect with a
better opportunity to capture its prey. If environmental conditions remain unchanged, it is most
likely that, in future generations, the pro-portion of the population with this adaptation will
(1) increase, only
(2) decrease, only
(3) increase, then decrease
(4) decrease, then increase
Question 12
Which structure is correctly paired with its function?
(1) ovary — provides milk for newborns
(2) testis — development of sperm
(3) placenta — storage of released eggs
(4) uterus — produces estrogen
Question 13
The fruit fly represented in the diagram below has unusual, curled wings that formed after
exposure to radiation.
In order for the fly to pass this trait on to its offspring, a change had to occur in
(1) the blood cells of the fly
(2) the gametes of the fly
(3) all the body cells of the fly
(4) the muscles of the fly
Question 14
In a population of birds, the percentage of individuals having a certain gene changes from
20% to 60% over the span of several hundred years. This situation will most likely affect the
rate of
(1) biological evolution
(2) asexual reproduction
(3) gene mutation
(4) ecological succession
Question 15
The finite resources of Earth are often affected by increasing human consumption. These finite
resources are
(1) not renewable over a short period of time
(2) the products of rapid human population growth
(3) the result of deforestation
(4) needed to degrade ecosystems
Question 16
A student made the drawing shown below of a single-celled organism as he observed it with
a compound light microscope under the high-power objective.
Several minutes later, he drew the diagram shown below of the same organism, using the
same magnification.
These drawings show that the organism is carrying out the process of
(1) asexual reproduction
(2) sexual reproduction
(3) embryo formation
(4) genetic alteration
Question 17
Which statement best describes why pathogens are harmful?
(1) All of the cells of an organism infected by pathogens become pathogens.
(2) Pathogens cannot be controlled once they enter the cells of an organism.
(3) Pathogens produce antibodies that will kill the host organism.
(4) Pathogens can interfere with normal life functions.
Question 18
In 1996, scientists cloned the first mammal, a sheep. This technique involved the removal of
the nucleus from an egg cell. The nucleus from a cell of another adult sheep was then inserted
into this egg cell. Once this cell began to develop into an embryo, it was implanted into a third
female sheep that later gave birth to a healthy lamb, Dolly. Which statement concerning Dolly
is correct?
(1) Her offspring would be genetically identical.
(2) Dolly and her DNA donor are genetically identical.
(3) Two different gametes were manipulated to produce Dolly.
(4) Dolly was produced by the recombination of genetic material.
Question 19
Which activity would most likely increase the mutation rate in a culture of bacteria being
grown in a laboratory experiment?
(1) adding more distilled water to the culture
(2) adding excess nutrients to the culture
(3) exposing the culture to a higher concentration of CO2
(4) exposing the culture to ultraviolet radiation
Question 20
Which two processes are responsible for keeping the percentage of atmospheric oxygen at
relatively constant levels?
(1) circulation and coordination
(2) respiration and coordination
(3) respiration and photosynthesis
(4) photosynthesis and circulation
Question 21
Chemicals that help chemical reactions occur at faster rates in living organisms are known as
(1) biotic resources
(2) simple sugars
(3) oxygen molecules
(4) organic catalysts
Question 22
The action of insulin on sugar levels in the blood helps to
(1) interfere with homeostasis
(2) maintain dynamic equilibrium
(3) coordinate enzyme production
(4) regulate digestion of protein
Question 23
An individual recovers from the common cold, which is caused by rhinovirus A. The person
then becomes infected with the avian influenza virus, which causes the bird flu. Which
statement best describes what will most likely happen to this person?
(1) He will have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is not immune to the avian influenza
virus.
(2) He will have the symptoms of the common cold because he is not immune to the avian
influenza virus.
(3) He will not have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is immune to rhinovirus A.
(4) He will not have the symptoms of the common cold because the avian influenza virus causes
it.
Question 24
The wetland plant purple loosestrife was imported to North America from Europe. Since
its introduction, the loosestrife has spread, which has resulted in a dramatic decline in the
biological diversity of native wetland plants. A likely reason for the spread of the purple
loosestrife is that it can
(1) successfully compete with native herbivores for food
(2) serve as an excellent food source for native herbivores
(3) successfully compete with native plants for space
(4) prevent the migration of native plants
Question 25
Deer ticks are responsible for spreading Lyme disease. This organism, which feeds on the blood
of warm-blooded organisms like mice, deer, and humans, is best described as a
(1) predator
(2) scavenger
(3) parasite
(4) host
Question 26
Years ago, an article was written titled “Medicine Chest in the Jungle.” This article most likely
described the
(1) potential for ecosystems to be a source for new drugs
(2) dangers of poisonous jungle plants and animals
(3) deforestation of jungles for the development of large pharmacies
(4) use of antibiotics to treat certain disorders in trees
Question 27
After a building was torn down and the area was cleared, grasses began to grow in the area.
Several years later, small bushes replaced the grasses. This pattern of plant growth is known as
Ecological
(1) stability
(2) cultivation
(3) succession
(4) coordination
Question 28
A human activity that could significantly decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is
(1) increasing the use of fossil fuel
(2) controlling insect pests that eat stored grain
(3) burning garbage and trash to generate electricity
(4) preserving and expanding forest habitats that shelter wildlife
Question 29
Ethanol-fueled vehicles have increased in popularity as people try to be more environmentally
responsible. Ethanol can be made from corn. Some farmers are clearing forests and planting
large expanses of corn to meet the rising demand. Which statement describes a likely result of
this increased corn production?
(1) There will be a reduction in the biodiversity of areas that are converted to grow corn.
(2) The corn will produce more carbon dioxide than it uses, contributing to global warming.
(3) Insect biodiversity in the area will increase.
(4) Growing more corn will increase the nutrient content of the soil.
Question 30
Windmills that generate electricity are being built in coastal areas. The main benefit of these
windmills is that they
(1) produce finite resources
(2) reduce dependency on fuels that cause air pollution
(3) absorb the noise of passing boats
(4) maintain the salt concentration in the ocean
Question 31
The dichotomous key below provides a way to classify some animals into groups according to
their physical characteristics.
The key can be used to classify each of the four animals represented below.
Which row in the chart shows the correct classification group for each animal?
Row
Wasp
Ant
Tiger
Bird
(1)
group D
group D
group A
group B
(2)
group B
group A
group D
group C
(3)
group B
group D
group A
group C
(4)
group D
group A
group A
group B
Question 32
Part of a process necessary for reproduction in complex organisms is represented below.
Step C results in the production of
(1) four zygotes that will develop into embryos
(2) embryonic cells that could unite and develop into an organism
(3) four cells that will recombine to form two offspring
(4) gametes that could be involved in the formation of a zygote
Question 33
The diagram below represents an evolutionary tree.
Which statement best describes species E?
(1) Species D is an ancestor of species E.
(2) Through natural selection, species E produced increased survival mechanisms.
(3) Species E had greater success due to patterns of behavior.
(4) Species E had insufficient adaptive characteristics for survival in a changing environment.
Question 34
The diagram below represents one type of white blood cell. This type of white blood cell ingests
microbes.
A function of another type of white blood cell is to
(1) prevent the loss of blood from a wound
(2) produce specialized molecules that mark invaders
(3) increase the number of red blood cells in the blood
(4) cause gene mutations that will increase immune responses
Question 35
The table below indicates a reproductive pattern in some sea turtles when eggs develop in areas
with differing temperatures.
Sex Determination in Sea Turtles
Temperature (°C)
Offspring Produced
below 23
usually none
23-27
mostly males
28-30
50/50 males:females
31-33
mostly females
above 33
usually none
The sex of turtle offspring is most probably
(1) determined only by genes inherited from the parent turtles
(2) controlled entirely by the location where the young are raised
(3) a result of genetic information being influenced by environmental conditions
(4) an identical pattern to the reproductive pattern found in humans
Question 36
The diagram below represents a food web
Which statement regarding organisms in this food web is correct?
(1) There would be more snakes than pocket gophers.
(2) There would be more coyotes than rabbits.
(3) There would be more insects than insect-eating birds.
(4) There would be more hawks than seed-eating birds.
Question 37
Base your answer on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
The pH of the internal environment of lysosomes (organelles that contain
digestive enzymes) is approximately 4.5, while the pH of the surrounding cytoplasm
is approximately 7. The average pH of the human stomach during digestion is
approximately 2.5, while the average pH of the small intestine during digestion is
about 8.
The graph below shows how pH affects the enzyme activity of four different
enzymes, A, B, C, and D
What will most likely happen to the action of an enzyme from the small intestine if it is placed in
an environment similar to the environment in which enzyme C functions best?
(1) It would no longer be able to function because the environment is too acidic.
(2) It would adapt to the new environment and start carrying out the same function as
enzyme C.
(3) It would continue to function because it is able to modify the pH of the environment.
(4) It would be able to function because the pH of the environment is similar to that of the
intestine.
Question 38
Base your answer on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
The pH of the internal environment of lysosomes (organelles that contain
digestive enzymes) is approximately 4.5, while the pH of the surrounding cytoplasm
is approximately 7. The average pH of the human stomach during digestion is
approximately 2.5, while the average pH of the small intestine during digestion is
about 8.
The graph below shows how pH affects the enzyme activity of four different
enzymes, A, B, C, and D
Lysosomes break open during the process of digestion, releasing enzymes into the cytoplasm.
Which statement may explain why the entire cell may not be digested?
(1) The acidic environment of the cytoplasm destroys the enzymes.
(2) Antibodies in the cytoplasm break down foreign enzymes.
(3) The pH of the cytoplasm causes the enzymes to function less effectively.
(4) Enzymes can function only in the location where they are synthesized.
Question 39
Base your answer on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
The pH of the internal environment of lysosomes (organelles that contain
digestive enzymes) is approximately 4.5, while the pH of the surrounding cytoplasm
is approximately 7. The average pH of the human stomach during digestion is
approximately 2.5, while the average pH of the small intestine during digestion is
about 8.
The graph below shows how pH affects the enzyme activity of four different
enzymes, A, B, C, and D.
Which enzyme functions best in a pH environment most similar to that of human stomach
enzymes?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 40
The blood glucose range for a healthy adult is 65–104 mg/dL. Which graph best illustrates
normal blood glucose levels in a healthy adult over the course of a day?
Question 41
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
...Unless actions are taken to slow the decline of domesticated honeybees and
augment [increase] their populations with wild bees, many fruits and vegetables may
disappear from the food supply, said Claire Kremen, a conservation biologist at
Princeton University in New Jersey....
The honeybee decline, which is affecting domesticated and wild bee populations
around the world, is mostly the result of diseases spread as a result of mites and
other parasites as well as the spraying of crops with pesticides, scientists say....
Source: “Bee Declines May Spell End of Some Fruits, Vegetables,”
National Geographic News, October 5, 2005
The decrease in the honeybee population is partly due to
(1) the use of pesticides
(2) a decrease in prey
(3) the use of fertilizers
(4) a decrease in fruits and vegetables
Question 42
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
...Unless actions are taken to slow the decline of domesticated honeybees and
augment [increase] their populations with wild bees, many fruits and vegetables may
disappear from the food supply, said Claire Kremen, a conservation biologist at
Princeton University in New Jersey....
The honeybee decline, which is affecting domesticated and wild bee populations
around the world, is mostly the result of diseases spread as a result of mites and
other parasites as well as the spraying of crops with pesticides, scientists say....
Source: “Bee Declines May Spell End of Some Fruits, Vegetables,”
National Geographic News, October 5, 2005
A decrease in honeybee populations will
(1) eliminate the need to spray crops
(2) increase the number of bee parasites
(3) reduce the occurrence of natural disasters
(4) disrupt the stability of an ecosystem
Question 43
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
...Unless actions are taken to slow the decline of domesticated honeybees and
augment [increase] their populations with wild bees, many fruits and vegetables may
disappear from the food supply, said Claire Kremen, a conservation biologist at
Princeton University in New Jersey....
The honeybee decline, which is affecting domesticated and wild bee populations
around the world, is mostly the result of diseases spread as a result of mites and
other parasites as well as the spraying of crops with pesticides, scientists say....
Source: “Bee Declines May Spell End of Some Fruits, Vegetables,”
National Geographic News, October 5, 2005
Some honeybees have been able to survive the changes in their environment and reproduce. This
is most likely due to
(1) the aggressive behavior of wild bees
(2) an abundance of food sources for the bees
(3) genetic diversity in the bees
(4) lack of mutations in the bees
Question 44
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Yellowstone Park Wolf Update
For the first time in nearly 70 years, the howl of the wolf is being echoed throughout
Yellowstone National Park. Canis lupus, the gray wolf, one of the largest and most
complex of the canine species, has been successfully reintroduced into the Yellowstone
ecosystem.
In mid-January 1995, 14 wolves from many separate packs were captured in Canada
And then transported into Yellowstone Park and placed into three one acre pens....
Source: http://www.yellowstone-bearman.com/w-update.html
After the wolves were given time to establish a new pack structure, the packs were released
into the wild. The number of wolf pups was counted each year for four years. The data are
shown in the table below.
Number of Wolf Pups Observed
Year
Number of Pups
1996
11
1997
64
1998
42
1999
61
Using the information in the data table, construct a bar graph on the grid, following the
directions below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on the axis labeled “Number of Pups.”
Question 45
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Yellowstone Park Wolf Update
For the first time in nearly 70 years, the howl of the wolf is being echoed throughout
Yellowstone National Park. Canis lupus, the gray wolf, one of the largest and most
complex of the canine species, has been successfully reintroduced into the Yellowstone
ecosystem.
In mid-January 1995, 14 wolves from many separate packs were captured in Canada
And then transported into Yellowstone Park and placed into three one acre pens....
Source: http://www.yellowstone-bearman.com/w-update.html
After the wolves were given time to establish a new pack structure, the packs were released
into the wild. The number of wolf pups was counted each year for four years. The data are
shown in the table below.
Number of Wolf Pups Observed
Year
Number of Pups
1996
11
1997
64
1998
42
1999
61
Using the information in the data table, construct a bar graph on the grid, following the
directions below.
Construct vertical bars to represent the data. Shade in each bar.
Question 46
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Yellowstone Park Wolf Update
For the first time in nearly 70 years, the howl of the wolf is being echoed throughout
Yellowstone National Park. Canis lupus, the gray wolf, one of the largest and most
complex of the canine species, has been successfully reintroduced into the Yellowstone
ecosystem.
In mid-January 1995, 14 wolves from many separate packs were captured in Canada
And then transported into Yellowstone Park and placed into three one acre pens....
Source: http://www.yellowstone-bearman.com/w-update.html
After the wolves were given time to establish a new pack structure, the packs were released
into the wild. The number of wolf pups was counted each year for four years. The data are
shown in the table below.
Number of Wolf Pups Observed
Year
Number of Pups
1996
11
1997
64
1998
42
1999
61
State one positive result of reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone Park.
Question 47
The number of wolves that can be supported in this environment for a long period of time is
known as
(1) ecosystem stability
(3) ecological succession
(2) carrying capacity
(4) biological evolution
Question 48
State one possible reason why the wolf population showed a decline from 1997 to 1998.
Question 49
Some levels of organization in a multicellular organism are shown in the sequence below.
A → cells → tissues → B → organ systems → organism
Which terms represented by letters A and B would complete the sequence?
(1) A–gametes; B–zygote
(3) A–organs; B–organelles
(2) A–zygote; B–gametes
(4) A–organelles; B–organs
Question 50
Base your answer on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
Excess body weight is considered to be a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and
high blood pressure. The Body Mass Index (BMI) chart below can be used as a guide to
determine if a person’s body weight puts that person at risk for such diseases.
The BMI for a person who is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 170 pounds is between
(1) 24 and 25
(2) 25 and 26
Question 51
(3) 27 and 28
(4) 29 and 30
Base your answer on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
Excess body weight is considered to be a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and
high blood pressure. The Body Mass Index (BMI) chart below can be used as a guide to
determine if a person’s body weight puts that person at risk for such diseases.
Is a person with a BMI of 27 at risk for diseases such as diabetes or high blood pressure? Support
your answer.
Question 52
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Excess body weight is considered to be a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and
high blood pressure. The Body Mass Index (BMI) chart below can be used as a guide to
determine if a person’s body weight puts that person at risk for such diseases.
State whether an individual who is 5 feet 3 inches tall and weighs 146 pounds needs to gain or
lose weight in order to be classified as healthy.
Question 53
Base your answer on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
Excess body weight is considered to be a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and
high blood pressure. The Body Mass Index (BMI) chart below can be used as a guide to
determine if a person’s body weight puts that person at risk for such diseases.
Calculate the minimum number of pounds that an individual who is 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighs
232 pounds would have to gain or lose to be classified as a healthy individual with a BMI of 24.
____________ pounds
Question 54
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska is over 19 million acres of land. This
unique habitat supports many species of land and marine animals, including 36 species of
fish and 180 species of birds. Some people want to drill for oil in parts of the refuge.
Scientists estimate that the total amount of recoverable oil in the refuge is between 5 and
16 billion barrels
State one benefit of drilling for oil in the refuge in Alaska.
Question 55
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska is over 19 million acres of land. This
unique habitat supports many species of land and marine animals, including 36 species
of fish and 180 species of birds. Some people want to drill for oil in parts of the refuge.
Scientists estimate that the total amount of recoverable oil in the refuge is between 5
and 16 billion barrels
Describe one environmental problem that could be caused by drilling for oil in the refuge in
Alaska.
Question 56
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Fish Farming
Fish farming has risen in popularity to the point that, in 2009, it was estimated
that 30% of all fish consumed by humans came from fish farms. Fish farms tend to
specialize in one or two species of fish, which are produced in great numbers. Fish
farms are conveniently located along shorelines, where the fish are contained in
pens. Deep-sea vessels are not necessary to harvest the fish, as they are when fish
are caught in the wild. The farms provide a relatively inexpensive way to provide
protein for a growing world population.
As the technique gains in popularity, however, scientists and coastal residents
have become concerned that the concentrated mass of fish in fish farms is
producing large quantities of wastes. These wastes may be carried by ocean currents
to public beaches and recreational boating areas, making them unusable. Others are
concerned that uneaten fish food will decay, produce strong odors, and pollute
marine environments miles away. If the wastes are not flushed out of the pens, they
accumulate on the ocean floor and create a toxic “dead zone” beneath the fish.
Describe some aspects of fish farming that are examples of humans interacting with the
environment. In your answer, be sure to:
• state one specific benefit humans gain from fish farming [1]
• state how biodiversity may be reduced by fish farming and support your answer [1]
• describe the impact, other than a reduction in biodiversity, fish farming may have on the
natural ecosystems of coastal water if no changes are made [1]
Question 57
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Fish Farming
Fish farming has risen in popularity to the point that, in 2009, it was estimated
that 30% of all fish consumed by humans came from fish farms. Fish farms tend to
specialize in one or two species of fish, which are produced in great numbers. Fish
farms are conveniently located along shorelines, where the fish are contained in
pens. Deep-sea vessels are not necessary to harvest the fish, as they are when fish
are caught in the wild. The farms provide a relatively inexpensive way to provide
protein for a growing world population.
As the technique gains in popularity, however, scientists and coastal residents
have become concerned that the concentrated mass of fish in fish farms is
producing large quantities of wastes. These wastes may be carried by ocean currents
to public beaches and recreational boating areas, making them unusable. Others are
concerned that uneaten fish food will decay, produce strong odors, and pollute
marine environments miles away. If the wastes are not flushed out of the pens, they
accumulate on the ocean floor and create a toxic “dead zone” beneath the fish.
Describe some aspects of fish farming that are examples of humans interacting with the
environment. In your answer, be sure to:
• state one specific benefit humans gain from fish farming [1]
• state how biodiversity may be reduced by fish farming and support your answer [1]
• describe the impact, other than a reduction in biodiversity, fish farming may have on the
natural ecosystems of coastal water if no changes are made [1]
Question 58
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Fish Farming
Fish farming has risen in popularity to the point that, in 2009, it was estimated
that 30% of all fish consumed by humans came from fish farms. Fish farms tend to
specialize in one or two species of fish, which are produced in great numbers. Fish
farms are conveniently located along shorelines, where the fish are contained in
pens. Deep-sea vessels are not necessary to harvest the fish, as they are when fish
are caught in the wild. The farms provide a relatively inexpensive way to provide
protein for a growing world population.
As the technique gains in popularity, however, scientists and coastal residents
have become concerned that the concentrated mass of fish in fish farms is
producing large quantities of wastes. These wastes may be carried by ocean currents
to public beaches and recreational boating areas, making them unusable. Others are
concerned that uneaten fish food will decay, produce strong odors, and pollute
marine environments miles away. If the wastes are not flushed out of the pens, they
accumulate on the ocean floor and create a toxic “dead zone” beneath the fish.
Describe some aspects of fish farming that are examples of humans interacting with the
environment. In your answer, be sure to:
• state one specific benefit humans gain from fish farming [1]
• state how biodiversity may be reduced by fish farming and support your answer [1]
• describe the impact, other than a reduction in biodiversity, fish farming may have on the
natural ecosystems of coastal water if no changes are made [1]
Question 59
Base your answer on the data table and information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The table describes various pH levels.
pH Labels
pH
pH Description
1
very acidic
5
slightly acidic
7
neutral
9
slightly basic
13
very basic
A scientist is concerned about the effects of acid rain on newly fertilized fish eggs in
lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. The scientist would like to
investigate the hatching rates of these fish eggs in water at different acidic pH levels. The
scientist designed an experiment that could show the effect of an acid pH on the hatching
of these fish eggs.
State how the control group would be treated differently from the experimental groups.
Question 60
Base your answer on the data table and information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The table describes various pH levels.
pH Labels
pH
pH Description
1
very acidic
5
slightly acidic
7
neutral
9
slightly basic
13
very basic
A scientist is concerned about the effects of acid rain on newly fertilized fish eggs in
lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. The scientist would like to
investigate the hatching rates of these fish eggs in water at different acidic pH levels. The
scientist designed an experiment that could show the effect of an acid pH on the hatching
of these fish eggs.
State two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental groups and the control
group.
Question 61
Base your answer on the data table and information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The table describes various pH levels.
pH Labels
pH
pH Description
1
very acidic
5
slightly acidic
7
neutral
9
slightly basic
13
very basic
A scientist is concerned about the effects of acid rain on newly fertilized fish eggs in
lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. The scientist would like to
investigate the hatching rates of these fish eggs in water at different acidic pH levels. The
scientist designed an experiment that could show the effect of an acid pH on the hatching
of these fish eggs.
Describe the type of data to be collected.
Question 62
Base your answer on the data table and information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The table describes various pH levels.
pH Labels
pH
pH Description
1
very acidic
5
slightly acidic
7
neutral
9
slightly basic
13
very basic
A scientist is concerned about the effects of acid rain on newly fertilized fish eggs in
lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. The scientist would like to
investigate the hatching rates of these fish eggs in water at different acidic pH levels. The
scientist designed an experiment that could show the effect of an acid pH on the hatching
of these fish eggs.
State one example of experimental results that would show that the increasing acidity of lake
water has a negative effect on the hatching rate of fish eggs.
Question 63
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Protein Shredder
In every cell, thousands of important processes are occurring around the clock. One
ofthe ways a cell manages to coordinate all of these processes is by sending protein
messages. After the protein messages are delivered and read, they need to be destroyed
to prepare for the arrival of the next message.
The task of destroying these proteins falls on cell structures known as proteasomes.
Think of a proteasome as a tubelike protein shredder. Protein molecules that have
served their purpose are transported to the proteasome, unfolded, fed through the tube,
and cut into smaller molecules that can then be used to synthesize new protein
molecules. Proteasomes can shred any type of protein.
Individuals with a neurological disorder known as hereditary ataxia have been found
to have an excess of protein in the cells of their brains and spinal cords. The abnormal
level somehow leads to the death of cells in portions of the cerebellum. These areas of
cell loss can be seen on a brain scan.
There are several forms of hereditary ataxia but all of them result in poor coordination.
The symptoms progress over a period of years. In the beginning, the individuals
experience only minor coordination problems. As time passes, the symptoms become
worse. The affected individuals will have poor balance when walking. They will be
clumsy and have difficulty talking and swallowing.
Based on the symptoms shown by individuals with hereditary ataxia, state two functions
regulated by the cerebellum and spinal cord.
Functions:_____________________________ and __________________________________
Question 64
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Protein Shredder
In every cell, thousands of important processes are occurring around the clock. One
ofthe ways a cell manages to coordinate all of these processes is by sending protein
messages. After the protein messages are delivered and read, they need to be destroyed
to prepare for the arrival of the next message.
The task of destroying these proteins falls on cell structures known as proteasomes.
Think of a proteasome as a tubelike protein shredder. Protein molecules that have
served their purpose are transported to the proteasome, unfolded, fed through the tube,
and cut into smaller molecules that can then be used to synthesize new protein
molecules. Proteasomes can shred any type of protein.
Individuals with a neurological disorder known as hereditary ataxia have been found
to have an excess of protein in the cells of their brains and spinal cords. The abnormal
level somehow leads to the death of cells in portions of the cerebellum. These areas of
cell loss can be seen on a brain scan.
There are several forms of hereditary ataxia but all of them result in poor coordination.
The symptoms progress over a period of years. In the beginning, the individuals
experience only minor coordination problems. As time passes, the symptoms become
worse. The affected individuals will have poor balance when walking. They will be
clumsy and have difficulty talking and swallowing.
Explain why researchers could think that proteasomes might not be working correctly in nerve
cells of individuals with hereditary ataxia.
Question 65
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents three groups of organisms that are part of an ecosystem.
Explain the role of these groups of organisms in the cycling of materials and the transfer of
energy in an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to:
• explain why an ecosystem requires a constant input of energy
Question 66
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents three groups of organisms that are part of an ecosystem.
Explain the role of these groups of organisms in the cycling of materials and the transfer of
energy in an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to:
• explain how organisms in group B obtain energy
Question 67
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents three groups of organisms that are part of an ecosystem.
Explain the role of these groups of organisms in the cycling of materials and the transfer of
energy in an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to:
• explain the role of organisms in group C in the ecosystem
Question 68
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents three groups of organisms that are part of an ecosystem.
Explain the role of these groups of organisms in the cycling of materials and the transfer of
energy in an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the process used by all three groups of organisms to make energy available to their
cells to carry out life functions
Question 69
Discuss the process used by scientists to insert a gene from one organism into the DNA of
another. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the scientific technique used to insert a gene from one organism into another
Question 70
Discuss the process used by scientists to insert a gene from one organism into the DNA of
another. In your answer, be sure to:
• describe the function of a gene
Question 71
Discuss the process used by scientists to insert a gene from one organism into the DNA of
another. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the type of molecule used to cut the gene from the DNA of an organism
Question 72
Discuss the process used by scientists to insert a gene from one organism into the DNA of
another. In your answer, be sure to:
• state one benefit of this technique to humans
Question 73
Base your answer on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
Students were asked to design a lab that investigated the relationship between
exercise and heart rate. Heart rate was determined by recording the pulse rate in beats
per minute. The students hypothesized that increased exercise results in an increased
heart rate. The class results for the experiment are shown in the graph below.
Which statement is best supported by the graph?
(1) Before exercising, the average pulse rate was 65; four minutes after exercising, the average
pulse rate was 65.
(2) After four minutes of exercising, the average pulse rate was 120; two minutes after
exercising, the average pulse rate was 120.
(3) While exercising, the highest average pulse rate was 150; before exercising, the average pulse
rate was 65.
(4) Two minutes before exercising, the average pulse rate was 80; after two minutes of exercise,
the average pulse rate was 140.
Question 74
Base your answer on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
Students were asked to design a lab that investigated the relationship between
exercise and heart rate. Heart rate was determined by recording the pulse rate in beats
per minute. The students hypothesized that increased exercise results in an increased
heart rate. The class results for the experiment are shown in the graph below.
Students in a different science class carried out the same experiment. The data they obtained did
not support the hypothesis that increased exercise results in increased heart rate. The most
scientifically sound way to deal with this situation is to
(1) write a new hypothesis
(2) read about pulse rate in a biology textbook
(3) have the students in both classes vote to decide which hypothesis is correct
(4) ask students in a third class to do the experiment and see if their results support the
hypothesis
Question 75
Base your answer on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
Students were asked to design a lab that investigated the relationship between
exercise and heart rate. Heart rate was determined by recording the pulse rate in beats
per minute. The students hypothesized that increased exercise results in an increased
heart rate. The class results for the experiment are shown in the graph below.
The change in heart rate that occurs between 1 and 5 minutes of exercise is an adaptation that
(1) reduces the rate at which oxygen is carried to the muscle cells
(2) increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is carried to the muscle cells
(3) results in the production of more ATP in muscle cells
(4) slows the destruction of enzymes involved in respiration of muscle cells
Question 76
A student hypothesized that watching sports on television would cause viewers’ pulse rates to
increase. She designed an experiment to determine the effect of watching sports on pulse rate. A
group of 200 volunteers took their pulse rates and then watched their favorite sports on
television. After the games, they immediately took their pulse rates again. The data collected
showed that the pulse rates of some people increased, but the pulse rates of an equal number of
people did not change. Although the hypothesis was not supported by the data, the hypothesis is
still valuable because it
(1) may lead to further investigation
(3) is the opinion of the experimenter
(2) can be changed to fit the data
(4) is based on beliefs of the volunteers
Question 77
Base your answer on the Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of
biology.
The table below shows the DNA, mRNA, and amino acid sequences from two similar plant
species. Using the information given, fill in the missing mRNA base sequences for species A on
the table below.
Question 78
Base your answer on the Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of
biology.
Using the Universal Genetic Code Chart, fill in the missing amino acids for species B on the
table below.
Question 79
Base your answer on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Two models of a cell were made with dialysis tubing and placed in two beakers of
fluid, A and B, each containing starch indicator solution, as represented in the diagram
below. Enzyme Z was added to the artificial cell in beaker B. The solution outside
each cell was tested for the presence of sugar. Initially, no sugar was present in the
solution outside each cell. The results after one hour are represented below.
State one reason for the color change in beaker A after one hour.
Question 80
Base your answer on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Two models of a cell were made with dialysis tubing and placed in two beakers of
fluid, A and B, each containing starch indicator solution, as represented in the diagram
below. Enzyme Z was added to the artificial cell in beaker B. The solution outside
each cell was tested for the presence of sugar. Initially, no sugar was present in the
solution outside each cell. The results after one hour are represented below.
How would the results have been different in beaker B if an enzyme that digests protein was
used instead of enzyme Z?
Question 81
Base your answer on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
Which finches would be most like the ancestral finch?
(1) large ground finches
(2) cactus finches
(3) warbler finches
(4) large tree finches
Question 82
Base your answer on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
Present-day cactus finches are a type of
(1) tree finch
(2) ground finch
(3) warbler finch
(4) ancestral finch
Question 83
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
As part of a laboratory technique, DNA samples taken from four plants were
separated. The results are represented in the diagram below.
Circle the band in the diagram below in the results for plant X that would contain the smallest
DNA fragments. Support your answer.
Question 84
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
As part of a laboratory technique, DNA samples taken from four plants were
separated. The results are represented in the diagram below.
Which plant is most closely related to plant X? Support your answer using information from the
diagram.
Plant number: ____________
Question 85
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
As part of a laboratory technique, DNA samples taken from four plants were
separated. The results are represented in the diagram below.
Identify the technique used to obtain the results represented in the diagram.
August 2014
Question 1
A function of cell membranes in humans is the
(1) synthesis of the amino acids
(2) production of energy
(3) replication of genetic material
(4) recognition of certain chemicals
Question 2
Forests, mountains, rivers, and marshes are
examples of the wide variety of ecosystems in
New York State. The diversity of these ecosystems is most likely the result of
(1) the variety of abiotic conditions in these
regions
(2) interactions between producers and
decomposers
(3) increased efforts to protect endangered
species
(4) a lack of competition between the heterotrophs living there
Question 3
The diagram below represents two organisms.
Which statement concerning organism A and
organism B is correct?
(1) Organism A contains organs, whereas
organism B lacks organs.
(2) Organism A and organism B have the same
organ systems.
(3) Organism A and organism B both have
structures that perform life processes.
(4) Organism A lacks structures that help
maintain dynamic equilibrium
Question 4
Which statement best describes the organelles
in a cell?
(1) All organelles are involved directly with
communication between cells.
(2) Organelles must work together and their
activities must be coordinated.
(3) Organelles function only when there is a disruption in homeostasis.
(4) Each organelle must function independently
of the others in order to maintain homeostasis.
Question 5
A substance directly involved in cellular communication within the human body is
(1) an antibody
(2) an antibiotic
(3) a hormone
(4) a starch
Question 6
The list below includes three organ systems that
are directly used when a human runs.
circulatory system
muscular system
skeletal system
Which system should also be included in the list?
(1) immune system
(2) reproductive system
(3) digestive system
(4) nervous system
Question 7
In a pine forest, there are different species of
birds known as warblers that are able to coexist
on the same pine trees. The Cape May warblers
feed on insects located on the tips of the highest
pine branches. The yellow-rumped warblers
feed on insects on lower branches of the same
trees. The different feeding locations for these
two species of warblers indicate that they have
different
(1) niches
(2) ecosystems
(3) methods of asexual reproduction
(4) methods of selective breeding
Question 8
The diagram below represents the locations of
two mutations in a strand of a DNA molecule.
If this DNA is located in the nucleus of a skin
cell, the cell will
(1) pass the mutations on to only half the cells
that develop from it
(2) delete all of the DNA in the nucleus and
synthesize new DNA
(3) correct the mutations after several generations
(4) pass the mutations on to the cells that
develop from it
Question 9
A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. A
frog sperm cell contains 12 chromosomes.
Which pair of numbers shows the chromosome
number of a normal gamete from each of these
species?
(1) human 46; frog 12
(2) human 46; frog 24
(3) human 23; frog 24
(4) human 23; frog 12
Question 10
According to the theory of biological evolution,
most present-day species of organisms
(1) developed from similar, smaller prehistoric
organisms
(2) have always existed in the form they have
today
(3) developed from fossils of the other organisms
(4) descended from earlier, different species of
organisms
Question 11
Corn seeds with identical genetic information
were planted on two adjacent farms. The corn
plants on one farm were well fertilized and grew
large, while the plants on the other farm were
not given fertilizer and did not grow as large.
The best explanation for these observations is
that
(1) crops grow differently in different climates
(2) the corn plants all contained mutated genes
that made them grow
(3) environmental conditions affect gene
expression
(4) the plants on one farm had different genes
from the plants on the other farm
Question 12
The male red-winged blackbird defends its
territory and uses loud vocalizations to attract a
mate. Such behavior directly benefits these birds
because it results in
(1) increased competition for food
(2) greater reproductive success
(3) reduced biodiversity
(4) global stability
Question 13
Extinction occurs when the environment
changes and
(1) a species can reproduce successfully
(2) an individual has adaptive characteristics
insufficient to allow survival
(3) all members of a species are no longer living
(4) one individual produces some offspring that
evolve into a new species
Question 14
All the information necessary for growth,
development, and eventual reproduction of
sexually reproducing organisms is present in
(1) sperm cells, only
(2) egg cells, only
(3) zygotes
(4) either sperm cells or egg cells
Question 15
Which activity can occur without the use of
energy?
(1) contraction of muscle tissue
(2) protein synthesis in a cell
(3) active transport of minerals
(4) movement of water across a membrane
Question 16
An alternative to the use of insecticides to
combat the Mediterranean fruit fly is the Sterile
Insect Technique (SIT). SIT involves the
sterilization of male insects by radiation, which
prevents the formation of functional male
gametes. When these male insects mate with
female insects of the same species, the result
would be that
(1) only female offspring would be produced
(2) no offspring would be produced
(3) the offspring would have a reduced number
of chromosomes
(4) the offspring would no longer be sterile
Question 17
The diagrams below represent a human organ
system.
The major function of the system is to
(1) provide immunity essential for the survival
of each individual in a population
(2) provide cells that are necessary for the
survival of the species
(3) produce chemical messages that are
necessary for nerve cell development
(4) control the passage of nutrients into and out
of a developing fetus
Question 18
Sheep were the first species of mammals to be
cloned. Which statement about cloned sheep is
correct?
(1) Different kinds of body cells in a cloned
sheep contain different DNA.
(2) Cloned sheep cannot produce offspring if
they are mated with noncloned sheep.
(3) Two sheep cloned from the same parent
cannot mate and have offspring.
(4) Many cells in cloned sheep have two
identical nuclei, instead of a single nucleus.
Question 19
In a sexually reproducing species, evolution
could occur as a result of
(1) modification of genes in body cells
(2) modification of genes in sex cells
(3) increased reproduction among individuals
with identical chromosomes
(4) recombination of genes in cells reproducing
by mitosis
Question 20
An increase in the level of hormone A causes an
increase in the level of hormone B. The increase
in the level of hormone B then causes a decrease
in the level of hormone A. This process is an
example of
(1) a failure to maintain homeostasis
(2) the breakdown of chemicals
(3) a disruption in cellular coordination
(4) a feedback mechanism
Question 21
Human population growth has led to a reduction
in the populations of predators throughout
natural ecosystems across the United States.
Scientists consider the loss of these predators to
have a
(1) positive effect, because an increase in their
prey helps to maintain stability in the
ecosystem
(2) positive effect, because predators usually
eliminate the species they prey on
(3) negative effect, since predators have always
made up a large portion of our food supply
(4) negative effect, because predators have an
important role in maintaining stable
ecosystems
Question 22
Which environmental change would cause the
greatest reduction in the biodiversity of a large
ecosystem?
(1) building a new home
(2) building a new store in a shopping mall
(3) widespread use of pesticides
(4) widespread recycling programs
Question 23
The diagram below represents a variety of fossil
types, which can be found in many rocks.
These fossils can be best used to provide
information that could be used in a study of
(1) evolutionary relationships
(2) dynamic equilibrium
(3) selective breeding
(4) cell specialization
Question 24
The bottom of Onondaga Lake in upstate New
York contains large amounts of pollutants. One
proposal to clean the lake bottom requires that
the pollutants be removed and stored nearby.
People who live near the proposed storage sites
are opposed to this plan. The officials who must
decide on the proposal will examine both the
benefits and risks of the plan. The decision made
by the officials will most likely involve
(1) increased industrialization
(2) direct harvesting
(3) an increase in finite resources
(4) consideration of trade-offs
Question 25
The increased use of wind turbines and solar
collectors to generate electric power will
(1) negatively affect ecosystems by increasing
biodiversity
(2) negatively alter the chemical composition of
soil and water
(3) reduce the amount of pollution that comes
from the burning of fossil fuels
(4) increase oil consumption for business and
industry
Question 26
Antibiotics are substances used to help fight an
infection of Streptococcus, a bacterium that
causes strep throat. Overuse of these antibiotics
can
(1) prevent future infections by these pathogens
(2) cause a decrease in the production of
enzymes
(3) allow organic molecules to be synthesized
(4) select for resistant organisms
Question 27
An allergic reaction to certain types of natural, unprocessed foods, such as peanuts, is caused by
(1) a lack of digestive enzymes
(2) a response to specific antigens
(3) microorganisms living within the food
(4) high levels of carbon dioxide in the air
Question 28
A variety of pear tree, known as Bradford, was
originally introduced into the eastern United
States in the 1960s. Today, this tree is crowding
out other plants in these states. This situation
best illustrates
(1) an unintentional negative effect of altering
an ecosystem
(2) how a foreign species is controlled in the
eastern United States
(3) that the introduction of a foreign species
does not affect food webs
(4) that serious environmental consequences
can be avoided by importing a foreign
species
Question 29
The diagram below represents a process that occurs in nature.
If the oak and hickory trees were burned in a forest fire, leaving bare soil, which group of plants
would most likely be the first to grow back?
(1) crabgrass and horseweed
(2) oak and hickory trees
trees
(3) broomsedge and pine seedlings
(4) mature pine and young deciduous
Question 30
A growing mass of plastic garbage is collecting in an area of the Pacific Ocean. This is caused by
plastic garbage that is discarded by people, and it ends up in rivers that carry it to the ocean.
Over time, ocean currents cause it to accumulate in this area of the Pacific. Currently, the mass is
estimated to cover an area of ocean twice the size of Texas. As these plastics slowly break down,
chemicals enter the water, and can enter ocean organisms that we might eventually use for food.
This sequence of events illustrates that
(1) humans modify ecosystems as a result of population growth, consumption, and technology
(2) human activities that degrade ecosystems result in an increase in diversity of ecosystems
(3) when humans alter ecosystems by adding specific organisms, serious consequences could
result
(4) industrialization brings a reduced demand for fossil and nuclear fuels
Question 31
Which organic compounds would be the best to
analyze in order to determine if two species are
closely related?
(1) fats
(2) starches
(3) sugars
(4) proteins
Question 32
The diagram below represents some structures
observed in a drop of human blood.
Which statement correctly describes all of these
structures in human blood?
(1) They produce antibiotics that fight disease.
(2) They are useful in the digestion of oxygen.
(3) They use all of the DNA present in the cells
of the body.
(4) They perform specific functions that aid in
maintaining homeostasis.
Question 33
Base your answer on the energy pyramid below
and on your knowledge of biology.
Letter A in the pyramid represents
(1) scavengers
(2) producers
(3) carnivores
(4) herbivores
Question 34
The graph below shows changes in the level of
glucose in the blood of a person over a period of
time.
The graph represents the
(1) maintenance of dynamic equilibrium
(2) failure of homeostasis
(3) reaction of white blood cells to a pathogen
(4) oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Question 35
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Thousand Islands region in upstate New York has many isolated islands. On
one island, a fire burned most of the trees. The data table below indicates the percentages
of tan beetles and dark-brown beetles present before and after the fire.
Changes in Beetles Population
Time
Tan Beetles (%)
Dark Brown Beetles (%)
Before fire
88
12
8 months after fire
80
20
16 months after fire
70
30
24 months after fire
65
35
48 months after fire
60
40
60 months after fire
56
44
The increase in the percentage of dark-brown beetles over time was most likely due to the fact
that the
(1) dark-brown beetles could not find food as well as the tan beetles
(2) dark-brown beetles were harder for predators to locate
(3) tan beetles turned dark brown to blend in with the darker, ash-covered ground
(4) exposure to ash from the fire changed the DNA of some of the tan beetles
Question 36
The graph below represents the growth in length and mass of a fetus up to week 32. The length is
measured in millimeters (mm) and the mass in grams (g).
Which statement best describes human fetal growth between weeks 26 and 32?
(1) There is a faster rate of increase in mass than in length.
(2) The rate of increase in mass levels off, while the increase in length constantly increases.
(3) The fetal mass increases by 750 g and the fetal length increases by about 100 mm.
(4) There are slight decreases in both length and mass.
Question 37
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
The population of wolves in 1980 was close to
(1) 20
(2) 50
(3) 800
(4) 1000
Question 38
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
An observable trend in the wolf and moose data between 1980 and 1995 is
(1) as the wolf population decreases, the moose population increases
(2) as the wolf population decreases, the moose population decreases
(3) the numbers of wolves and moose are relatively constant
(4) the numbers of wolves and moose appear to be unrelated
Question 39
A student wants to test the hypothesis that an acidic environment will decrease enzyme activity.
In the experiment, the student used an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water
and bubbles of oxygen. To test the hypothesis, the student should collect data on the number of
oxygen bubbles produced at different
(1) temperatures
(2) pH levels
Question 40
(3) enzyme concentrations
(4) concentrations of hydrogen peroxide
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents events that occur during embryonic development. Letters A through E represent
structures.
Between which two letters does mitosis occur?
(1) A and B
(2) B and C
(3) A and C
(4) C and D
Question 41
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents events that occur during embryonic development. Letters A through E represent
structures.
Between which two letters does differentiation occur?
(1) A and B
(2) B and C
(3) C and D
(4) D and E
Question 42
The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C.
Which row in the chart best identifies each event in the graph?
Row
A
B
C
(1)
deforestation
amount of biodiversity
atmospheric concentration
of carbon dioxide
(2)
industrialization
energy consumption
global temperature
(3)
loss of ozone layer
global warming
rate of skin cancer
(4)
human population
consumption of resources
habitat preservation
Question 43
Which graph best shows changes in a population of yeast that develops in a test tube and
completely consumes a limited supply of food?
Question 44
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Five groups of corn seeds, each containing 275 seeds, were soaked for 1 hour in
different concentrations of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. After 1 hour, the seeds were
rinsed in tap water and drained of all excess water. The seeds were then placed on paper towels
and kept moist for 7 days. After 7 days, the growing stems were cut and weighed to determine
the increase in growth. Then, the percent increase in growth compared to the growth of a group
of untreated seeds was calculated. The results were recorded and are shown in the data table
below.
Growth Rate in Corn Plants Treated with Gibberellic Acid
Concentration of Gibberellic
Acid in Parts per Million
(ppm)
Increase in Growth *
(%)
225
15
300
30
400
23
500
15
600
6
* percent increase in growth compared to the growth of untreated seeds
Source: Adaped from www.super-grow.biz/GibberellicAcid.jsp
Using the information given in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the
directions below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each labeled axis on the grid on the next page.
Question 45
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Five groups of corn seeds, each containing 275 seeds, were soaked for 1 hour in
different concentrations of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. After 1 hour, the seeds were
rinsed in tap water and drained of all excess water. The seeds were then placed on paper towels
and kept moist for 7 days. After 7 days, the growing stems were cut and weighed to determine
the increase in growth. Then, the percent increase in growth compared to the growth of a group
of untreated seeds was calculated. The results were recorded and are shown in the data table
below.
Growth Rate in Corn Plants Treated with Gibberellic Acid
Concentration of Gibberellic
Acid in Parts per Million
(ppm)
Increase in Growth *
(%)
225
15
300
30
400
23
500
15
600
6
* percent increase in growth compared to the growth of untreated seeds
Source: Adaped from www.super-grow.biz/GibberellicAcid.jsp
Using the information given in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the
directions below.
Plot the data from the table on the grid on the next page. Surround each point with a small circle
and connect the points.
Question 46
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Five groups of corn seeds, each containing 275 seeds, were soaked for 1 hour in
different concentrations of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. After 1 hour, the seeds were
rinsed in tap water and drained of all excess water. The seeds were then placed on paper towels
and kept moist for 7 days. After 7 days, the growing stems were cut and weighed to determine
the increase in growth. Then, the percent increase in growth compared to the growth of a group
of untreated seeds was calculated. The results were recorded and are shown in the data table
below.
Growth Rate in Corn Plants Treated with Gibberellic Acid
Concentration of Gibberellic
Acid in Parts per Million
(ppm)
Increase in Growth *
(%)
225
15
300
30
400
23
500
15
600
6
* percent increase in growth compared to the growth of untreated seeds
Source: Adaped from www.super-grow.biz/GibberellicAcid.jsp
Identify the control group in this experiment.
Question 47
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Five groups of corn seeds, each containing 275 seeds, were soaked for 1 hour in different
concentrations of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. After 1 hour, the seeds were rinsed in
tap water and drained of all excess water. The seeds were then placed on paper towels and kept
moist for 7 days. After 7 days, the growing stems were cut and weighed to determine the
increase in growth. Then, the percent increase in growth compared to the growth of a group of
untreated seeds was calculated. The results were recorded and are shown in the data table below.
Growth Rate in Corn Plants Treated with Gibberellic Acid
Concentration of Gibberellic
Acid in Parts per Million
(ppm)
Increase in Growth *
(%)
225
15
300
30
400
23
500
15
600
6
* percent increase in growth compared to the growth of untreated seeds
Source: Adaped from www.super-grow.biz/GibberellicAcid.jsp
Which conclusion is supported by the data from this investigation?
(1) A concentration of gibberellic acid under 300 ppm inhibits the growth of corn plants.
(2) Plants from untreated corn seeds grow better than those treated with gibberellic acid at a
concentratio of 600 ppm.
(3) A concentration of gibberellic acid over 300 ppm makes corn seeds germinate best.
(4) Corn seedlings treated with gibberellic acid at concentrations between 225 and 600 ppm grow
better than untreated seedlings.
Question 48
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Five groups of corn seeds, each containing 275 seeds, were soaked for 1 hour in different
concentrations of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. After 1 hour, the seeds were rinsed in
tap water and drained of all excess water. The seeds were then placed on paper towels and kept
moist for 7 days. After 7 days, the growing stems were cut and weighed to determine the
increase in growth. Then, the percent increase in growth compared to the growth of a group of
untreated seeds was calculated. The results were recorded and are shown in the data table below.
Growth Rate in Corn Plants Treated with Gibberellic Acid
Concentration of Gibberellic
Acid in Parts per Million
(ppm)
Increase in Growth *
(%)
225
15
300
30
400
23
500
15
600
6
* percent increase in growth compared to the growth of untreated seeds
Source: Adaped from www.super-grow.biz/GibberellicAcid.jsp
State how farmers should use gibberellic acid to grow the largest plants. Support your answer
with data from this experiment.
Question 49
Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
The temperature range in a pond in which all three fish species could grow and survive is most
likely
(1) 2°C to 8°C
(2) 12°C to 18°C
(3) 22°C to 28°C
(4) 32°C to 38°C
Question 50
Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology.
In the pond where these fish live, temperature is both a
(1) source of energy and biotic factor
(2) source of nutrition and abiotic factor
(3) limiting factor and biotic factor
(4) limiting factor and abiotic factor
Question 51
The work of a cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles. Most of
these molecules are proteins. Explain how the cell is able to make the many different proteins it
needs. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify where in the cell the information necessary to construct a particular protein is located
and the specific molecule that contains this information
Question 52
The work of a cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles. Most of
these molecules are proteins. Explain how the cell is able to make the many different proteins it
needs. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify both the cellular structure that assembles these proteins and the kinds of molecules that
are used as the building blocks of the proteins
Question 53
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents a food web.
Identify two herbivores that compete for food in the food web above.
Herbivores: ____________________________ and ____________________________
Question 54
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents a food web.
Even though both hawks and owls have two sources of food, explain why hawks would be less
likely to survive if a disease wiped out the mice.
Question 55
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents a food web.
State the role of the decomposers in this food web.
Question 56
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
There has been an increase in the number of dead birds found on the beaches of the
Great Lakes. These birds were poisoned by a bacterial toxin in the lake water. The birds do not
ingest enough water to become sick directly from the toxin found in the lake water. Scientists
think that the cause of the increasing bird deaths lies with an invasive species—the zebra mussel.
This freshwater organism was introduced into the Great Lakes accidentally by humans, and has
become well established in the Great Lakes. Zebra mussels filter out microscopic organisms, as
well as the toxins found in the lake water. The toxins become concentrated in the zebra mussels,
which are eaten by small fish called gobies, and the gobies are eaten by the birds. The
concentration increases in each level of the food chain. It appears that the introduction of the
zebra muscles into the Great Lakes has resulted in a new food chain that increases the
concentration of the naturally occurring toxins and passes dangerous levels on to these top-level
predators. This process is known as bioaccumulation.
Why are the accidentally introduced zebra mussels referred to as an invasive species?
Question 57
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
There has been an increase in the number of dead birds found on the beaches of the
Great Lakes. These birds were poisoned by a bacterial toxin in the lake water. The birds do not
ingest enough water to become sick directly from the toxin found in the lake water. Scientists
think that the cause of the increasing bird deaths lies with an invasive species—the zebra mussel.
This freshwater organism was introduced into the Great Lakes accidentally by humans, and has
become well established in the Great Lakes. Zebra mussels filter out microscopic organisms, as
well as the toxins found in the lake water. The toxins become concentrated in the zebra mussels,
which are eaten by small fish called gobies, and the gobies are eaten by the birds. The
concentration increases in each level of the food chain. It appears that the introduction of the
zebra muscles into the Great Lakes has resulted in a new food chain that increases the
concentration of the naturally occurring toxins and passes dangerous levels on to these top-level
predators. This process is known as bioaccumulation.
On the diagram below, complete the food chain by filling in the correct organisms from the
passage.
_____________________________
↑
_____________________________
↑
_____________________________
↑
microscopic organisms
_____________________________
Question 58
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
There has been an increase in the number of dead birds found on the beaches of the
Great Lakes. These birds were poisoned by a bacterial toxin in the lake water. The birds do not
ingest enough water to become sick directly from the toxin found in the lake water. Scientists
think that the cause of the increasing bird deaths lies with an invasive species—the zebra mussel.
This freshwater organism was introduced into the Great Lakes accidentally by humans, and has
become well established in the Great Lakes. Zebra mussels filter out microscopic organisms, as
well as the toxins found in the lake water. The toxins become concentrated in the zebra mussels,
which are eaten by small fish called gobies, and the gobies are eaten by the birds. The
concentration increases in each level of the food chain. It appears that the introduction of the
zebra muscles into the Great Lakes has resulted in a new food chain that increases the
concentration of the naturally occurring toxins and passes dangerous levels on to these top-level
predators. This process is known as bioaccumulation.
How has bioaccumulation resulted in the deaths of large numbers of birds even though the toxin
level in the lake water is not high enough to make them sick?
Question 59
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
There has been an increase in the number of dead birds found on the beaches of the
Great Lakes. These birds were poisoned by a bacterial toxin in the lake water. The birds do not
ingest enough water to become sick directly from the toxin found in the lake water. Scientists
think that the cause of the increasing bird deaths lies with an invasive species—the zebra mussel.
This freshwater organism was introduced into the Great Lakes accidentally by humans, and has
become well established in the Great Lakes. Zebra mussels filter out microscopic organisms, as
well as the toxins found in the lake water. The toxins become concentrated in the zebra mussels,
which are eaten by small fish called gobies, and the gobies are eaten by the birds. The
concentration increases in each level of the food chain. It appears that the introduction of the
zebra mussels into the Great Lakes has resulted in a new food chain that increases the
concentration of the naturally occurring toxins and passes dangerous levels on to these top-level
predators. This process is known as bioaccumulation.
Describe one possible effect that the increased deaths of the birds could have on the rest of the
ecosystem.
Question 60
The immune system protects against foreign substances and even some cancers. Explain how the
immune system functions. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one way the immune system fights pathogens
Question 61
The immune system protects against foreign substances and even some cancers. Explain how the
immune system functions. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the substance in a vaccine that stimulates the immune system
Question 62
The immune system protects against foreign substances and even some cancers. Explain how the
immune system functions. In your answer, be sure to:
• describe the response of the immune system to the vaccine
Question 63
The immune system protects against foreign substances and even some cancers. Explain how the
immune system functions. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one disease that damages the immune system and state how it affects this system
Question 64
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Some poinsettia plants have green leaves that turn red. A garden club decided to study
the color change of poinsettia plants. Knowing that poinsettias change color during the short
daylight periods of winter, they decided to investigate the effect of different daylight lengths on
color change.
Design a controlled experiment using three experimental groups that could be used to determine
if the number of hours of daylight has an effect on the color change of poinsettias. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• state one hypothesis the experiment would test
Question 65
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Some poinsettia plants have green leaves that turn red. A garden club decided to study
the color change of poinsettia plants. Knowing that poinsettias change color during the short
daylight periods of winter, they decided to investigate the effect of different daylight lengths on
color change.
Design a controlled experiment using three experimental groups that could be used to determine
if the number of hours of daylight has an effect on the color change of poinsettias. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• state one way the three experimental groups would differ
Question 66
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Some poinsettia plants have green leaves that turn red. A garden club decided to study
the color change of poinsettia plants. Knowing that poinsettias change color during the short
daylight periods of winter, they decided to investigate the effect of different daylight lengths on
color change.
Design a controlled experiment using three experimental groups that could be used to determine
if the number of hours of daylight has an effect on the color change of poinsettias. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• identify two factors that must be kept the same in all three groups
Question 67
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Some poinsettia plants have green leaves that turn red. A garden club decided to study
the color change of poinsettia plants. Knowing that poinsettias change color during the short
daylight periods of winter, they decided to investigate the effect of different daylight lengths on
color change.
Design a controlled experiment using three experimental groups that could be used to determine
if the number of hours of daylight has an effect on the color change of poinsettias. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• identify the dependent variable in the experiment
Question 68
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Some poinsettia plants have green leaves that turn red. A garden club decided to study
the color change of poinsettia plants. Knowing that poinsettias change color during the short
daylight periods of winter, they decided to investigate the effect of different daylight lengths on
color change.
Design a controlled experiment using three experimental groups that could be used to determine
if the number of hours of daylight has an effect on the color change of poinsettias. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• describe experimental results that would support your hypothesis
Question 69
An accident resulted in a man’s hand being cut off from his arm. Paramedics arriving first on the
scene placed the cut-off hand in ice. The man and his hand were flown to a hospital, where
doctors successfully reattached the hand to his arm. Explain, using one biological reason, why
placing the hand in ice improved the chances of saving it.
Question 70
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Researchers monitoring the atmosphere of Earth report that the ozone shield has
stopped shrinking and will most likely be on the mend over the next several decades. These
findings were based on analyses of satellite records and instruments monitoring the surface of
Earth. Scientists credit an international agreement to phase out the production of ozone-depleting
chemicals for this turnabout.
State one reason why the ozone shield is important.
Question 71
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Many people were surveyed in 2002 and asked their opinion of some procedures that
involved biotechnology. These procedures are listed below.
• Genetic testing to detect inheritable diseases, such as cystic fibrosis
• Cloning human cells to replace diseased cells in an individual with Parkinson’s disease
diabetes, or heart disease
• Using xenotransplants introducing human genes into pigs to produce hearts for human
transplants
• Genetically modifying crops (GM crops) to make crop plants insect resistant
• Genetically modifying foods (GM foods) to make them higher in protein
These people were asked whether the technology should be used, if the technology
was risky, if the technology is morally acceptable, and if they would encourage the
technology. Those surveyed rated each technology as “definitely agree,” “tend to agree,”
“no opinion,” “tend to disagree,” and “definitely disagree.” The responses were given a
numerical score and then averaged together. The results of the survey are shown below.
Adapted from: Gaskell, et. al., AgBioForum, 2003, Volume 6, Article 12
Which biotechnology procedure did most people feel was the safest? Support your answer.
Procedure: ______________________________
Question 72
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Many people were surveyed in 2002 and asked their opinion of some procedures that
involved biotechnology. These procedures are listed below.
• Genetic testing to detect inheritable diseases, such as cystic fibrosis
• Cloning human cells to replace diseased cells in an individual with Parkinson’s disease
diabetes, or heart disease
• Using xenotransplants introducing human genes into pigs to produce hearts for human
transplants
• Genetically modifying crops (GM crops) to make crop plants insect resistant
• Genetically modifying foods (GM foods) to make them higher in protein
These people were asked whether the technology should be used, if the technology
was risky, if the technology is morally acceptable, and if they would encourage the
technology. Those surveyed rated each technology as “definitely agree,” “tend to agree,”
“no opinion,” “tend to disagree,” and “definitely disagree.” The responses were given a
numerical score and then averaged together. The results of the survey are shown below.
Adapted from: Gaskell, et. al., AgBioForum, 2003, Volume 6, Article 12
State one possible advantage of xenotransplants.
Question 73
Which branching tree diagram shows that species W and Z are most closely related?
Question 74
Students noticed that some of their classmates have a hard time concentrating during class. They
thought it may have some connection with the fact that these students consume energy drinks
just before class. An experiment was proposed to find out if there is a connection between energy
drinks and the lack of ability to concentrate in class. A properly designed experiment to
determine this would include having
(1) the whole class drink energy drinks and no water at all, for the entire time of the experiment
(2) the whole class drink water and no energy drinks at all, for the entire time of the experiment
(3) the students drink both water and an energy drink just before class
(4) half the students drink water and the other half drink an energy drink just before class
Question 75
Which technique could be used to separate pigments from a mixture?
(1) preparing a wet-mount slide
(2) staining
(3) paper chromatography
(4) dissection
Question 76
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The differences seen in the beaks of the four species of finches are most likely the result of
(1) gene expression and asexual reproduction
(2) variation and natural selection
(3) migration and the need to adapt
(4) heredity and a diet of seeds
Question 77
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A person expressed concern that the vegetarian finch may face greater competition when other
finch populations increase. State whether the vegetarian finch will face competition if the
populations of warbler finches, woodpecker finches, and mangrove finches increase. Support
your answer.
Question 78
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A laboratory procedure involving a microscope slide is represented in the diagram
Below.
State one purpose for this procedure.
Question 79
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A laboratory procedure involving a microscope slide is represented in the diagram
Below.
Identify one specific substance represented by the liquid in A.
Question 80
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A laboratory procedure involving a microscope slide is represented in the diagram
Below.
State the purpose of the paper towel labeled B.
Question 81
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents two solutions, A and B, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
A sample from solution A and solution B were each tested with blue-colored glucose indicator
solution before the solutions were placed in the beaker. Which row represents the results?
Row
Solution A
Solution B
(1)
red or orange
blue
(2)
blue black
amber
(3)
blue
red or orange
(3)
amber
blue black
Question 82
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents two solutions, A and B, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
Which statement best describes the outcome after 20 minutes?
(1) Solution A will contain approximately the same number of glucose molecules as solution B.
(2) Solution A will contain all of the water molecules.
(3) Solution B will remain unchanged.
(4) Solution B will lose all of the glucose molecules to solution A.
Question 83
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The relationship between lung capacity and gender was studied in a laboratory
investigation. Relative lung capacity was measured by having each student fill a balloon with a
deep breath and then measuring the circumference of the balloon. Each student was given three
trials and the average balloon circumference was recorded in the data table below.
Lung Capacity of Lab Group Members
Gender
(male/female)
Average Balloon
Circumference (cm)
female
51.6
female
52.7
female
53.3
female
55.0
male
54.6
male
56.0
male
56.3
male
62.3
A student calculated the group average to be 441.8. State the specific error made in this
calculation.
Question 84
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The relationship between lung capacity and gender was studied in a laboratory
investigation. Relative lung capacity was measured by having each student fill a balloon with a
deep breath and then measuring the circumference of the balloon. Each student was given three
trials and the average balloon circumference was recorded in the data table below.
Lung Capacity of Lab Group Members
Gender
(male/female)
Average Balloon
Circumference (cm)
female
51.6
female
52.7
female
53.3
female
55.0
male
54.6
male
56.0
male
56.3
male
62.3
A student concluded that “all females have a smaller lung capacity than males.” Is this a valid
conclusion? Support your answer.
Question 85
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The relationship between lung capacity and gender was studied in a laboratory
investigation. Relative lung capacity was measured by having each student fill a balloon with a
deep breath and then measuring the circumference of the balloon. Each student was given three
trials and the average balloon circumference was recorded in the data table below.
Lung Capacity of Lab Group Members
Gender
(male/female)
Average Balloon
Circumference (cm)
female
51.6
female
52.7
female
53.3
female
55.0
male
54.6
male
56.0
male
56.3
male
62.3
Identify one biological condition or personal activity that could make it difficult for a person to
perform well on a test of lung capacity.
August 2015
Question 1
Which statement describes a situation that would reduce the stability of a forest ecosystem?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
A fierce predator is removed from the ecosystem.
The number of producers remains constant in the ecosystem.
Organisms frequently interact within the ecosystem.
The energy in the ecosystem flows from the Sun.
Question 2
Although the digestive system is primarily responsible for the breakdown of food, this process can
be disrupted if the circulatory system malfunctions. The best explanation for this disruption is that
(1) human body systems interact with each other to perform life functions
(2) the circulatory system is the control center of the body
(3) the digestive system and the circulatory system have many organs in common
(4) the circulatory system is responsible for the coordination of life functions, including the
breakdown of food
Question 3
When an organism reproduces asexually, it usually has
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
only one parent, and half as much DNA as the parent
only one parent, and the same chromosome number as the parent
two parents, and twice as much DNA as either parent
two parents, and the same chromosome number as each parent
Question 4
The diagram below represents a food pyramid in an ecosystem.
The best explanation for the decrease in the amount of energy transferred to each succeeding
level is that much of the energy is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
consumed by predators
released as heat
stored within inorganic materials
used in photosynthesis
Question 5
The corn we eat today is larger and has more kernels than the corn people first grew thousands
of years ago. Which process is most likely responsible for the changes that have occurred?
(1) mitosis
(2) succession
(3) direct harvesting
(4) selective breeding
Question 6
Which statement is correct concerning hereditary information?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
A chromosome is composed of many genes.
A gene is composed of many chromosomes.
Each chromosome carries the same information.
Each gene carries the same information.
Question 7
Which process is most closely associated with the regulation of water loss from the leaves of trees?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
digestion of water within the cytoplasm in the leaf cells of the trees
synthesis of protein by the chloroplasts in the leaf cells of the trees
movement of water through leaf openings controlled by the guard cells
absorption of nitrogen through leaf openings controlled by the guard cells
Question 8
A mutation occurring in a human can be passed from parent to offspring when it occurs in a
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
lung cell, due to exposure to a toxic gas
gamete formed in the ovary
body cell undergoing mitosis
heart cell with chromosome damage
Question 9
If the concentration of sodium is greater outside a cell than inside the cell, which process could
move sodium out of the cell?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
diffusion
carbohydrate synthesis
active transport
digestion
Question 10
The basic building blocks of a protein are
(1) glucose molecules
(2) amino acids
(3) hormones
(4) fats
Question 11
Over time, data that support the successful evolution of a species would include observations that
describe
(1) an increase in the genetic changes occurring in body cells
(2) a decrease in the genetic variety carried in sex cells
(3) an increase in the proportion of offspring that have favorable characteristics
(4) a decrease in the proportion of the population that has beneficial traits
Question 12
Caffeine is a compound found in the seeds of many different plants, such as coffee beans, cola
nuts, and cacao beans (the source of chocolate). The presence of this chemical in all three types
of plants suggests that these plants
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
inherited identical mutations
share a common ancestry
were exposed to the same type of radiation in the past
were cloned from a caffeine plant
Question 13
Male turkeys are birds that naturally strut and display their large tail feathers, which attracts
female turkeys. This display is an example of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a behavioral adaptation
selective breeding
asexual reproduction
a learned behavior
Question 14
A scientist at a large natural history museum has a collection of fossils that were found throughout
the world. Only a few of the fossils represent species that are still alive on Earth today. One reason
for this is that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
most of the species that have ever lived on Earth are alive today
most of the species that have ever lived on Earth are extinct
fossils of only extinct species have been found
species alive today will not form any fossils for future discovery by scientists
Question 15
Which statement concerning sexual reproduction is correct?
(1) It is not necessary in order for the individual to survive.
(2) The offspring are identical to the parent.
(3) It is necessary in order for the individual to survive.
(4) The offspring are identical to each other.
Question 16
When a paramecium, a single-celled organism, is living under stressful conditions, it sometimes
switches from asexual to sexual reproduction. The main advantage when this switch occurs is that
the paramecium is most likely to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
produce fewer offspring
increase variation among its offspring
avoid having to find a mate
produce clones of itself
Question 17
The diagram below represents some processes in the early development of a multicellular
organism.
Structure
1
Structure
2
Structure
3
Structure
4
Which statement describing this diagram is correct?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The cell represented by structure 3 has the same genetic content as structure 2.
Process A represents the process of meiosis.
Each cell in structure 4 has the same genetic content as that in structure 3.
Processes A and B both occur in the placenta.
Question 18
Which statement describes a function of the hormone estrogen?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
It regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes.
It promotes sperm production in males.
It influences the development of adult sex characteristics.
It maintains blood sugar levels.
Question 19
The primary function of the human male reproductive system is to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
provide a site for fertilization
produce and transport gametes
protect and nourish the embryo
prevent urine from leaving the body
Question 20
In an embryo, the formation of many types of tissues and organs occurs as a result of the process
of
(1) fertilization
(2) genetic sorting
(3) differentiation
(4) gene recombination
Question 21
Which activity would be an appropriate first step when designing an experiment?
(1) reporting a conclusion based on multiple experimental trials
(2) researching the problem, using information from a variety of sources
(3) creating a data table to organize experimental observations
(4) repeating the experiment with a different hypothesis
Question 22
Every time a child visited a cousin who has two cats, the child’s eyes turned red, itched, and
began to water. Then, the child began to have trouble breathing. It is most likely that the child
reacted this way because
(1)
normally harmless cat antigens stimulated the immune system
(2)
it is difficult for the respiratory system to filter cat antigens out of the inhaled air
(3)
cat antigens are a health hazard, since they always cause disease
(4)
cat antigens stop the immune system from making antibodies, so bacteria cause
these responses
Question 23
Shrimp that live in the cold waters off Alaska will die if introduced into warm water. One likely
reason these shrimp do not survive is that enzymes in the shrimp
(1) start to replicate
(2) change shape
(3) are composed of fat molecules that melt
(4) break down into small starch molecules
Question 24
A DNA segment removed from neurospora (a pink mold) contained the base sequence G-T-C-CA-T-G-C-A. A similar segment of DNA removed from neurospora that had been exposed to
radiation for several hours had the base sequence G-T-C-C-A-T. This change in the base sequence
is an example of
(1) a deletion
(2) an insertion
(3) a substitution
(4) a replication
Question 25
Farmers in India have increased the harvest yield of food crops like eggplant by growing them
from seeds that have been modified to produce a bacterial toxin that is harmful to pest insects. This
is an example of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
selective breeding of the insects
spraying an insecticide on plants
selective breeding of the eggplant
an application of biotechnology
Question 26
The graph below shows changes in human population numbers over time.
A consequence of these changes is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
an increase in the numbers and kinds of organisms worldwide
a decrease in the availability of natural resources
a decrease in deforestation due to technological improvements
an increase in biosphere stability
Question 27
In the fall, some farmers plow the remains of corn plants into the ground. This activity contributes
most directly to the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
increase in the biodiversity of their fields
depletion of nonrenewable resources
destruction of natural habitats
recycling of organic matter
Question 28
A person usually experiences small variations in body temperature over a 24-hour period. These
variations in temperature are an example of
1) an immune response
(2) genetic differences between individuals
(3) an adaptation to global warming
(4) dynamic equilibrium
Question 29
Fossil fuels have been used for years as a source of energy. Even though there are many negative
issues associated with the use of fossil fuels, they continue to be used to a great extent. This is
most likely because
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
they have been commercially available as an energy source
there are alternatives to these types of fuels
they have had a positive effect on global temperatures
fossil fuels can be burned to produce large quantities of carbon dioxide
Question 30
Sometimes, a person is born with one or more extra chromosomes in each cell. This usually
results in abnormalities because the affected person has
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a reduced number of genes in cell nuclei
fewer cell mutations than a person with a normal chromosome number
more genes in each cell than a person with a normal chromosome number
less DNA in cell nuclei, but more proteins in cell mitochondria
Question 31
A population composed of tan snails and black snails inhabits the same sandy beach. A nearby
volcano erupted, and black lava particles washed down to the beach. The once tan beach was now
black. The graph below shows the population of tan snails and black snails before and after the
volcanic eruption.
Which statement concerning the snails is correct?
(1)
(2)
The lava particles turned the tan snails black
The tan snails will become extinct.
(3)
The black snails had an adaptive advantage.
(4)
The tan snails preyed on the black snails.
Question 32
A population composed of tan snails and black snails inhabits the same sandy beach. A nearby
volcano erupted, and black lava particles washed down to the beach. The once tan beach was now
black. The graph below shows the population of tan snails and black snails before and after the
volcanic eruption.
The increase in the number of black snails can best be explained by
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
natural selection after an environmental change
climatic change followed by ecological succession
increased stability due to a decrease in variation
an increase in mutation rate
Question 33
A population composed of tan snails and black snails inhabits the same sandy beach. A nearby
volcano erupted, and black lava particles washed down to the beach. The once tan beach was now
black. The graph below shows the population of tan snails and black snails before and after the
volcanic eruption.
Variation in snail color is an example of
(1) environmental stability
(2) a natural limitation
(3) equilibrium
(4) diversity
Question 34
The diagram below represents relationships in a community. After a pathogen reduced the
population of grasshoppers, the number of mice increased, while the numbers of toads and rabbits
decreased.
These changes in the community demonstrate that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
ecosystems are shaped by nonliving factors
autotrophs convert solar energy into food
grasshoppers are producers that are essential for ecosystem stability
populations are linked with many others in the ecosystem
Question 35
Base your answers to the question on the diagram below, which represents a metabolic process,
and on your knowledge of biology.
This process best represents
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the bonding of amino acids to form a starch molecule
the digestion of amino acids to form a starch molecule
the bonding of simple sugars to form a starch molecule
the digestion of simple sugars to form a starch molecule
Question 36
Base your answers to the question on the diagram below, which represents a metabolic process,
and on your knowledge of biology.
The letter X in the process represents
(1) an antibody
(2) a hormone
(3) a receptor
(4) an enzyme
Question 37
The evolutionary pathways of ten different species are represented in the diagram below
Which statement would most likely be correct, based on the information in the diagram?
(1) Species C had many variations and lived in a stable, unchanging environment.
(2) Species D, C, and J are extinct.
(3) Species F evolved from species D.
(4) Species J had little variation and lived in a changing environment.
Question 38
Blockages caused by a condition known as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) are
represented in the diagram of the female reproductive system below.
If blockages of this type occur, the most likely result would be that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the egg would remain in the uterus and not travel upward
the female gamete would not be able to unite with the male gamete
hormones could not be produced by the ovaries
the process of asexual reproduction would be prevented or interrupted
Question 39
The graph below shows the growth of Paramecium aurelia in the same culture dish for
14 days.
If no additional materials were added to the culture dish, after day 14, the paramecium
population would most probably
(1) remain the same, since it has reached carrying capacity and has an unlimited food supply
(2) begin to increase as they continue to reproduce
(3) begin to increase, since they have not yet reached carrying capacity
(4) begin to decrease as finite resources are used up
Question 40
The graph below shows the growth of Paramecium aurelia in the same culture dish for
14 days.
In another experiment, a second species of paramecium was introduced into a culture
dish with Paramecium aurelia. Which statement describes a possible result as the
populations interact over the next 14 days?
(1) The population numbers of Paramecium aurelia would be lower than 250, since
the new species is competing with it for resources.
(2) The population of Paramecium aurelia would increase above 250, since they would mate
with the new species.
(3) The population of Paramecium aurelia would increase above 250, since the two
species occupy the same niche.
(4) The population of Paramecium aurelia would remain at 250, since the species
compete with each other for the same resources.
Question 41
The chart below lists substances involved in the process of photosynthesis.
Substance
A
glucose
B
oxygen
C
carbon dioxide
D
water
Which statement best describes how these substances interact in photosynthesis?
(1) A and B combine to produce C and D.
(2) B and C combine to produce A and D.
(3) C and D combine to produce A and B.
(4) A and C combine to produce B and D.
Question 42
The diagram represents the current percentage of each population by age and gender
(male/female) for two countries.
At the present time, both populations have the same number of individuals. In which of these
countries will the population growth over the next 20 years place the greatest strain on the
environment?
(1) Country A, since the larger percentage of young could result in rapid population growth
(2) Country B, since the smaller percentage of young could result in rapid population growth
(3) Country A, since the smaller percentage of people over 60 uses the most resources
(4) Country B, since the larger percentage of people over 60 uses the fewest resources
Question 43
The diagram represents the current percentage of each population by age and gender
(male/female) for two countries.
Approximately what percent of the population of Country A is less than 10 years old?
(1) 8%
(3) 32%
(2) 16%
(4) 64%
Question 44
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of exposure to UV light on the growth of
bacteria. Equal quantities of bacteria were spread on 5 petri dishes containing nutrient agar. Half
of each petri dish was exposed to UV light for various amounts of time, and the other half was
protected from the UV light with a UV screen. After the UV treatment, the bacteria were grown in
an incubator for 24 hours, and the number of colonies was counted. The diagram below represents
the initial setup.
The table below contains the data collected by counting the number of bacterial colonies
growing on both the screen-covered side and the unscreened side.
Growth of Bacterial Colonies
Petri
Dish
Exposure Time to
UV Light
Number of
Bacterial Colonies
on Screened Side
Number of
Bacterial Colonies
on Unscreened Side
1
No exposure
(0.0 minutes)
17
18
2
1.0 minute
18
15
3
2.0 minutes
17
11
4
5.0 minutes
18
4
5
10.0 minutes
16
1
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each axis.
Question 45
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of exposure to UV light on the growth of
bacteria. Equal quantities of bacteria were spread on 5 petri dishes containing nutrient agar. Half
of each petri dish was exposed to UV light for various amounts of time, and the other half was
protected from the UV light with a UV screen. After the UV treatment, the bacteria were grown in
an incubator for 24 hours, and the number of colonies was counted. The diagram below represents
the initial setup.
The table below contains the data collected by counting the number of bacterial colonies
growing on both the screen-covered side and the unscreened side.
Growth of Bacterial Colonies
Petri
Dish
Exposure Time to
UV Light
Number of
Bacterial Colonies
on Screened Side
Number of
Bacterial Colonies
on Unscreened Side
1
No exposure
(0.0 minutes)
17
18
2
1.0 minute
18
15
3
2.0 minutes
17
11
4
5.0 minutes
18
4
5
10.0 minutes
16
1
Plot the data for the number of bacterial colonies on the screened side. Connect the points and
surround each point with a small circle.
Example:
Question 46
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of exposure to UV light on the growth of
bacteria. Equal quantities of bacteria were spread on 5 petri dishes containing nutrient agar. Half
of each petri dish was exposed to UV light for various amounts of time, and the other half was
protected from the UV light with a UV screen. After the UV treatment, the bacteria were grown in
an incubator for 24 hours, and the number of colonies was counted. The diagram below represents
the initial setup.
The table below contains the data collected by counting the number of bacterial colonies
growing on both the screen-covered side and the unscreened side.
Growth of Bacterial Colonies
Petri
Dish
Exposure Time to
UV Light
Number of
Bacterial Colonies
on Screened Side
Number of
Bacterial Colonies
on Unscreened Side
1
No exposure
(0.0 minutes)
17
18
2
1.0 minute
18
15
3
2.0 minutes
17
11
4
5.0 minutes
18
4
5
10.0 minutes
16
1
Plot the data for the number of bacterial colonies on the unscreened side. Connect the points
and surround each point with a small triangle.
Example:
Question 47
The diagram below represents cellular growth that can occur in human skin after prolonged
exposure to ultraviolet light.
Which statement provides a possible explanation for this growth pattern?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Manipulation of genes caused the movement of embryonic skin cells.
Exposure to light stimulated the development of cells containing ozone.
Uncontrolled mitotic division occurred as a result of gene mutations.
An immune reaction triggered the formation of excess blood cells.
Question 48
The graphs show the relative enzymatic activity of four different enzymes in acidic (below pH 7)
and basic (above pH 7) environments.
Which enzyme would most likely function in the stomach? Support your answer.
Enzyme:______________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 49
The graphs show the relative enzymatic activity of four different enzymes in acidic (below pH 7)
and basic (above pH 7) environments.
The activity of which enzyme decreases in both acidic and basic environments?
(1) chymotrypsin
(2) pepsin
(3) cholinesterase
(4) papain
Question 50
Head Start for Hellbenders
The hellbenders (a species of large salamander) at the Bronx Zoo are now approximately seven
inches in length and will grow to full size in about five years. Once they are about two-and-a-half
years old, they will be returned to the wild in western New York State. Hellbender populations are
declining due to several factors including over-collection for the pet trade, disease, pollution, and
habitat destruction. Juvenile hellbenders in the wild currently face great difficulties in reaching
adulthood, so the “head start” provided by the reintroduction of the 41 animals will help boost
local populations.
Source: Wildlife Conservation Society, Members News
May/June 2011
Which statement best explains the hellbender population decline in western New York State?
(1)
Human activities had the unexpected consequence of decreasing the hellbender
population to a dangerous level.
(2)
Humans have purposefully removed the hellbender from its habitat due to its
aggressive behavior.
(3)
The decline of the hellbender population is due mainly to natural causes that
humans cannot control.
(4)
The hellbender population decreased because salamanders are very resistant to
climate change.
Question 51
Head Start for Hellbenders
The hellbenders (a species of large salamander) at the Bronx Zoo are now approximately seven
inches in length and will grow to full size in about five years. Once they are about two-and-a-half
years old, they will be returned to the wild in western New York State. Hellbender populations are
declining due to several factors including over-collection for the pet trade, disease, pollution, and
habitat destruction. Juvenile hellbenders in the wild currently face great difficulties in reaching
adulthood, so the “head start” provided by the reintroduction of the 41 animals will help boost
local populations.
Source: Wildlife Conservation Society, Members News
May/June 2011
Describe one potential ecological effect, other than the loss of the hellbender from western New
York State, of the hellbender population continuing to decline.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 52
Animals eat and digest food to obtain the energy available for life activities. Discuss energy use
in animals. In your discussion, be sure to:
identify the type of protein molecules used to digest food
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 53
Animals eat and digest food to obtain the energy available for life activities. Discuss energy use
in animals. In your discussion, be sure to:
identify the organelle where energy from nutrients is released
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 54
Animals eat and digest food to obtain the energy available for life activities. Discuss energy use
in animals. In your discussion, be sure to:
state one inference that can be made concerning a cell that has many of these organelles
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 55
The diagram represents four types of bacteria.
A dichotomous key to these bacterial types is shown below. Complete the missing information
for sections 3a. and 3b. so that the key is complete for all four types.
1a. Is rod shaped ........................................ bacillus
1b. Is not rod shaped .................................. go to 2
2a. Is spiral shaped..................................... spirillum
2b. Is not spiral shaped............................... go to 3
3a. ________________________________ type C
3b. ________________________________ type D
Question 56
The fight-or-flight response in humans prepares the body to fight off or run away from a potential
threat. This response results from a series of nerve and chemical signals that direct how cells
function. This, in turn, determines the actions of organs in these situations.
Some of the changes experienced by the individuals as part of this response include:
increased pulse rate
increased blood glucose levels
increased breathing rate
Select one of the listed changes experienced by the individual and write it on the line below.
Explain how the change you chose allows the individual to effectively respond to a threat.
Change __________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 57
The fight-or-flight response in humans prepares the body to fight off or run away from a potential
threat. This response results from a series of nerve and chemical signals that direct how cells
function. This, in turn, determines the actions of organs in these situations.
Some of the changes experienced by the individuals as part of this response include:
increased pulse rate
increased blood glucose levels
increased breathing rate
Once the threat has passed, another series of changes returns the body to its original state. Why
must this occur?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 58
Bats Devastated by Deadly Fungus
The most common bat species in North America, the little brown bat, could be facing
extinction because of a fungus. The fungus, called white-nose syndrome, grows on the exposed
skin of bats as they hibernate in cool caves or mines. Infected bats develop lesions (sores) on their
wings, which play important roles in water balance, circulation and heat regulation. These lesions
on a bat’s wings or on its nose cause the bat to wake up during hibernation. Waking up early forces
the bat to use up the energy it has stored as fat for its long sleep, exhausting the animal and
eventually killing it.
In some infected caves, 90 percent to 100 percent of bats die. On average, the disease takes
out 73 percent of the bat population at a given hibernation site. If infection continues at current
rates, the researchers predict that the little brown bat population will drop below 0.01 percent of
its current numbers by 2026.
The loss of the little brown bat would be harmful for humans because bats eat their body
weight in insects each night. Many of these bugs are agricultural pests or carriers of human disease.
One way to decrease the spread of the disease would be for the researchers who visit
infected caves to decontaminate their clothes and gear with antiseptics. It has also been suggested
that a small number of these bats could be placed in an artificial hibernating area and medicated to
protect them.
Describe one way that an infection with the white-nose fungus can cause death in little brown
bats.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 59
Bats Devastated by Deadly Fungus
The most common bat species in North America, the little brown bat, could be facing
extinction because of a fungus. The fungus, called white-nose syndrome, grows on the exposed
skin of bats as they hibernate in cool caves or mines. Infected bats develop lesions (sores) on their
wings, which play important roles in water balance, circulation and heat regulation. These lesions
on a bat’s wings or on its nose cause the bat to wake up during hibernation. Waking up early forces
the bat to use up the energy it has stored as fat for its long sleep, exhausting the animal and
eventually killing it.
In some infected caves, 90 percent to 100 percent of bats die. On average, the disease takes
out 73 percent of the bat population at a given hibernation site. If infection continues at current
rates, the researchers predict that the little brown bat population will drop below 0.01 percent of
its current numbers by 2026.
The loss of the little brown bat would be harmful for humans because bats eat their body
weight in insects each night. Many of these bugs are agricultural pests or carriers of human disease.
One way to decrease the spread of the disease would be for the researchers who visit
infected caves to decontaminate their clothes and gear with antiseptics. It has also been suggested
that a small number of these bats could be placed in an artificial hibernating area and medicated to
protect them.
Describe one way that the little brown bats can be helped.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 60
Describe how a student could use a microscope to compare the size of frog skin cells to the size
of human skin cells.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 61
Chickenpox vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Vaccination not only protects
vaccinated persons, it also reduces the risk for exposure in the community for persons unable to
be vaccinated because of illness or other conditions, including those who may be at greater risk
for severe disease. While no vaccine is 100% effective in preventing disease, the chickenpox
vaccine is very effective: about 8 to 9 of every 10 people who are vaccinated are completely
protected from chickenpox. In addition, the vaccine almost always prevents against severe disease.
If a vaccinated person does get chickenpox, it is usually a very mild case lasting only a few days
and involving fewer skin lesions (usually less than 50), mild or no fever, and few other symptoms.
Source: www.cdc.gov
Identify the component of a vaccine that makes it effective.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 62
Chickenpox vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Vaccination not only protects
vaccinated persons, it also reduces the risk for exposure in the community for persons unable to
be vaccinated because of illness or other conditions, including those who may be at greater risk
for severe disease. While no vaccine is 100% effective in preventing disease, the chickenpox
vaccine is very effective: about 8 to 9 of every 10 people who are vaccinated are completely
protected from chickenpox. In addition, the vaccine almost always prevents against severe disease.
If a vaccinated person does get chickenpox, it is usually a very mild case lasting only a few days
and involving fewer skin lesions (usually less than 50), mild or no fever, and few other symptoms.
Source: www.cdc.gov
Describe how a vaccination prevents disease in the individual who receives a vaccination.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 63
Chickenpox vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Vaccination not only protects
vaccinated persons, it also reduces the risk for exposure in the community for persons unable to
be vaccinated because of illness or other conditions, including those who may be at greater risk
for severe disease. While no vaccine is 100% effective in preventing disease, the chickenpox
vaccine is very effective: about 8 to 9 of every 10 people who are vaccinated are completely
protected from chickenpox. In addition, the vaccine almost always prevents against severe disease.
If a vaccinated person does get chickenpox, it is usually a very mild case lasting only a few days
and involving fewer skin lesions (usually less than 50), mild or no fever, and few other symptoms.
Source: www.cdc.gov
Describe how vaccinations help to prevent the spread of disease, even in people who have not
received the vaccination.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 64
The diagram represents a food web typical of the Great Lakes area of New York State.
Adapted from: http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/ faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/title_page.html
Some people have argued for the removal of cormorants from the eastern shores of Lake Ontario
because of their negative effects on the fishing industry. Describe the consequences of this
action. In your answer, be sure to:
state one reason why removing the cormorants from the food web could have a positive impact
on the fishing industry
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 65
The diagram represents a food web typical of the Great Lakes area of New York State.
Adapted from: http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/ faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/title_page.html
Some people have argued for the removal of cormorants from the eastern shores of Lake Ontario
because of their negative effects on the fishing industry. Describe the consequences of this
action. In your answer, be sure to:
state one possible effect of removing the cormorants on a species other than fish and support
your answer
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 66
The diagram represents a food web typical of the Great Lakes area of New York State.
Adapted from: http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/ faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/title_page.html
Some people have argued for the removal of cormorants from the eastern shores of Lake Ontario
because of their negative effects on the fishing industry. Describe the consequences of this
action. In your answer, be sure to:
describe one action, other than removing a population of organisms from the environment, that
humans could take to preserve the fishing industry in Lake Ontario
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 67
A field in New York State is mowed all summer long for a number of years. The field is sold, and
the new owner decides to stop mowing. Over a number of years, the ecosystem begins to undergo
ecological succession. After a series of different plant communities are present, the area eventually
becomes a stable forest ecosystem.
Explain why not mowing the field allowed the ecosystem to undergo ecological succession.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 68
A field in New York State is mowed all summer long for a number of years. The field is sold, and
the new owner decides to stop mowing. Over a number of years, the ecosystem begins to undergo
ecological succession. After a series of different plant communities are present, the area eventually
becomes a stable forest ecosystem.
Identify one specific human activity, other than mowing, that could alter this succession and
explain how this activity affects biodiversity.
Human activity: ________________________________________________________________
Effect on biodiversity: ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 69
A field in New York State is mowed all summer long for a number of years. The field is sold, and
the new owner decides to stop mowing. Over a number of years, the ecosystem begins to undergo
ecological succession. After a series of different plant communities are present, the area eventually
becomes a stable forest ecosystem.
Describe how this forest ecosystem would respond to a natural disaster, such as a flood, that
resulted in the destruction of the plant community.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 70
In a laboratory, spinach leaves exposed to continuous fluorescent light increased in vitamin
content by 50 to 100 percent. Spinach leaves kept in darkness for a similar period of time either
lost vitamin content or produced no gain. Describe how these findings could influence the way in
which spinach is displayed for sale in supermarkets.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 71
On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred at an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico, causing millions of
gallons of oil to escape into the water over the next few months. Large areas of the Gulf were
covered by oil. As the oil washed ashore, many areas along the coastline that were breeding
grounds for various bird species were contaminated. By November 2010, researchers along the
coast and in the Gulf had collected 6104 dead birds, 609 dead turtles, and 100 dead mammals.
Although the oil well had provided oil for energy for a large number of people, the oil spill had a
great effect on the ecosystems in and around the Gulf of Mexico.
Explain how the original decision to drill for oil in the Gulf of Mexico could be considered a tradeoff.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 72
On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred at an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico, causing millions of
gallons of oil to escape into the water over the next few months. Large areas of the Gulf were
covered by oil. As the oil washed ashore, many areas along the coastline that were breeding
grounds for various bird species were contaminated. By November 2010, researchers along the
coast and in the Gulf had collected 6104 dead birds, 609 dead turtles, and 100 dead mammals.
Although the oil well had provided oil for energy for a large number of people, the oil spill had a
great effect on the ecosystems in and around the Gulf of Mexico.
State one possible reason why it will most likely take the bird populations more time to recover
from this oil spill than it will mammal populations.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 73
A plant was discovered that contained a compound that was found to have potential medicinal
value. However, the plant is rare, so it is important to see if a related plant might also produce the
same compound. The chart shows some characteristics of the plant and four possible relatives.
Plant
Flower
Leaves
Amino Acid Sequence
Medicinal Plant
Red, 6 petals
simple, parallel veins
Ile–Ile–Try–Gly–Glu–Asp–Pro
A
Red, 9 petals
simple, parallel veins
Ile–Arg–Try–Gly-Glu-Asp–Ser
B
Yellow, 8 petals
compound, branched veins
Ile–Arg–Ala–Gly-Glu-Asp–Pro
C
Pink, 6 petals
simple, parallel veins
Ile–Ile–Try–Gly–Glu–Asp–Ser
D
Yellow, 6 petals
compound, parallel veins
Ile–Arg–Try–Gly–Glu–Asp–Pro
Which plant in the chart would be selected as most similar to the medicinal plant?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 74
A drug company has discovered an endangered plant that produces a chemical that might be used
to cure cancer. A first step in developing this cancer cure could be to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
preserve the habitat where the species is found
introduce a new plant species that will share the habitat of the plant
eliminate every species that eats this plant
harvest all of the plants of this species and use them to treat cancer patients
Question 75
Students in a science class took their pulse rates before and after they ran in place for one
minute. The class data showed that pulse rates increased with exercise. A graph of the data
would look most like
Question 76
Caretakers at a zoo are trying to determine which of two male tigers fathered the newest cub. They
obtained DNA from the tiger cub, the mother tiger, and the two male tigers. The DNA was
analyzed. The results of the analysis are shown below.
The technique used to separate the DNA for analysis is
(1)
(2)
genetic engineering
electrophoresis
(3) chromatography
(4) protein synthesis
Question 77
Caretakers at a zoo are trying to determine which of two male tigers fathered the newest cub. They
obtained DNA from the tiger cub, the mother tiger, and the two male tigers. The DNA was
analyzed. The results of the analysis are shown below.
Which male tiger is the father of the newborn cub? Support your answer.
Male tiger:___________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 78
Some roads are salted heavily in winter. Describe one way plants growing near these roads could
be harmed by the salt.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 79
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
from: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide
Several populations of finches migrated to an island that had mostly large seeds with tough outer
coverings.
Identify a finch population that would most likely survive on the island. Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 80
The diagram below shows how a coverslip should be placed on a drop of pond water during the
preparation of a wet mount.
State one reason why this is the recommended procedure for placing a coverslip.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 81
There are two different species of finch that live on the same small island, species A and species
B. Both species successfully feed and reproduce on the island. Species A nests in pine trees and
eats large seeds. Species B nests in hollowed-out dead logs and eats small insects.
Both bird species A and species B can most likely survive on the same small island because they
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
use different resources and, therefore, they do not compete
mate with each other, keeping both populations constant
compete for food, but do not compete for shelter
eat the same food, but feed at different times of the day
Question 82
There are two different species of finch that live on the same small island, species A and species
B. Both species successfully feed and reproduce on the island. Species A nests in pine trees and
eats large seeds. Species B nests in hollowed-out dead logs and eats small insects.
The factor most often acting as a selecting agent for the survival of a species in a particular
location is the
(1) strength of the organism
(2) new mutations within the individual
(3) speed of the organism
(4) environment they inhabit
Question 83
There are two different species of finch that live on the same small island, species A and species
B. Both species successfully feed and reproduce on the island. Species A nests in pine trees and
eats large seeds. Species B nests in hollowed-out dead logs and eats small insects.
A third species of finch, species C, migrates to the island. It nests in pine trees and eats small
insects. Predict what most likely will happen to the populations of both species A and species B
if species C successfully survives on the island. Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 84
Biology students conducted a preliminary survey to study the relationship between body height
and resting pulse rate. The students collected data from 10 classmates and the results are shown in
the graph below.
Is there a relationship between height and resting pulse rate? Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 85
The table below shows the number of individual molecules obtained when a DNA molecule from
a bacterial species is broken down.
Molecules from Bacterial DNA
Molecule
Number
sugar
4.6 million
phosphate
4.6 million
adenine (A)
1.75 million
cytosine (C)
0.55 million
guanine (G)
0.55 million
thymine (T)
1.75 million
What data in the data table indicate that adenine pairs with thymine in a DNA molecule?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
August 2016
Question 1
Which sequence represents structures organized from most complex to least complex?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
chloroplast → guard cell → leaf → oak tree
guard cell → chloroplast → leaf → oak tree
oak tree → guard cell → leaf → chloroplast
oak tree → leaf → guard cell → chloroplast
Question 2
Autotrophs differ from heterotrophs in that only autotrophs
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
require carbon dioxide for cellular respiration
release oxygen as a product of cellular respiration
synthesize nutrients using carbon dioxide and water
break down sugars to assemble other molecules
Question 3
Burmese pythons are large snakes that have been introduced into the Florida Everglades
ecosystem. Burmese pythons and alligators hunt the same prey. One likely effect of the
introduction of the pythons is that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
alligators will have more prey available
pythons will become native to the Everglades
alligator populations will decline
pythons will become an endangered species
Question 4
Which activity enables humans to produce new genetic combinations in other organisms?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
selecting and breeding the organisms for specific traits
increasing the number of enzymes available to the organisms
growing organisms that reproduce asexually
decreasing the amount of DNA in the diet of the organism
Question 5
Before a cell divides, an exact copy of each chromosome is made by the process of
(1) genetic engineering
(2) replication
(3) mutation
(4) recombination
Question 6
Some time ago, there were thousands of California condors in North America. Large numbers
were poisoned from lead in bullets that were used to kill the animals the condors fed on. An effort
was made to help save this large scavenger. There are now more than 350 California condors in
North America. The condors most likely increased in number because humans decided to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
produce lead-resistant condors through asexual reproduction
pass laws against using lead bullets to kill animals used by condors for food
introduce plants that didn’t absorb the lead from discharged bullets
produce lead-resistant prey for the condors through genetic engineering
Question 7
In humans, the maintenance of a stable internal temperature is a direct result of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
detection of and reaction to stimuli in the environment
digestion of starches and absorption of protein from the internal environment
diffusion of water and excretion of glucose to the external environment
transport of ATP and locomotion through the environment
Question 8
Which molecules are needed to cut and copy segments of DNA?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
reproductive hormones
carbohydrates
antibodies
biological catalysts
Question 9
Evolution can occur at different rates; however, for evolution to occur, there must be
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
variations within a species
extinction of the species
asexual reproduction
no change in the genes of an organism
Question 10
The two reactions illustrated in the diagrams below often occur when a foreign substance enters
the body.
The cells labeled A and B are examples of cells known as
(1) guard cells
(2) reproductive cells
(3) white blood cells
(4) specialized skin cells
Question 11
The diagram below represents a protein molecule present in some living things.
This type of molecule is composed of a sequence of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
amino acids arranged in a specific order
simple sugars alternating with starches arranged in a folded pattern
large inorganic subunits that form chains that interlock with each other
four bases that make up the folded structure
Question 12
Three human actions that have been made possible in recent times are:
• Doctors are able to diagnose and treat some fetal problems prior to the birth of a child.
• Cloning can produce large numbers of plants that are resistant to drought.
• Male insects can be sterilized with radiation to prevent them from mating successfully.
Which statement summarizes these three actions?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Reproductive technology has medical, agricultural, and ecological applications.
Development is a highly regulated process involving mitosis and differentiation.
Reproduction and development are subject to environmental effects.
Human development, birth, and aging should be viewed as a predictable pattern of events.
Question 13
Natural selection is best described as
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a change in an organism in response to a need of that organism
a process of nearly constant improvement that leads to an organism that is nearly perfect
differences in survival rates as a result of different inherited characteristics
inheritance of characteristics acquired during the life of an organism
Question 14
Which statement best describes a situation where competition occurs in an ecosystem?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
A deer outruns an attacking wolf.
A deer, during the winter, consumes tree bark.
A deer and a rabbit consume grass in a field.
A deer and a rabbit are both startled by a hawk flying overhead.
Question 15
A woman changes her hair color to red; however, her children will not inherit this red hair color
because the woman does not have
(1) genes for red hair in her skin
(2) genes for red hair in her sex cells
(3) proteins for red hair in the placenta
(4) proteins for red hair in her egg cells
Question 16
Fossils provide evidence that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
life on Earth millions of years ago was more complex than life is today
the changes that will occur in species in the future are easy to predict
many species of organisms that lived long ago are now extinct
most species of organisms that lived long ago are exactly the same today
Question 17
A male frigatebird displays to the female by inflating its large red throat sac, throwing its head
back, vibrating its wings, and producing a “drumming” sound with its throat sac. For the
frigatebird, this behavior has most likely resulted in
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
hiding from predators
greater reproductive success
locating new sources of food
reduced population growth
Question 18
Plant species X lives in a hot, dry environment. Slowly, over hundreds of years, the climate
becomes wetter. Fungi attack species X and cause the population of species X to decrease.
However, plant species X could survive if the plants
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
try to mutate quickly and synthesize new proteins
are watered often and fertilized with extra nutrients
can adapt to the new conditions by mating with the fungus
have a few members of the population that are fungus-resistant
Question 19
The diagram below represents reproduction in a yeast cell. The genes in the bud are identical to
the genes in the parent.
This type of production of offspring is a form of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
gene manipulation
genetic engineering
Question 20
A human cell that contains all of the information necessary for the growth and development of a
complete organism is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a sperm cell
a gamete
a zygote
an egg cell
Question 21
When would exposure to a potentially harmful substance be most likely to damage many organs
in a developing embryo?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
during the last three months of pregnancy
during the early stages of pregnancy
during the formation of the zygote
during meiosis in both males and females
Question 22
The human female reproductive system is represented below.
Within which structure does the placenta normally develop?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 23
An energy-rich organic compound needed by organisms is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
water
salt
oxygen
glucose
Question 24
SCIDS (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a disorder where a genetic mutation
inhibits the production and functioning of T-cells. T-cells are special types of white blood cells
that play a role in the body’s immune response. A possible symptom of SCIDS would be an
increase in the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
number of antigens produced
red blood cell count
number of infections by pathogens
ability to maintain homeostasis
Question 25
An organ, such as a kidney, used for transplant needs to be tested for compatibility with the person
who is to receive the organ. If this is not done, the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
donated organ might attack the body
donated organ might attack the immune system
immune system might attack its own body cells
immune system might attack the donated organ
Question 26
A researcher concludes from a 10-year study that the biodiversity of an ecosystem had increased.
Which set of observations represents evidence for this claim?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
There were more niches and greater stability in the ecosystem.
There were more niches and less energy lost as heat in the ecosystem.
There were fewer niches for decomposers and less stability.
There were fewer niches for consumers and greater cycling of materials.
Question 27
The final consumers in many food webs are
(1) autotrophs
(2) hosts
(3) herbivores
(4) carnivores
Question 28
Abandoned farmland that once grew corn is now covered with bushes and small trees. These
observed changes resulted directly from
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
evolutionary change
ecological succession
loss of biodiversity
selective breeding
Question 29
The overuse of chemical fertilizers has resulted in the growth of some lawns in which
decomposers cannot live. This would interfere most directly with the ability of the lawn
ecosystem to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
recycle energy
recycle nutrients
maintain atmospheric pH
reduce biodiversity
Question 30
On Long Island, several businesses use geothermal technology. This involves taking heat from
within Earth and using it to heat buildings. One benefit of this technology is that it
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
contributes to global warming
reduces the ozone shield
reduces dependence on fossil fuels
decreases resources for many species
Question 31
Recently, researchers from Stanford University have changed mouse skin cells into mouse nerve
cells. This was accomplished by inserting genes that control the synthesis of certain proteins into
the skin cells. This type of research is often successful in advancing knowledge regarding the
functioning of human cells because
(1) cells present in humans often function in similar ways to cells present in other organisms
(2) cells from different types of organisms function differently when transplanted into humans
(3) the cells in all complex organisms contain the same genes and function in similar ways
(4) cellular research using mice can always be applied to human cells since all complex
organisms produce the same proteins
Question 32
In the experimental setup below, which substance would be used to prove that the gas produced
by the yeast in the vacuum bottle could change the pH of the liquid in the flask?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
an indicator
a chemical messenger
an enzyme
a salt solution
Question 33
Which statement best expresses a basic scientific assumption?
(1)
Interpretation of experimental results has provided explanations for all natural
phenomena.
(2)
If a conclusion is valid, similar investigations by other scientists should result in
the same conclusion.
(3)
For any conclusion to be valid, the design of the experiment requires that only
two groups be compared.
(4)
After a scientist formulates a conclusion based on an experiment, no further
investigation is necessary.
Question 34
The diagram below represents a cycle that occurs in nature.
Which phrase describes a human activity that could have a negative effect on this cycle?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a decrease in the amount of sulfates given off by motor vehicles
an increase in recycling programs for plastics and metals
the continued deforestation and removal of forest resources
development of programs to conserve wildlife
Question 35
A farmer growing potatoes notices aphids, a type of insect, feeding on the plants.
An insecticide was sprayed on the plants several times over a two-year period. The
graph represents samples of three different generations of insecticide-resistant and
nonresistant aphids over this time period.
The resistance gene was present in the aphid population as a result of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the need of the potatoes to become resistant to the insecticide
changes in the aphids’ local habitat by the insecticide
a recombination of the proteins in the potato cells
a random change in the aphids’ DNA sequence
Question 36
A farmer growing potatoes notices aphids, a type of insect, feeding on the plants.
An insecticide was sprayed on the plants several times over a two-year period. The
graph represents samples of three different generations of insecticide-resistant and
nonresistant aphids over this time period.
In year three, the farmer discontinued the use of the insecticide. Which statement would best
predict the population in generation 4?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The nonresistant aphid would become extinct.
The nonresistant aphid population would likely increase.
The resistant aphid would mutate to a nonresistant aphid.
The plants would be free of insect populations.
Question 37
A farmer growing potatoes notices aphids, a type of insect, feeding on the plants. An insecticide
was sprayed on the plants several times over a two-year period. The graph represents samples of
three different generations of insecticide-resistant and nonresistant aphids over this time period
One negative consequence of using an insecticide is that it
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
selects for insecticide-resistant organisms
keeps a balance of organic compounds
encourages biodiversity in plants
gives the nonresistant aphids a survival advantage
Question 38
The activity of a single-celled organism is represented in the diagram below.
Which concept is best illustrated by this diagram?
(1) The life functions performed by single-celled organisms are different from the life
functions performed by complex organisms.
(2) Single-celled organisms carry out life functions that are essential for survival.
(3) Since single-celled organisms lack organs, they can survive only in moist environments.
(4) Single-celled organisms contain one organelle that performs all the life functions.
Question 39
The chart below provides information about two scientific discoveries in the field of biology.
Early Discovery
People living near swamps are more
likely to get malaria than people who do
not live near swamps. Burning swamps
Later Discovery
Mosquitoes breed and lay their eggs in
swamps and other pools of still water.
early in the summer reduces the amount
of malaria.
Mosquitoes are the carriers of the
organisms that cause malaria.
Dark-staining bodies called
chromosomes can be seen only in
dividing cells. The number of
chromosomes doubles during cell
division.
Chromosomes contain DNA, which is
able to copy itself. DNA carries the
genetic code, which is passed from a
parent cell to two or more daughter cells.
Which statement is the best interpretation of the material presented in the chart?
(1) Scientific explanations are built by combining evidence that can be observed with
what people already know.
(2) Inquiry involves making judgments about the reliability of the source and relevance
of the information.
(3) Science provides information, but values are also essential to making ethical
decisions.
(4) Hypotheses are valuable even if they turn out not to be true, because they may lead to
further investigation.
Question 40
This diagram represents the roles of different parts of the human body in keeping blood sugar at
a balanced, normal level over time.
Homeostasis of Blood Sugar Level
The diagram shows human body structures that are coordinated to maintain homeostasis.
Which row correctly identifies the functions of these structures?
Row
Body System X
Organ Y
(1)
Digestion
Regulation
(2)
Circulation
Synthesis
(3)
Excretion
Transport
(4)
Locomotion
Nutrition
Question 41
This diagram represents the roles of different parts of the human body in keeping blood sugar at
a balanced, normal level over time.
Homeostasis of Blood Sugar Level
When body system X releases too much sugar into the blood, the body can maintain homeostasis
by making
(1) more hormone A, only
(2) more hormone B, only
(3) more hormone A and more hormone B
(4) no hormone A and no hormone B
Question 42
This diagram represents the roles of different parts of the human body in keeping blood sugar at
a balanced, normal level over time.
Homeostasis of Blood Sugar Level
If organ Y becomes unable to produce enough hormone B, then homeostasis would be disrupted.
To restore homeostasis and compensate for the lack of hormone B, one useful action would be to
(1) increase the production of hormone A
(2) remove organ Y from the body surgicallY
(3) reduce the carbohydrates in body system X
(4) reduce the synthesis of enzymes in organ Y
Question 43
This diagram represents the roles of different parts of the human body in keeping blood sugar at
a balanced, normal level over time.
Homeostasis of Blood Sugar Level
If body system X temporarily stops releasing sugar into the blood, a likely response of the body
would be to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
stop using enzymes in body system X
stop organ Y from producing hormone A
start to increase synthesis of hormone B
start to increase synthesis of hormone A
Question 44
A concentrated starch solution was placed in a thistle tube with a semi-permeable membrane
covering the wide opening. It was then placed in a beaker of water. The height of the solution in
the tube was measured every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The setup and the data collected are shown
below.
Height of Liquid in Thistle Tube
Time
(min)
Height
(cm)
0
2
5
3
10
6
15
8
20
10
25
11
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis.
Question 45
A concentrated starch solution was placed in a thistle tube with a semi-permeable membrane
covering the wide opening. It was then placed in a beaker of water. The height of the solution in
the tube was measured every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The setup and the data collected are shown
below.
Height of Liquid in Thistle Tube
Time
(min)
Height
(cm)
0
2
5
3
10
6
15
8
20
10
25
11
Plot the data for height on the grid. Connect the points and surround each point with a small
circle.
Example:
Height of Liquid in Thistle Tube
Time (min)
Question 46
A concentrated starch solution was placed in a thistle tube with a semi-permeable membrane
covering the wide opening. It was then placed in a beaker of water. The height of the solution in
the tube was measured every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The setup and the data collected are shown
below.
Height of Liquid in Thistle Tube
Time
(min)
Height
(cm)
0
2
5
3
10
6
15
8
20
10
25
11
Explain why the height of the solution in the thistle tube increased during the 25-minute period.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 47
A concentrated starch solution was placed in a thistle tube with a semi-permeable
membrane covering the wide opening. It was then placed in a beaker of water. The
height of the solution in the tube was measured every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The
setup and the data collected are shown below.
Height of Liquid in Thistle Tube
Time
(min)
Height
(cm)
0
2
5
3
10
6
15
8
20
10
25
11
The experiment was repeated, and an amber-colored solution was added to the water in the
beaker. After 10 minutes, the water in the beaker remained amber-colored and the starch
solution had turned blue-black.
The most likely reason for this observation is that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
starch molecules moved out of the thistle tube
water molecules moved into the thistle tube
amber-colored solution moved into the thistle tube
water molecules moved out of the thistle tube
Question 48
When fish of certain species are injured, a chemical substance stored in skin cells of the fish is
released into the water. This chemical causes an alarm response among other fish of the same
species in the area. Nearby fish of this species become more alert and group together near the
bottom.
No Alarm Response
Alarm Response
Explain why the chemical released from the injured fish may not cause an alarm response in
other fish species.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 49
The process represented in the diagram is
(1) DNA replication
(2) natural selection
(3) gel electrophoresis
(4) genetic engineering
Question 50
The original gene for the production of a human hormone was most likely removed from a
(1) chromosome
(3) mitochondrion
(2) ribosome
(4) cell membrane
Question 51
State one possible reason why a gene for the production of a human hormone would be placed in
bacterial DNA.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 52
The lake sturgeon is a fish that often grows over six feet long and can weigh close to two
hundred pounds. It is currently an endangered species in the Great Lakes area, although the species
has lived in those lakes and rivers for millions of years. Now, there is a program to increase the
sturgeon population by reintroducing lake sturgeon to areas where they have disappeared.
Like the lake sturgeon, bloater fish are also found in the Great Lakes. Both find their food
on or near the bottoms of lakes. They eat a variety of small organisms, including insect larvae,
worms, and clams. These small organisms feed on algae.
Identify one population that will decrease in size after the lake sturgeon are added to the new
ecosystems. Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 53
The lake sturgeon is a fish that often grows over six feet long and can weigh close to two
hundred pounds. It is currently an endangered species in the Great Lakes area, although the species
has lived in those lakes and rivers for millions of years. Now, there is a program to increase the
sturgeon population by reintroducing lake sturgeon to areas where they have disappeared.
Like the lake sturgeon, bloater fish are also found in the Great Lakes. Both find their food
on or near the bottoms of lakes. They eat a variety of small organisms, including insect larvae,
worms, and clams. These small organisms feed on algae.
Part of the food web of a lake ecosystem is represented in the diagram below. Indicate the position
in the food web where each organism listed below would be placed, by writing the name of each
in the appropriate box.
Question 54
The lake sturgeon is a fish that often grows over six feet long and can weigh close to two
hundred pounds. It is currently an endangered species in the Great Lakes area, although the species
has lived in those lakes and rivers for millions of years. Now, there is a program to increase the
sturgeon population by reintroducing lake sturgeon to areas where they have disappeared.
Like the lake sturgeon, bloater fish are also found in the Great Lakes. Both find their food
on or near the bottoms of lakes. They eat a variety of small organisms, including insect larvae,
worms, and clams. These small organisms feed on algae.
Identify which population, other than lake sturgeon, will increase in size after the lake sturgeon
are added to the new ecosystems. Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 55
The lake sturgeon is a fish that often grows over six feet long and can weigh close to two
hundred pounds. It is currently an endangered species in the Great Lakes area, although the species
has lived in those lakes and rivers for millions of years. Now, there is a program to increase the
sturgeon population by reintroducing lake sturgeon to areas where they have disappeared.
Like the lake sturgeon, bloater fish are also found in the Great Lakes. Both find their food
on or near the bottoms of lakes. They eat a variety of small organisms, including insect larvae,
worms, and clams. These small organisms feed on algae.
State what the arrows in the food web represent.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 56
The drawing represents a salamander. Salamanders are small amphibians that live in a variety of
environments.
Two species of salamander inhabit an island. The habitat on each side of the island is
different. One side tends to be wet; the other side tends to be dry. Researchers want to know if the
salamanders will survive equally well on either side of the island. Species A lives on the wet side
of the island, while Species B lives on the dry side of the island. Researchers develop two artificial
habitats, one that simulates conditions on the wet side and one that simulates conditions on the dry
side.
Explain why researchers would put the salamanders in an artificial environment, as opposed to
conducting the experiment in their natural habitat.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 57
The drawing represents a salamander. Salamanders are small amphibians that live in a variety of
environments.
Two species of salamander inhabit an island. The habitat on each side of the island is
different. One side tends to be wet; the other side tends to be dry. Researchers want to know if the
salamanders will survive equally well on either side of the island. Species A lives on the wet side
of the island, while Species B lives on the dry side of the island. Researchers develop two artificial
habitats, one that simulates conditions on the wet side and one that simulates conditions on the dry
side.
Researchers put three salamanders of each species in each of the two different artificial
environments. Why would other scientists question the validity of the conclusions based on this
setup?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 58
People in Albany and New York City are using “green roofs” to improve the environment.
A green roof can be added to many buildings that have large, flat roofs. Green roofs have three
parts: a protective layer to separate plant roots from the roof of the building, an absorptive layer to
catch and hold rainwater, and a layer of plants. Often, green roofs use Sedum, a short, desert plant,
because it is efficient at storing water in its leaves and can withstand the colder climate.
A green roof saves energy, reduces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and prevents
rainwater and melting snow from overloading sewer systems. It can also protect the roof of a
building from damage. However, green roofs can be expensive to install, and require care and
maintenance.
Most varieties of Sedum are not native plants in Albany or New York City. State one reason why
it may be dangerous to introduce a new species to an established ecosystem.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 59
People in Albany and New York City are using “green roofs” to improve the environment.
A green roof can be added to many buildings that have large, flat roofs. Green roofs have three
parts: a protective layer to separate plant roots from the roof of the building, an absorptive layer to
catch and hold rainwater, and a layer of plants. Often, green roofs use Sedum, a short, desert plant,
because it is efficient at storing water in its leaves and can withstand the colder climate.
A green roof saves energy, reduces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and prevents
rainwater and melting snow from overloading sewer systems. It can also protect the roof of a
building from damage. However, green roofs can be expensive to install, and require care and
maintenance.
State one reason why a green roof reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 60
People in Albany and New York City are using “green roofs” to improve the environment.
A green roof can be added to many buildings that have large, flat roofs. Green roofs have three
parts: a protective layer to separate plant roots from the roof of the building, an absorptive layer to
catch and hold rainwater, and a layer of plants. Often, green roofs use Sedum, a short, desert plant,
because it is efficient at storing water in its leaves and can withstand the colder climate.
A green roof saves energy, reduces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and prevents
rainwater and melting snow from overloading sewer systems. It can also protect the roof of a
building from damage. However, green roofs can be expensive to install, and require care and
maintenance.
State one reason why it is important to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 61
People in Albany and New York City are using “green roofs” to improve the environment.
A green roof can be added to many buildings that have large, flat roofs. Green roofs have three
parts: a protective layer to separate plant roots from the roof of the building, an absorptive layer to
catch and hold rainwater, and a layer of plants. Often, green roofs use Sedum, a short, desert plant,
because it is efficient at storing water in its leaves and can withstand the colder climate.
A green roof saves energy, reduces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and prevents
rainwater and melting snow from overloading sewer systems. It can also protect the roof of a
building from damage. However, green roofs can be expensive to install, and require care and
maintenance.
State one disadvantage of a green roof.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 62
A scientist took samples from a culture of E. coli bacteria and placed them in each of 100 petri
dishes. Once the bacteria began to grow in the dishes, she exposed 50 of the dishes to x-ray
radiation and 50 to natural light. After five days, she examined samples of DNA from the
bacteria and recorded any differences she found between the DNA of the two groups. State one
hypothesis the experiment would test.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 63
Every flu season, vaccine makers must bet on which strain of influenza A will pose the
greatest threat to the public, and millions of Americans must decide whether to get a shot. In
August, virologist Gary Nabel at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced progress
toward a universal flu vaccine: two shots of it could provide years of protection from every known
influenza A virus.
“We use a prime-boost strategy, meaning that we immunize with two vehicles that deliver
the vaccine in different ways,” Nabel says. In their experimental treatment, he and his colleagues
injected mice, ferrets, and monkeys with viral DNA, causing their muscle cells to produce
hemagglutinin, a protein found on the surface of all flu viruses. The animals’ immune systems then
began making antibodies that latch onto the protein and disable the virus. The researchers followed
the DNA injection with a traditional seasonal flu shot, which contains dead viruses. This one-two
punch protected the test subjects against influenza A viruses that had emerged in 1934 and 2007,
and other experiments showed that the antibodies it generated successfully neutralized a wide
variety of flu strains. Nabel’s colleagues at the NIH are already testing similar approaches in
humans.
Source: Rowe, A. “Super Vaccine Could Eliminate Flu.”
Discover, Jan./Feb. 2011, p. 37.
Identify one specific difference, other than it is a two-step vaccination, between Nabel’s
vaccination and a traditional flu vaccine.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 64
Every flu season, vaccine makers must bet on which strain of influenza A will pose the
greatest threat to the public, and millions of Americans must decide whether to get a shot. In
August, virologist Gary Nabel at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced progress
toward a universal flu vaccine: two shots of it could provide years of protection from every known
influenza A virus.
“We use a prime-boost strategy, meaning that we immunize with two vehicles that deliver
the vaccine in different ways,” Nabel says. In their experimental treatment, he and his colleagues
injected mice, ferrets, and monkeys with viral DNA, causing their muscle cells to produce
hemagglutinin, a protein found on the surface of all flu viruses. The animals’ immune systems then
began making antibodies that latch onto the protein and disable the virus. The researchers followed
the DNA injection with a traditional seasonal flu shot, which contains dead viruses. This one-two
punch protected the test subjects against influenza A viruses that had emerged in 1934 and 2007,
and other experiments showed that the antibodies it generated successfully neutralized a wide
variety of flu strains. Nabel’s colleagues at the NIH are already testing similar approaches in
humans.
Source: Rowe, A. “Super Vaccine Could Eliminate Flu.”
Discover, Jan./Feb. 2011, p. 37.
Explain how injecting dead or weakened viruses into a person can help to fight against future
infections from that virus.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 65
Bald Eagle Facts
• Bald eagles eat primarily fish, carrion (dead animals), smaller birds, and rodents. Their
most important non-carrion food is fish, which they catch by swooping down and
grabbing fish that are near the surface of the water.
• The number of nesting pairs in the lower 48 United States increased from fewer than 450
in the early 1960s to more than 4,500 adult bald eagle nesting pairs in the 1990s. Today,
there are an estimated 9,789 nesting pairs of bald eagles.
• Bald eagles are found in large numbers in certain areas during the winter (known as
roosts). These winter roosts are located in areas where prey are plentiful. Winter roosts
are protected under federal law, and managed with a buffer zone to reduce human
disturbance. As winter ends, the eagles return to their summer nesting/hunting areas.
Bald Eagle Research
In the winter of 2009, volunteers from an Audubon group conducted a survey of
roosting bald eagles at four locations in an area in the lower Hudson River Valley. The
data below show the average number of eagles sighted and the number of visits made
by the volunteers each month. Among the other data collected were percent ice cover
and percent cloud cover on the surface of the water. The eagles fly freely between these
four sites, depending on a variety of conditions.
Some of the data are shown in the table below.
Bald Eagles Sighted at Four Hudson Valley Locations in 2009
Location
January
Average Number
of Eagles
February
March
Number of
Visits
Average Number
of Eagles
Number of
Visits
Average Number
of Eagles
Number of
Visits
Croton Reservoir
22.86
7
47.88
8
9.17
6
George’s Island Park
27.00
7
18.38
8
5.00
4
George’s Island North
12.29
7
4.43
7
2.20
5
Stony Point
3.57
7
3.63
8
0.00
5
State one reason why the percent ice cover is important to the ability of eagles to obtain food.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 66
Bald Eagle Facts
• Bald eagles eat primarily fish, carrion (dead animals), smaller birds, and rodents. Their
most important non-carrion food is fish, which they catch by swooping down and
grabbing fish that are near the surface of the water.
• The number of nesting pairs in the lower 48 United States increased from fewer than 450
in the early 1960s to more than 4,500 adult bald eagle nesting pairs in the 1990s. Today,
there are an estimated 9,789 nesting pairs of bald eagles.
• Bald eagles are found in large numbers in certain areas during the winter (known as
roosts). These winter roosts are located in areas where prey are plentiful. Winter roosts
are protected under federal law, and managed with a buffer zone to reduce human
disturbance. As winter ends, the eagles return to their summer nesting/hunting areas.
Bald Eagle Research
In the winter of 2009, volunteers from an Audubon group conducted a survey of
roosting bald eagles at four locations in an area in the lower Hudson River Valley. The
data below show the average number of eagles sighted and the number of visits made
by the volunteers each month. Among the other data collected were percent ice cover
and percent cloud cover on the surface of the water. The eagles fly freely between these
four sites, depending on a variety of conditions.
Some of the data are shown in the table below.
Bald Eagles Sighted at Four Hudson Valley Locations in 2009
Location
January
Average Number
of Eagles
February
March
Number of
Visits
Average Number
of Eagles
Number of
Visits
Average Number
of Eagles
Number of
Visits
Croton Reservoir
22.86
7
47.88
8
9.17
6
George’s Island Park
27.00
7
18.38
8
5.00
4
George’s Island North
12.29
7
4.43
7
2.20
5
Stony Point
3.57
7
3.63
8
0.00
5
What inference can be made about the percent ice cover at Croton Reservoir between January
and February 2009? Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 67
Bald Eagle Facts
• Bald eagles eat primarily fish, carrion (dead animals), smaller birds, and rodents. Their
most important non-carrion food is fish, which they catch by swooping down and
grabbing fish that are near the surface of the water.
• The number of nesting pairs in the lower 48 United States increased from fewer than 450
in the early 1960s to more than 4,500 adult bald eagle nesting pairs in the 1990s. Today,
there are an estimated 9,789 nesting pairs of bald eagles.
• Bald eagles are found in large numbers in certain areas during the winter (known as
roosts). These winter roosts are located in areas where prey are plentiful. Winter roosts
are protected under federal law, and managed with a buffer zone to reduce human
disturbance. As winter ends, the eagles return to their summer nesting/hunting areas.
Bald Eagle Research
In the winter of 2009, volunteers from an Audubon group conducted a survey of
roosting bald eagles at four locations in an area in the lower Hudson River Valley. The
data below show the average number of eagles sighted and the number of visits made
by the volunteers each month. Among the other data collected were percent ice cover
and percent cloud cover on the surface of the water. The eagles fly freely between these
four sites, depending on a variety of conditions.
Some of the data are shown in the table below.
Bald Eagles Sighted at Four Hudson Valley Locations in 2009
Location
January
February
March
Average Number
of Eagles
Number of
Visits
Average Number
of Eagles
Number of
Visits
Average Number
of Eagles
Number of
Visits
Croton Reservoir
22.86
7
47.88
8
9.17
6
George’s Island Park
27.00
7
18.38
8
5.00
4
George’s Island North
12.29
7
4.43
7
2.20
5
Stony Point
3.57
7
3.63
8
0.00
5
State one reason why the number of eagles sighted showed a change at all four sites between
February and March.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 68
Bald Eagle Facts
• Bald eagles eat primarily fish, carrion (dead animals), smaller birds, and rodents. Their
most important non-carrion food is fish, which they catch by swooping down and
grabbing fish that are near the surface of the water.
• The number of nesting pairs in the lower 48 United States increased from fewer than 450
in the early 1960s to more than 4,500 adult bald eagle nesting pairs in the 1990s. Today,
there are an estimated 9,789 nesting pairs of bald eagles.
• Bald eagles are found in large numbers in certain areas during the winter (known as
roosts). These winter roosts are located in areas where prey are plentiful. Winter roosts
are protected under federal law, and managed with a buffer zone to reduce human
disturbance. As winter ends, the eagles return to their summer nesting/hunting areas.
Bald Eagle Research
In the winter of 2009, volunteers from an Audubon group conducted a survey of
roosting bald eagles at four locations in an area in the lower Hudson River Valley. The
data below show the average number of eagles sighted and the number of visits made
by the volunteers each month. Among the other data collected were percent ice cover
and percent cloud cover on the surface of the water. The eagles fly freely between these
four sites, depending on a variety of conditions.
Some of the data are shown in the table below.
Bald Eagles Sighted at Four Hudson Valley Locations in 2009
Location
January
Average
Number of
Eagles
February
Number
of Visits
Average
Number of
Eagles
March
Number
of Visits
Average
Number of
Eagles
Number of
Visits
Croton Reservoir
22.86
7
47.88
8
9.17
6
George’s Island
Park
27.00
7
18.38
8
5.00
4
George’s Island
North
12.29
7
4.43
7
2.20
5
Stony Point
3.57
7
3.63
8
0.00
5
State one possible reason why a popular hiking trail in this area is closed during eagle roosting
seasons.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 69
Coral Reef Ecosystems
There are many ecological interactions that maintain the biodiversity present in coral reefs.
In addition to coral, microscopic algae, seaweed, sea grasses, sponges and worms, and a variety of
fish are among the organisms that live in reef ecosystems. Ocean currents often link different reef
systems and move organisms from one reef area to another. This movement is a factor in
repopulating a reef that has been damaged by environmental changes.
One environmental change involves an increased growth of seaweed. When the population
of seaweed increases, the reef shifts from a coral-dominated ecosystem to a seaweed-dominated
ecosystem. This change disrupts the relationships between the organisms that live there.
Studies have shown that, as the density of seaweed in a reef area increases, the number of
fish that eat the seaweed in that area decreases. This may be due to the presence of more predators,
or the taste of the more mature plants. The fish move to areas where there is less seaweed growth.
As this trend continues, the reef areas are taken over by the seaweed. Once this happens, it is very
hard to remove the seaweed and restore the reef to a healthy ecosystem.
In addition to this problem, temperature changes are threatening the ocean currents that
connect the reef systems. A change in the currents would reduce the movement of fish larvae from
one area to another. This contributes to the seaweed problem.
State the role of the sea grasses in the reef ecosystem.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 70
Coral Reef Ecosystems
There are many ecological interactions that maintain the biodiversity present in coral reefs.
In addition to coral, microscopic algae, seaweed, sea grasses, sponges and worms, and a variety of
fish are among the organisms that live in reef ecosystems. Ocean currents often link different reef
systems and move organisms from one reef area to another. This movement is a factor in
repopulating a reef that has been damaged by environmental changes.
One environmental change involves an increased growth of seaweed. When the population
of seaweed increases, the reef shifts from a coral-dominated ecosystem to a seaweed-dominated
ecosystem. This change disrupts the relationships between the organisms that live there.
Studies have shown that, as the density of seaweed in a reef area increases, the number of
fish that eat the seaweed in that area decreases. This may be due to the presence of more predators,
or the taste of the more mature plants. The fish move to areas where there is less seaweed growth.
As this trend continues, the reef areas are taken over by the seaweed. Once this happens, it is very
hard to remove the seaweed and restore the reef to a healthy ecosystem.
In addition to this problem, temperature changes are threatening the ocean currents that
connect the reef systems. A change in the currents would reduce the movement of fish larvae from
one area to another. This contributes to the seaweed problem.
Identify one abiotic factor that is affecting the stability of the coral reef ecosystems and state how
the factor identified is important to the coral reef ecosystems.
Abiotic factor: ____________________________________________
Effect: ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 71
Coral Reef Ecosystems
There are many ecological interactions that maintain the biodiversity present in coral reefs.
In addition to coral, microscopic algae, seaweed, sea grasses, sponges and worms, and a variety of
fish are among the organisms that live in reef ecosystems. Ocean currents often link different reef
systems and move organisms from one reef area to another. This movement is a factor in
repopulating a reef that has been damaged by environmental changes.
One environmental change involves an increased growth of seaweed. When the population
of seaweed increases, the reef shifts from a coral-dominated ecosystem to a seaweed-dominated
ecosystem. This change disrupts the relationships between the organisms that live there.
Studies have shown that, as the density of seaweed in a reef area increases, the number of
fish that eat the seaweed in that area decreases. This may be due to the presence of more predators,
or the taste of the more mature plants. The fish move to areas where there is less seaweed growth.
As this trend continues, the reef areas are taken over by the seaweed. Once this happens, it is very
hard to remove the seaweed and restore the reef to a healthy ecosystem.
In addition to this problem, temperature changes are threatening the ocean currents that
connect the reef systems. A change in the currents would reduce the movement of fish larvae from
one area to another. This contributes to the seaweed problem.
State one reason why it is important to maintain the stability of the coral reefs
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 72
Coral Reef Ecosystems
There are many ecological interactions that maintain the biodiversity present in coral reefs.
In addition to coral, microscopic algae, seaweed, sea grasses, sponges and worms, and a variety of
fish are among the organisms that live in reef ecosystems. Ocean currents often link different reef
systems and move organisms from one reef area to another. This movement is a factor in
repopulating a reef that has been damaged by environmental changes.
One environmental change involves an increased growth of seaweed. When the population
of seaweed increases, the reef shifts from a coral-dominated ecosystem to a seaweed-dominated
ecosystem. This change disrupts the relationships between the organisms that live there.
Studies have shown that, as the density of seaweed in a reef area increases, the number of
fish that eat the seaweed in that area decreases. This may be due to the presence of more predators,
or the taste of the more mature plants. The fish move to areas where there is less seaweed growth.
As this trend continues, the reef areas are taken over by the seaweed. Once this happens, it is very
hard to remove the seaweed and restore the reef to a healthy ecosystem.
In addition to this problem, temperature changes are threatening the ocean currents that
connect the reef systems. A change in the currents would reduce the movement of fish larvae from
one area to another. This contributes to the seaweed problem.
State one advantage of the fish larvae moving by ocean currents into a damaged reef ecosystem.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 73
The diagram below represents a process that occurs in living cells,
The process shown in the diagram is
(1) cellular respiration
(3) gene recombination
(2) cellular reorganization
(4) protein synthesis
Question 74
The diagram below represents a process that occurs in living cells,
Structure X is a
(1) mitochondrion
(2) vacuole
(3) nucleus
(4) ribosome
Question 75
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
from: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide
A finch that picks small insects out from cracks in the bark of trees would most likely have a
beak that is
(1) sharp and thin
(2) sharp and thick
(3) rounded and thin
(4) rounded and thick
Question 76
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
from: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide
Which statement is a basic assumption from The Beaks of Finches lab?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The type of beak indicates the type of food the finch eats.
Different birds have different songs.
Birds with larger beaks can find mates more easily.
Nesting behavior of finches is an inherited trait.
Question 77
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
State two reasons why the large ground finch and sharp-billed ground finch could live on the
same island but not compete for food, even though they both eat mainly plant food.
Reason 1: _____________________________________________________________________
Reason 2:_____________________________________________________________________
Question 78
The table shows which of four enzymes are present in three related plant species.
Comparison of Four Enzymes
Plant Species
Enzyme W
Enzyme X
Enzyme Y
Enzyme Z
Species A
present
present
absent
present
Species B
absent
absent
present
absent
Species C
present
present
absent
present
The tree diagrams below show two possible evolutionary relationships between the three species.
Tree 1
A
B
Tree 2
C
A
C
B
In the space below, write the number of the tree diagram that shows the most probable
evolutionary relationship between the three species. Support your answer.
Tree diagram:__________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 79
The diagram below represents the shrinking of a cell in response to an increase in the
concentration of a substance outside of the cell.
Identify substance A.
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 80
The diagram below represents the shrinking of a cell in response to an increase in the
concentration of a substance outside of the cell.
Identify one likely substance in the environment of the cell that caused this response.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 81
A student lifted weights after school and found that his muscles started to burn. He couldn’t
continue to lift the weights after prolonged exercising. This muscle fatigue is most likely due to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the heart beating too fast and tiring out
the lungs accumulating oxygen
lack of oxygen and build up of waste in the muscles
lack of carbon dioxide in the muscles
Question 82
The diagram represents three sections of a cell membrane showing three different methods
involved in the transport of various molecules across the membrane.
Method A
Method B
Method C
Methods A and B are classified as methods of passive transport because they do not require
(1) ATP
(2) carbon dioxide
(3) light
(4) DNA
Question 83
The diagram represents three sections of a cell membrane showing three different methods
involved in the transport of various molecules across the membrane.
Method A
Method B
Method C
Using information from the diagram, state one reason why the movement of molecules in
method C represents active transport.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 84
State one reason why some species might have similar body structures even if they are not
closely related.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 85
A student went out to the school track and walked two laps, ran two laps, and then walked two
more laps. On the grid below, draw a line that shows what most likely happened to the pulse rate
of the student during these activities.
Effect of Activity on Pulse Rate
Time
August 2017
Question 1
A fruit fly is classified as a consumer rather than as a producer because it is unable to
(1) reproduce asexually
(2) synthesize its own food
(3) release energy stored in organic molecules
(4) remove wastes from its body
Question 2
Which change is an example of maintaining dynamic equilibrium?
(1) A plant wilts when more water is lost from the leaves than is lost by the roots.
(2) A plant turns yellow when light levels are very low.
(3) Insulin is released when glucose levels in the blood are high.
(4) A person sweats when the environmental temperature is low.
Question 3
Organisms contain compounds such as proteins, starches, and fats. The chemical bonds in these
compounds can be a source of
(1) amino acids
(2) simple sugars
(3) energy
(4) enzymes
Question 4
Phosphorus is necessary for the growth of healthy plants. Scientists are developing plants that can
grow in phosphorus-poor soil. Some of these new varieties, produced in a lab, make extra copies
of a protein that helps them obtain more phosphorus from the soil. The process being used to
develop these new varieties is most likely
(1) paper chromatography
(2) natural selection
(3) direct harvesting
(4) genetic engineering
Question 5
Which life function is not necessary for an individual organism to stay alive?
(1) nutrition
(2) reproduction
(3) regulation
(4) excretion
Question 6
Lobsters prey on sea hares, which are marine animals. The lobsters find their prey through a sense
of smell. The sea hares defend themselves by squirting ink at the lobster, as shown in the photo
below. The ink sticks to the lobster, interfering with its sense of smell.
The most likely reason the sea hare can escape is because the sea hare ink
(1) pushes the sea hare away rapidly as the ink is expelled
(2) blocks a receptor on certain cells in the lobster
(3) causes the lobster to change its prey
(4) prevents movement of the lobster
Question 7
Which statement is an accurate description of genes?
(1) Proteins are made of genes and code for DNA.
(2) Genes are made of proteins that code for nitrogen bases.
(3) DNA is made of carbohydrates that code for genes.
(4) Genes are made of DNA and code for proteins.
Question 8
The bobolink is a small blackbird that nests in fields of tall grass. It breeds in the summer across
much of southern Canada and the northern United States. It migrates long distances, wintering in
southern South America. The numbers of these birds are declining due to disruption of the areas
where they live.
In order to save these birds from extinction, the best course of action would be to
(1) prevent the birds from migrating to South America
(2) encourage farmers to let their hay fields undergo succession
(3) work to protect bobolink habitats in South and North America
(4) capture all the bobolinks and keep them safe in zoos
Question 9
A child with cystic fibrosis has an altered protein in his cells that stops chloride ions from leaving
the cells. This protein most likely affects the functioning of
(1) cell membranes
(2) nuclei
(3) mitochondria
(4) ribosomes
Question 10
Which row in the chart below shows a direct relationship that can exist between two living
organisms?
Row
Relationship
(1)
producer – carnivore
(2)
predator – prey
(3)
parasite – prey
(4)
carnivore – host
Question 11
Scientists have studied the return of plant life on Mount St. Helens ever since the volcano erupted
in 1980. Wildflowers began colonizing the area, followed by shrubs and small trees. Scientists
predict that it will likely take hundreds of years before the area returns to a forest dominated by fir
and hemlock trees. These changes are an example of
(1) humans degrading an ecosystem by removing wildflowers
(2) the loss of genetic variation in a plant species
(3) the growth of a forest through ecological succession
(4) the biological evolution of wildflowers, shrubs, and trees
Question 12
The most likely result of completely removing carbon dioxide from the environment of a plant is
that sugar production will
(1) continue at the same rate
(2) increase and oxygen production will also increase
(3) increase and oxygen production will stay the same
(4) decrease and eventually stop
Question 13
Before a new shopping center can be built on previously undeveloped land, the builders must
submit a proposal to the local government for approval. Which statement identifies an
environmental concern associated with the development of the shopping center?
(1) Building the center would decrease resources needed by local organisms.
(2) The new shopping center would increase competition with already existing businesses.
(3) Building the center would decrease the amount of pollution in the area.
(4) The new shopping center would increase the biodiversity of the area.
Question 14
Homeowners have been encouraged to learn how to identify invasive plants and to remove them
if they find them. The most likely reason for removing invasive plants is to
(1) allow only one type of native plant to grow
(2) preserve biodiversity
(3) eliminate unfamiliar food sources
(4) increase the rate of ecological succession
Question 15
Which row in the chart below correctly pairs a human activity with its impact on the environment?
Row
Human Activity
Impact
(1)
decrease in the use of pesticides
erosion of rock in the soil
(2)
increase in housing developments
improvement in air quality
(3)
increase in human population
reduction in water usage
(4)
decrease in recycling
reduction in amount of available resources
Question 16
The diagram below represents some steps in a procedure used in the field of biotechnology.
This bacterial cell can now be used to produce
(1) the bacterial gene for insulin that can be inserted into humans
(2) human genes for enzymes that can be inserted into humans
(3) insulin that can be used by humans
(4) enzymes necessary to treat human diseases
Question 17
The graph below represents the number of brown and green beetles collected in a particular
ecosystem.
The change observed in the number of green and brown beetles in the population is most likely
due to
(1) natural selection
(2) selective breeding
(3) gene manipulation
(4) a common ancestor
Question 18
A reproductive system is represented in the diagram below.
Which structure is correctly paired with its reproductive function?
(1) A – pathway of gametes
(2) B – synthesis of progesterone
(3) C – production of sperm
(4) D – regulation of homeostasis
Question 19
For centuries, humans have used resources from coastal areas and open ocean waters. An example
of an activity that would promote the conservation of coastal areas and ocean resources is
(1) harvesting large numbers of different fish species
(2) allowing all-terrain vehicles access to beach areas
(3) creating protected zones of natural grasses and shrubs in beach areas
(4) encouraging the construction of factories along the ocean shoreline
Question 20
Which activity would eventually result in a stable ecosystem?
(1) deforestation in an area to increase space for the species living there
(2) mowing a large field so it can be used for recreation
(3) allowing native plants to grow undisturbed in an abandoned field
(4) spraying pesticides on a field at the end of each growing season
Question 21
Some states require shoppers to pay a deposit on certain beverage containers made of plastic and
glass. When shoppers return the containers, their deposits are returned to them. How is this system
intended to help the environment?
(1) It encourages people to buy products that do not have a deposit.
(2) It reduces the amount of money shoppers actually spend.
(3) It reduces the amount of plastics and glass put into landfills.
(4) It forces manufacturers to reduce air pollution when they are making the containers.
Question 22
The diagram below represents a food web.
Which level contains organisms that carry out autotrophic nutrition?
(1) 1
(3) 3
(2) 2
(4) 4
Question 23
Mad cow disease is a fatal disease that destroys brain tissue. Researchers have found that a prion
protein, which is an abnormally constructed molecule, is responsible. Which statement best
describes the characteristics a protein must have to function correctly?
(1) A protein is a long chain of amino acids folded into a specific shape.
(2) A protein is a long chain of simple sugars folded into a specific shape.
(3) A protein is made of amino acids synthesized into a short, circular chain.
(4) A protein is made of simple sugars synthesized into a short, circular chain.
Question 24
The diagram below represents the results of the net movement of a specific kind of molecule across
a living cell membrane.
The movement of molecules from side A to side B is an example of the process of
(1) active transport
(2) chromatography
(3) cellular respiration
(4) diffusion
Question 25
Several companies now offer DNA “banking services,” where DNA is extracted from a pet and is
stored so that a “replacement pet” might be produced using cloning techniques when the original
pet dies. Which statement best explains why the replacement pets that are produced in this way
might not look or act like the original?
(1) The new animal must get the DNA from two different parents, not just one cell.
(2) Mutations could occur that change the cloned animal into a completely different species.
(3) Recombination of the cells as they are cloned will make the resulting pet act differently.
(4) The environment could influence how genes are expressed, changing how the animal looks
and acts.
Question 26
It is recommended that people avoid excessive use of tanning beds. Exposure to the radiation
emitted by tanning beds can cause skin cancer. This cancer is the direct result of a
(1) change in a starch molecule
(2) mutation in the genetic material
(3) mutation in a protein
(4) change in a fat molecule
Question 27
The diagram below represents a developing fetus in a human.
What would most likely happen if structure X were damaged in the early stages of pregnancy?
(1) The genes from the mother would not be turned on in the fetus.
(2) The nutrients necessary for development would not be able to reach the fetus.
(3) The fertilized egg would not be able to travel from the ovary to the uterus.
(4) Development would take longer since the fetus would have to synthesize nutrients.
Question 28
The reproductive structure in a female mammal that produces sex cells is the
(1) ovary
(2) testes
(3) uterus
(4) placenta
Question 29
Fungi are decomposers that play an important role in the maintenance of an ecosystem. The role
of fungi is important because they
(1) synthesize energy-rich compounds that are directly used by producers
(2) break down materials that can then be used by other organisms
(3) limit the number of plants that can perform photosynthesis in an area
(4) are competitors of other consumers such as herbivores
Question 30
In 2011 and 2012, scientists working on the Banana River in Florida recorded a dramatic increase
in the number of manatee deaths. Over the past 50 years, this area has also seen the human
population increase by more than 500,000 people. It is believed that pollution from numerous
sewage tanks leaked into the water, eliminating the manatees’ food source, replacing it with an
alga that is toxic to the manatee. This is an example of
(1) a natural cycle in an ecosystem
(2) the effect of increased biodiversity on an ecosystem
(3) direct harvesting in an ecosystem
(4) human actions altering ecosystems with serious consequences
Question 31
A student performed an experiment to see if water temperature affects the level of activity in
aquatic snails. The student set up four tanks with five snails in each tank. All four of the setups
were identical in every way, except for the temperature of the water. In order to make the
conclusions more valid, the student could
(1) alter the pH of the water
(2) change the size of the tank
(3) carry out the experiment for a shorter period of time
(4) use a larger number of snails
Question 32
The following events occur during sexual reproduction:
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. fertilization
D. birth
Which sequence represents the correct order of these events during sexual reproduction?
(1) A → C → B → D
(2) B → C → A → D
(3) C → B → A → D
(4) B → A → C → D
Question 33
A broad body of evidence, subject to revisions, supported by different kinds of scientific
investigations and often involving the contributions of scientists from different disciplines is
necessary to develop
(1) an inference
(2) a fact
(3) a theory
(4) a prediction
Question 34
The diagrams below represent portions of two genes that code for leaf structure in the same species
of clover. Gene 1 was taken from the cells of a clover plant with 3 leaves and gene 2 was taken
from the cells of a clover plant with 4 leaves.
The clover plant having gene 2 (4 leaves) was most likely the result of
(1) an insertion
(2) a deletion
(3) a substitution
(4) normal replication
Question 35
Increased concern over the number of heat-related illnesses among football players has led to a
possible change in uniform design. Shoulder pads were designed that constantly blew cool, dry air
underneath the shoulder pads. Tests showed that the use of the device during rest and recovery
periods resulted in a reduction of body temperature and heart rate. This new device would help the
athlete to
(1) control the rate of muscle activity
(2) increase muscle strength
(3) maintain homeostasis
(4) eliminate the release of heat from the body
Question 36
A student wanted to investigate the effect of light on the rate of ripening of tomatoes. She set up
four pots of the same size with identical amounts of soil, water, and type of tomato plants. Each
plant was exposed to a different intensity of light as shown in the table below.
Plant
Light Intensity
(lumens)
1
0
2
1000
3
5000
4
10,000
To report the final results, which label would be most appropriate for the third column of the data
table?
(1) Height of Tomato Plants (cm)
(2) Average Ripening Time (days)
(3) Average Weight of Tomatoes per Plant (grams)
(4) Acidity of Tomatoes (pH)
Question 37
A student wanted to investigate the effect of light on the rate of ripening of tomatoes. She set up
four pots of the same size with identical amounts of soil, water, and type of tomato plants. Each
plant was exposed to a different intensity of light as shown in the table below.
Plant
Light Intensity
(lumens)
1
0
2
1000
3
5000
4
10,000
The independent variable in this experiment is the
(1) type of tomato plant
(2) amount of soil provided
(3) color of tomatoes
(4) light intensity
Question 38
The diagram below illustrates activities taking place in the body of a human.
Vaccinations usually stimulate the body to produce more of
(1) structure A, only
(2) structure B, only
(3) structures A and C, only
(4) structures A, B, and C
Question 39
The diagram below illustrates activities taking place in the body of a human.
Which structure normally stimulates an allergic response?
(1) A, only
(3) C, only
(2) B, only
(4) A, B, and C
Question 40
Which population in the chart below has the best chance for survival in a rapidly changing
environment?
Population
Type of
Reproduction
Average Life Span
of Individuals
Total Number of
Offspring Produced
(1)
sexual
13 days
100
(2)
asexual
13 days
100
(3)
sexual
12 weeks
25
(4)
asexual
12 weeks
25
Question 41
The table below represents a segment of a DNA molecule found in a stomach cell, both before and
after undergoing replication.
DNA Segment Before and After Replication
Before replication
TGT
ATG
AAA
CAC
AAT
TAT
After replication
TGT
ATT
AAA
CAC
AAT
TTT
Which statement best describes a change that would most likely be observed in the cells formed
as a result of this mitotic division?
(1) An enzyme the cell produces might no longer function.
(2) The cells would begin to form gametes to be released.
(3) Many new hormones would be synthesized by the cells.
(4) Chloroplasts would be produced by the ribosomes.
Question 42
The setup below shows four test tubes. Tube 1 contains water only. Tube 2 contains a live snail.
Tube 3 contains a live green water plant. Tube 4 contains both a live green water plant and a live
snail.
In this setup, which tubes contain at least one organism carrying on cellular respiration?
(1) tubes 1 and 2, only
(2) tubes 2 and 4, only
(3) tubes 3 and 4, only
(4) tubes 2, 3, and 4, only
Question 43
The setup below shows four test tubes. Tube 1 contains water only. Tube 2 contains a live snail.
Tube 3 contains a live green water plant. Tube 4 contains both a live green water plant and a live
snail.
Which compound that directly provides energy in living cells is being produced in every tube
where cellular respiration is occurring?
(1) oxygen
(3) DNA
(2) glucose
(4) ATP
Question 44
The concentration of a specific antibody in the blood of an individual was measured at various
times over a period of 50 days. The results obtained are shown in the data table below.
Antibody Concentration in an Individual
Day
Antibody Concentration in
Arbitrary Units (arb. units)
5
0
10
110
16
120
25
10
35
200
45
390
50
200
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the directions
below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis.
Question 45
The concentration of a specific antibody in the blood of an individual was measured at various
times over a period of 50 days. The results obtained are shown in the data table below.
Antibody Concentration in an Individual
Day
Antibody Concentration in
Arbitrary Units (arb. units)
5
0
10
110
16
120
25
10
35
200
45
390
50
200
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the directions
below.
Plot the data on the grid. Connect the points and surround each point with a small circle.
Question 46
The concentration of a specific antibody in the blood of an individual was measured at various
times over a period of 50 days. The results obtained are shown in the data table below.
Antibody Concentration in an Individual
Day
Antibody Concentration in Arbitrary
Units (arb. units)
5
0
10
110
16
120
25
10
35
200
45
390
50
200
State one reason for the change in antibody production during the first 10 days.
Question 47
The concentration of a specific antibody in the blood of an individual was measured at various
times over a period of 50 days. The results obtained are shown in the data table below.
Antibody Concentration in an Individual
Day
Antibody Concentration in Arbitrary
Units (arb. units)
5
0
10
110
16
120
25
10
35
200
45
390
50
200
The antibody level (in arb. units) of the individual on day 30 is closest to
(1) 30
(3) 110
(2) 70
(4) 160
Question 48
If a Chihuahua with short hair has a hidden gene for long hair, it can produce both long-haired and
short-haired puppies when bred to a Chihuahua with long hair.
A family decides that they want to produce Chihuahuas with long hair. Identify a procedure that
could be used to make sure that the puppies all have long hair.
Question 49
If a Chihuahua with short hair has a hidden gene for long hair, it can produce both long-haired and
short-haired puppies when bred to a Chihuahua with long hair.
A Chihuahua is born having a trait that is different from either of its parents. A possible
explanation for the difference is that the Chihuahua puppy
(1) was produced as a result of the recombination of genes during sexual reproduction
(2) was produced as a result of the process of asexual reproduction
(3) inherited a gene from one of its grandparents and not its parents
(4) had a mutation that occurred after it was born
Question 50
The diagram below represents a technique used by scientists today to maintain the genetic
makeup of an organism.
Which graph below best represents the DNA content found in each cell in each of the stages in
the diagram above?
Question 51
The diagram below represents a technique used by scientists today to maintain the genetic
makeup of an organism.
Describe one specific reason why scientists would want to maintain the genetic makeup of a
particular plant.
Question 52
Breast Cancer Research
Most deaths that are a result of breast cancer occur because the cancer cells metastasize
(spread) from the breast to other organs. As they metastasize, cancer cells travel through the
bloodstream.
MicroRNA molecules are involved in both the movement and control of metastasized cells.
One microRNA, known as miR-7, shuts down a protein that helps cancer cells travel through the
blood.
Understanding how miR-7 interacts with cancer cells may lead to new treatments for
certain types of cancer. Since certain levels of miR-7 expression can also stimulate the
development of cancer cells, the use of miR-7 to treat cancer will have to be studied in more detail.
Researchers are hoping that eventually levels of miR-7 will be used to diagnose, treat, and prevent
the spread of cancer in an individual.
State one negative effect of using miR-7 as the only treatment for breast cancer.
Question 53
Breast Cancer Research
Most deaths that are a result of breast cancer occur because the cancer cells metastasize
(spread) from the breast to other organs. As they metastasize, cancer cells travel through the
bloodstream.
MicroRNA molecules are involved in both the movement and control of metastasized cells.
One microRNA, known as miR-7, shuts down a protein that helps cancer cells travel through the
blood.
Understanding how miR-7 interacts with cancer cells may lead to new treatments for
certain types of cancer. Since certain levels of miR-7 expression can also stimulate the
development of cancer cells, the use of miR-7 to treat cancer will have to be studied in more detail.
Researchers are hoping that eventually levels of miR-7 will be used to diagnose, treat, and prevent
the spread of cancer in an individual.
State one way cancer cells are different from normal body cells.
Question 54
Each body cell contains the same genetic information, but can differ in appearance and size. The
diagram below shows three different types of cells found in the human body.
Identify one similarity, other than the genetic information, that these body cells have.
Question 55
Each body cell contains the same genetic information, but can differ in appearance and size. The
diagram below shows three different types of cells found in the human body.
Explain why differences in these human body cells are a biological advantage.
Question 56
Federal wildlife officials plan to dispatch armed bird specialists into forests of the Pacific
Northwest starting this fall to shoot one species of owl to protect another that is threatened with
extinction. …
…“If we don’t manage barred owls, the probability of recovering the spotted owls goes
down significantly,” said Paul Henson, Oregon state supervisor for Fish and Wildlife. The
agency’s preferred course of action calls for killing 3,603 barred owls in four study areas in
Oregon, Washington and northern California over the next four years. …
…Mr. Henson said unless barred owls are brought under control, the spotted owl in coming
decades might disappear from Washington’s northern Cascade Range and Oregon’s Coast Range,
where the barred owl incursion [takeover] has been greatest.
The northern spotted owl was listed as a threatened species in 1990. Barred owls are bigger,
more aggressive and less picky about food. Barred owls now cover the spotted owl’s range, in
some places outnumbering them as much as 5-to-1.
Source: Associated Press, 7/26/13
Describe how the barred owl population is having a negative effect on the spotted owl
population.
Question 57
Federal wildlife officials plan to dispatch armed bird specialists into forests of the Pacific
Northwest starting this fall to shoot one species of owl to protect another that is threatened with
extinction. …
…“If we don’t manage barred owls, the probability of recovering the spotted owls goes
down significantly,” said Paul Henson, Oregon state supervisor for Fish and Wildlife. The
agency’s preferred course of action calls for killing 3,603 barred owls in four study areas in
Oregon, Washington and northern California over the next four years. …
…Mr. Henson said unless barred owls are brought under control, the spotted owl in coming
decades might disappear from Washington’s northern Cascade Range and Oregon’s Coast Range,
where the barred owl incursion [takeover] has been greatest.
The northern spotted owl was listed as a threatened species in 1990. Barred owls are bigger,
more aggressive and less picky about food. Barred owls now cover the spotted owl’s range, in
some places outnumbering them as much as 5-to-1.
Source: Associated Press, 7/26/13
Explain why it is important to protect the spotted owl from extinction.
Question 58
Federal wildlife officials plan to dispatch armed bird specialists into forests of the Pacific
Northwest starting this fall to shoot one species of owl to protect another that is threatened with
extinction. …
…“If we don’t manage barred owls, the probability of recovering the spotted owls goes
down significantly,” said Paul Henson, Oregon state supervisor for Fish and Wildlife. The
agency’s preferred course of action calls for killing 3,603 barred owls in four study areas in
Oregon, Washington and northern California over the next four years. …
…Mr. Henson said unless barred owls are brought under control, the spotted owl in coming
decades might disappear from Washington’s northern Cascade Range and Oregon’s Coast Range,
where the barred owl incursion [takeover] has been greatest.
The northern spotted owl was listed as a threatened species in 1990. Barred owls are bigger,
more aggressive and less picky about food. Barred owls now cover the spotted owl’s range, in
some places outnumbering them as much as 5-to-1.
Source: Associated Press, 7/26/13
Certain groups oppose the plan to kill barred owls, in part because they feel it will not solve the
problem. They recommend that the focus should be on protecting the habitat of the spotted owl.
Describe the role that the habitat plays in the survival of an animal species such as the spotted
owl.
Question 59
The 1990 Federal Clean Air Act requires New York State to conduct an emissions test on most
gasoline-powered automobiles in order to help reduce harmful emissions. Vehicles that fail this
test must be repaired and pass inspection before they can be driven on the road. Some people did
not support this legislation.
State one advantage and one disadvantage of automobile emission testing.
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
Question 60
Enzyme Investigation
An enzyme was isolated from digestive juices taken from the small intestine. An
experiment was set up to test the ability of the enzyme to break down protein. Two test tubes,
labeled A and B, were placed in a hot water bath at 37°C, human body temperature.
Test tube A contained only protein and test tube B contained protein and the enzyme. The
chart below shows the set-up
Test Tube
Contents
A
protein
B
protein, enzyme
After two hours, the contents of both test tubes were analyzed. Test tube A showed only
the presence of protein. Test tube B showed the presence of the end products of protein digestion,
indicating the enzyme had successfully broken down the protein.
Identify the end products of protein digestion that made up the contents of test tube B after the two
hours.
Question 61
Enzyme Investigation
An enzyme was isolated from digestive juices taken from the small intestine. An
experiment was set up to test the ability of the enzyme to break down protein. Two test tubes,
labeled A and B, were placed in a hot water bath at 37°C, human body temperature.
Test tube A contained only protein and test tube B contained protein and the enzyme. The
chart below shows the set-up
Test Tube
Contents
A
protein
B
protein, enzyme
After two hours, the contents of both test tubes were analyzed. Test tube A showed only
the presence of protein. Test tube B showed the presence of the end products of protein digestion,
indicating the enzyme had successfully broken down the protein.
Explain the importance of temperature in the functioning of enzymes.
Question 62
Enzyme Investigation
An enzyme was isolated from digestive juices taken from the small intestine. An
experiment was set up to test the ability of the enzyme to break down protein. Two test tubes,
labeled A and B, were placed in a hot water bath at 37°C, human body temperature.
Test tube A contained only protein and test tube B contained protein and the enzyme. The
chart below shows the set-up
Test Tube
Contents
A
protein
B
protein, enzyme
After two hours, the contents of both test tubes were analyzed. Test tube A showed only
the presence of protein. Test tube B showed the presence of the end products of protein digestion,
indicating the enzyme had successfully broken down the protein.
State what the result would be if the same enzyme that was added to test tube B was added to a
test tube containing starch. Support your answer.
Question 63
Enzyme Investigation
An enzyme was isolated from digestive juices taken from the small intestine. An
experiment was set up to test the ability of the enzyme to break down protein. Two test tubes,
labeled A and B, were placed in a hot water bath at 37°C, human body temperature.
Test tube A contained only protein and test tube B contained protein and the enzyme. The
chart below shows the set-up
Test Tube
Contents
A
protein
B
protein, enzyme
After two hours, the contents of both test tubes were analyzed. Test tube A showed only
the presence of protein. Test tube B showed the presence of the end products of protein digestion,
indicating the enzyme had successfully broken down the protein.
In the digestive system many large molecules, such as proteins, are broken down into much smaller
molecules. State what happens to these smaller molecules following digestion.
Question 64
Secondhand Smoke and Estrogen
A fertility researcher conducted a study of pregnant women. The researcher’s hypothesis
was that the estrogen levels of pregnant women who were exposed to daily secondhand cigarette
smoke would be higher than estrogen levels of pregnant women not exposed to daily secondhand
smoke.
The researcher measured the estrogen levels of eight pregnant women each week
throughout their pregnancy. Four of the women lived in houses with heavy smokers, the other four
did not. The women’s ages varied from 19 to 42 years old. Six of the women were pregnant with
girls, one was pregnant with a boy, and one was pregnant with twin boys. The research was
submitted for peer review.
Analyze this experiment. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one error in the researcher’s experimental design
Question 65
Secondhand Smoke and Estrogen
A fertility researcher conducted a study of pregnant women. The researcher’s hypothesis
was that the estrogen levels of pregnant women who were exposed to daily secondhand cigarette
smoke would be higher than estrogen levels of pregnant women not exposed to daily secondhand
smoke.
The researcher measured the estrogen levels of eight pregnant women each week
throughout their pregnancy. Four of the women lived in houses with heavy smokers, the other four
did not. The women’s ages varied from 19 to 42 years old. Six of the women were pregnant with
girls, one was pregnant with a boy, and one was pregnant with twin boys. The research was
submitted for peer review.
Analyze this experiment. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one way, other than affecting estrogen levels, that secondhand smoke could
affect a developing embryo
Question 66
Secondhand Smoke and Estrogen
A fertility researcher conducted a study of pregnant women. The researcher’s hypothesis
was that the estrogen levels of pregnant women who were exposed to daily secondhand cigarette
smoke would be higher than estrogen levels of pregnant women not exposed to daily secondhand
smoke.
The researcher measured the estrogen levels of eight pregnant women each week
throughout their pregnancy. Four of the women lived in houses with heavy smokers, the other four
did not. The women’s ages varied from 19 to 42 years old. Six of the women were pregnant with
girls, one was pregnant with a boy, and one was pregnant with twin boys. The research was
submitted for peer review.
Analyze this experiment. In your answer, be sure to:
• explain why the process of peer review is an important step in this research
Question 67
Snowy Owls Move to the South
Snowy owls are large white birds that normally inhabit the cold northern regions of Canada.
Recently, scientists and birdwatchers have sighted the snowy owls much farther south than usual.
When snowy owls are in northern areas, they feed on lemmings (small rodents). When
lemmings are not available, as in the areas further south, the owls will seek out mice or rabbits as
their food source.
Several snowy owls migrated into an area represented by the food web below.
Identify one population of organisms shown in the food web, other than rabbits or mice, that would
likely be affected by the introduction of the snowy owls and explain why their population would
be affected.
Population affected:
Question 68
Snowy Owls Move to the South
Snowy owls are large white birds that normally inhabit the cold northern regions of Canada.
Recently, scientists and birdwatchers have sighted the snowy owls much farther south than usual.
When snowy owls are in northern areas, they feed on lemmings (small rodents). When
lemmings are not available, as in the areas further south, the owls will seek out mice or rabbits as
their food source.
Several snowy owls migrated into an area represented by the food web below.
Identify one condition that might cause snowy owls to leave their usual habitat and move to another
area.
Question 69
Snowy Owls Move to the South
Snowy owls are large white birds that normally inhabit the cold northern regions of Canada.
Recently, scientists and birdwatchers have sighted the snowy owls much farther south than usual.
When snowy owls are in northern areas, they feed on lemmings (small rodents). When
lemmings are not available, as in the areas further south, the owls will seek out mice or rabbits as
their food source.
Several snowy owls migrated into an area represented by the food web below.
State which level, A, B, or C, contains the least total available energy. Support your answer.
Level: ______
Question 70
Pocket Mice
Pocket mice are small rodents that feed mainly at night and are preyed upon by owls, hawks, and
snakes. Scientists studied pocket mice living on dark volcanic rock in both New Mexico and fifty
miles away in Arizona. They recorded their data in the chart below.
State one possible hypothesis that would explain the differences in the observed data between the
two locations.
Question 71
Pocket Mice
Pocket mice are small rodents that feed mainly at night and are preyed upon by owls, hawks, and
snakes. Scientists studied pocket mice living on dark volcanic rock in both New Mexico and fifty
miles away in Arizona. They recorded their data in the chart below.
Dark fur color in pocket mice is the result of a mutation. Scientists analyzed the sequence of bases
in the gene known to play a role in fur color and discovered that the mutation was identical in both
the New Mexico and Arizona mouse populations. Explain how it is possible for these two different
populations to have identical gene sequences for dark fur color.
Question 72
Pocket Mice
Pocket mice are small rodents that feed mainly at night and are preyed upon by owls, hawks, and
snakes. Scientists studied pocket mice living on dark volcanic rock in both New Mexico and fifty
miles away in Arizona. They recorded their data in the chart below.
Explain what is meant by the statement: “While mutations are random, natural selection is not.”
Question 73
The diagram below represents evolutionary pathways of seven groups of organisms alive today.
Which two living species would be expected to have the most similar proteins?
(1) A and C
(3) E and F
(2) B and C
(4) H and M
Question 74
Scientists recently discovered that three different types of squid, a marine animal, previously
thought to be three different species, were actually all members of one species. Their earlier ideas
were based on using squid carcasses (dead bodies). The new, more accepted classification is most
probably based on an analysis of
(1) a greater number of squid carcasses
(2) the feeding habits of the three different species
(3) a number of newly found squid fossils
(4) the DNA present in the cells of squid
Question 75
The diagram below represents a laboratory experiment involving sucrose and water molecules in
a cellophane bag which functions in the same way as dialysis tubing.
Which statement correctly explains the rise of liquid in the tube at the end of the experiment?
(1) The concentration of sucrose molecules increased as water molecules entered the bag. This
concentration increase pushed the liquid up the tube.
(2) Water entered the bag due to the lower concentration of water inside. The extra water pushed
the liquid up the tube as the bag filled.
(3) Sucrose indicator entered the bag and reacted with the sucrose molecules. The reaction made
the bag increase in size and pushed the liquid up the tube.
(4) Sucrose molecules moved out of the bag and up the tube while water moved out, causing the
rise of liquid in the tube.
Question 76
The diagram below shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Which row correctly pairs a finch species with its primary nutritional role and bill type?
Row
Finch
Bill Type
Nutritional Role
(1)
cactus finch
probing bill
carnivore
(2)
medium ground finch
grasping bill
herbivore
(3)
large tree finch
crushing bill
herbivore
(4)
warbler finch
probing bill
carnivore
Question 77
The diagram below shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
In certain years, the Galapagos plants produce many tube-shaped flowers rich in nectar. Identify
the finch that is best adapted to feed on the nectar within those flowers. Support your answer.
Question 78
The diagram below shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
The number of small tree finches is increasing on an island inhabited by a large population of small
ground finches. State one reason why the population of small ground finches has not been affected
by the increasing number of small tree finches.
Question 79
Explain why glucose molecules can cross a cell membrane and starch molecules can not.
Question 80
Progressive Resistance Exercise
Progressive resistance exercise (PRE) is a method of increasing the ability of muscles to
generate force. The principles of PRE for increasing force production in muscles have remained
unchanged for almost 60 years. These principles are (1) to perform a small number of repetitions
until fatigued, (2) to allow sufficient rest between exercises for recovery, and (3) to increase the
resistance as the ability to generate force increases. Traditionally, PRE has been used by young,
healthy adults to improve athletic performance.
A student decided to incorporate PRE into his exercise program. He did not know how to
determine when he had allowed sufficient rest between exercises for recovery. He hypothesized
that waiting for his pulse to return to normal would probably be a good indication.
Explain why allowing his pulse rate to return to normal might be a good indication that he had
waited long enough for recovery.
Question 81
Progressive Resistance Exercise
Progressive resistance exercise (PRE) is a method of increasing the ability of muscles to
generate force. The principles of PRE for increasing force production in muscles have remained
unchanged for almost 60 years. These principles are (1) to perform a small number of repetitions
until fatigued, (2) to allow sufficient rest between exercises for recovery, and (3) to increase the
resistance as the ability to generate force increases. Traditionally, PRE has been used by young,
healthy adults to improve athletic performance.
A student decided to incorporate PRE into his exercise program. He did not know how to
determine when he had allowed sufficient rest between exercises for recovery. He hypothesized
that waiting for his pulse to return to normal would probably be a good indication.
Students wanted to try PRE to increase their ability to rapidly squeeze a clothespin. They thought
if they could do this, they could challenge another class to a clothespin squeezing competition and
win. Which steps should the students take to follow the principles of PRE?
(1) Measure their pulse rate after squeezing the clothespin until fatigued. Then increase the
resistance of the clothespin for the next trial.
(2) Squeeze a clothespin until fatigued, rest, and repeat. Over time, they should gradually
increase the resistance of the clothespins they are squeezing.
(3) Measure their pulse rate, squeeze a clothespin for one minute, rest, and measure their pulse
rate.
(4) Squeeze a clothespin for as long as they can, measure their pulse rate, rest, eat some candy.
Increase the resistance of the clothespin for the next trial.
Question 82
Progressive Resistance Exercise
Progressive resistance exercise (PRE) is a method of increasing the ability of muscles to
generate force. The principles of PRE for increasing force production in muscles have remained
unchanged for almost 60 years. These principles are (1) to perform a small number of repetitions
until fatigued, (2) to allow sufficient rest between exercises for recovery, and (3) to increase the
resistance as the ability to generate force increases. Traditionally, PRE has been used by young,
healthy adults to improve athletic performance.
A student decided to incorporate PRE into his exercise program. He did not know how to
determine when he had allowed sufficient rest between exercises for recovery. He hypothesized
that waiting for his pulse to return to normal would probably be a good indication.
Students following the principles of PRE monitored their ability to lift weights. Which observation
would indicate that their exercise program was successful?
(1) They could eventually lift heavier weights than when they started.
(2) Their pulse rate increased more rapidly as they kept lifting weights.
(3) The number of weights their group could lift during competition decreased.
(4) Males and females could lift the same weight an equal number of times during competition
Question 83
Using the axes on the graph below, sketch a line graph showing the changes in heart rate of a
person who is walking slowly, then begins running, and then sits down to rest for a few minutes.
Question 84
Identify one waste product that is released during exercise. Explain how this waste product leaves
the body.
Waste product:
Question 85
State one way scientists could use the banding patterns produced by gel electrophoresis.
August 2018
Question 1
Which human activity most directly causes a significant increase in the amount of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere?
(1) growing corn for food
(2) not using products containing plastics
(3) driving cars long distances
(4) planting large numbers of trees
Question 2
An immune response is primarily due to the body’s white blood cells recognizing
(1) a hormone imbalance
(3) foreign antigens
(2) abiotic organisms
(4) known antibiotics
Question 3
In an effort to reduce the number of deaths due to malaria, scientists have successfully introduced
a gene into mosquitoes. The gene makes the mosquitoes unable to support the development of the
parasite that causes malaria. The technique used to produce this new variety of mosquito is most
likely
(1) chromatography
(2) genetic engineering
(3) electrophoresis of genes
(4) selective breeding
Question 4
The organic compounds that scientists use to cut, copy, and move segments of DNA are
(1) carbohydrates
(3) hormones
(2) enzymes
(4) starches
Question 5
Which statement most accurately predicts the result of interfering with populations in the web?
(1) Removing the cricket population will have little effect on the balance of the food web.
(2) Removing all the mountain lions from the food web will benefit the ecosystem.
(3) Removing the cricket and rabbit populations would cause the number of trees to decrease.
(4) Removing deer from the food web will affect the rabbit and grass populations.
Question 6
A factor not shown in the diagram that provides energy for living organisms is
(1) carbon dioxide
(3) the Sun
(2) water
(4) oxygen
Question 7
Scientists have found a gene that makes a protein called PKG that controls certain behaviors in
many types of ants. The soldier ant will help collect food when it has a low level of PKG. When it
has a high level of PKG, the soldier ant will protect and defend its colony. Soldier ants that are
given PKG are more likely to ignore food sources and attack intruders. Which conclusion can best
be made from this information?
(1) PKG protein is synthesized only by the soldier ants.
(2) Genes control which type of amino acids a cell can make.
(3) Eating too much protein makes some organisms very aggressive.
(4) The behavior of soldier ants is controlled in part by the PKG protein.
Question 8
Genetic researchers have discovered a number of different gene mutations that have led to the
development of cancer. These mutations affect how frequently a cell reproduces. Which process
would be directly influenced by these mutations?
(1) differentiation of cells in an embryo
(2) meiotic cell division
(3) division of sperm and egg cells
(4) mitotic cell division
Question 9
Lobsters are crustaceans related to crayfish, crabs, and shrimp. Most lobsters are a reddish brown
color, but on rare occasions, they can be orange, blue, or even multicolored. These color differences
can be caused by
(1) genetic variations
(2) different numbers of offspring
(3) overpopulation and excessive resources
(4) the instability of the ecosystem
Question 10
Which two factors could lead to the evolution of a species over time?
(1) overproduction of offspring and no variation
(2) changes in the genes of body cells and extinction
(3) struggle for survival and fossilization
(4) changes in the genes of sex cells and survival of the fittest
Question 11
As human red blood cells mature, they lose their nuclei. As a result of this loss, which process
would be impossible for mature red blood cells to carry out?
(1) excretion
(3) reproduction
(2) respiration
(4) transport
Question 12
To clone a mammal, a cloned embryo is often put into an adult female of the same species to
continue internal development. The structure in which the embryo will develop is the
(1) ovary
(3) uterus
(2) placenta
(4) egg
Question 13
Nuclear power plants, which produce electrical energy, use large quantities of water for cooling.
Often, small fish, larvae, and fish eggs are sucked in along with the cooling water and destroyed.
This example illustrates how
(1) industrialization can have positive and negative effects
(2) removal of these organisms has no effect on an ecosystem
(3) direct harvesting increases the natural fish population
(4) energy is generated without producing wastes
Question 14
Acid rain is a major problem in the Adirondack Mountains. Evidence that acid rain negatively
affected the Adirondack ecosystem is that
(1) this rain has increased the amount of water in Adirondack lakes
(2) there has been a decrease in the variety of fish found in Adirondack lakes
(3) the amount of carbon dioxide in the air over the Adirondack Mountains has drastically
decreased in recent years
(4) the number of heterotrophic organisms in Adirondack lakes has increased
Question 15
Which system in a multicellular organism functions most like the cytoplasm in a single celled
organism?
(1) immune
(3) nervous
(2) reproductive
(4) circulatory
Question 16
A common cycle in biology is represented below.
The ATP molecule above is commonly used to
(1) actively transport molecules in an organism
(2) diffuse water across a membrane
(3) move molecules from a high to a low concentration
(4) balance the nutrients in an ecosystem
Question 17
Fat molecules typically contain long chains of carbon atoms. Animals tend to store fats for use
when food resources are scarce. This is an advantage to the animal because
(1) much energy can be gained by breaking the bonds between atoms in the fats
(2) fats give off carbon dioxide that can be used by the muscles
(3) amino acids from fat synthesis are more easily digested than carbohydrates
(4) energy can only be created by digesting fats
Question 18
While looking at the bottom surface of a leaf with a compound light microscope, a student notices
pairs of cells with openings between them on the surface of the leaf. The main purpose of these
openings and the cells that surround them is
(1) removing excess sugars
(2) synthesis of carbon dioxide
(3) regulating gas exchange
(4) purification of water
Question 19
An immune response to a usually harmless environmental substance is known as
(1) an antigen
(3) an allergy
(2) a vaccination
(4) a mutation
Question 20
Scientists at Penn State have sequenced the DNA of the extinct woolly mammoth. The data
suggested that the woolly mammoth was more closely related to present-day elephants than
previously believed.
Which statement could account for the similarities between the woolly mammoth and present-day
elephants?
(1) Common gene mutations were caused by agents such as industrial chemicals and radiation. (2)
Present-day species developed from earlier, different species.
(3) Selective breeding results in offspring better able to survive.
(4) Both animals have identical genetic information.
Question 21
Single-celled organisms are able to maintain homeostasis, even though they lack higher levels of
organization such as organs and organ systems, because
(1) single-celled organisms do not carry out the same life processes as multicellular organisms (2)
multicellular organisms do not rely on tissues or organs to carry out life processes
(3) cell structures work together to maintain homeostasis in single-celled organisms
(4) single-celled organisms are able to coordinate organ functions to maintain homeostasis
Question 22
Sharks are often followed by smaller fish that eat some of the scraps from the organisms eaten by
the shark. These smaller fish are acting as
(1) decomposers
(3) producers
(2) scavengers
(4) herbivores
Question 23
The photographs below are side-by-side images of twins A and B with identical genetic
information. Twin A is a nonsmoker, while twin B is a longtime smoker.
The best explanation for the differences in the appearance of the twins is that
(1) twin B is older than twin A
(2) they each inherited half of their DNA from each parent
(3) the expression of genes is influenced by the environment
(4) one twin resembles the mother and the other resembles the father
Question 24
Under the supervision of experts, certain areas in a nature preserve are regularly exposed to
frequent, low-intensity fires. These controlled fires maintain specific populations of plants by
directly
(1) increasing the consumption of finite resources
(2) decreasing the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere
(3) stopping the process of evolution
(4) interfering with the process of ecological succession
Question 25
An invasive species, the spiny water flea, was recently found in a New York lake. These water
fleas eat zooplankton, a food also consumed by native fishes. The fleas spread from lake to lake
by attaching to fishing lines, anchor ropes, and boats. Which statement best describes the effect of
the water flea on the lake?
(1) It will not compete with animals in the local food chain.
(2) It will feed on organisms that are important to other species.
(3) The number of water fleas will decrease due to a lack of food.
(4) There will be no effect on native species in the lake.
Question 26
A stable ecosystem can have high biodiversity because each species in that ecosystem
(1) occupies a different niche
(2) inhabits a different environment
(3) is part of a different community
(4) lives in a different biosphere
Question 27
Stability within an ecosystem is achieved partially by the presence of organisms that break down
important molecules and make them available for other organisms to use. These organisms are
(1) plants
(3) scavengers
(2) herbivores
(4) decomposers
Question 28
The diagram below represents a feedback mechanism.
The hormone referred to in this feedback mechanism is
(1) estrogen
(3) progesterone
(2) insulin
(4) testosterone
Question 29
After a lake dried up during a severe drought, a section of undisturbed rock layers was exposed.
The layers are represented below.
This sequence of rock layers best illustrates the concept that
(1) the living and nonliving environment both change over time
(2) it is important to preserve the diversity of species and habitats
(3) new inheritable characteristics can result from the recombining of genes
(4) living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of unlimited size
Question 30
Some organisms in an ecosystem are represented in the pyramid below.
In the pyramid, the arrows labeled X represent
(1) the loss of organisms due to predation
(3) the loss of energy in the form of heat
(2) a decrease in photosynthetic organisms
(4) a decrease in available oxygen
Question 31
A student designed an experiment to determine if air temperature had an effect on the rate of
photosynthesis in corn plants.
Which tool is correctly paired with a procedure that could be used during this experiment?
(1) an electronic balance to measure the volume of soil in which each corn plant is grown
(2) a graduated cylinder to measure 30 mL of water for each plant daily
(3) a metric ruler to determine the mass of each plant each week
(4) a Celsius thermometer to determine the pH of the soil
Question 32
A student designed an experiment to determine if air temperature had an effect on the rate of
photosynthesis in corn plants.
The independent variable in this experiment is the
(1) air temperature at which the corn plants were grown
(2) amount of carbon dioxide used by the corn plants
(3) volume of oxygen produced by the corn plants
(4) number of corn plants used
Question 33
The graph below shows the number of animals in a population throughout the course of a year.
The population migrated into the area at the beginning of 2011.
The graph can best be used to illustrate
1) a food chain
(3) natural selection
2) ecological succession
(4) carrying capacity
Question 34
The graph shows the number of animals in a population throughout the course of a year. The
population migrated into the area at the beginning of 2011.
The approximate number of animals that were found in June 2012 was most likely
(1) 16
(3) 76
(2) 26
(4) 86
Question 35
To prepare for an experiment, ten different sources of food were sterilized and kept in a sterile
container. Bacteria of the same species were placed on each of the ten different food sources and
kept at 26°C for two days. During this time, bacteria grew in nine of the containers. Based on this
observation, the scientist could conclude that
(1) all ten food sources used in the experiment are capable of supporting this species of bacteria
(2) the temperature varied greatly in nine of the containers during this experiment
(3) only the container that failed to grow any bacteria was prepared correctly
(4) this species of bacteria synthesizes enzymes needed to digest the food in nine of the ten
containers
Question 36
The graph below shows three projections for future carbon dioxide (CO2) levels.
— The “Business as usual” line shows CO2 levels if emissions remain at current levels.
— The “Constant 1990 emissions” line shows CO2 levels if emissions are cut to the same
level that they were in 1990.
— The “Half 1990 emissions” line shows CO2 levels if emissions are cut to half of the
level that they were in 1990.
Which statement is supported by the graph?
(1) Climate change will result in the melting of polar ice caps.
(2) The increase in carbon dioxide levels will cause a decrease in global average temperature.
(3) Human activities have no effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
(4) Future generations can be affected by the choices of current generations.
Question 37
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic compound that is produced by plant and animal cells.
These cells also produce the enzyme catalase, which converts H2O2 into water and oxygen gas,
preventing the buildup of H2O2.
A student designed an experiment to test the effect of an acidic pH on the rate of the reaction
of H2O2 with catalase. The data below summarize the outcome of the experiment.
pH Level
7
(neutral)
6
5
3
Reaction Rate (mL of oxygen/minute)
1.5
1.3
1.0
.55
Which graph most accurately represents the results obtained by this student?
Question 38
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic compound that is produced by plant and animal cells.
These cells also produce the enzyme catalase, which converts H2O2 into water and oxygen gas,
preventing the buildup of H2O2.
A student designed an experiment to test the effect of an acidic pH on the rate of the reaction
of H2O2 with catalase. The data below summarize the outcome of the experiment.
pH Level
7
(neutral)
6
5
3
Reaction Rate (mL of oxygen/minute)
1.5
1.3
1.0
.55
Which conclusion is valid based upon the data collected by the student?
(1) The change in pH prevents catalase from breaking down water.
(2) Catalase has the greatest activity at a pH of 7.
(3) Oxygen production will increase if more water is added to the reaction.
(4) Catalase caused the greatest production of oxygen at a pH of 3.
Question 39
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic compound that is produced by plant and animal cells.
These cells also produce the enzyme catalase, which converts H2O2 into water and oxygen gas,
preventing the buildup of H2O2.
A student designed an experiment to test the effect of an acidic pH on the rate of the reaction
of H2O2 with catalase. The data below summarize the outcome of the experiment.
pH Level
7
(neutral)
6
5
3
Reaction Rate (mL of oxygen/minute)
1.5
1.3
1.0
.55
The best explanation for the change in catalase activity as the pH changed from 7 to 3 is that
(1) strong acid digests the catalase, causing the reaction rate to increase
(2) the student most likely cooled the H2O2 solution, causing the reaction rate to increase
(3) in acidic solutions, the shape of catalase changes, causing the reaction rate to decrease
(4) decreased oxygen production causes catalase to increase the rate of reaction
Question 40
Which graph best illustrates the body temperature in an individual maintaining dynamic
equilibrium?
Question 41
Federal legislation establishes and updates energy-efficiency standards for consumer
products, including refrigerators. The graph shows the average annual energy consumption of
similar types of refrigerators and the year they were manufactured.
The 2003 Energy Star models of refrigerators use an average of about 450 kilowatt hours of
electrical energy annually. Approximately how much energy is saved by these models annually
when compared to the models produced in 1972?
(1) 500 kilowatt hours
(3) 1500 kilowatt hours
(2) 550 kilowatt hours
(4) 1550 kilowatt hours
Question 42
Federal legislation establishes and updates energy-efficiency standards for consumer
products, including refrigerators. The graph shows the average annual energy consumption of
similar types of refrigerators and the year they were manufactured.
Which statement best represents an outcome of federal standards that require increasing the energy
efficiency of appliances, such as refrigerators?
(1) More technological improvements in appliances can help conserve finite resources.
(2) Increased efficiency of appliances requires greater use of our energy resources.
(3) Newer appliances are manufactured from a greater number of finite resources.
(4) Manufacturing more efficient appliances will reduce the biodiversity of ecosystems.
Question 43
A student placed a test tube containing elodea (an aquatic plant) and pond water 10 cm from a light
source. He observed that the plant gave off bubbles of a gas and counted how many bubbles were
released in one minute. He moved the plant farther away from the light source to see if distance
from the source made a difference. The data table below shows his results.
Gas Production
Distance from Light (cm)
Bubbles Produced per Minute
10
40
20
30
30
7
40
4
The gas that was being produced was most likely
(1) carbon dioxide as a product of the process of respiration
(2) carbon dioxide as a product of the process of photosynthesis
(3) oxygen as a product of the process of respiration
(4) oxygen as a product of the process of photosynthesis
Question 44
The data table shows the estimated number of species extinctions from 1960 to 2010.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis.
Question 45
The data table shows the estimated number of species extinctions from 1960 to 2010.
Plot the data on the grid, connect the points and surround each point with a small circle.
Question 46
The data table shows the estimated number of species extinctions from 1960 to 2010.
State one possible cause for the increase in the number of species extinctions from 1960-2010.
Question 47
Icefish Evolution
Over the last 50 million years, icefish evolved many adaptations that contributed to their
success in surviving the decreasing water temperatures of the ocean surrounding Antarctica. For
example, they have the ability to produce an antifreeze protein that prevents their blood from
freezing in waters that are now below the normal freezing point of fresh water.
Scientists have analyzed the icefish DNA and documented genetic changes that gave rise to the
antifreeze gene. Their findings are represented in the diagram below.
Process X is referred to as
(1) mitosis
(3) differentiation
(2) mutation
(4) meiosis
Question 48
Icefish Evolution
Over the last 50 million years, icefish evolved many adaptations that contributed to their
success in surviving the decreasing water temperatures of the ocean surrounding Antarctica. For
example, they have the ability to produce an antifreeze protein that prevents their blood from
freezing in waters that are now below the normal freezing point of fresh water.
Scientists have analyzed the icefish DNA and documented genetic changes that gave rise to the
antifreeze gene. Their findings are represented in the diagram below.
Explain how the process of natural selection can account for the increase in frequency of the
antifreeze protein gene in the icefish population.
Question 49
Icefish Evolution
Over the last 50 million years, icefish evolved many adaptations that contributed to their
success in surviving the decreasing water temperatures of the ocean surrounding Antarctica. For
example, they have the ability to produce an antifreeze protein that prevents their blood from
freezing in waters that are now below the normal freezing point of fresh water.
Scientists have analyzed the icefish DNA and documented genetic changes that gave rise to the
antifreeze gene. Their findings are represented in the diagram below.
In addition to the appearance of the antifreeze gene, icefish have also been found to have DNA
sequences similar to the DNA sequences in hemoglobin genes of other fish species. However,
these DNA sequences are not complete and therefore not functional in icefish. This evidence makes
it likely that
(1) icefish ancestors had hemoglobin
(2) icefish will soon produce offspring with hemoglobin
(3) hemoglobin is a molecule made by some fish that do not have genes for it
(4) soon all fish will stop producing hemoglobin
Question 50
Green sea slugs are animals that live in water and have developed the ability to produce
their own chlorophyll. These creatures can also pass this ability to make chlorophyll to their
offspring. Once the offspring have one meal of algae, they are able to make food using sunlight.
This one meal provides the baby slugs with the chloroplasts needed to make use of the chlorophyll,
and they are able to produce their own food in the future.
The best explanation for why sea slugs are able to pass on this ability to make food to their offspring
is that
(1) the gene for making algae is in all their body cells
(2) making food is beneficial, so the slugs needed to mutate
(3) the environment causes the slugs to become green
(4) the gene for chlorophyll production is part of their DNA
Question 51
Green sea slugs are animals that live in water and have developed the ability to produce
their own chlorophyll. These creatures can also pass this ability to make chlorophyll to their
offspring. Once the offspring have one meal of algae, they are able to make food using sunlight.
This one meal provides the baby slugs with the chloroplasts needed to make use of the chlorophyll,
and they are able to produce their own food in the future.
Explain how green sea slugs can be considered both a producer and a consumer.
Question 52
State why fossil fuels are considered a finite resource.
Question 53
The diagram below represents an organelle.
Identify the process that occurs in this organelle, and explain the importance of this process to the
survival of organisms.
Process: ________________________
Importance:
Question 54
The testes of a human male produce gametes. The process that produces these gametes differs from
the process that produces new skin cells in the same individual.
Identify the type of cell division involved in each process.
Skin cells: ____________________________
Gametes: ____________________________
Question 55
The testes of a human male produce gametes. The process that produces these gametes differs from
the process that produces new skin cells in the same individual.
How does the genetic makeup of the skin cells differ from the genetic makeup of the gametes?
Question 56
Placental mammals – as opposed to the kind that lay eggs, such as the platypus, or carry
young in pouches, such as the kangaroo – are an extraordinarily diverse group of animals with
more than 5000 species today. They [placental mammals] include examples that fly, swim, and
run, and range in weight from a couple of grams to hundreds of tons. …
Source: “Earliest Placental Mammal Ancestor Pinpointed,” BBC News, February 7, 2013.
Describe one function of the placenta during the internal development of an offspring.
Question 57
Placental mammals – as opposed to the kind that lay eggs, such as the platypus, or carry
young in pouches, such as the kangaroo – are an extraordinarily diverse group of animals with
more than 5000 species today. They [placental mammals] include examples that fly, swim, and
run, and range in weight from a couple of grams to hundreds of tons. …
Source: “Earliest Placental Mammal Ancestor Pinpointed,” BBC News, February 7, 2013.
Describe one advantage for an offspring to develop internally as opposed to developing externally.
Question 58
Placental mammals – as opposed to the kind that lay eggs, such as the platypus, or carry
young in pouches, such as the kangaroo – are an extraordinarily diverse group of animals with
more than 5000 species today. They [placental mammals] include examples that fly, swim, and
run, and range in weight from a couple of grams to hundreds of tons. …
Source: “Earliest Placental Mammal Ancestor Pinpointed,” BBC News, February 7, 2013.
Identify one factor, besides genetics, that could influence the development of human offspring.
Question 59
Birds Are Evolving Rapidly–Today
Many people think that evolutionary change occurs so slowly, we cannot observe it
directly. Not so!
For example today in the U.S., house finches are evolving rapidly and visibly. In 1941,
some captive house finches from California escaped near New York City. They spread rapidly and
are now found across most of the United States and in southern Canada. Many of these areas have
cold, snowy winters, during which many birds die. The finches have evolved, because those that
survive differ from their parents. Size is one example.
Male house finches in recently established populations in Michigan and Montana are larger
than the males that escaped. Large males outcompete small males for food, so are more likely to
survive the winter. They also pair more successfully with females early in the spring.
Smaller females survive better than larger females as nestlings. Also, because they need
less food to maintain their own bodies, they can breed earlier in spring. Females that breed earlier
raise more young than those that start breeding later.
Rapid evolution of house finches reminds us that evolutionary changes are occurring
visibly all around us.
Source: birdnote.org/show/birds-are-evolving-rapidly-today
Explain why it is an advantage for female finches to be small.
Question 60
Birds Are Evolving Rapidly–Today
Many people think that evolutionary change occurs so slowly, we cannot observe it
directly. Not so!
For example today in the U.S., house finches are evolving rapidly and visibly. In 1941,
some captive house finches from California escaped near New York City. They spread rapidly and
are now found across most of the United States and in southern Canada. Many of these areas have
cold, snowy winters, during which many birds die. The finches have evolved, because those that
survive differ from their parents. Size is one example.
Male house finches in recently established populations in Michigan and Montana are larger
than the males that escaped. Large males outcompete small males for food, so are more likely to
survive the winter. They also pair more successfully with females early in the spring.
Smaller females survive better than larger females as nestlings. Also, because they need
less food to maintain their own bodies, they can breed earlier in spring. Females that breed earlier
raise more young than those that start breeding later.
Rapid evolution of house finches reminds us that evolutionary changes are occurring
visibly all around us.
Source: birdnote.org/show/birds-are-evolving-rapidly-toda
Explain why the population of large male house finches in Michigan and Montana continues to
increase.
Question 61
Birds Are Evolving Rapidly–Today
Many people think that evolutionary change occurs so slowly, we cannot observe it
directly. Not so!
For example today in the U.S., house finches are evolving rapidly and visibly. In 1941,
some captive house finches from California escaped near New York City. They spread rapidly and
are now found across most of the United States and in southern Canada. Many of these areas have
cold, snowy winters, during which many birds die. The finches have evolved, because those that
survive differ from their parents. Size is one example.
Male house finches in recently established populations in Michigan and Montana are larger
than the males that escaped. Large males outcompete small males for food, so are more likely to
survive the winter. They also pair more successfully with females early in the spring.
Smaller females survive better than larger females as nestlings. Also, because they need
less food to maintain their own bodies, they can breed earlier in spring. Females that breed earlier
raise more young than those that start breeding later.
Rapid evolution of house finches reminds us that evolutionary changes are occurring
visibly all around us.
Source: birdnote.org/show/birds-are-evolving-rapidly-toda
Predict what both the male and female finch populations might be like 10 years in the future,
based on what is currently happening with the finch populations.
Male:
Female:
Question 62
New Threat to Endangered Sea Turtles
Endangered sea turtles in tropical areas are facing a new threat in the form of changing
beach temperatures caused by climate change. The sex of sea turtle hatchlings is determined by
the temperature inside the nest. Embryos develop into males when the temperature is
approximately 28°C (82°F), whereas female embryos develop at approximately 31°C (88°F). If
the temperature inside the nest is between these values, then both male and female turtles are
produced.
If these endangered sea turtles are going to survive in the long term, we need to protect
their nesting habitat, ensure that the potential nest sites have adequate amounts of shade-producing
vegetation (such as palm trees) nearby, and ensure that they are not affected by tourist activities in
the area.
Temperatures at beaches where these turtles nest are expected to slowly increase with global
climate change. State one specifi c effect that a continuous rise in temperature could have on the
sex ratio of the hatchling populations of these sea turtles.
Question 63
New Threat to Endangered Sea Turtles
Endangered sea turtles in tropical areas are facing a new threat in the form of changing
beach temperatures caused by climate change. The sex of sea turtle hatchlings is determined by
the temperature inside the nest. Embryos develop into males when the temperature is
approximately 28°C (82°F), whereas female embryos develop at approximately 31°C (88°F). If
the temperature inside the nest is between these values, then both male and female turtles are
produced.
If these endangered sea turtles are going to survive in the long term, we need to protect
their nesting habitat, ensure that the potential nest sites have adequate amounts of shade-producing
vegetation (such as palm trees) nearby, and ensure that they are not affected by tourist activities in
the area.
Explain how having adequate amounts of shade-producing vegetation nearby, such as palm trees,
can affect the nesting success of endangered sea turtles.
Question 64
New Threat to Endangered Sea Turtles
Endangered sea turtles in tropical areas are facing a new threat in the form of changing
beach temperatures caused by climate change. The sex of sea turtle hatchlings is determined by
the temperature inside the nest. Embryos develop into males when the temperature is
approximately 28°C (82°F), whereas female embryos develop at approximately 31°C (88°F). If
the temperature inside the nest is between these values, then both male and female turtles are
produced.
If these endangered sea turtles are going to survive in the long term, we need to protect
their nesting habitat, ensure that the potential nest sites have adequate amounts of shade-producing
vegetation (such as palm trees) nearby, and ensure that they are not affected by tourist activities in
the area.
State one way that tourist activities in areas where turtles make their nests could have a negative
impact on the nesting success of the turtles.
Question 65
The photograph below shows a grasshopper mouse howling after eating a scorpion.
Grasshopper Mice
In the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States, the grasshopper mouse is active
at night, searching for crickets, rodents, tarantulas, and even scorpions. The mouse ignores the
venom of the scorpion, kills it, and consumes its flesh. The ability of the mouse to ignore the pain
normally associated with the venom of the scorpion is due to the presence of a mutated protein.
This protein prevents the pain signal from reaching the brain.
These mice are born killers, capable of taking down prey that are much larger than
themselves. They are also aggressive neighbors and take over nests by displacing other desert
inhabitants rather than making their own. Under difficult environmental conditions, they may even
eat members of their own species.
State the role of the population of grasshopper mice in the Sonoran Desert food web.
Question 66
The photograph below shows a grasshopper mouse howling after eating a scorpion.
Grasshopper Mice
In the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States, the grasshopper mouse is active
at night, searching for crickets, rodents, tarantulas, and even scorpions. The mouse ignores the
venom of the scorpion, kills it, and consumes its flesh. The ability of the mouse to ignore the pain
normally associated with the venom of the scorpion is due to the presence of a mutated protein.
This protein prevents the pain signal from reaching the brain.
These mice are born killers, capable of taking down prey that are much larger than
themselves. They are also aggressive neighbors and take over nests by displacing other desert
inhabitants rather than making their own. Under difficult environmental conditions, they may even
eat members of their own species.
State one advantage grasshopper mice have over the other local populations when competing for
resources.
Question 67
The photograph below shows a grasshopper mouse howling after eating a scorpion.
Grasshopper Mice
In the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States, the grasshopper mouse is active
at night, searching for crickets, rodents, tarantulas, and even scorpions. The mouse ignores the
venom of the scorpion, kills it, and consumes its flesh. The ability of the mouse to ignore the pain
normally associated with the venom of the scorpion is due to the presence of a mutated protein.
This protein prevents the pain signal from reaching the brain.
These mice are born killers, capable of taking down prey that are much larger than
themselves. They are also aggressive neighbors and take over nests by displacing other desert
inhabitants rather than making their own. Under difficult environmental conditions, they may even
eat members of their own species.
Identify one advantage to grasshopper mice of being active during the night rather than daylight.
Question 68
The photograph below shows a grasshopper mouse howling after eating a scorpion.
Grasshopper Mice
In the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States, the grasshopper mouse is active
at night, searching for crickets, rodents, tarantulas, and even scorpions. The mouse ignores the
venom of the scorpion, kills it, and consumes its flesh. The ability of the mouse to ignore the pain
normally associated with the venom of the scorpion is due to the presence of a mutated protein.
This protein prevents the pain signal from reaching the brain.
These mice are born killers, capable of taking down prey that are much larger than
themselves. They are also aggressive neighbors and take over nests by displacing other desert
inhabitants rather than making their own. Under difficult environmental conditions, they may even
eat members of their own species.
Explain how research on the mutated protein identified in the grasshopper mouse could benefit
humans suffering from chronic pain.
Question 69
To attend public school in New York State, children need to be vaccinated against various diseases.
The list below shows some required vaccinations.
Required Vaccinations
Polio
Tetanus
Pertussis
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Diptheria
Explain how vaccinations protect against diseases.
Question 70
To attend public school in New York State, children need to be vaccinated against various diseases.
The list below shows some required vaccinations.
Required Vaccinations
Polio
Tetanus
Pertussis
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Diptheria
The flu is a disease caused by a virus that can undergo frequent genetic changes. A different flu
vaccination is needed each year. Explain why a single vaccination is not effective against all flu
viruses.
Question 71
Survey Finds Invasive Snail in St. Lawrence River That Could Threaten Waterfowl
New research has found a larger presence of faucet snails in the Great Lakes than
previously recognized, including the northern parts of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
The invasive species can carry three types of intestinal parasites that can injure and kill waterfowl
such as ducks. …
…When the waterfowl eat the snails, the parasites attack internal organs, causing lesions
[sores] and hemorrhage [uncontrolled bleeding]. Birds affected by the snail will fly and dive
erratically before their eventual death. The university said that the snails are about 12 to 15
millimeters in height at full size, brown to black with a distinctive whorl of concentric circles on
the shell opening cover that looks like tree rings. …
…Mr. Kosnicki [an ecologist] said the spread of snails, along with other invasive species,
shows the need for increased awareness of possible contaminants coming from boats and in runoff
from land. …
Source: Watertown Daily Times, Monday, January 19, 2015, by Gordon Block
Discuss how invasive species can harm an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to:
• explain one negative effect that faucet snails have on the lake ecosystem
• describe one human activity that can slow the spread of the faucet snail
Question 72
Survey Finds Invasive Snail in St. Lawrence River That Could Threaten Waterfowl
New research has found a larger presence of faucet snails in the Great Lakes than
previously recognized, including the northern parts of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
The invasive species can carry three types of intestinal parasites that can injure and kill waterfowl
such as ducks. …
…When the waterfowl eat the snails, the parasites attack internal organs, causing lesions
[sores] and hemorrhage [uncontrolled bleeding]. Birds affected by the snail will fly and dive
erratically before their eventual death. The university said that the snails are about 12 to 15
millimeters in height at full size, brown to black with a distinctive whorl of concentric circles on
the shell opening cover that looks like tree rings. …
…Mr. Kosnicki [an ecologist] said the spread of snails, along with other invasive species,
shows the need for increased awareness of possible contaminants coming from boats and in runoff
from land. …
Source: Watertown Daily Times, Monday, January 19, 2015, by Gordon Block
Discuss how invasive species can harm an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to:
• explain one negative effect that faucet snails have on the lake ecosystem
• describe one human activity that can slow the spread of the faucet snail
Question 73
The diagram below represents one of many microscopic air sacs in a human lung. The alveolus
(air sac) is the place where oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) move into or out of the blood,
as represented in the diagram.
Which statement best explains why these gases are able to move in the directions shown in the
diagram?
(1) The CO2 moves out of the capillary and into the alveolus to make more room for the blood
to carry O2.
(2) The O2 is needed by the cells, so it is actively transported into the blood. The CO2, which
is not needed, is actively transported out of the blood.
(3) The blood coming to the lungs is low in CO2 and high in O2, so the gases each diffuse from
a lower to a higher concentration in this area.
(4) The blood coming to the lungs is high in CO2 and low in O2, so the gases each diffuse from
a higher to a lower concentration in this area.
Question 74
During the process of chromosome replication, a genetic error occurs. As a result, a sequence of
events occurs as described below.
Event A: a protein with a new sequence of amino acids is produced
Event B: a DNA strand with an altered base sequence is formed
Event C: a new inheritable trait is expressed in an organism
Event D: an mRNA strand with a new sequence of bases is synthesized
The usual order in which these events would occur is
(1) B — D — A — C
(3) D — A — B — C
(2) B — D — C — A
(4) D — C — B — A
Question 75
The evolutionary tree below represents possible relationships between several species of plants.
According to the tree, species B and C are more closely related to each other than to species A.
Which gel electrophoresis diagram would best support this statement?
Question 76
The evolutionary tree below represents possible relationships between several species of plants.
In addition to analyzing DNA, what other evidence could be used to best support the evolutionary
relationship between species B and C?
(1) Species B and C live in the same ecosystem.
(2) Species B and C require the same amount of sunlight.
(3) Species B and C possess many of the same enzymes.
(4) Species B and C grow to the same maximum height as species A.
Question 77
The evolutionary tree below represents possible relationships between several species of plants.
On the diagram above, circle the dot that best represents the common ancestor of species A, B, and
C.
Question 78
The chart below shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Explain one way that sharp-billed ground finches and small tree finches could possibly compete
with each other if they lived on the same island.
Question 79
The chart below shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
A small tree finch and a large tree finch inhabit the same island. Describe a situation that would
allow both populations to live on the same island even though they both feed on animal food.
Question 80
In his journey to the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin was amazed by the variation in the
characteristics of plants and animals he encountered. In any habitat, food can be limited and the
types of foods available may vary.
One year, there was no rain on these islands. Many plants failed to bloom and produced no
new seeds. This left mostly large, tough seeds for the finches to eat.
Describe one change in beak characteristics that would most likely occur in the finch population
after many generations if this change in seed size became permanent.
Question 81
In his journey to the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin was amazed by the variation in the
characteristics of plants and animals he encountered. In any habitat, food can be limited and the
types of foods available may vary.
One year, there was no rain on these islands. Many plants failed to bloom and produced no
new seeds. This left mostly large, tough seeds for the finches to eat.
The different tools (such as spoons, chopsticks, or pliers) used during The Beaks of Finches
laboratory activity represented variations in
(1) feeding adaptations
(3) finch migration
(2) seed size
(4) island ecosystems
Question 82
Respiratory Rates
A student completed a lab activity that demonstrated the connection between pulse rate,
heart rate, and flow of blood during exercise. She left her class wondering if there is a connection
between breathing rate and exercise. With the help of her track coach, she conducted an
investigation to try and find an answer to her question.
In the investigation, the respiratory rates of thirty athletes were measured before any
exercise. To measure their rates, they counted the number of times they took a breath in one minute.
Then, they ran one lap around the track, and their respiratory rates were determined again. Finally,
they ran two laps around the track and checked their respiratory rates one last time. All of their
data were recorded, and the averages were calculated. The data table shows the information
obtained in this investigation.
The Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory Rates of
Thirty Athletes
Type of Activity
Average Respiratory Rates
(breaths per minute)
At rest
13
After one lap
30
After two laps
38
During this activity, what was the purpose of finding the respiratory rates of the students at rest?
(1) to determine if the students were healthy
(3) to use as a comparison
(2) to practice using the timer
(4) to use as the variable
Question 83
Respiratory Rates
A student completed a lab activity that demonstrated the connection between pulse rate,
heart rate, and flow of blood during exercise. She left her class wondering if there is a connection
between breathing rate and exercise. With the help of her track coach, she conducted an
investigation to try and find an answer to her question.
In the investigation, the respiratory rates of thirty athletes were measured before any
exercise. To measure their rates, they counted the number of times they took a breath in one minute.
Then, they ran one lap around the track, and their respiratory rates were determined again. Finally,
they ran two laps around the track and checked their respiratory rates one last time. All of their
data were recorded, and the averages were calculated. The data table shows the information
obtained in this investigation.
The Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory Rates of
Thirty Athletes
Type of Activity
Average Respiratory Rates
(breaths per minute)
At rest
13
After one lap
30
After two laps
38
State one likely hypothesis that the student was testing in this investigation.
Question 84
Respiratory Rates
A student completed a lab activity that demonstrated the connection between pulse rate,
heart rate, and flow of blood during exercise. She left her class wondering if there is a connection
between breathing rate and exercise. With the help of her track coach, she conducted an
investigation to try and find an answer to her question.
In the investigation, the respiratory rates of thirty athletes were measured before any
exercise. To measure their rates, they counted the number of times they took a breath in one minute.
Then, they ran one lap around the track, and their respiratory rates were determined again. Finally,
they ran two laps around the track and checked their respiratory rates one last time. All of their
data were recorded, and the averages were calculated. The data table shows the information
obtained in this investigation.
The Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory Rates of
Thirty Athletes
Type of Activity
Average Respiratory Rates
(breaths per minute)
At rest
13
After one lap
30
After two laps
38
When determining the respiratory rates of the students at rest, the student found that the rates
ranged from 10 to 20 breaths per minute. State one reason why students would have a range of
respiratory rates.
Question 85
The diagram below represents a container of water divided by a dialysis membrane into two areas,
X and Y.
Starch solution was added to the water on side X. One hour later, amber-colored starch indicator
solution was added to both sides. Identify the colors that could be observed at X and at Y after the
addition of the starch indicator.
Final color of X: _______________________
Final color of Y: _______________________
January 2014
Question 1
The concentration of potassium is higher in red blood cells than in the surrounding blood plasma.
This higher concentration is maintained by the process of
(1) circulation
(2) diffusion
(3) excretion
(4) active transport
Question 2
Human genetic material is represented in the diagram below.
The region labeled A is made up of a section of
(1) a protein that becomes an enzyme
(2) DNA that may direct protein synthesis
(3) a carbohydrate made from amino acids
(4) glucose that may be copied to make DNA
Question 3
Brothers and sisters often have similar facial characteristics, such as nose shape or eye color,
because they
(1) are raised in similar environments
(2) eat similar types of foods
(3) have similar types of proteins
(4) use similar types of facial care products
Question 4
Compared to a normal body cell, a normal egg cell contains
(1) the same number of chromosomes
(2) half the number of chromosomes
(3) twice the number of chromosomes
(4) four times the number of chromosomes
Question 5
The variations that exist in a population of wild giraffes are usually a result of events that occur
during
(1) mitotic division
(2) genetic engineering
(3) asexual reproduction
(4) sexual reproduction
Question 6
Evidence that best supports the theory of biological evolution was obtained from the
(1) investigation of environmental niches
(2) study of fossil records
(3) comparison of the number of cells in organisms
(4) analysis of food chains and food webs
Question 7
The human immune system fights infection by releasing
(1) ATPs
(2) antibiotics
(3) antibodies
(4) antigens
Question 8
The function of a specific enzyme is most directly influenced by its
(1) molecular size
(2) physical shape
(3) carrying capacity
(4) stored energy
Question 9
A vaccine for the viral disease known as chicken pox would contain
(1) a large amount of live virus
(2) a dead or weakened form of the pathogen
(3) several different antibiotics
(4) a small number of white blood cells
Question 10
Which process will result in a gain of energy in an ecosystem?
(1) photosynthesis in algae cells
(2) digestion in hummingbirds
(3) ATP synthesis in fungi
(4) respiration in maple tree cells
Question 11
A photograph of a polar bear in its environment is shown below.
One possible reason why polar bears might not be able to survive if the environment they live in
changes
is because
(1) the species will experience decreased competition for mates
(2) the new environment will cause greater variation in the species
(3) there will be a larger variety of food sources available
(4) they are adapted to the specific environment in which they now live
Question 12
An ecological process is represented below.
Which statement describes an event in this process?
(1) Community B modifies the environment, making it suitable for community C.
(2) Community D modifies the environment, making it suitable for community C.
(3) Community E will develop into community A, if the environment remains stable.
(4) Community A organisms will develop directly into community D organisms.
Question 13
An infection in the body might result in a sudden
(1) decrease in the activity of antigens produced by the mitochondria
(2) decrease in the amount of DNA present in the nuclei of cells
(3) increase in the activity of white blood cells
(4) increase in the number of red blood cells
Question 14
Which disorder could develop in the human body when the immune system attacks a usually
harmless environmental substance?
(1) cancer
(2) AIDS
(3) an allergy
(4) an infection
Question 15
In the human body, carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported to
cells. Breathing in too much carbon monoxide will most likely result in the production of
(1) less ATP
(2) less glucose
(3) more DNA
(4) more protein
Question 16
Which human activity would interfere most directly with the production of oxygen in the
Environment?
(1) using fertilizer for agriculture
(2) using nuclear fuels
(3) accelerating deforestation
(4) preserving wetlands
Question 17
Tissues of oleander plants contain chemicals that are poisonous to many mammals. The
production of these poisonous chemicals most likely benefits oleanders by preventing leaf loss
caused by
(1) lack of rain
(3) mineral absorption
(2) scavengers
(4) herbivores
Question 18
Sugar maples and white pines are two different tree species that often grow side by side in
the Adirondack Mountains. Which statement concerning these trees is correct?
(1) Since they are both trees, they can interbreed.
(2) Since they are not closely related, they do not compete with one another.
(3) Even though they are both trees, each plays a different role in the ecosystem.
(4) They utilize totally different abiotic resources.
Question 19
People living in and around the Amazon rain forest have used parts of the gaviola tree to prepare
medicines. Research is being conducted to determine if this tree can provide cures for many
types of cancer. Continued destruction of rain forests might
(1) reduce biodiversity and remove organisms with the potential to help humans
(2) increase biodiversity and remove damaged and diseased trees
(3) reduce biodiversity and increase the reproductive rates of all organisms
(4) increase biodiversity and ecosystem stability where humans plant crops
Question 20
A fundamental concept of ecology is that living organisms
(1) are independent and do not interact with each other or with the physical environment
(2) do not interact with other living organisms, but do interact with the physical environment
(3) interact with each other, but do not interact with the physical environment
(4) interact with other living organisms and interact with the physical environment
Question 21
Many families now use compost to make the soil in their gardens more fertile. They collect
vegetable scraps and yard trimmings, place them in a compost pile or special container, and let
them decompose. The organisms primarily responsible for decomposing the vegetable scraps and
yard trimmings are
(1) plant parasites
(2) autotrophs
(3) bacteria and fungi
(4) scavengers and viruses
Question 22
In 2003, the city of Rochester, New York, began killing weeds with steam. A machine heats
water to 280°F then sprays it on the weeds with great pressure. The extreme heat destroys the
cellular structure of the plants. What is a possible disadvantage of this method of weed control?
(1) It can be used safely in areas where children play.
(2) It reduces the number of mutations in the ecosystem.
(3) It destroys weeds without chemicals.
(4) It alters the habitats of some beneficial insects.
Question 23
A food chain is represented below.
grass → rabbit → hawk
Structures within the rabbit are formed using
(1) solar energy from the grass
(2) heat energy lost to the environment
(3) chemical energy from the hawk
(4) chemical energy from the grass
Question 24
The graduating class of a high school would like to give the school a gift that would have a
positive impact on the environment. Which plan would be the best choice?
(1) making wooden benches by harvesting trees from school property
(2) planting native trees along the border of the school property
(3) introducing a new population of foxes, the school mascot, to school grounds
(4) clearing an area to make room for additional student parking
Question 25
Which graph best illustrates the change in the human population over the past 2000 years?
Question 26
Which processes lead to the greatest variety of genetic combinations?
(1) asexual reproduction and cloning
(2) meiosis and fertilization
(3) meiosis and mitosis
(4) cloning and mitosis
Question 27
One possible explanation for the fact that some simple, one-celled organisms did not evolve into
complex, multicellular organisms is that
(1) energy flow into an ecosystem requires simple autotrophic organisms
(2) the reproductive rate of single-celled organisms is too fast for change to occur
(3) these organisms possessed traits that enabled them to survive in a changing environment
(4) stability within an ecosystem requires the presence of a variety of different species
Question 28
In New York State, cars are inspected to be sure they are not releasing excessive amounts of
several gases into the atmosphere. This is done in an effort to
(1) recycle more nutrients
(2) reduce biodiversity
(3) reduce global warming
(4) increase the growth rates of forests
Question 29
Damage to the ozone shield over the United States is likely to cause
(1) increased warming of local ecosystems
(2) increased exposure to ultraviolet light
(3) reduction in the pH of acid precipitation
(4) reduction in the frequency of floods and droughts
Question 30
Researchers recently discovered that when hammerhead sharks were moved to shallower
water, resulting in exposure to increased light intensity, their backs turned a deep brownish
black. Which statement best supports this observation?
(1) Genes are inherited, but their expression can be modified by interactions with the
environment.
(2) The cells of hammerhead sharks contain many thousands of different genes in their nuclei.
(3) An inherited trait of an individual can be determined by one or by many genes.
(4) Asexually produced offspring are normally genetically identical to the parent.
Question 31
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the
growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered
with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0.
Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water,
and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured
every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.
Which sentence is a possible hypothesis that was tested in this experiment?
(1) Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?
(2) Will the amount of water alter the heights of the radish plants?
(3) The temperature of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants.
(4) The pH of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants.
Question 32
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the
growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered
with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0.
Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water,
and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured
every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.
What was the dependent variable in this experiment?
(1) heights of the plants
(2) pH of the water
(3) temperature of the water
(4) type of soil
Question 33
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the
growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered
with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0.
Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water,
and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured
every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.
Which activity might help to increase the validity of this experiment?
(1) repeating the experiment several times
(2) using two different types of radish seeds in each group
(3) using the same pH for both groups of plants
(4) placing one set of plants in sunlight and one in darkness
Question 34
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Female mosquitoes spread diseases when they bite humans to obtain blood. It is only
the females that do the biting. Research is being conducted to alter the DNA of male
mosquitoes. These altered males could then mate with normal female mosquitoes. All of
the resulting female offspring would have wing defects that prevent them from flying.
One assumption from this research is that the
(1) altered males would begin to bite humans and spread the diseases
(2) female offspring would be unable to bite humans, since they cannot fly
(3) altered males would not be able to reproduce
(4) female offspring would become larger in size
Question 35
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Female mosquitoes spread diseases when they bite humans to obtain blood. It is only
the females that do the biting. Research is being conducted to alter the DNA of male
mosquitoes. These altered males could then mate with normal female mosquitoes. All of
the resulting female offspring would have wing defects that prevent them from flying.
The method used to alter the male mosquitoes is an example of an application of
(1) a feedback mechanism
(2) selective breeding
(3) biotechnology
(4) physiology
Question 36
Scientists have successfully cloned animals, including large mammals such as sheep. Which
statement provides the most likely reason that a human has not yet been cloned?
(1) Humans have DNA that is structurally very different from other mammals.
(2) Cloning can only be performed on animals that normally reproduce asexually.
(3) Human genes are made of too many different types of simple sugars.
(4) Some people consider human genetic experiments unethical.
Question 37
Some evolutionary pathways are represented in the diagram below.
An inference that can be made from information in the diagram is that
(1) species E evolved from species G
(2) species A was probably much larger than all the other species
(3) species C is a direct descendant of species I
(4) species J is adapted to the existing environment
Question 38
The diagram below represents a technique used in some molecular biology laboratories.
Which phrase best describes a possible result of this process?
(1) the production of gametes having both human and bacterial DNA
(2) the production of a human hormone by the bacterial cell
(3) the introduction of a pathogen into a human cell
(4) the separation of DNA fingerprints in the bacterial cell
Question 39
The diagram below represents a portion of a molecule found in cells of the human body.
Sequences represented by the letters in this molecule enable human cells to
(1) alter the method of absorption of material
(3) synthesize enzymes from organic molecules
(2) carry out asexual reproduction by meiosis
(4) modify genetic recombination during mitosis
Question 40
Potatoes were the main crop in Ireland in the 1800s. Almost the entire population of Ireland was
dependent on a single variety of potato, the “lumper.” These potatoes were reproduced by a
method of asexual reproduction known as vegetative propagation. In the middle of the 1800s, a
disease caused by a fungus killed almost the entire lumper crop within two years. As a result,
millions of people in Ireland died of starvation. The most likely reason the potato disease was
able to destroy the potato crop in such a short time is that the
(1) potato population lacked variations
(2) lumper variety had a long reproductive cycle
(3) lumper had several variations caused by vegetative propagation
(4) potato population in Ireland utilized all of the finite resources
Question 41
The chart below shows examples from two groups of organisms, multicellular and one-celled.
The tissues and organs in group A perform functions that are
(1) similar to those performed by the tissues and organs in group B
(2) similar to those performed by the cell organelles in group B
(3) different from those performed by the tissues and organs in group B
(4) identical to those performed by the cell organelles in group B
Question 42
The graph below shows changes in the concentrations of glucose and insulin in the blood of a
human over a period of time.
Which statement correctly explains these changes?
(1) High glucose levels cause more insulin to be released.
(2) High insulin levels cause more glucose to be released.
(3) Low glucose levels cause more insulin to be released.
(4) Low insulin levels cause more glucose to be released.
Question 43
The diagram below represents an incomplete sequence of levels of organization.
organelles → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism
This sequence can be completed correctly by inserting
(1) “cells →” between organelles and tissues
(2) “proteins →” between tissues and organs
(3) “populations →” between organs and organ systems
(4) “molecules →” between organ systems and organisms
Question 44
A class is recording pulse rates of the students in a data table like the one shown below.
Minnesota Wolf Population
Year
Estimated Population
1995
2000
1996
2200
1997
2300
1998
2450
1999
2500
2000
2600
2001
2600
2002
2600
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the
directions below.
Label the y-axis on the line provided.
Question 45
A class is recording pulse rates of the students in a data table like the one shown below.
Minnesota Wolf Population
Year
Estimated Population
1995
2000
1996
2200
1997
2300
1998
2450
1999
2500
2000
2600
2001
2600
2002
2600
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the
directions below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each labeled axis.
Question 46
A class is recording pulse rates of the students in a data table like the one shown below.
Minnesota Wolf Population
Year
Estimated Population
1995
2000
1996
2200
1997
2300
1998
2450
1999
2500
2000
2600
2001
2600
2002
2600
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the
directions below.
Plot the data on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points.
Question 47
Base your answer on the data table below, which shows the estimated population of wolves in
Minnesota from 1995 through 2002.
Minnesota Wolf Population
Year
Estimated Population
1995
2000
1996
2200
1997
2300
1998
2450
1999
2500
2000
2600
2001
2600
2002
2600
The most likely explanation for the size of the wolf population for the 2000–2002 period is that
the population
(1) reached the carrying capacity of the environment
(2) stabilized due to global warming
(3) began reproducing at a faster rate
(4) was affected by a new pathogen
Question 48
Base your answer on the data table below, which shows the estimated population of wolves in
Minnesota from 1995 through 2002.
Minnesota Wolf Population
Year
Estimated Population
1995
2000
1996
2200
1997
2300
1998
2450
1999
2500
2000
2600
2001
2600
2002
2600
Wolves prey on animals such as deer. Identify one adaptation of deer that would help them to
survive in an area populated by wolves.
Question 49
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Tracking the Big Horn
Bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, are a majestic symbol of the mountainous West. They
browse at high altitudes and in steep, rocky areas from Texas to British Columbia. Rams’ horns
curl around their eyes and grow up to 45 inches long. Males butt horns to establish dominance
during the fall rut [mating season]. Ewes [females] sport shorter, spiked horns similar to a
mountain goat’s. From their first days of life, bighorns are surefooted enough to scale cliffs too
steep for most predators to follow....
Two centuries ago, an estimated 1.5 million to 2 million bighorn sheep lived in North
America; today, a mere 28,000 remain. Diseases caught from domestic sheep, competition from
livestock for forage, and trophy hunting for their horns caused populations to plummet [drop
rapidly]. Bighorns graze in mountain meadows, habitat that is being lost to expanding forests,
which are growing beyond their historic boundaries in part because the wildfires that are used to
hold them in check have been suppressed. Glacier National Park, home to 400 to 600 bighorn
sheep, lists the animals as a “species of concern,” that is, at risk of becoming endangered....
Source: Becky Lomax, Smithsonian Magazine, March,
2008
“Tracking the Big
Horn”
The feeding activity of the bighorn sheep is best described as
(1) consumers feeding on autotrophs
(2) decomposers feeding on consumers
(3) autotrophs feeding on decomposers
(4) autotrophs feeding on heterotrophs
Question 50
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Tracking the Big Horn
Bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, are a majestic symbol of the mountainous West. They
browse at high altitudes and in steep, rocky areas from Texas to British Columbia. Rams’ horns
curl around their eyes and grow up to 45 inches long. Males butt horns to establish dominance
during the fall rut [mating season]. Ewes [females] sport shorter, spiked horns similar to a
mountain goat’s. From their first days of life, bighorns are surefooted enough to scale cliffs too
steep for most predators to follow....
Two centuries ago, an estimated 1.5 million to 2 million bighorn sheep lived in North
America; today, a mere 28,000 remain. Diseases caught from domestic sheep, competition from
livestock for forage, and trophy hunting for their horns caused populations to plummet [drop
rapidly]. Bighorns graze in mountain meadows, habitat that is being lost to expanding forests,
which are growing beyond their historic boundaries in part because the wildfires that are used to
hold them in check have been suppressed. Glacier National Park, home to 400 to 600 bighorn
sheep, lists the animals as a “species of concern,” that is, at risk of becoming endangered....
Source: Becky Lomax, Smithsonian Magazine, March,
2008
“Tracking the Big
Horn”
Which statement best accounts for the decline in bighorn sheep populations?
(1) Predators of the sheep decreased in number.
(2) Sheep ewes that have shorter, spiked horns increased in number.
(3) Human activities directly and indirectly affected the sheep.
(4) The sheep were listed as a “species of concern” by Glacier National Park.
Question 51
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Tracking the Big Horn
Bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, are a majestic symbol of the mountainous West. They
browse at high altitudes and in steep, rocky areas from Texas to British Columbia. Rams’ horns
curl around their eyes and grow up to 45 inches long. Males butt horns to establish dominance
during the fall rut [mating season]. Ewes [females] sport shorter, spiked horns similar to a
mountain goat’s. From their first days of life, bighorns are surefooted enough to scale cliffs too
steep for most predators to follow....
Two centuries ago, an estimated 1.5 million to 2 million bighorn sheep lived in North
America; today, a mere 28,000 remain. Diseases caught from domestic sheep, competition from
livestock for forage, and trophy hunting for their horns caused populations to plummet [drop
rapidly]. Bighorns graze in mountain meadows, habitat that is being lost to expanding forests,
which are growing beyond their historic boundaries in part because the wildfires that are used to
hold them in check have been suppressed. Glacier National Park, home to 400 to 600 bighorn
sheep, lists the animals as a “species of concern,” that is, at risk of becoming endangered....
Source: Becky Lomax, Smithsonian Magazine, March,
2008
“Tracking the Big
Horn”
State one way that young bighorn sheep are able to avoid predators.
Question 52
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
For many years, scientists hypothesized the existence of a single tomato gene that
increases the sweetness and production of tomatoes. After years of research, a team of
scientists identified the gene and observed greater sweetness and tomato production in
plants that contain this gene.
Identify a process that could be used to insert this gene into other plant species to increase fruit
production.
Question 53
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Bisphenol-A (BPA), is an industrial chemical commonly added to disposable, plastic
water bottles to make them sturdier. BPA has been shown to inhibit the development of tadpoles
into frogs. Some tadpoles exposed to high levels of BPA develop into frogs without legs. Others,
when exposed to the chemical as tadpoles, fail to reabsorb their tails and thus grow into frogs
with significantly long tails.
State one specific way humans can help decrease the exposure of animals to bisphenol-A.
Question 54
Organ systems of the human body interact to maintain a balanced internal environment. As blood
flows through certain organs of the body, the composition of the blood changes because of
interactions with those organs. State one change in the composition of the blood as it flows through
the respiratory system.
Question 55
State one possible negative impact of importing a natural predator to control a pest.
Question 56
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various
other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along
the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.
digested starch → bloodstream → cell → cell structure → ATP
Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In
your answer, be sure to:
• identify the molecules that are used to digest the starch
Question 57
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various
other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along
the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.
digested starch → bloodstream → cell → cell structure → ATP
Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In
your answer, be sure to:
• identify the molecules produced when starch is digested
Question 58
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various
other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along
the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.
digested starch → bloodstream → cell → cell structure → ATP
Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In
your answer, be sure to:
• explain why starch must be digested before its building block molecules can enter the
bloodstream
Question 59
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various
other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along
the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.
digested starch → bloodstream → cell → cell structure → ATP
Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In
your answer, be sure to:
• identify the structure in the cell that will produce ATP from the starch building blocks
Question 60
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various
other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along
the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.
digested starch → bloodstream → cell → cell structure → ATP
Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In
your answer, be sure to:
• state why ATP is important to cells
Question 61
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A Study of Antibacterial Cleansers
An experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of three antibacterial handcleansing solutions against bacteria present on hands. Swabs were used to take one
sample each from the unwashed hands of ten test subjects. Each swab was then rubbed
across the surface of bacterial growth medium in a separate petri dish. The dishes were
placed in an incubator to allow bacterial colonies to develop.
Ten other test subjects treated their hands with an antibacterial hand-cleansing
solution, then had their hands swabbed, and ten more petri dishes were set up and incubated
in the same way as the first set of dishes.
The process was repeated again with ten more test subjects for a second hand
cleanser, and again for a third group with a third hand cleanser.
The results from the incubated petri dishes were averaged. The averages are shown
in the data table below
Effectveness of Antibacterial Cleansers
Treatment Before Swabbing
Average Number of
Bacterial Colonies
none
30
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 1
12
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 2
13
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 3
11
What was the purpose of testing unwashed hands?
Question 62
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A Study of Antibacterial Cleansers
An experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of three antibacterial handcleansing solutions against bacteria present on hands. Swabs were used to take one
sample each from the unwashed hands of ten test subjects. Each swab was then rubbed
across the surface of bacterial growth medium in a separate petri dish. The dishes were
placed in an incubator to allow bacterial colonies to develop.
Ten other test subjects treated their hands with an antibacterial hand-cleansing
solution, then had their hands swabbed, and ten more petri dishes were set up and incubated
in the same way as the first set of dishes.
The process was repeated again with ten more test subjects for a second hand
cleanser, and again for a third group with a third hand cleanser.
The results from the incubated petri dishes were averaged. The averages are shown
in the data table below
Effectiveness of Antibacterial Cleansers
Treatment Before Swabbing
Average Number of
Bacterial Colonies
none
30
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 1
12
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 2
13
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 3
11
Explain why the researchers used data from ten trials and averaged them, rather than data from a
single trial.
Question 63
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A Study of Antibacterial Cleansers
An experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of three antibacterial handcleansing solutions against bacteria present on hands. Swabs were used to take one
sample each from the unwashed hands of ten test subjects. Each swab was then rubbed
across the surface of bacterial growth medium in a separate petri dish. The dishes were
placed in an incubator to allow bacterial colonies to develop.
Ten other test subjects treated their hands with an antibacterial hand-cleansing
solution, then had their hands swabbed, and ten more petri dishes were set up and incubated
in the same way as the first set of dishes.
The process was repeated again with ten more test subjects for a second hand
cleanser, and again for a third group with a third hand cleanser.
The results from the incubated petri dishes were averaged. The averages are shown
in the data table below
Effectveness of Antibacterial Cleansers
Treatment Before Swabbing
Average Number of
Bacterial Colonies
none
30
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 1
12
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 2
13
antibacterial hand-cleansing solution 3
11
Based on the data provided, what could the researchers conclude regarding the effectiveness of
the antibacterial hand-cleansing solutions tested?
Question 64
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Critical Role of the Placenta
The proper functioning of the placenta is critical to the growth and development of a
healthy fetus. For example, the placenta appears to act as a nutrient sensor. It regulates
The amounts and types of nutrients that are transported from the mother to the fetus.
Improper functioning of the placenta can alter the structure and function of specific
cells and organ systems in the developing fetus, putting it at risk for health problems as
an adult. For example, in some pregnancies, the placenta develops a resistance to blood
flow. This resistance appears to force the heart of the fetus to work harder. This could
result in an increased chance of the individual developing heart disease as an adult. A
group of hormones known as glucocorticoids affects the development of all the tissues
and organ systems. One of the things this group of hormones does is to alter cell
function by changing the structure of cell membrane receptors.
Discuss the importance of the placenta in the development of a healthy fetus. In your answer, be
sure to:
• identify two factors that could influence the nutrients that can pass from the mother to the fetus
Question 65
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Critical Role of the Placenta
The proper functioning of the placenta is critical to the growth and development of a
healthy fetus. For example, the placenta appears to act as a nutrient sensor. It regulates The
amounts and types of nutrients that are transported from the mother to the fetus.
Improper functioning of the placenta can alter the structure and function of specific
cells and organ systems in the developing fetus, putting it at risk for health problems as an adult.
For example, in some pregnancies, the placenta develops a resistance to blood flow. This
resistance appears to force the heart of the fetus to work harder. This could result in an increased
chance of the individual developing heart disease as an adult. A group of hormones known as
glucocorticoids affects the development of all the tissues and organ systems. One of the things
this group of hormones does is to alter cell function by changing the structure of cell membrane
receptors.
Discuss the importance of the placenta in the development of a healthy fetus. In your answer, be
sure to:
• identify the group of hormones that alter cell membrane receptors and explain how this
alteration can affect cell function
Question 66
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Critical Role of the Placenta
The proper functioning of the placenta is critical to the growth and development of a
healthy fetus. For example, the placenta appears to act as a nutrient sensor. It regulates
The amounts and types of nutrients that are transported from the mother to the fetus.
Improper functioning of the placenta can alter the structure and function of specific
cells and organ systems in the developing fetus, putting it at risk for health problems as
an adult. For example, in some pregnancies, the placenta develops a resistance to blood
flow. This resistance appears to force the heart of the fetus to work harder. This could
result in an increased chance of the individual developing heart disease as an adult. A
group of hormones known as glucocorticoids affects the development of all the tissues
and organ systems. One of the things this group of hormones does is to alter cell
function by changing the structure of cell membrane receptors.
Discuss the importance of the placenta in the development of a healthy fetus. In your answer, be
sure to:
• state the role of the uterus in the development of the fetus and the placenta
Question 67
A farmer planted two corn varieties, one of which was very tasty but had small ears, and the other
one had large ears but did not taste nearly as good. The pollen from one variety was used to fertilize
the other variety of corn. State one biological advantage this method of reproduction has over
cloning.
Question 68
Feedback mechanisms have evolved that maintain homeostasis. Describe how homeostasis is
maintained through feedback. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one feedback mechanism in the human body
Question 69
Feedback mechanisms have evolved that maintain homeostasis. Describe how homeostasis is
maintained through feedback. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify, other than death, one specific result if homeostasis fails in the human body
Question 70
Feedback mechanisms have evolved that maintain homeostasis. Describe how homeostasis is
maintained through feedback. In your answer, be sure to:
• describe how a plant regulates water loss through a feedback mechanism that involves guard cells
Question 71
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
New York State relies on natural gas for 24% of its energy supply. It is estimated that
large deposits of natural gas are located in New York State. It is possible to extract the gas via
high-volume hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracking). Hydrofracking involves freeing the natural
gas by using a large amount of water treated with chemicals, which produces large quantities of
waste products. Some people are in favor of hydrofracking, while others are against it. One side
is concerned about the negative effect it will have on the environment. The other side points out
the potential benefits it might provide.
Describe a trade-off that must be considered in the decision whether to move forward with
hydrofracking.
Question 72
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
New York State relies on natural gas for 24% of its energy supply. It is estimated that
large deposits of natural gas are located in New York State. It is possible to extract the gas via
high-volume hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracking). Hydrofracking involves freeing the natural
gas by using a large amount of water treated with chemicals, which produces large quantities of
waste products. Some people are in favor of hydrofracking, while others are against it. One side
is concerned about the negative effect it will have on the environment. The other side points out
the potential benefits it might provide.
Identify one renewable alternative to natural gas as an energy source that New York State could
use
and describe the advantage of using this source, other than it is renewable.
Question 73
A class is recording pulse rates of the students in a data table like the one shown below.
Class Pulse Rates
Row
Pulse Rate
(beats per minute)
A
< 51
B
51 - 70
C
71 - 90
D
> 90
Number of Students
One student checks his pulse and counts 23 beats over a time interval of 20 seconds. In which
row in the data table should the pulse rate of this student be recorded?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 74
The diagram below represents a compound light microscope. Several parts have been labeled.
In order to make an image brighter, which labeled part of the microscope would most likely be
adjusted?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 75
Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable. Which statement best explains what
selectively permeable means?
(1) The cell membrane prevents any harmful substance from entering the cell.
(2) The cell membrane lets certain substances enter the cell and keeps certain substances out of
the cell.
(3) The cell membrane allows only large molecules to diffuse into the cell.
(4) The cell membrane has pores that let only water and glucose into the cell and carbon dioxide
out.
Question 76
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
One of the effects of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans in 2005, was
the death of almost all of the plants in flooded areas. Initially, toxic chemicals and bacteria were
suspected as a possible cause. Scientists later determined that the salt concentration in the
floodwater caused the plants to die.
The death of the plants was most likely due to
(1) water moving into plant cells from the surrounding environment
(2) water moving out of plant cells into the surrounding environment
(3) both water and salt moving from plant cells into the surrounding environment
(4) both water and salt moving into plant cells from the surrounding environment
Question 77
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
One of the effects of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans in 2005, was the
death of almost all of the plants in flooded areas. Initially, toxic chemicals and bacteria were
suspected as a possible cause. Scientists later determined that the salt concentration in the
floodwater caused the plants to die.
Identify the process responsible for the effect that the salt water had on the plants.
Question 78
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
An investigation was carried out on four different plant species to determine which of
three species was most closely related to an unknown plant species. The results of the
investigation are shown in the data table below.
Which plant species appears to be most closely related to the unknown species? Support your
answer.
Species: ________________
Question 79
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
An investigation was carried out on four different plant species to determine which of
three species was most closely related to an unknown plant species. The results of the
investigation are shown in the data table below.
Identify two pieces of evidence, other than those shown in the chart, that can be used to
determine if two plant species are related.
(1)___________________________________________________________________________
__
(2)___________________________________________________________________________
__
Question 80
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
There are a number of islands in the Galapagos that these finches could possibly inhabit. Explain
why each island would not be expected to have all of the species shown.
Question 81
Base your answer on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch
species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All
three species live on the same island.
Which statement is correct concerning the nutritional preferences of these finches?
(1) The three species do not compete for food because they eat different types of foods.
(2) The vegetarian and cactus finches compete for food because they both feed on producers.
(3) The vegetarian and warbler finches compete for food because they both live in trees.
(4) The three species of finches compete for food because their beaks are similar in shape and
size
Question 82
Base your answer on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch
species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All
three species live on the same island.
Which process allows for the evolution of finches over time?
(1) natural selection
(2) selective breeding
(3) asexual reproduction
(4) ecological succession
Question 83
Base your answer on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch
species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All
three species live on the same island.
Complete the food web below by placing the names of the finches in the correct locations.
Question 84
Identify one trait, other than a beak characteristic, that could affect the survival of a finch.
Support your answer.
Question 85
Identify one specific substance necessary for muscle activity that is delivered to muscles more
effectively as a result of increased heart rate.
January 2015
Question 1
Which observation could lead to the conclusion
that an object is nonliving?
(1) It passes on hereditary information only
through asexual reproduction.
(2) It carries out synthesis.
(3) It cannot perform metabolic processes.
(4) It is composed of a cell, but does not have
tissues.
Question 2
Decomposers are necessary in a food chain
because they
(1) manufacture food by photosynthesis
(2) return nutrients to the ecosystem
(3) absorb energy from the Sun
(4) produce organic nutrients
Question 3
In early spring, many wildflowers begin to grow,
produce flowers, and release seeds. The leaves
of the wildflowers make food before the leaves
of the trees in the area begin to develop. The
early growth pattern of the wildflowers would
likely result in
(1) decreased competition for sunlight between
the trees and the wildflowers
(2) decreased competition for suitable temperature
between the trees and the wildflowers
(3) increased competition for space between the
trees and the wildflowers
(4) increased competition for oxygen between
the trees and the wildflowers
Question 4
Which sequence best represents increasing complexity?
(1) tissues → cells → organelles → organs
(2) cells → organelles → organs → organism
(3) organelles → cells → tissues → organs
(4) organism → cells → tissues → organelles
Question 5
The diagram below represents two processes that
occur in organisms. A characteristic represented
by X is common to both of these processes.
A characteristic that the two processes have in
common is that each process
(1) uses ATP
(2) requires enzymes
(3) uses oxygen
(4) moves molecules
Question 6
The molecules represented in the diagram below
can interact to cause a biochemical process to
occur.
Molecule A and molecule B most likely represent
(1) a nerve signal and a gene
(2) a receptor and a hormone
(3) a chromosome and an antigen
(4) a starch and an amino acid
Question 7
The cytoplasm in a single-celled organism and
the circulatory system in a human both
(1) break down molecules into smaller components
(2) release energy to be used by the organism
(3) transport substances throughout the organism
(4) distribute blood to all of the parts of the
organism
Question 8
A hydrangea plant has blue flowers when grown
in acidic soil, but has pink flowers when grown in
basic soil. A clone of the pink-flowered plant is
grown in acidic soil and produces blue flowers.
This change in flower color is most likely due to
(1) sexual reproduction in the plants, resulting
in variation
(2) asexual reproduction in the plants, resulting
in variation
(3) genes being expressed in different ways due
to environmental conditions
(4) a gene mutation that occurred after the clone
was produced
Question 9
The diagram below represents a microscopic
structure observed during mitosis.
The region indicated by letter A is known as
(1) an enzyme
(2) a gamete
(3) a gene
(4) an amino acid
Question 10
A significant difference between the effects of
the genetic information passed on from asexually
reproducing parents to their offspring and sexually
reproducing parents to their offspring is the
(1) degree of modification of the size of
chromosomes
(2) types of DNA subunits
(3) number of chromosomes in the body cells of
the offspring
(4) amount of variation between the parents and
the offspring
Question 11
A normal sequence of DNA bases in a single
human skin cell is CATGGC. If this sequence
replicates in this cell and becomes GATGGC,
this alteration will most likely be passed to
(1) every cell that develops from it
(2) all human body cells
(3) offspring of the human
(4) all skin cells of this person
Question 12
Beta cells in the pancreas and human skin cells
both contain the insulin gene. The beta cells can
make insulin; however, skin cells cannot. Which
process is responsible for this gene being
expressed in one cell type and not in another
cell type?
(1) mitosis
(2) replication
(3) differentiation
(4) meiosis
Question 13
Information in segments of human DNA can be
expressed by a bacterial cell as a result of
(1) sexual reproduction
(2) random mutation
(3) genetic variability
(4) genetic engineering
Question 14
The photograph below shows a recently discovered
all-black penguin chick and several typical blackand-white chicks.
The appearance of this penguin chick with all
black feathers might
(1) increase the types of foods penguins can eat
(2) decrease the diversity of the penguin
population
(3) decrease the number of variations present in
the black penguin population
(4) result in an increase in black penguins over
time if the trait provides a reproductive
advantage
Question 15
Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences
provide a scientific explanation for
(1) the fossil record of ancient life-forms
(2) predictions about the rate of global warming
(3) the amount of precipitation in a rain forest
(4) the amount of soil used to grow certain crops
Question 16
Some organs in the human body are represented
in the diagram below.
A sudden change in the DNA of cells developing
in which organ could be passed to future
generations?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 17
Two cellular events that normally occur during
two processes are represented below.
Which row in the chart below correctly identifies
the processes in which these events occur?
Row
Cellular Event A
Cellular Event B
(1)
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
(2)
zygote formation
cloning
(3)
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
(4)
cloning
egg formation
Question 18
Photosynthesis and respiration are alike in that
they both
(1) require the Sun as a direct source of energy
(2) result in the production of glucose molecules
(3) require specific catalysts
(4) occur within mitochondria
Question 19
The reproductive cycle in females is regulated
primarily by
(1) estrogen and testosterone
(2) estrogen and progesterone
(3) progesterone and insulin
(4) progesterone and testosterone
Question 20
One function of the male reproductive system in
mammals is to
(1) produce insulin necessary for sexual
reproduction
(2) transport eggs necessary for fertilization
(3) allow for delivery of gametes needed for
reproduction
(4) provide protection for the developing zygote
Question 21
A zygote develops into a multicellular organism
through
(1) mitosis and specialization
(2) mitosis and meiosis
(3) recombination and communication
(4) genetic engineering and natural selection
Question 22
Pneumocystis is an organism normally found in
the human lungs that can cause pneumonia. It
seldom causes problems in individuals with
healthy immune systems. However, people with
AIDS sometimes become seriously ill with
pneumonia. This is most likely due to the fact
that individuals with AIDS have
(1) inherited a tendency to contract pneumonia
(2) difficulty fighting off infections
(3) an allergy to this organism
(4) hormones that strengthen the infection
Question 23
A technique used to alter cells is represented in the diagram below.
The genetic material contained in the nucleus of each of the new cells is most likely
(1) identical to that in the original body cell
(2) identical to that in the original egg cell
(3) 50% the same as the original egg cell and 50% the same as the original body cell
(4) 25% the same as the original egg cell and 75% the same as the original body cell
Question 24
A graph is shown below.
The graph contains information about
(1) finite resources
(2) limiting factors
Question 25
Nicotine is only one of the many toxic chemicals
inhaled while smoking. What effect can such
toxic chemicals have on the body?
(1) They stimulate an increase in height.
(2) They stimulate uncontrolled cell division.
(3) They eliminate carbon dioxide from cells.
(4) They eliminate chromosomes from many cells.
Question 26
The diagram below represents different feeding
(3) biotic factors
(4) mineral availability
levels in an energy pyramid.
The most likely explanation for showing fewer
organisms at each feeding level going up the
pyramid is that
(1) some energy is lost to the environment as heat
(2) the larger the organism, the less energy it
requires
(3) some energy is recycled within each level
and remains there
(4) decomposers convert most of the energy into
inorganic compounds
Question 27
Which process uses energy to combine inorganic
molecules to synthesize organic molecules?
(1) respiration
(2) digestion
(3) photosynthesis
(4) decomposition
Question 28
The Nature Conservancy is an organization that
protects a variety of habitats around the world.
A project this organization would probably
support is one that
(1) uses endangered animals for medical research
(2) protects the biodiversity of areas for future
generations
(3) alters habitats for industry and housing
(4) prevents animal species from migrating to
other habitats
Question 29
Certain animal species that are endangered or
threatened have been cloned. Closely related
species have been used to carry the embryos of
the endangered species. This process of increasing
the population size of a species in danger of
becoming extinct is an example of a
(1) natural method to decrease ecosystem stability
(2) natural method of controlling the population
of an endangered species
(3) technological fix to increase habitat destruction
(4) technological fix for the problem of
endangered species
Question 30
Car manufacturers have begun to explore the use
of biofuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol, and cooking
oils made from plant material. The desired
outcome of using these biofuels would be
(1) a decrease in the use of fossil fuels
(2) a decrease in the release of oxygen gas
(3) an increase in abiotic resources
(4) an increase in global warming
Question 31
In the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus classified
organisms based on their structural similarities.
Modern classification determines relationships
more accurately because it is based on genetic
and other biochemical similarities. This change
in classification method best illustrates that
(1) multiple trials are required to increase the
validity of a scientific explanation
(2) scientific explanations are subject to the
ethical view of the scientist proposing them
(3) peer review is required to validate the results
of scientific investigations
(4) all scientific explanations are tentative and
subject to change and improvement
Question 32
Rabbits have evolved strategies that get them
through periods of time when there is little food.
The diagram below represents essential life
functions that rabbits need to perform.
Which life function in the diagram could be
eliminated without affecting an individual
rabbit’s ability to survive when food is scarce?
(1) digestion
(2) excretion
(3) circulation
(4) reproduction
Question 33
The inability of an organism to produce certain
proteins can occur when an organism is lacking
an enzyme needed to combine
(1) oxygen molecules (3) amino acids
(2) simple sugars
(4) biological catalysts
Question 34
Bumblebees show some ability to control their
own body temperature. During cold weather,
bumblebees have been observed warming their
flight muscles by shivering. The bees are able to
maintain a body temperature several degrees
above that of the surrounding air. Regulation of
their internal body temperature is an example of
(1) diffusion
(2) synthesis
(3) respiration
(4) homeostasis
Question 35
A cell begins to produce a new type of protein.
This is most likely due to an alteration of the
(1) structure of the cell membrane
(2) sequence of bases in a section of a chromosome
(3) chemical makeup of the cytoplasm
(4) shape of the antibodies produced by the
nucleus
Question 36
Mother rattlesnakes care for and protect their
young. Baby rattlesnakes find safety in the coils
of their mothers. Female snakes stay together
for the first few weeks after giving birth. This
gathering of female rattlesnakes provides a safe
environment for newborn rattlers. This is an
example of which type of adaptation?
(1) structural
(2) nutritional
(3) molecular
(4) behavioral
Question 37
The diagram below represents one stage during
the human reproductive process.
A function of structure A is to
(1) remove nutrients from the fetus
(2) provide the fetus with metabolic wastes
(3) remove all toxins from the blood of the mother
(4) provide for the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Question 38
Which statement is supported by the information
in the graph below?
(1) The enzymes respond in a similar way to
changes in temperature.
(2) The enzymes in bacteria function best at
40°C.
(3) The enzymes function best at the same
temperature.
(4) The enzymes break down the same substances.
Question 39
Farmland abandoned in 1899 was observed to
have significant changes in plant species over a
50-year period. The changes are shown in the
chart below.
Changes in Plant Species on
Abandoned Farmland
Year Observed
Plant Species
1900
grasses
1910
shrubs and briars
1920
birch and cherry trees
1950
beech and maple trees
A forest fire burned all the trees on the land in
1955. Assuming no human interference, climate
changes, or natural disasters, the plant species
you would expect to see on this land in 2010
would most likely be
(1) grasses
(2) shrubs and briars
(3) birch and cherry trees
(4) beech and maple trees
Question 40
A list of environmental issues is shown below.
• Rabbits transported from Europe overrun
and deplete farmlands in Australia.
• Many areas in the southeastern United States
are overgrown with the kudzu plant from Asia.
• In parts of New York Stacte, bluebirds must
compete with starlings originally brought here
from England.
All of these issues are the result of
(1) introduction of nonnative species into stable
ecosystems
(2) genetic engineering without using adequate
safety precautions
(3) preservation of habitats due to human
population growth
(4) use of foreign species to replace native
predators
Question 41
The diagram below represents a specimen in the low-power field of view of a compound light
microscope.
If the slide is not moved, which view best represents the way the specimen will look when the
high-power objective lens is switched into place?
Question 42
Two methods of moving from place to place are represented below. The single-celled ameba
moves by a process that involves the flow of cytoplasm.
Which statement is best supported by these diagrams?
(1) Both simple and complex organisms move directly by the movement of cytoplasm.
(2) Single-celled organisms, like complex organisms, are able to move; however, they differ in
the way they
carry out this activity.
(3) Cytoplasm is a fluid substance in simple cells and a solid substance in cells of complex
organisms.
(4) Cells in complex organisms function in the exact same way as cells in simple organisms.
Question 43
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
What information would be appropriate to add to box X in order to complete the diagram?
(1) cellular respiration by humans
(2) simple sugar
(3) oxygen
(4) burned by automobiles
Question 44
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Onondaga Lake is a small lake located near Syracuse, New York. Industrialized
municipal wastes have been polluting the lake for decades. Eating fish from the lake
has been banned due to mercury concentrations in the fish. The data table below
indicates the mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass taken from Onondaga Lake.
Smallmouth bass eat smaller fish, which feed on aquatic plants.
At each feeding level in the food chain, more mercury accumulates. The older and
larger the fish, the greater the concentration of mercury.
Mercury in Onondaga Lake
Smallmouth Bass
Year
Mercury Concentration
(ppm - wet weight)
2000
1.5
2001
2.0
2002
1.75
2003
1.0
2004
2.5
2005
2.25
Directions: Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid below,
following the directions below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis.
Question 45
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Onondaga Lake is a small lake located near Syracuse, New York. Industrialized
municipal wastes have been polluting the lake for decades. Eating fish from the lake
has been banned due to mercury concentrations in the fish. The data table below
indicates the mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass taken from Onondaga Lake.
Smallmouth bass eat smaller fish, which feed on aquatic plants.
At each feeding level in the food chain, more mercury accumulates. The older and
larger the fish, the greater the concentration of mercury.
Mercury in Onondaga Lake
Smallmouth Bass
Year
Mercury Concentration
(ppm - wet weight)
2000
1.5
2001
2.0
2002
1.75
2003
1.0
2004
2.5
2005
2.25
Directions: Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid below,
following the directions below.
Plot the data on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points.
Question 46
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Onondaga Lake is a small lake located near Syracuse, New York. Industrialized
municipal wastes have been polluting the lake for decades. Eating fish from the lake has
been banned due to mercury concentrations in the fish. The data table below indicates the
mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass taken from Onondaga Lake. Smallmouth bass
eat smaller fish, which feed on aquatic plants.
At each feeding level in the food chain, more mercury accumulates. The older and larger
the fish, the greater the concentration of mercury.
Mercury in Onondaga Lake
Smallmouth Bass
Year
Mercury Concentration
(ppm - wet weight)
2000
1.5
2001
2.0
2002
1.75
2003
1.0
2004
2.5
2005
2.25
Explain how mercury dumped into the lake and taken up by plants reached the smallmouth bass
population.
Question 47
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Onondaga Lake is a small lake located near Syracuse, New York. Industrialized
municipal wastes have been polluting the lake for decades. Eating fish from the lake has
been banned due to mercury concentrations in the fish. The data table below indicates the
mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass taken from Onondaga Lake. Smallmouth bass
eat smaller fish, which feed on aquatic plants.
At each feeding level in the food chain, more mercury accumulates. The older and larger
the fish, the greater the concentration of mercury.
Mercury in Onondaga Lake
Smallmouth Bass
Year
Mercury Concentration
(ppm - wet weight)
2000
1.5
2001
2.0
2002
1.75
2003
1.0
2004
2.5
2005
2.25
Which statement could be a possible explanation for the drop in mercury concentration in the fish
of Onondaga Lake between the years 2002 and 2003?
(1) Between 2000 and 2005, a large number of fish were sampled.
(2) The dumping of industrial waste was prohibited in 2004.
(3) More young fish were tested in 2003, compared to the other years.
(4) The industrial waste contained more mercury in 2004.
Question 48
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
Most animal fossils include hard body parts such as teeth and bones. Until recently,
scientists had little hope that soft tissue could be preserved in the bones. A team of
scientists has removed soft tissue containing a collagen protein from the leg bone of a
68-million-year-old fossil from a dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex. The technique of mass
spectrometry was used to identify the sequences of certain molecules in several small
fragments of the dinosaur collagen protein.
The molecular sequences were compared to those of modern animals. The scientist
found that the collagen protein of the Tyrannosaurus rex more closely resembled the
collagen protein found in modern chickens than that in some other modern animals.
State one kind of evidence that would support the conclusion that birds evolved from dinosaurs
like Tyrannosaurus rex.
Question 49
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
Most animal fossils include hard body parts such as teeth and bones. Until recently,
scientists had little hope that soft tissue could be preserved in the bones. A team of
scientists has removed soft tissue containing a collagen protein from the leg bone of a
68-million-year-old fossil from a dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex. The technique of mass
spectrometry was used to identify the sequences of certain molecules in several small
fragments of the dinosaur collagen protein.
The molecular sequences were compared to those of modern animals. The scientist
found that the collagen protein of the Tyrannosaurus rex more closely resembled the
collagen protein found in modern chickens than that in some other modern animals.
When the scientists compared the molecular sequences in the collagen proteins of the
Tyrannosaurus rex
to those of modern animals, they were most likely seeking information about
(1) patterns of behavior
(2) reproductive cycles
(3) common ancestry
(4) changing environmental conditions
Question 50
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Found: A Plant-Eating Spider
Spiders are meat-eaters. Until recently, scientists thought that was true for the
roughly 40,000 spider species in the world. Now, researchers have discovered a spider
that eats mostly plants.
Bagheera kiplingi, a jumping spider, lives in Central America and Mexico. It
nests in the leaves of acacia shrubs. Scientists have long known that ants live in these
plants. The ants eat the plants’ little yellow vegetables. But scientists had no idea
that the spiders eat the vegetables too.
Christopher Meehan was a college student when he found the plant nibbling
spiders. “I thought I was hallucinating,” he told TFK (Time for Kids). “But by the
end of the day, I had seen about 100 more spiders eating plants.”
Source: Time for Kids World Report,
Edition 10/23/09 Vol. 15, #7 p.3
Which row best characterizes Bagheera kiplingi and acacia shrubs?
Row
Bagheera kiplingi
Acacia
(1)
host
parasite
(2)
consumer
producer
(3)
autotroph
heterotroph
(4)
scavenger
herbivore
Question 51
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Found: A Plant-Eating Spider
Spiders are meat-eaters. Until recently, scientists thought that was true for the
roughly 40,000 spider species in the world. Now, researchers have discovered a spider
that eats mostly plants.
Bagheera kiplingi, a jumping spider, lives in Central America and Mexico. It
nests in the leaves of acacia shrubs. Scientists have long known that ants live in these
plants. The ants eat the plants’ little yellow vegetables. But scientists had no idea
that the spiders eat the vegetables too.
Christopher Meehan was a college student when he found the plant nibbling
spiders. “I thought I was hallucinating,” he told TFK (Time for Kids). “But by the
end of the day, I had seen about 100 more spiders eating plants.”
Source: Time for Kids World Report,
Edition 10/23/09 Vol. 15, #7 p.3
Identify one abiotic factor that most likely affects the size of the acacia shrub population.
Question 52
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Found: A Plant-Eating Spider
Spiders are meat-eaters. Until recently, scientists thought that was true for the roughly
40,000 spider species in the world. Now, researchers have discovered a spider that eats
mostly plants.
Bagheera kiplingi, a jumping spider, lives in Central America and Mexico. It
nests in the leaves of acacia shrubs. Scientists have long known that ants live in these
plants. The ants eat the plants’ little yellow vegetables. But scientists had no idea
that the spiders eat the vegetables too.
Christopher Meehan was a college student when he found the plant nibbling
spiders. “I thought I was hallucinating,” he told TFK (Time for Kids). “But by the
end of the day, I had seen about 100 more spiders eating plants.”
Source: Time for Kids World Report,
Edition 10/23/09 Vol. 15, #7 p.3
Is competition likely to occur between the Bagheera kiplingi and ants living in acacia shrubs?
Support your answer.
Question 53
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
Inherited instructions control the color patterns of snakes. Some snakes that are not
poisonous have colors that resemble the patterns on poisonous snakes. Predators avoid
eating harmless snakes that have color patterns similar to those of the poisonous snakes.
The results of a recent study indicate that predators in areas that have only harmless snakes
do not avoid attacking snakes that have color patterns similar to poisonous snakes.
Identify the structure that contains the inherited instructions that determine the different color
patterns in these snakes.
Question 54
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
Inherited instructions control the color patterns of snakes. Some snakes that are not
poisonous have colors that resemble the patterns on poisonous snakes. Predators avoid
eating harmless snakes that have color patterns similar to those of the poisonous snakes.
The results of a recent study indicate that predators in areas that have only harmless snakes
do not avoid attacking snakes that have color patterns similar to poisonous snakes.
State one advantage for a nonpoisonous snake having coloration similar to that of a poisonous
snake.
Question 55
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
Inherited instructions control the color patterns of snakes. Some snakes that are not
poisonous have colors that resemble the patterns on poisonous snakes. Predators avoid
eating harmless snakes that have color patterns similar to those of the poisonous snakes.
The results of a recent study indicate that predators in areas that have only harmless snakes
do not avoid attacking snakes that have color patterns similar to poisonous snakes.
State one reason why predators in some areas attack and eat harmless snakes, even though they
have color patterns similar to those of poisonous snakes.
Question 56
Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.” Design an experiment
that
could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• state a hypothesis to be tested
Question 57
Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.” Design an experiment
that
could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group
Question 58
Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.” Design an experiment
that
could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• identify the independent variable in the experiment
Question 59
Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.” Design an experiment
that
could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your
experimental design, be sure to:
• identify the type of data that will be collected
Question 60
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
A Vaccine to Treat Addiction
A vaccine for cocaine addiction has been developed. This vaccine temporarily blocks
the effects of cocaine. The vaccine consists of a cocaine molecule attached to the surface of
an inactive, harmless cholera protein.
Since cocaine molecules alone are too small to stimulate the immune system to create
antibodies, they are attached to the cholera protein. When people are injected with the
vaccine, their bodies make antibodies against cholera. They also make antibodies against
cocaine. When cocaine later enters the bloodstream, the antibodies bind to cocaine and
prevent it from leaving the bloodstream, so it does not reach the brain. If the drug does not
reach the brain, the user does not feel its effect. When antibodies were blocking the
cocaine, people who took cocaine didn’t get an effect from it, so the drug lost its appeal.
Later, an enzyme breaks down the cocaine and it is flushed out of the body.
One problem revealed by the trial was that only 38 percent of vaccinated subjects
developed high levels of antibodies against the drug. Additionally, the vaccine’s
protection
seems to last for only about two months. Users need to receive booster shots every few
months for approximately two years to make a complete recovery from the addiction.
Identify the two main substances contained in the vaccine.
_____________________________________ and
____________________________________________
Question 61
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
A Vaccine to Treat Addiction
A vaccine for cocaine addiction has been developed. This vaccine temporarily blocks
the effects of cocaine. The vaccine consists of a cocaine molecule attached to the surface of
an inactive, harmless cholera protein.
Since cocaine molecules alone are too small to stimulate the immune system to create
antibodies, they are attached to the cholera protein. When people are injected with the
vaccine, their bodies make antibodies against cholera. They also make antibodies against
cocaine. When cocaine later enters the bloodstream, the antibodies bind to cocaine and
prevent it from leaving the bloodstream, so it does not reach the brain. If the drug does not
reach the brain, the user does not feel its effect. When antibodies were blocking the
cocaine, people who took cocaine didn’t get an effect from it, so the drug lost its appeal.
Later, an enzyme breaks down the cocaine and it is flushed out of the body.
One problem revealed by the trial was that only 38 percent of vaccinated subjects
developed high levels of antibodies against the drug. Additionally, the vaccine’s
protection
seems to last for only about two months. Users need to receive booster shots every few
months for approximately two years to make a complete recovery from the addiction.
Describe one effect the cocaine vaccine has on the immune system.
Question 62
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
A Vaccine to Treat Addiction
A vaccine for cocaine addiction has been developed. This vaccine temporarily blocks
the effects of cocaine. The vaccine consists of a cocaine molecule attached to the surface of
an inactive, harmless cholera protein.
Since cocaine molecules alone are too small to stimulate the immune system to create
antibodies, they are attached to the cholera protein. When people are injected with the
vaccine, their bodies make antibodies against cholera. They also make antibodies against
cocaine. When cocaine later enters the bloodstream, the antibodies bind to cocaine and
prevent it from leaving the bloodstream, so it does not reach the brain. If the drug does not
reach the brain, the user does not feel its effect. When antibodies were blocking the
cocaine, people who took cocaine didn’t get an effect from it, so the drug lost its appeal.
Later, an enzyme breaks down the cocaine and it is flushed out of the body.
One problem revealed by the trial was that only 38 percent of vaccinated subjects
developed high levels of antibodies against the drug. Additionally, the vaccine’s
protection
seems to last for only about two months. Users need to receive booster shots every few
months for approximately two years to make a complete recovery from the addiction.
How does this vaccine help to treat cocaine addiction?
Question 63
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Mosquito Technologies of New York, Inc., has developed a Mosquito Killing System
(MKS) to help control the mosquito population and reduce the transmission of West Nile
Virus. The MKS works by taking advantage of the natural hunting strategies of mosquitoes,
such as heat sensing and carbon dioxide detection. Beneficial insects do not use the same
hunting strategies. The MKS unit produces heat and releases carbon dioxide in cycles,
mimicking the breathing and body temperatures of humans, pets, and other warm-blooded
animals. This attracts the mosquitoes to the device and, once inside, a vacuum pulls them
in, where they pass through an electrocution grid, killing them. The mosquito remains are
then returned to the environment through the bottom of the unit.
The unit contains a solar-powered photocell that turns the device on at dusk and turns
it off at dawn.
State one positive effect the use of this MKS device has on the environment.
Question 64
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Mosquito Technologies of New York, Inc., has developed a Mosquito Killing System
(MKS) to help control the mosquito population and reduce the transmission of West Nile
Virus. The MKS works by taking advantage of the natural hunting strategies of mosquitoes,
such as heat sensing and carbon dioxide detection. Beneficial insects do not use the same
hunting strategies. The MKS unit produces heat and releases carbon dioxide in cycles,
mimicking the breathing and body temperatures of humans, pets, and other warm-blooded
animals. This attracts the mosquitoes to the device and, once inside, a vacuum pulls them
in, where they pass through an electrocution grid, killing them. The mosquito remains are
then returned to the environment through the bottom of the unit.
The unit contains a solar-powered photocell that turns the device on at dusk and turns
it off at dawn.
A town wants to buy a number of MKS devices to solve their mosquito problem. One individual
is concerned that this device could have a negative effect on insects that are beneficial to the
environment. Based on the information given, is this a valid concern? Support your answer.
Question 65
Base your answer on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Blood Doping
Blood is a fluid tissue, which means that blood cells are suspended in a fluid called
plasma. Blood tests are concerned with not only the number of blood cells present, but with
the amount of plasma that surrounds the cells.
The diagram below represents tubes containing blood samples from an athlete before
and after blood doping. Blood doping is an illegal practice reportedly used by some
athletes a few weeks before an athletic event, and involves removing whole blood from an
athlete, separating the oxygen-carrying red blood cells (RBCs), and then freezing them.
These RBCs are thawed and returned to the athlete’s body just before the athlete
competes.
Serious health risks are associated with this practice.
Explain why athletes who practice blood doping would be expected to perform better at an
athletic event.
Question 66
Base your answer on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Blood Doping
Blood is a fluid tissue, which means that blood cells are suspended in a fluid called
plasma. Blood tests are concerned with not only the number of blood cells present, but with
the amount of plasma that surrounds the cells.
The diagram below represents tubes containing blood samples from an athlete before
and after blood doping. Blood doping is an illegal practice reportedly used by some
athletes a few weeks before an athletic event, and involves removing whole blood from an
athlete, separating the oxygen-carrying red blood cells (RBCs), and then freezing them.
These RBCs are thawed and returned to the athlete’s body just before the athlete
competes.
Serious health risks are associated with this practice.
State one reason why the extra RBCs represented in sample 2 could be dangerous to the health of
an athlete.
Question 67
Base your answer on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Blood Doping
Blood is a fluid tissue, which means that blood cells are suspended in a fluid called
plasma. Blood tests are concerned with not only the number of blood cells present, but with
the amount of plasma that surrounds the cells.
The diagram below represents tubes containing blood samples from an athlete before
and after blood doping. Blood doping is an illegal practice reportedly used by some
athletes a few weeks before an athletic event, and involves removing whole blood from an
athlete, separating the oxygen-carrying red blood cells (RBCs), and then freezing them.
These RBCs are thawed and returned to the athlete’s body just before the athlete
competes.
Serious health risks are associated with this practice.
More middle- and long-distance runners have tested positive for blood doping than short-distance
runners, such as sprinters. State one reason why athletes participating in certain events might be
more likely to practice blood doping than others.
Question 68
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A woman wanted to remove the dandelion plants from her lawn. She went to the store
and bought an herbicide spray that was supposed to kill the dandelions. She sprayed it on
her lawn according to the directions. Within two weeks, almost all of the dandelions had
died; however, a few dandelions remained.
Explain how some dandelions were able to survive the spraying of the herbicide.
Question 69
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A woman wanted to remove the dandelion plants from her lawn. She went to the store
and bought an herbicide spray that was supposed to kill the dandelions. She sprayed it on
her lawn according to the directions. Within two weeks, almost all of the dandelions had
died; however, a few dandelions remained.
Explain why this herbicide might not be effective for controlling future generations of dandelions
in this lawn.
Question 70
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Types of Predators
When large predators, such as lions or wolves, are removed from a food web, smaller
“mesopredators” step in to take their places, and the results may be severe. Mesopredators
are usually smaller and more numerous than the larger “apex” predators that they replace.
Some are also omnivores, eating plant and animal food sources, rather than eating the
meat-only diet of the largest predators. Examples of mesopredators include coyotes,
raccoons, and skunks.
In 1874, General George Custer noted that there was an abundance of wolves, but few
coyotes, in South Dakota. Today, there is an abundance of coyotes, but no wolves. The
wolves were removed to protect domestic sheep, but now the coyotes are often responsible
for attacking sheep and other animals. The cost of controlling mesopredators by human
intervention can be very high, as mesopredators are very numerous and quickly “bounce
back” after control efforts. Meanwhile, the number of apex predators that are endangered
continues to increase.
Describe how the wolf population is controlled naturally in the environment without human
intervention.
Question 71
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Types of Predators
When large predators, such as lions or wolves, are removed from a food web, smaller
“mesopredators” step in to take their places, and the results may be severe. Mesopredators
are usually smaller and more numerous than the larger “apex” predators that they replace.
Some are also omnivores, eating plant and animal food sources, rather than eating the meatonly diet of the largest predators. Examples of mesopredators include coyotes, raccoons,
and skunks.
In 1874, General George Custer noted that there was an abundance of wolves, but few
coyotes, in South Dakota. Today, there is an abundance of coyotes, but no wolves. The
wolves were removed to protect domestic sheep, but now the coyotes are often responsible
for attacking sheep and other animals. The cost of controlling mesopredators by human
intervention can be very high, as mesopredators are very numerous and quickly “bounce
back” after control efforts. Meanwhile, the number of apex predators that are endangered
continues to increase.
State how the mesopredator population was most likely controlled before the wolves were
removed from the food web.
Question 72
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Types of Predators
When large predators, such as lions or wolves, are removed from a food web, smaller
“mesopredators” step in to take their places, and the results may be severe. Mesopredators
are usually smaller and more numerous than the larger “apex” predators that they replace.
Some are also omnivores, eating plant and animal food sources, rather than eating the meatonly diet of the largest predators. Examples of mesopredators include coyotes, raccoons,
and skunks.
In 1874, General George Custer noted that there was an abundance of wolves, but few
coyotes, in South Dakota. Today, there is an abundance of coyotes, but no wolves. The
wolves were removed to protect domestic sheep, but now the coyotes are often responsible
for attacking sheep and other animals. The cost of controlling mesopredators by human
intervention can be very high, as mesopredators are very numerous and quickly “bounce
back” after control efforts. Meanwhile, the number of apex predators that are endangered
continues to increase.
If apex predators are so valuable to the ecological balance, state one possible reason why wolves
were removed from the food web.
Question 73
A laboratory setup that can be used to provide information about relationships between four plant
species is represented below.
This setup is part of the technique known as
(1) electrophoresis
(2) biological staining
(3) dissection
(4) chromatography
Question 74
When people exercise, their body cells build up more waste quickly. Which two body systems
work together to remove these wastes from their cells?
(1) immune and endocrine
(2) digestive and skeletal
(3) respiratory and circulatory
(4) circulatory and digestive
Question 75
Red onion cells undergo the change represented in the diagram below.
This change is most likely caused by the cell being transferred from
(1) distilled water to starch indicator
(2) distilled water to salt water
(3) salt water to tap water
(4) salt water to distilled water
Question 76
Which chemicals are used to cut DNA into fragments for a gel electrophoresis procedure?
(1) enzymes
(2) molecular bases
(3) hormones
(4) ATP molecules
Question 77
The diagram below represents a laboratory setup used to demonstrate the movement of molecules
across a selectively permeable membrane.
In the diagram below, draw the 5 starch and the 12 glucose molecules to show where they would
most likely be located after 15 minutes.
Question 78
Base your answer on the Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
• In the table below, record the mRNA codons coded for by the DNA base sequences.
DNA Base Sequence
AAG
CCA
TGA
ACA
mRNA codons
__________
__________
__________
__________
Amino acid sequence
__________
__________
__________
__________
Question 79
Base your answer on the Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
• Using the Universal Genetic Code Chart, record the amino acid sequence that is coded for by the
mRNA codons you placed in the table.
DNA Base Sequence
AAG
CCA
TGA
ACA
mRNA codons
__________
__________
__________
__________
Amino acid sequence
__________
__________
__________
__________
Question 80
A student hypothesized that drinking tea would cause an increase in pulse rate. He measured his
pulse 20 minutes after drinking a glass of tea. It was 86 beats per minute. State one error in the
experiment.
Question 81
Base your answer on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagrams
represent the variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands and the relative abundance
of food sources on a certain island.
The diagram of the island suggests that in region B finches can feed on
(1) large seeds and insects
seeds
(2) small seeds, only
seeds
Question 82
(3) a large variety of different-sized
(4) insects and a limited number of small
Base your answer on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagrams
represent the variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands and the relative abundance
of food sources on a certain island.
Which histogram displays the relative abundance of small seeds in regions A, B, C, and D?
Question 83
Base your answer on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagrams
represent the variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands and the relative abundance
of food sources on a certain island.
Explain why researchers would most likely observe the large ground finch in regions A and D on
the island
and not in regions B and C.
Question 84
Base your answer on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagrams
represent the variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands and the relative abundance
of food sources on a certain island.
A bird count was done on the island and the small tree finch was found in all regions. State one
possible
reason why the small tree finch is able to inhabit the entire island.
Question 85
Several days after a litter of three purebred puppies was born, a breeder noticed one extra puppy in
the litter. The diagram below shows the results of electrophoresis of DNA fragments from all of the
dogs. The puppies are labeled 1, 2, 5, and 6. The parent dogs are labeled 3 and 4.
Identify which puppy might have been placed into this litter by mistake. Support your answer.
Puppy: ____________
January 2016
Question 1
Bacteria and humans are similar in that they both
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
contain genetic material
are single-celled
lack cell organelles
carry out autotrophic nutrition
Question 2
Which cell structure is mainly responsible for releasing energy from food molecules in some
single-celled organisms?
(1) ribosome
(2) chloroplast
(3) cell membrane
(4) mitochondrion
Question 3
During gas exchange, the cell membrane of a single-celled organism has the same function as
which organ system in humans?
(1) nervous
(2) reproductive
(3) digestive
(4) respiratory
Question 4
An ecosystem is self-sustaining as long as organ- isms have sufficient quantities of energy, oxygen,
minerals, and water. When organisms die, some of these materials are recycled back to plants in
the ecosystem primarily through the activity of
(1) predators
(2) decomposers
Question 5
(3) pathogens
(4) parasites
Which sequence represents structures organized from least complex to most complex?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
nerve cell → nucleus → nervous system →brain
nucleus → nerve cell → brain → nervous system
brain → nervous system → nucleus → nerve cell
nervous system → brain → nerve cell →nucleus
Question 6
Which group consists entirely of organic molecules?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
protein, oxygen, fat
protein, starch, fat
water, carbon dioxide, oxygen
water, starch, protein
Question 7
A scientist plans to cut a segment of DNA so that it can be inserted into the DNA of a bacterium,
a single-celled organism. The scientist needs to use a special type of organic molecule to perform
this cutting process. This molecule is
(1) a lipid
(2) a carbohydrate
(3) an enzyme
(4) a hormone
Question 8
A finite resource in the environment that keeps a population from steadily increasing is known
as
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
dynamic equilibrium
a limiting factor
a reproductive enzyme
ecological succession
Question 9
Human reproduction usually involves
(1) internal fertilization and internal development
(2) external fertilization and external development
(3) internal fertilization and external development
(4) external fertilization and internal development
Question 10
Even though human proteins are synthesized from only 20 different amino acids, there are
thousands of different proteins found in human cells. This great variety of proteins is possible
because the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
size of a specific amino acid can vary within a protein
chemical composition of a specific amino acid can vary
sequence and number of amino acids can be different in each protein
same amino acid can have many different properties
Question 11
Aphids, small insects that feed on the sap of plants, undergo asexual reproduction during the
summer months. They produce eggs that are formed without the separation of chromosomes. These
eggs do not need to be fertilized, and all of the resulting offspring are female.
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations/
Asexual_reproduction
The best explanation for all of these offspring being female is that
(1) there is not enough food to support male aphids
(2) asexual reproduction produces offspring with many mutations
(3) only the females are able to feed on the sap of the plants
(4) asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Question 12
Potato farmers in Ireland during the mid 1800s all grew the same type of potato. The potato plants
were all produced as clones of one another. When a fungus infected the crop, all of the potatoes
were destroyed. This occurred because these potato plants
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
had little genetic variability
had increased biodiversity
were the product of fertilization
were the result of biotechnology
Question 13
A cell is represented in the diagram below.
The coded information that the cell uses to synthesize many different proteins is stored in
structure
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 14
Wildflowers grow and reproduce during the spring snowmelt in the desert region of Death Valley,
California. Which environmental factor would most likely have the greatest influence on these
activities?
(1) percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere
(2) number of plant species in the area
(3) variety of scavengers in the ecosystem
(4) amount of time that water is present
Question 15
Which statement best describes how a major change in the size of one population affects an
ecosystem?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
It will immediately affect every population and the physical conditions.
It will affect the physical conditions, but not the other populations.
It could directly or indirectly affect the physical conditions and any population.
It affects every population, not the physical conditions.
Question 16
The diagram below represents a stage in the development of a fetus.
A major function of structure X is to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
produce gametes by meiosis
protect the fetus from physical injury
exchange materials between the mother and the fetus
store food to provide the fetus with nutrients
Question 17
Which statement is most likely correct regarding soil bacteria that inhabit the polar regions of
Earth?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
They do not carry out the process of respiration.
They contain enzymes that function at low temperatures.
They are part of the abiotic resources of that ecosystem.
They do not reproduce.
Question 18
Some plants increase in height due to changes in specialized regions of cells in the tips of their
branches. The processes that result in these changes include
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
meiosis, cell growth, and cloning
mitosis, zygote formation, and cloning
meiosis, gamete formation, and differentiation
mitosis, cell growth, and differentiation
Question 19
The hormone adrenaline can affect only cells with
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
appropriately shaped receptors
the appropriate antibodies
ribosomes that produce adrenaline
genes that break down adrenaline
Question 20
The diagram below shows part of the human body with some organs that help to carry out the
removal of wastes.
The energy necessary to perform this function comes directly from the
(1) exchange of H2O and O2 during respiration
(2) blood flowing through the organs
(3) ATP molecules produced during cellular respiration
(4) water that is eliminated by the organs
Question 21
In living cells, chemical processes, such as synthesis, all require the action of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
specialized antibiotics
hormones
salts
biological catalysts
Question 22
Plants that live in hot, dry climates have evolved mechanisms to help conserve limited water
supplies. One example is the closing of leaf openings by guard cells during the day to decrease
water loss from their leaves. This detection of and response to an environmental stimulus is an
example of
(1) a feedback mechanism
(2) a genetic mutation
(3) an organ malfunction
(4) an allergic reaction
Question 23
Which sequence best represents the flow of energy through an ecosystem?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Sun → green plants → herbivores →carnivores
Sun → herbivores → producers → consumers
green plants → carnivores → consumers →herbivores
consumers → carnivores → herbivores →producers
Question 24
A student set up a small freshwater fish tank. The tank included water, fish, gravel, a snail, and
plants, as represented below.
Which statement best describes an activity performed by a student investigating an abiotic factor
using this setup?
(1) He records the temperature of the water.
(2) He feeds the fish 0.5 gram of fish food twice a day.
(3) He measures the growth of the plants with a metric ruler.
(4) He observes the snail scrape algae off the gravel.
Question 25
Which situation is most likely to lead to ecological succession?
(1)
The fish populations in a large lake remain the same for many years.
(2)
Hunters are allowed to hunt wolves, with no limits, for one season.
(3)
The amount of industrialization increased in an area, resulting in the increased
burning of fossil fuels.
(4)
A farmer who has planted corn for many years retires, and the field is left
abandoned.
Question 26
The diagram below represents interactions that occur between some organisms in an ecosystem.
Which factor would most likely cause an increase in the number of frogs?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
an increase in the number of deer
a decrease in the amount of grasses
an increase in the number of snakes
a decrease in the amount of trees
Question 27
Members of a bird-watching club observed the activities of three species of birds for an entire
spring and summer. They noticed that the different species fed at different heights in the same
pine tree. Which ecological concept is supported by this observation?
(2)
(1)
Organisms that feed on different foods in the same area of an ecosystem fill the
same niche.
Organisms that live in the same ecosystem can occupy different niches in the ecosystem.
(3)
Different species feeding in the same ecosystem will eventually compete with
each other, eliminating all the species except one.
(4)
Different species living in the same area of an ecosystem usually have the same
physical characteristics.
Question 28
Which factor would be least likely to contribute to the development of a new species?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
plentiful resources within the environment occupied by the species
increased genetic variation within the species
changes in the environment of the species
the ability of the species to increase its numbers by sexual reproduction
Question 29
Water pollution as a result of fertilizer runoff from farms is harmful because it initially
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
changes the chemical composition of nearby streams and lakes
adds ozone to the atmosphere, increasing global temperatures
decreases the water temperature of streams and lakes
decreases the amount of nutrient recycling in lakes
Question 30
Overfishing has depleted the rich harvests of fish from the oceans. As a solution, a large industry
that cultivates shrimp and fish in warm coastal ponds has been developed. To make way for these
ponds, mangrove forests are cut down. Local organisms are displaced. In order for people to
decide if this new fish farming technology is a good long-term solution, they must consider
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the risks and costs as well as the benefits
that the mangrove forests would probably die off someday anyway
that food production is always more important than any other concern
the number of fish produced in the first year as compared with ocean fishing
Question 31
Base your answer to the question on the graphs below and on your knowledge of biology. The
graphs show the effect of sewage (human organic waste) flowing into a lake on the level of
dissolved oxygen in the water and the size of different fish populations.
Oxygen Content and Fish Population in a Lake
Which statement concerning the oxygen level in the lake can be inferred from the graphs?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Trout and whitefish require higher oxygen levels than do carp.
Carp are more sensitive to oxygen levels than are other fish.
The fish in this lake all require the same amount of oxygen for survival.
Walleye populations were highest when the oxygen levels were lowest.
Question 32
Base your answer to the question on the graphs below and on your knowledge of biology. The
graphs show the effect of sewage (human organic waste) flowing into a lake on the level of
dissolved oxygen in the water and the size of different fish populations.
Oxygen Content and Fish Population in a Lake
Which inference can be made from the graphs?
(1) The increase in sewage waste from 1950 to 1970 was due to a decreasing human population.
(2) The decrease in sewage waste shows that the environmental problems associated with
land pollution have been solved.
(3) Sewage waste is a good source of nutrients for most fish.
(4) Increases in sewage waste were responsible for decreasing oxygen levels in the lake.
Question 33
The emerald ash borer is an insect that was introduced into North America sometime in the
1990s. It probably arrived in the United States in wooden packing material carried in cargo ships
or on airplanes coming from Asia. The ash borer was first reported killing ash trees in Michigan
in 2002. Since then, it has spread to Pennsylvania and New York.
Since its arrival, the insect has destroyed tens of millions of trees. One of the ways the ash
borer has been able to spread so quickly is through the transport of wood that is infested with their
larvae. The USDA has proposed the introduction of Asian wasps to control the ash borer
population.
The best explanation for the fact the emerald ash borer is not as great a problem in Asia as it is in
the United States is that
(1) there are few natural predators of the ash borer in the United States, while there are
many in Asia
(2) the same pesticides that work in Asia do not work on controlling the ash borer in the
United States
(3) only healthy ash borers arrived in the United States, while many unhealthy ash borers
are present in the population in Asia
(4) the ash borers are not as adapted to the climate in the United States as they are to the
one in Asia
Question 34
The emerald ash borer is an insect that was introduced into North America sometime in the
1990s. It probably arrived in the United States in wooden packing material carried in cargo ships
or on airplanes coming from Asia. The ash borer was first reported killing ash trees in Michigan
in 2002. Since then, it has spread to Pennsylvania and New York.
Since its arrival, the insect has destroyed tens of millions of trees. One of the ways the ash
borer has been able to spread so quickly is through the transport of wood that is infested with their
larvae. The USDA has proposed the introduction of Asian wasps to control the ash borer
population.
One action that individuals can take to control the spread of the emerald ash borer is to
(1) spray all the oak trees at one time with a variety of pesticides
(2) plant only trees from Asia in yards and parks
(3) plant more ash trees to replace those that are infected
(4) use wood from only local sources for heating and for campfires
Question 35
A news release about production of farm-raised salmon contains the following information:
• The program is mating targeted fish to concentrate key traits in Atlantic salmon stocks.
• The three-year process includes spawning, tagging, and choice of parent fish.
• The fish are weighed, measured, and monitored to identify those with the best growth rates.
• The project examines the performance of fish to determine which fish to use to produce the
next generation.
These statements indicate that the producers are attempting to improve salmon through the use of
(1) genetic engineering
(2) homeostatic feedback
(3) selective breeding
(4) natural selection
Question 36
The three graphs below show the population changes in two species of single-celled organisms
that have been grown separately and together in identical environments.
Which term is the most closely associated with the changes in relative population size shown in
graph C?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
mutation
artificial selection
genetic engineering
competition
Question 37
The diagram represents a germinating bean seed that has been split open.
When water is available and growth begins, the plant embryo inside the seed secretes enzymes to
digest the starch stored in the seed. The enzymes in cells of the plant embryo are produced directly
by the
(1) ribosomes
(2) nuclei
(3) mitochondria
(4) vacuoles
Question 38
Base your answer to the question on the diagram and on your knowledge of biology. The
diagram represents a germinating bean seed that has been split open.
Plants are able to continue to grow and develop once the starch supply in the seed is gone, because
they
(1) develop roots to absorb starch from the environment
(2) grow leaves, which use light energy for cell respiration
(3) have chloroplasts and use light energy to make more food
(4) produce more seeds, which contain additional food reserves
Question 39
Blood Doping
Some athletes who compete in endurance events, such as marathon runners or cyclists,
believe that they will be more competitive if they can increase the number of red blood cells in
their bloodstreams. One way of increasing the number of red blood cells in an athlete is to engage
in blood doping.
Blood doping is an illegal practice in which athletes harvest their own blood months before
a competition, isolate the red blood cells, and freeze them. Just before the date of the competition,
the blood cells are returned to the athlete’s bloodstream. Another type of blood doping involves
using donated blood from another person (blood transfusions). In either case, the athlete will have
more red blood cells available than competitors who do not engage in blood doping.
Athletes who use their own blood cells to blood dope often become anemic as a result.
Anemia is a condition caused by a lack of red blood cells and/or iron in the blood. Iron is a
necessary part of the pigment used to carry oxygen to the cells. Athletes who use donated blood to
blood dope also run the risk of contracting a blood-borne disease.
An athlete might believe that there is a benefit to blood doping with red blood cells because it
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
could improve the delivery of oxygen to the muscles
could increase the amount of training necessary
would help to deliver necessary nutrient molecules to the cells
would help an athlete to fight disease
Question 40
Blood Doping
Some athletes who compete in endurance events, such as marathon runners or cyclists,
believe that they will be more competitive if they can increase the number of red blood cells in
their bloodstreams. One way of increasing the number of red blood cells in an athlete is to engage
in blood doping.
Blood doping is an illegal practice in which athletes harvest their own blood months before
a competition, isolate the red blood cells, and freeze them. Just before the date of the competition,
the blood cells are returned to the athlete’s bloodstream. Another type of blood doping involves
using donated blood from another person (blood transfusions). In either case, the athlete will have
more red blood cells available than competitors who do not engage in blood doping.
Athletes who use their own blood cells to blood dope often become anemic as a result.
Anemia is a condition caused by a lack of red blood cells and/or iron in the blood. Iron is a
necessary part of the pigment used to carry oxygen to the cells. Athletes who use donated blood to
blood dope also run the risk of contracting a blood-borne disease.
Using blood doping to artificially increase the number of red blood cells in an athlete might lead
to a long- term shortage of red blood cells because
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
red blood cells could stop being produced by meiosis
homeostasis could be disrupted in the athlete
red blood cells could attack and destroy the extra red blood cells
the athlete would no longer need red blood cells
Question 41
Blood Doping
Some athletes who compete in endurance events, such as marathon runners or cyclists,
believe that they will be more competitive if they can increase the number of red blood cells in
their bloodstreams. One way of increasing the number of red blood cells in an athlete is to engage
in blood doping.
Blood doping is an illegal practice in which athletes harvest their own blood months before
a competition, isolate the red blood cells, and freeze them. Just before the date of the competition,
the blood cells are returned to the athlete’s bloodstream. Another type of blood doping involves
using donated blood from another person (blood transfusions). In either case, the athlete will have
more red blood cells available than competitors who do not engage in blood doping.
Athletes who usetheir own blood cells to blood dope often become anemic as a result.
Anemia is a condition caused by a lack of red blood cells and/or iron in the blood. Iron is a
necessary part of the pigment used to carry oxygen to the cells. Athletes who use donated blood to
blood dope also run the risk of contracting a blood-borne disease.
An athlete who uses blood from another person for blood doping runs the risk of contracting a
blood-borne disease because
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
white blood cells are not passed on through blood transfusions
blood is tested for pathogens before it is donated
pathogens can exist in the blood and be passed on through transfusions
iron is a pigment needed to carry oxygen
Question 42
Base your answer to the question on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph
shows the number of species that have become extinct since 1800. It also shows the change in the
size of the human population for the same period of time.
Source: modified from USGS
The graph indicates that the number of species that have become extinct
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
has increased with increasing human population
has decreased with increasing human population
is not affected by the size of the human population
is greater than the size of the human population
Question 43
Base your answer to the question on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph
shows the number of species that have become extinct since 1800. It also shows the change in the
size of the human population for the same period of time.
Source: modified from USGS
The rapid increase in human population between 1960 and 2010 is most likely the direct result of
advances in
(1) medical technology
(2) space exploration
(3) communication technology
(4) marine exploration
Question 44
The diagram below represents a setup used in an experiment to determine the effect of
temperature on fermentation. Fermentation is a type of respiration in yeast that produces alcohol
and a gas. Five setups were used. Each was kept at a different temperature. The number of gas
bubbles released in each tube was counted and recorded in the data table below.
Respiration in Yeast
Temperature
(°C)
Rate of Fermentation
(gas bubbles per minute)
15
10
20
40
25
70
30
100
35
130
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each labeled axis.
Question 45
The diagram below represents a setup used in an experiment to determine the effect of
temperature on fermentation. Fermentation is a type of respiration in yeast that produces alcohol
and a gas. Five setups were used. Each was kept at a different temperature. The number of gas
bubbles released in each tube was counted and recorded in the data table below.
Respiration in Yeast
Temperature
(°C)
Rate of Fermentation
(gas bubbles per minute)
15
10
20
40
25
70
30
100
35
130
Plot the data, connect the points, and surround each point with a small circle.
Example:
Question 46
The diagram below represents a setup used in an experiment to determine the effect of
temperature on fermentation. Fermentation is a type of respiration in yeast that produces alcohol
and a gas. Five setups were used. Each was kept at a different temperature. The number of gas
bubbles released in each tube was counted and recorded in the data table below.
Respiration in Yeast
Temperature
(°C)
Rate of Fermentation
(gas bubbles per minute)
15
10
20
40
25
70
30
100
35
130
State the relationship between the rate of fermentation and temperature.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____
Question 47
Base your answer to the question on the information and data table below and on your
knowledge of biology. The diagram below represents a setup used in an experiment to determine
the effect of temperature on fermentation. Fermentation is a type of respiration in yeast that
produces alcohol and a gas. Five setups were used. Each was kept at a different temperature. The
number of gas bubbles released in each tube was counted and recorded in the data table below.
Respiration in Yeast
Temperature
(°C)
Rate of Fermentation
(gas bubbles per minute)
15
10
20
40
25
70
30
100
35
130
The number of bubbles produced at 27°C would be approximately
(1) 30
(3) 80
(2) 60
(4) 110
Question 48
The number of amino acid differences in the protein cytochrome c between chimpanzees and
some other animals is shown in the table below.
Comparison of Chimpanzee
Cytochrome c to that of Other
Animals
Animal
Number of Amino Acid
Differences
Chimpanzee
0
Dog
8
Dogfish shark
24
Rattlesnake
12
Rhesus monkey
1
Explain how the data in the table can be used to determine possible evolutionary relationships.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____
Question 49
Since 1980, the vulture population in India has declined from 40 million to 60 thousand due to
poisoning by a pain reliever used in cattle. If only 1% of the cattle carcasses fed on by vultures are
animals that have been treated with the drug, it can lead to a drastic decline in the vulture
population. The grim picture is that over 10% of the carcasses have been found to contain this
drug.
Vultures feed exclusively on the carcasses of dead animals. This helps to prevent the spread of
diseases such as rabies and anthrax among wildlife, livestock, and humans. Without as many
vultures present, other scavengers such as dogs have moved in and taken advantage of the newly
available food. The abundance of these other scavengers has led to an increase in the number of
cases of human rabies and an outbreak of tuberculosis, anthrax, and foot-and-mouth disease. These
diseases are not spread to humans by vultures.
The best explanation for the increase in rabies, anthrax, and other diseases in humans is that the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
decrease in the number of vultures has upset ecosystem stability
vulture population is being killed off by an increase in cases of human rabies
vultures are changing their feeding role from scavenger to decomposer
people are consuming scavengers that have eaten diseased vultures
Question 50
Since 1980, the vulture population in India has declined from 40 million to 60 thousand due to
poisoning by a pain reliever used in cattle. If only 1% of the cattle carcasses fed on by vultures are
animals that have been treated with the drug, it can lead to a drastic decline in the vulture
population. The grim picture is that over 10% of the carcasses have been found to contain this
drug.
Vultures feed exclusively on the carcasses of dead animals. This helps to prevent the spread of
diseases such as rabies and anthrax among wildlife, livestock, and humans. Without as many
vultures present, other scavengers such as dogs have moved in and taken advantage of the newly
available food. The abundance of these other scavengers has led to an increase in the number of
cases of human rabies and an outbreak of tuberculosis, anthrax, and foot-and-mouth disease. These
diseases are not spread to humans by vultures.
Dogs can be vaccinated against the rabies virus. When a vaccinated dog is exposed to the rabies
virus, the dog will most likely
(1) develop a mutation that will make the dog sick and the dog will be unable to recover
(2) have a damaged immune system and will not be able to be protected
(3) have an immune response and will be able to fight the microbes
(4) develop a response that will allow the immune system to attack some of the body’s own
cells
Question 51
Scientists will often grow bacteria in prepared petri dishes. In some experiments, the petri
dish will also contain paper disks soaked in a particular antibiotic. The area where the bacteria do
not grow is called the zone of inhibition, or ZOI. The diameter of the ZOI indicates the
effectiveness of the antibiotic.
The ZOI data collected by one scientist while trying to determine which disk (A, B, C, or
D) is most effective at killing Streptococcus bacteria are: Disk D–9 mm, Disk B–8 mm, Disk C–0
mm.
Using the metric ruler represented below, determine the diameter in millimeters (mm) of the ZOI
for antibiotic disk A shown below.
ZOI Disk A_________________________mm
Question 52
Scientists will often grow bacteria in prepared petri dishes. In some experiments, the petri
dish will also contain paper disks soaked in a particular antibiotic. The area where the bacteria do
not grow is called the zone of inhibition, or ZOI. The diameter of the ZOI indicates the
effectiveness of the antibiotic.
The ZOI data collected by one scientist while trying to determine which disk (A, B, C, or
D) is most effective at killing Streptococcus bacteria are: Disk D–9 mm, Disk B–8 mm, Disk C–0
mm.
Insert the appropriate heading (with units) for the second column in the data table below and record
the data from this investigation.
Disk
A
0
D
Question 53
Scientists will often grow bacteria in prepared petri dishes. In some experiments, the petri
dish will also contain paper disks soaked in a particular antibiotic. The area where the bacteria do
not grow is called the zone of inhibition, or ZOI. The diameter of the ZOI indicates the
effectiveness of the antibiotic.
The ZOI data collected by one scientist while trying to determine which disk (A, B, C, or
D) is most effective at killing Streptococcus bacteria are: Disk D–9 mm, Disk B–8 mm, Disk C–0
mm.
Which disk is most likely the control for this experiment? Support your answer.
Disk: ______________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 54
Scientists will often grow bacteria in prepared petri dishes. In some experiments, the petri
dish will also contain paper disks soaked in a particular antibiotic. The area where the bacteria do
not grow is called the zone of inhibition, or ZOI. The diameter of the ZOI indicates the
effectiveness of the antibiotic.
The ZOI data collected by one scientist while trying to determine which disk (A, B, C, or
D) is most effective at killing Streptococcus bacteria are: Disk D–9 mm, Disk B–8 mm, Disk C–0
mm.
Identify the letter of the most effective antibiotic and explain why you selected that antibiotic.
Letter: _____________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 55
Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Termites depend on microbes living in their guts to digest molecules of the large, complex
carbohydrate, cellulose. Cellulose is the part of wood termites feed on. The microbes produce a
substance called cellulase, which speeds up the breakdown of cellulose into molecules of glucose.
Termites cannot make cellulase on their own. Without the help of the microbes, the termites are
not able to absorb the nutrients that they need to survive.
Explain why the microbes are necessary in order for the termites to absorb nutrients that they
need to survive.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 56
For many years, health officials had encouraged using antibacterial hand soap. Today, many
scientists recommend using hand soap with no added antibacterial substances. State one reason
why using antibacterial hand soap may no longer be recommended.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 57
The chart shows seasonal changes in an ecosystem and the overall carrying capacity of the
ecosystem.
State why the populations decrease between July and December.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 58
The chart shows seasonal changes in an ecosystem and the overall carrying capacity of the
ecosystem.
Explain what is meant by the carrying capacity of a particular population in an ecosystem.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 59
Solid Waste Management Act of 1988
In the Solid Waste Management Act of 1988, the New York State legislature established our
State Solid Waste Management Policy. The solid waste management priorities in New York State
are:
(a)
first, to reduce the amount of solid waste generated;
(b)
second, to reuse material for the purpose for which it was originally intended or to
recycle material that cannot be reused;
(c)
third, to recover, in an environmentally acceptable manner, energy from solid waste that
can not be economically and technically reused or recycled; and
(d)
fourth, to dispose of solid waste that is not being reused, recycled or from which energy
is not being recovered, by land burial or other methods approved by the department.
State one specific benefit increased recycling efforts would have on the environment in New
York State.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 60
Solid Waste Management Act of 1988
In the Solid Waste Management Act of 1988, the New York State legislature established our
State Solid Waste Management Policy. The solid waste management priorities in New York State
are:
(a)
first, to reduce the amount of solid waste generated;
(b)
second, to reuse material for the purpose for which it was originally intended or to
recycle material that cannot be reused;
(c)
third, to recover, in an environmentally acceptable manner, energy from solid waste that
can not be economically and technically reused or recycled; and
(d)
fourth, to dispose of solid waste that is not being reused, recycled or from which energy
is not being recovered, by land burial or other methods approved by the department.
Identify one factor that would hinder recycling efforts within a community and state how it could
be corrected.
Factor:________________________________________________________________________
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 61
Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Solid Waste Management Act of 1988
In the Solid Waste Management Act of 1988, the New York State legislature established our
State Solid Waste Management Policy. The solid waste management priorities in New York State
are:
(a)
first, to reduce the amount of solid waste generated;
(b)
second, to reuse material for the purpose for which it was originally intended or to
recycle material that cannot be reused;
(c)
third, to recover, in an environmentally acceptable manner, energy from solid waste that
can not be economically and technically reused or recycled; and
(d)
fourth, to dispose of solid waste that is not being reused, recycled or from which energy
is not being recovered, by land burial or other methods approved by the department.
State one community action, other than recycling, that could be implemented to address one part
of the Solid Waste Management Act of 1988 and explain how this action would improve the
environment of the community.
Community Action:_____________________________________________________________
Improvement: _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 62
Guppies are small, tropical freshwater fish that display wide variation in
coloration. Some have bright splotches of blue, red, and orange, while others
are quite drab and dull. Research has shown that females prefer to mate with
brightly colored males; however, this trait makes them more likely to be
seen. Guppies, like all species, must be able to both survive and reproduce
in order to avoid extinction.
Identify one process that is responsible for the variations in coloration observed in guppies.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 63
Guppies are small, tropical freshwater fish that display wide variation in
coloration. Some have bright splotches of blue, red, and orange, while others
are quite drab and dull. Research has shown that females prefer to mate with
brightly colored males; however, this trait makes them more likely to be
seen. Guppies, like all species, must be able to both survive and reproduce
in order to avoid extinction.
Both types of adaptations in coloration (bright and drab) can be considered advantageous for
guppies. Identify one factor that could affect which color trait is selected for in a particular
environment.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 64
All organisms need to reproduce for the continuation of their species. Discuss the process of
reproduction in humans. In your answer, be sure to:
identify one hormone present in a female that is involved in regulating the reproductive cycle
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 65
All organisms need to reproduce for the continuation of their species. Discuss the process of
reproduction in humans. In your answer, be sure to:
state one way the nucleus of a sex cell is different from the nucleus of a body cell
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 66
All organisms need to reproduce for the continuation of their species. Discuss the process of
reproduction in humans. In your answer, be sure to:
state how the normal chromosome number for humans is maintained from one generation to the
next
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 67
All organisms need to reproduce for the continuation of their species. Discuss the process of
reproduction in humans. In your answer, be sure to:
identify one action by the mother that can influence the development of the embryo and state a
result of that influence
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 68
EVOLUTION OF THE ELEPHANT
Today’s elephants are the result of a long process of evolution. Over millions of years, small
changes were passed from one generation to the next. The first fossil elephant species were small,
but over time, they increased both in size and weight. The three species alive today are the sole
survivors of a once much more widespread group.
Source: www.factmonster.com/dk/science/encyclopedia/evolution.html
Explain why some elephant species did not survive.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 69
Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
EVOLUTION OF THE ELEPHANT
Today’s elephants are the result of a long process of evolution. Over millions of years, small
changes were passed from one generation to the next. The first fossil elephant species were small,
but over time, they increased both in size and weight. The three species alive today are the sole
survivors of a once much more widespread group.
Source: www.factmonster.com/dk/science/encyclopedia/evolution.html
Provide a possible explanation for the increase in size and weight of the elephants over millions
of years.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 70
Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
EVOLUTION OF THE ELEPHANT
Today’s elephants are the result of a long process of evolution. Over millions of years, small
changes were passed from one generation to the next. The first fossil elephant species were small,
but over time, they increased both in size and weight. The three species alive today are the sole
survivors of a once much more widespread group.
Source: www.factmonster.com/dk/science/encyclopedia/evolution.html
Explain why it took so long for elephants to evolve in this way, while insects and bacteria can
undergo evolution much more rapidly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 71
Identify one way in which the process of growth of a human embryo is similar to the process of
reproduction in a single-celled organism.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 72
Enzymes and antibodies are molecules that have specific shapes that give them different
functions. Select either enzyme or antibody, and explain how the shape of the molecule you
chose helps it carry out its normal function.
Molecule:__________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 73
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of activity on pulse rate. Data were
collected and recorded in the table below.
Pulse Rate
Activity #
Pulse Rate Recorded
(per minute)
1
146
2
86
3
55
4
75
Which activity most likely corresponds to the pulse rate of the person while sleeping?
(1) 1
(3) 3
(2) 2
(4) 4
Question 74
The diagram below represents what occurred when an onion cell and a red blood cell were
placed in distilled water.
The best explanation for why the onion cells do not burst, while red blood cells often do, is that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the red blood cells have only a cell membrane, which does not protect them from bursting
the onion cells do not have a cell wall that could protect them from bursting
the onion cells have a cell membrane, which can protect them from bursting
the red blood cells have a cell wall, which does not protect them from bursting
Question 75
The diagram below represents the distribution of some molecules inside and outside of an
artificial cell over a period of time.
Which statement is best supported by the diagram?
(1)
Oxygen molecules entered the cell over time by active transport.
(2)
Water molecules are too large to enter or leave the cell, so they remained where
they were at the start of the investigation.
(3)
Protein molecules are kept inside of the cell because the cell needs them.
(4)
The protein molecules are too large to diffuse out of the cell.
Question 76
A microscope slide viewed with high power can most likely be damaged by
(1) adding distilled water
(2) adding salt water
(3) rotating the coarse adjustment knob
(4) rotating the fine adjustment knob
Question 77
A student measured her pulse rate for a 15-second period, three separate times, and recorded the
results. She then calculated her pulse rate for 1 minute. Complete the data table below by filling in
the missing information.
Pulse Rates
Serial Number
15 Second Pulse Rate
1 Minute Pulse Rate
1
19
76
2
18
3
17
Average
Question 78
The diagram below represents a laboratory technique.
68
72
State one reason a student would use this technique during a scientific investigation.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 79
A student wished to determine the evolutionary relationships between three unidentified plant
species (X, Y, and Z) and a known species Botana curus. Using an indicator powder to test for
the presence of a specific chemical, the student made the observations shown in the data table
below.
In the space provided in the data table, write an observation the student would expect to make if
species Y were more closely related to Botana curus than it was to species X and Z.
Student Observations
Plant Species
Observations When Mixed With
Indicator Powder
Botana curus
produced a lot of bubbles/fizzed
X
no reaction
Y
Z
Question 80
no reaction
A student proposes that, if volunteers warm up before squeezing a clothespin for one minute,
they will increase the number of times that they can squeeze it without tiring. He states that this
is because their muscles will be better prepared for exercise. The data from an experiment are
shown in the data table below.
Student Results
Trial
Group
Group Description
Average Number of
Squeezes/Minute
1
1
10 students who warm up before squeezing
72
1
2
10 students who do not warm up before squeezing
73
2
3
25 students who warm up before squeezing
67
2
4
25 students who do not warm up before squeezing
65
Which trial from the chart above provides the best data to support his claim? Support your
answer.
Trial:________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 81
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
from: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide
Based on the information in the chart, which statement is correct?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Finches that eat animals always have larger beaks than finches that eat plants.
Finches that eat plants all have very large beaks.
Finches with crushing bills eat only animals for food.
Finches with grasping bills usually eat animals for food.
Question 82
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
from: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide
The first species of finch to inhabit the Galapagos Islands thousands of years ago was most likely
an insect eater. Today, finch species on these islands feed on a great variety of plants and animals.
One early event that probably occurred that led to this feeding diversity was that
(1)
members of the ancestral finch species had to decide if they would be better off
feeding on seeds rather than on relatively scarce insect species
(2) some of the finch ancestors were born with beaks that were different from the beaks of
other finches, and could eat both insects and seeds
(3) some members of the ancestral species that fed on insects began to die off, leaving few
offspring
(4) another species of bird, a seed eater, arrived on the islands and began to breed with
members of the ancestral species
Question 83
The diagram below, which shows the evolution of Hawaiian Honeycreepers from a common
ancestor. As their ancestors spread to new islands, they found a variety of different food sources.
Gradually, behaviors and beak structures evolved that took advantage of these different food
sources, resulting in the formation of several new species.
Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Describe how the beaks of the bird species D, E, F, and J that eat fruits and seeds differ from the
beaks of the bird species that eat only nectar.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 84
The diagram below, which shows the evolution of Hawaiian Honeycreepers from a common
ancestor. As their ancestors spread to new islands, they found a variety of different food sources.
Gradually, behaviors and beak structures evolved that took advantage of these different food
sources, resulting in the formation of several new species.
Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Other types of birds arrived at the islands, but they found it difficult to compete with the many
forms of honeycreepers. Explain why the honey creepers were able to compete so successfully
against the new arrivals.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 85
The diagram below, which shows the evolution of Hawaiian Honeycreepers from a common
ancestor. As their ancestors spread to new islands, they found a variety of different food sources.
Gradually, behaviors and beak structures evolved that took advantage of these different food
sources, resulting in the formation of several new species.
Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Some of the birds that could not compete with the honey creepers were successful living on other
islands. State one reason why this could be possible.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
January 2017
Question 1
For a human zygote to become an embryo, it must undergo
(1) fertilization
(3) meiotic divisions
(2) recombination
(4) mitotic divisions
Question 2
Many homeowners and businesses are installing solar electric systems. Greater use of solar electric
systems benefits the environment because it
(1) depends on the greater use of fossil fuels
(2) conserves nonrenewable resources
(3) produces gases that cause global warming
(4) reduces the need for the ozone shield
Question 3
A cell in the leaf of a corn plant contains more chloroplasts than a cell in the stem of a corn plant.
Based on this observation, it can be inferred that, when compared to the cell in the stem, the cell
in the leaf
(1) synthesizes more sugar
(2) has a higher chromosome count
(3) produces fewer proteins
(4) uses less carbon dioxide
Question 4
When the human body is responding to stress, the hormone adrenaline is released. A short time
later, the body returns to normal. This is an example of how a human
(1) reacts to an antibody
(2) develops genetic variation in body cells
(3) maintains cellular organization
(4) maintains dynamic equilibrium
Question 5
A direct indication that the white blood cells of the body are functioning would be
(1) an increase in the number of oxygen molecules in the lungs
(2) a decrease in the number of pathogens in the body
(3) a decreased secretion of hormones by certain glands
(4) an increase of carbon dioxide in the cells of the body
Question 6
A fully functioning enzyme molecule is arranged in a complex three-dimensional shape. This
shape determines the
(1) specific type of molecule it interacts with during a reaction
(2) rate at which the enzyme breaks down during a reaction it regulates
(3) pH of all body systems
(4) temperature of the products of the reaction it regulates
Question 7
A student received a flu shot in the fall. During the flu season, the student caught a cold. The most
likely reason the vaccine he received did not prevent the cold was that
(1) his illness was not caused by a pathogen
(2) he did not get the vaccine at the right time of year
(3) his body produced antibiotics in response to the vaccine
(4) the vaccine he received contained only flu virus antigens
Question 8
In August 2010, the Asian clam was discovered in Lake George. It is not native to that area. A
single clam can reproduce and release hundreds of offspring in a day. Fish and crayfish eat the
clams but cannot keep pace with the rate at which the clams reproduce. The introduction of the
Asian clam into Lake George is
(1) positive, because it adds to the stability of the ecosystem
(2) positive, because the fish and crayfish would otherwise not have food
(3) negative, because it decreases water pollution in the lake
(4) negative, because it competes with native clam species and reduces stability
Question 9
Like humans, animals including dogs and cats get goose bumps. On a cold day, these goose bumps
cause their coats to expand creating a layer of insulation. If the animal is scared, the coat will also
expand making the animal look larger to predators. These responses serve as examples of
(1) allergic reactions
(2) learned behaviors
(3) detection and response to stimuli
(4) reproductive and feeding success
Question 10
Which factor is a major cause of the changes that occur during puberty, the years when the rate of
human physical growth increases and reproductive maturity occurs?
(1) changes in some hormone levels
(2) an increase in meiosis in body cells
(3) a decrease in the rate of metabolism
(4) change in the gene sequences in reproductive cells
Question 11
Which statement best describes how a new human trait develops and can be passed on to future
generations?
(1) A mutation in a stomach cell results in the inability of a woman to produce a certain digestive
enzyme.
(2) A mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy, causing the fetus to have a low birth weight. (3)
During meiosis, a new combination of DNA subunits is formed.
(4) During mitosis, DNA does not divide correctly and the cells die.
Question 12
Survival of at least a few members of a population after a major environmental change is most
dependent on
(1) the population having an individual that is adapted to the original environment
(2) the population having an individual that is adapted to great changes in the temperature in its
environment
(3) variations in many different traits in many individuals in the population
(4) no variations in the color of the fur, skin, or feathers of the individuals in the population
Question 13
A characteristic common to both diffusion and active transport is that
(1) enzymes are required
(2) oxygen is moved across a membrane
(3) ATP is needed
(4) the movement of molecules occurs
Question 14
The theory of evolution states that
(1) species that are extinct have no biological relationship to living species
(2) different animal species always interbreed to form new and different species
(3) species change over time, sometimes developing into new species
(4) the environment of Earth is constant over time
Question 15
Scientists in Brazil have developed specific fertilizers and special breeds of soybeans and corn so
crops can grow on large areas of tropical lands. This is valuable because farmers can help to feed
the growing human population and strengthen the economy. However, trade-offs must be
considered because farming on tropical lands can also
(1) add helpful microorganisms to the soil
(2) remove oxygen from the atmosphere
(3) reduce populations of native species
(4) reduce mutations and disease in wildlife populations
Question 16
The photograph below shows two color variations of Himalayan rabbits. In the winter, the rabbits
resemble the one on the left. In the summer, the rabbits resemble the one on the right.
The changes in fur color are most likely due to
(1) a virus that affected genes in specific areas of the body
(2) the sorting and recombination of genes
(3) gene expression due to the differences in abiotic conditions
(4) the molecular arrangement of sugars
Question 17
The diagram represents a process used to modify bacterial cells.
In the diagram, arrows labeled X and Y represent the use of
(1) clones
(3) genes
(2) receptors
(4) enzymes
Question 18
The diagram below represents the changes over time in an area.
Which example is not a natural process that could return a hardwood forest to the grass stage once
again?
(1) a forest fire caused by a lightning strike
(3) clearing the land for agriculture
(2) the aging and falling of trees
(4) a hurricane or tornado
Question 19
The Mississippi River Delta wetlands ecosystem is home to a large number of fish, birds, and other
aquatic organisms. During the last century, this ecosystem has seen a decrease in wetland areas
and species diversity due to land development, agriculture, and flooding. Conservation groups
have been working to reconnect the Mississippi River with its flood plain and restore lost wetlands.
One result of restoring wetland areas in this ecosystem would be
(1) an increase in abiotic factors that would cause organisms to develop new adaptations
(2) the development of an ecosystem that will prevent invasive species from settling there
(3) an increase in the carrying capacity of the ecosystem for wetland organisms
(4) to prevent the organisms that live in this ecosystem from competing for food and shelter
Question 20
The diagram below represents a form of cellular reproduction.
As a result of this process, offspring 1 and offspring 2 will have
(1) the same number of genes but different traits
(2) a different number of genes but the same traits
(3) the same number of genes and the same traits
(4) a different number of genes and different traits
Question 21
The instructions for the genetic traits of an organism are directly determined by the
(1) numbers of A, T, C, and G units in a sugar molecule
(2) sequence of bases in DNA molecules
(3) length of a DNA molecule
(4) way the bases are paired in the two strands of a DNA molecule
Question 22
Which statement best describes some protein molecules in a cell?
(1) Proteins are long, folded chains that can form various cell parts.
(2) Proteins are composed of four different starches that direct cell activity.
(3) Proteins are long, twisted strands of glucose that regulate cells.
(4) Proteins are genetically diverse substances that are synthesized in the nucleus.
Question 23
Rafflesia arnoldii is a bright red and yellow flowering plant that has no leaves, roots, or stems.
Rafflesia do not carry out photosynthesis. They take nutrients from the cells of grapevines.
Rafflesia arnoldii is an example of a
(1) producer
(3) carnivore
(2) omnivore
(4) parasite
Question 24
Female hammerhead sharks sometimes produce offspring by a type of asexual reproduction. These
offspring
(1) are a result of the uniting of a male and a female gamete
(2) have cells that contain DNA found only in the female shark
(3) are considered to be a different species from the male parent
(4) have cells that contain genetic information from both parents
Question 25
A tomato gene, known as the SIKLUH gene, has recently been discovered. The gene leads to the
production of larger tomatoes. The gene affects fruit size by increasing cell layers and promoting
extra cell divisions. In order to produce large fruit in other commercial plant species, scientists
might
(1) clone the genes of other types of plants until they develop larger fruits
(2) breed the tomatoes with other fruits such as apples
(3) insert the gene into other types of plants
(4) stimulate the process of meiosis in the other plants
Question 26
During the last century, human impacts on our planet have led to an increasing and alarming loss
of biodiversity in rainforest ecosystems. Scientists estimate that current extinction rates exceed
those of some prehistoric mass extinctions. This loss of biodiversity also means loss of genetic
diversity and loss of ecosystems. What could be done to minimize this loss of biodiversity?
(1) Introduce new species to rainforest ecosystems.
(2) Write and pass new environmental protection laws specific to rainforest ecosystems.
(3) Build barriers around rainforest ecosystems to keep animals and plants contained.
(4) Move all rainforest animals to new ecosystems where they will be safe.
Question 27
Molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. This prevents the normal
chemical signal from binding to the receptor. One immediate result of taking this medication might
be a disruption in the ability of
(1) the body to produce reproductive cells
(2) cells to communicate with each other
(3) cells to synthesize proteins
(4) the body to convert inorganic material into organic nutrients
Question 28
The chart below contains information about some structures found in single-celled organisms
Cell Structures
Structure
Function
contractile vacuole
maintains water balance
flagellum
movement
chloroplast
food production
The information in this chart best illustrates the biological concept that
(1) all single-celled organisms contain contractile vacuoles, a flagellum, and chloroplasts
(2) single-celled organisms contain structures that function in maintaining homeostasis
(3) the organs found in complex organisms evolved from these three structures
(4) multicellular organisms do not contain any cell structures
Question 29
The diagram below represents a process that occurs in human systems.
This process is known as
(1) excretion
(2) respiration
(3) circulation
(4) digestion
Question 30
The diagram below represents levels of glucose and insulin found within the bloodstream of a
healthy person throughout the course of the day.
The increase in insulin levels following an increase in glucose levels in the blood can best be
explained by
(1) insulin being released into the blood to digest glucose
(2) a feedback mechanism that regulates blood glucose levels
(3) an excess of glucose-stimulating guard cells
(4) a response of the immune system to lower excess blood glucose levels
Question 31
The number of white-tailed deer in certain areas of Long Island, NY has increased significantly.
Homeowners and farmers have put up tall fencing to protect their gardens and crops from the deer.
One reason why the white tailed-deer might have increased significantly in certain areas of Long
Island is
(1) the lack of natural predators
(2) an increase in deer pathogens
(3) a shortage of biotic resources needed by the deer
(4) that carrying capacity has no effect on deer populations
Question 32
Researchers have discovered a chemical that sterilizes soil by killing all of the bacteria that are
normally present. If this chemical were released in a forest ecosystem, the most likely result would
be that
(1) the food web would be disrupted because there would be little recycling of nutrients
(2) fewer animals would suffer from disease such as cancer
(3) there would be more energy available for insects and worms that live in the soil
(4) the diversity of plants and animals present would increase
Question 33
In order to be accepted, a scientific theory must be
(1) widely tested and supported by extensive data
(2) based on the results of a single experiment
(3) controversial and cause debate
(4) in line with all previous historical ideas
Question 34
Anoles are a group of lizards consisting of approximately 400 species. A scientist studying them
on an island observed two species that live in different habitats and display different behaviors.
His observations are listed in the table below.
Observations of Two Species of Anoles
Characteristics
Species A
Species B
length
130 – 191 mm
55 – 79 mm
toepad size
large
intermediate
color
usually green
brown
tail length
long
long
Based on the scientist’s observations, which statement best describes these two species of anoles?
(1) Both species evolved through the process of ecological succession.
(2) Each species is adapted to a different niche.
(3) The two species can interbreed.
(4) Species A is an herbivore and species B is a decomposer.
Question 35
In an appropriately designed experiment, a scientist is able to test the effect of
(1) a single variable
(2) multiple variables
(3) the hypothesis
(4) scientific observations
Question 36
The diagram represents a plant leaf cell and two different molecules used in the process of glucose
synthesis.
Molecules 1 and 2 are most likely
(1) carbon dioxide and oxygen
(2) carbon dioxide and water
(3) nitrogen and oxygen
(4) nitrogen and water
Question 37
The diagram represents a plant leaf cell and two different molecules used in the process of glucose
synthesis.
Molecules 1 and 2 enter the cell and glucose leaves the cell through the process of
(1) respiration
(3) active transport
(2) digestion
(4) diffusion
Question 38
The diagram represents a plant leaf cell and two different molecules used in the process of glucose
synthesis.
Which statement best describes a function of glucose in plant cells?
(1) It is converted into solar energy in the chloroplasts.
(2) It can be used directly as a building block in protein synthesis.
(3) It can be used during the digestion of fats.
(4) It is used during cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
Question 39
Students collected data about the capacities of their lungs by inflating balloons with a single breath.
They measured the circumference of the balloons in centimeters. Each student completed three
trials and calculated the average.
Balloon Circumference (cm)
Student
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Average
1
66.0
66.5
68.5
67.0
2
67.5
64.0
70.5
67.3
3
60.3
60.5
60.5
61.0
4
55.0
58.0
59.0
57.3
Which student miscalculated her average?
(1) student 1
(3) student 3
(2) student 2
(4) student 4
Question 40
In recent years, biologists have noticed that honeybees responsible for pollinating food
crops across the United States are dying at an alarming rate. Farmers, economists, and biologists
are very worried about the impact that the loss of honeybees might have on the food supply.
Relying on Bees
Some of the most valuable fruits, vegetables, nuts and field crops depend on insect
pollinators, particularly honeybees. Besides insects, other means of pollination include birds, wind
and rainwater.
Based on this information and the graph provided, which crops are most at risk if honeybees
continue to decline?
(1) strawberries, peanuts, and grapes
(3) almonds, oranges, and soybeans
(2) almonds, apples, and blueberries
(4) peaches, cotton, and grapes
Question 41
In recent years, biologists have noticed that honeybees responsible for pollinating food
crops across the United States are dying at an alarming rate. Farmers, economists, and biologists
are very worried about the impact that the loss of honeybees might have on the food supply.
Relying on Bees
Some of the most valuable fruits, vegetables, nuts and field crops depend on insect
pollinators, particularly honeybees. Besides insects, other means of pollination include birds, wind
and rainwater.
Peach blossom pollinations could be at risk if there is a total loss of honeybee populations in
areas where peaches are grown. Which action would be most likely to help peach growers stay in
business and be able to produce good-sized crops of peaches?
(1) Hire scientists to find a way to kill other pollinating insects in the area so there are more
peach blossoms for the honeybees to pollinate.
(2) Hire researchers to identify which other native insects are able to pollinate peach blossoms
and find a way to increase their populations.
(3) Encourage the peach growers to plant other kinds of fruit instead of peaches.
(4) Genetically engineer peach trees to be able to reproduce without producing any fruit
(peaches) or seeds.
Question 42
The diagram represents a cell.
Which structure is responsible for the passage of materials into and out of the cell?
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) D
Question 43
The diagram represents a cell.
Which structure is responsible for the synthesis of ATP?
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) D
Question 44
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a byproduct of cellular metabolism, is broken down by the enzyme
catalase which is produced by nearly all organisms. When catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide,
a reaction occurs that produces bubbles of oxygen gas (O2) and water (H2O).
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
The laboratory setup represented below was used to investigate the effect of pH on the breakdown
of H2O2. Five setups were made with H2O2 solutions, each at a different pH level.
Catalase was added to the solution in the fi rst setup and the reaction proceeded for one minute and
the amount of gas produced by the reaction was recorded on the data table. This exact procedure
was repeated with the other four setups containing different H2O2 solutions.
Gas Collected in Reactions at Different pH Levels
pH
Gas Collected in One
Minute (mL)
3
2
5
5
7
11
9
9
11
6
Using the information in the data table, construct a bar graph on the grid provided, following the
directions below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on the axis labeled “Amount of Gas
Collected in One Minute (mL).”
Question 45
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a byproduct of cellular metabolism, is broken down by the enzyme
catalase which is produced by nearly all organisms. When catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide,
a reaction occurs that produces bubbles of oxygen gas (O2) and water (H2O).
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
The laboratory setup represented below was used to investigate the effect of pH on the breakdown
of H2O2. Five setups were made with H2O2 solutions, each at a different pH level.
Catalase was added to the solution in the fi rst setup and the reaction proceeded for one minute and
the amount of gas produced by the reaction was recorded on the data table. This exact procedure
was repeated with the other four setups containing different H2O2 solutions.
Gas Collected in Reactions at Different pH Levels
pH
Gas Collected in One
Minute (mL)
3
2
5
5
7
11
9
9
11
6
Using the information in the data table, construct a bar graph on the grid provided, following the
directions below.
Construct vertical bars to represent the data. Shade in each bar.
Question 46
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a byproduct of cellular metabolism, is broken down by the enzyme
catalase which is produced by nearly all organisms. When catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide,
a reaction occurs that produces bubbles of oxygen gas (O2) and water (H2O).
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
The laboratory setup represented below was used to investigate the effect of pH on the breakdown
of H2O2. Five setups were made with H2O2 solutions, each at a different pH level.
Catalase was added to the solution in the fi rst setup and the reaction proceeded for one minute and
the amount of gas produced by the reaction was recorded on the data table. This exact procedure
was repeated with the other four setups containing different H2O2 solutions.
Gas Collected in Reactions at Different pH Levels
pH
Gas Collected in One
Minute (mL)
3
2
5
5
7
11
9
9
11
6
This investigation was performed again with identical conditions except with a hydrogen peroxide
solution at pH 8. Predict the number of mL of gas that was collected in one minute.
Question 47
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a byproduct of cellular metabolism, is broken down by the enzyme
catalase which is produced by nearly all organisms. When catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide,
a reaction occurs that produces bubbles of oxygen gas (O2) and water (H2O).
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
The laboratory setup represented below was used to investigate the effect of pH on the breakdown
of H2O2. Five setups were made with H2O2 solutions, each at a different pH level.
Catalase was added to the solution in the fi rst setup and the reaction proceeded for one minute and
the amount of gas produced by the reaction was recorded on the data table. This exact procedure
was repeated with the other four setups containing different H2O2 solutions.
Gas Collected in Reactions at Different pH Levels
pH
Gas Collected in One
Minute (mL)
3
2
5
5
7
11
9
9
11
6
Based on the investigation, the student should conclude that enzymes
(1) function best within a specific range of conditions
(2) function best when observed in living cells
(3) are not affected by changes in environmental factors
(4) are easily broken down by hydrogen peroxide
Question 48
Mutations cause many disorders in humans. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder that can be passed
on from generation to generation. Skin cancer is a disorder that sometimes originates in skin cells
as a result of overexposure to the Sun.
Explain why some disorders, such as CF, can be passed on from generation to generation, whereas
some other disorders, such as skin cancer, cannot.
Question 49
Mutations cause many disorders in humans. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder that can be passed
on from generation to generation. Skin cancer is a disorder that sometimes originates in skin cells
as a result of overexposure to the Sun.
Which statement best explains the formation of the mutations that cause both cystic fi brosis and
skin cancer?
(1) These mutations are a direct result of a change in the amino acid molecule that controls the
formation of genetic codes in gametes.
(2) These mutations are caused by a change in the sugars that make up the genetic codes in all
cells.
(3) Both of these mutations involve a change in the makeup of genes.
(4) Both of these mutations are a result of the incorrect synthesis of the proteins that make up
DNA.
Question 50
Prey selection in a species of California garter snake depends upon where the snake lives. Snakes
living inland feed on frogs, leeches, and fish while coastal snakes have added banana slugs to their
diet. Banana slugs are found only in coastal areas. Researchers performed an experiment to
determine what prey newly born snakes preferred. The table below summarizes the findings.
Prey Preference in Newborn Garter Snakes
Percentage of Snakes Eating
Banana Slugs
Newborn Coastal Snakes
Newborn Inland Snakes
60%
20%
Which inference best explains these differences?
(1) The coastal snakes have been selectively bred for slug-eating behavior.
(2) Genetic manipulation has enabled the coastal snakes to recognize slugs as prey.
(3) The coastal snakes evolved a new organ so that they could recognize and feed on slugs.
(4) An adaptation enabled coastal snakes to use slugs as food source.
Question 51
Prey selection in a species of California garter snake depends upon where the snake lives. Snakes
living inland feed on frogs, leeches, and fish while coastal snakes have added banana slugs to their
diet. Banana slugs are found only in coastal areas. Researchers performed an experiment to
determine what prey newly born snakes preferred. The table below summarizes the findings.
Prey Preference in Newborn Garter Snakes
Percentage of Snakes Eating
Banana Slugs
Newborn Coastal Snakes
Newborn Inland Snakes
60%
20%
State how the feeding habits of this population of inland snakes would most likely change over
many generations if they were relocated to a coastal region where frogs, leeches, and fish were
rare.
Question 52
Estrogen is one of the hormones produced by human females. Identify one organ that produces
estrogen and state one specific function of estrogen in a human female.
Organ:
Function:
Question 53
Both food chains and food webs can be used to illustrate relationships between organisms in an
ecosystem.
Discuss these methods of representing relationships.
• state one similarity in the way relationships between organisms are shown in food chains and
food webs
Question 54
Both food chains and food webs can be used to illustrate relationships between organisms in an
ecosystem.
Discuss these methods of representing relationships.
• explain why using a food chain is more limiting than using a food web to show relationships
between organisms in an ecosystem
Question 55
A student measured oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration levels in an aquatic ecosystem
during a 24 hour period. The data are represented in the graph below.
Identify two biological processes that are responsible for the production of varying amounts of
carbon dioxide and oxygen within the aquatic ecosystem.
Processes:
Question 56
Super-Size It?
The American Academy of Pediatrics has noted an increase in the population of children
with disorders that are usually associated with older adults, such as diabetes. Observers of
American culture point to the trend to “super-size” food servings as a possible cause. Larger
servings might encourage children of today to eat more fats and sugars than children ate a
generation ago. In an attempt to determine if there is a relationship between diet and the
development of diabetes in children, a study was done which surveyed a group of children
regarding their eating habits and whether or not they were diabetic. When the survey results were
collected, the data were used to organize the children into two groups based on their responses,
and then the data were analyzed.
Discuss this investigation.
• state the hypothesis being tested in this investigation
Question 57
Super-Size It?
The American Academy of Pediatrics has noted an increase in the population of children
with disorders that are usually associated with older adults, such as diabetes. Observers of
American culture point to the trend to “super-size” food servings as a possible cause. Larger
servings might encourage children of today to eat more fats and sugars than children ate a
generation ago. In an attempt to determine if there is a relationship between diet and the
development of diabetes in children, a study was done which surveyed a group of children
regarding their eating habits and whether or not they were diabetic. When the survey results were
collected, the data were used to organize the children into two groups based on their responses,
and then the data were analyzed.
Discuss this investigation.
• identify one survey response that was most likely used for organizing the children into two
groups
Question 58
Super-Size It?
The American Academy of Pediatrics has noted an increase in the population of children
with disorders that are usually associated with older adults, such as diabetes. Observers of
American culture point to the trend to “super-size” food servings as a possible cause. Larger
servings might encourage children of today to eat more fats and sugars than children ate a
generation ago. In an attempt to determine if there is a relationship between diet and the
development of diabetes in children, a study was done which surveyed a group of children
regarding their eating habits and whether or not they were diabetic. When the survey results were
collected, the data were used to organize the children into two groups based on their responses,
and then the data were analyzed.
Discuss this investigation.
• state what survey results would support the hypothesis stated above
Question 59
Think globally, act locally!
This expression has been applied to many ecological problems, such as global warming [global
climate change], and air pollution. Choose one of these ecological problems and write the name of
the problem on your answer sheet. For the problem chosen, state one specific “local action” that
could be taken.
Problem:
Local action:
Question 60
Increased food production is essential to feed the growing human population. Some experts
suggest that technology will be the answer. One application of technology is to clone a single plant
to produce large numbers of it to grow as a single crop.
Explain how using cloning to produce a single crop could actually lead to a loss of the entire crop.
Question 61
Green Algae Could Help Clean up Radioactive Nuclear Waste
Recent studies have shown that the uses of green algae are boundless. First, scientists at
R.I.T. used algae to synthesize biofuel, and recently scientists at Northwestern University and
Argonne National have found that freshwater algae can remove strontium 90 from radioactive
wastewater. These developments can signifi cantly aid the future effort to clean up radioactive
waste at the Fukushima Daichi Plant [a nuclear power plant in Japan]. Scientists discovered that
the process begins when the green algae first absorb strontium, calcium and barium from water.
The strontium and barium form crystals inside each algae cell. The crystals remain inside the cells,
but the algae filters out and excretes calcium and other minerals that may be present. The strontium
is then isolated, and thus able to be treated.
Researchers are still fi guring the best way to harness the algae’s capabilities. Since algae
doesn’t differentiate between radioactive and inactive strontium (they are chemically identical), it
is not known how the algae would hold up in a highly radioactive environment. But the good news
is that they have been able to manipulate the algae’s process to be more strontium-selective, thus
removing as much as possible.…
Source:http://inhabitat.com/green-algae-could-help-clean-up-radioactive-nuclear-waste/algae-ed01/
Biofuels are produced from resources that can be grown, such as algae. Explain one specific benefi
t of using biofuels in place of the fossil fuels in wide use today.
Question 62
Green Algae Could Help Clean up Radioactive Nuclear Waste
Recent studies have shown that the uses of green algae are boundless. First, scientists at
R.I.T. used algae to synthesize biofuel, and recently scientists at Northwestern University and
Argonne National have found that freshwater algae can remove strontium 90 from radioactive
wastewater. These developments can signifi cantly aid the future effort to clean up radioactive
waste at the Fukushima Daichi Plant [a nuclear power plant in Japan]. Scientists discovered that
the process begins when the green algae first absorb strontium, calcium and barium from water.
The strontium and barium form crystals inside each algae cell. The crystals remain inside the cells,
but the algae filters out and excretes calcium and other minerals that may be present. The strontium
is then isolated, and thus able to be treated.
Researchers are still fi guring the best way to harness the algae’s capabilities. Since algae
doesn’t differentiate between radioactive and inactive strontium (they are chemically identical), it
is not known how the algae would hold up in a highly radioactive environment. But the good news
is that they have been able to manipulate the algae’s process to be more strontium-selective, thus
removing as much as possible.…
Source:http://inhabitat.com/green-algae-could-help-clean-up-radioactive-nuclear-waste/algae-ed01/
State one specific way that radioactive wastes from nuclear fuels can be harmful to humans.
Question 63
Green Algae Could Help Clean up Radioactive Nuclear Waste
Recent studies have shown that the uses of green algae are boundless. First, scientists at
R.I.T. used algae to synthesize biofuel, and recently scientists at Northwestern University and
Argonne National have found that freshwater algae can remove strontium 90 from radioactive
wastewater. These developments can signifi cantly aid the future effort to clean up radioactive
waste at the Fukushima Daichi Plant [a nuclear power plant in Japan]. Scientists discovered that
the process begins when the green algae first absorb strontium, calcium and barium from water.
The strontium and barium form crystals inside each algae cell. The crystals remain inside the cells,
but the algae filters out and excretes calcium and other minerals that may be present. The strontium
is then isolated, and thus able to be treated.
Researchers are still fi guring the best way to harness the algae’s capabilities. Since algae
doesn’t differentiate between radioactive and inactive strontium (they are chemically identical), it
is not known how the algae would hold up in a highly radioactive environment. But the good news
is that they have been able to manipulate the algae’s process to be more strontium-selective, thus
removing as much as possible.…
Source:http://inhabitat.com/green-algae-could-help-clean-up-radioactive-nuclear-waste/algae-ed01/
State one way the scientists may “have been able to manipulate the algae’s process to be more
strontium-selective.”
Question 64
Green Algae Could Help Clean up Radioactive Nuclear Waste
Recent studies have shown that the uses of green algae are boundless. First, scientists at
R.I.T. used algae to synthesize biofuel, and recently scientists at Northwestern University and
Argonne National have found that freshwater algae can remove strontium 90 from radioactive
wastewater. These developments can signifi cantly aid the future effort to clean up radioactive
waste at the Fukushima Daichi Plant [a nuclear power plant in Japan]. Scientists discovered that
the process begins when the green algae first absorb strontium, calcium and barium from water.
The strontium and barium form crystals inside each algae cell. The crystals remain inside the cells,
but the algae filters out and excretes calcium and other minerals that may be present. The strontium
is then isolated, and thus able to be treated.
Researchers are still fi guring the best way to harness the algae’s capabilities. Since algae
doesn’t differentiate between radioactive and inactive strontium (they are chemically identical), it
is not known how the algae would hold up in a highly radioactive environment. But the good news
is that they have been able to manipulate the algae’s process to be more strontium-selective, thus
removing as much as possible.…
Source:http://inhabitat.com/green-algae-could-help-clean-up-radioactive-nuclear-waste/algae-ed01/
These algae are adapted to live in fresh water. State one way their cells would likely be affected if
the scientists tried to use them in a saltwater environment.
Question 65
Gray Wolves in the Rocky Mountains
Reintroduction of gray wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains has increased the
ecological health of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. When all wolves in Yellowstone
National Park were killed in 1920, elk soon ate trees and shrubs down to short stubs. Now that
wolves are reducing elk numbers, many aspens and willow trees are taller and fuller and birds are
returning to the trees to nest. The beaver population has grown from one colony to 12 colonies in
13 years. Spreading these benefi ts across the Rocky Mountain region would require increasing
the present wolf population of 1,770 to 17,000.
In September 2012, wolves lost federal protection in Wyoming. In 2014, Wyoming closed
its hunting season after meeting its quota of 26 wolves around Yellowstone and Grand Teton parks.
The sizes of traps to catch wolves have been regulated to reduce the chance of trapping endangered
species such as lynx and wolverines and the hunting season was shortened. Some ecologists
wonder if removing the wolves from federal protection and allowing them to be hunted is a good
ecological decision.
Explain how increasing the wolf population caused an increase in birds and beavers.
Question 66
Gray Wolves in the Rocky Mountains
Reintroduction of gray wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains has increased the
ecological health of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. When all wolves in Yellowstone
National Park were killed in 1920, elk soon ate trees and shrubs down to short stubs. Now that
wolves are reducing elk numbers, many aspens and willow trees are taller and fuller and birds are
returning to the trees to nest. The beaver population has grown from one colony to 12 colonies in
13 years. Spreading these benefi ts across the Rocky Mountain region would require increasing
the present wolf population of 1,770 to 17,000.
In September 2012, wolves lost federal protection in Wyoming. In 2014, Wyoming closed
its hunting season after meeting its quota of 26 wolves around Yellowstone and Grand Teton parks.
The sizes of traps to catch wolves have been regulated to reduce the chance of trapping endangered
species such as lynx and wolverines and the hunting season was shortened. Some ecologists
wonder if removing the wolves from federal protection and allowing them to be hunted is a good
ecological decision.
Explain why some ecologists are concerned about removing wolves from federal protection.
Question 67
Gray Wolves in the Rocky Mountains
Reintroduction of gray wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains has increased the
ecological health of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. When all wolves in Yellowstone
National Park were killed in 1920, elk soon ate trees and shrubs down to short stubs. Now that
wolves are reducing elk numbers, many aspens and willow trees are taller and fuller and birds are
returning to the trees to nest. The beaver population has grown from one colony to 12 colonies in
13 years. Spreading these benefi ts across the Rocky Mountain region would require increasing
the present wolf population of 1,770 to 17,000.
In September 2012, wolves lost federal protection in Wyoming. In 2014, Wyoming closed
its hunting season after meeting its quota of 26 wolves around Yellowstone and Grand Teton parks.
The sizes of traps to catch wolves have been regulated to reduce the chance of trapping endangered
species such as lynx and wolverines and the hunting season was shortened. Some ecologists
wonder if removing the wolves from federal protection and allowing them to be hunted is a good
ecological decision.
Construct a food chain using three organisms identified in the above passage.
Question 68
Some viruses can enter cells by first attaching to the cell membrane. The flu virus targets and
attaches to the cells of the nose and mouth. The hepatitis virus targets only specific cells of the
liver.
State one way the immune system reacts when one of these viruses enters the body.
Question 69
Some viruses can enter cells by first attaching to the cell membrane. The flu virus targets and
attaches to the cells of the nose and mouth. The hepatitis virus targets only specific cells of the
liver.
Most people who get vaccinated develop immunity to the disease. Explain why the contents of the
vaccine usually do not cause people to get sick.
Question 70
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with some severe human
diseases and are inherited through the cytoplasm in the egg cell. These diseases vary, but often
affect organs and tissues with the highest energy requirements, including the brain, heart, muscle,
pancreas, and kidney.
Scientists have successfully used mitochondrial replacement therapy with monkeys.
Scientists are considering using this technique to reduce the incidence of mitochondrial disease in
children. The proposed treatment would involve removing the nucleus from an egg donated by a
healthy woman and replacing it with an egg nucleus from a patient (mother) with mitochondrial
disease. This would place the patient’s egg nucleus into the cytoplasm of the donor’s egg
containing healthy mitochondria. The egg is then fertilized with the father’s sperm externally using
in vitro fertilization (IVF) to produce a zygote. The zygote is cultured for a few days to produce
an embryo.
Explain what must be done with the embryo after in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been completed
so the embryo can complete development.
Question 71
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with some severe human
diseases and are inherited through the cytoplasm in the egg cell. These diseases vary, but often
affect organs and tissues with the highest energy requirements, including the brain, heart, muscle,
pancreas, and kidney.
Scientists have successfully used mitochondrial replacement therapy with monkeys.
Scientists are considering using this technique to reduce the incidence of mitochondrial disease in
children. The proposed treatment would involve removing the nucleus from an egg donated by a
healthy woman and replacing it with an egg nucleus from a patient (mother) with mitochondrial
disease. This would place the patient’s egg nucleus into the cytoplasm of the donor’s egg
containing healthy mitochondria. The egg is then fertilized with the father’s sperm externally using
in vitro fertilization (IVF) to produce a zygote. The zygote is cultured for a few days to produce
an embryo.
Explain why the scientists used the cytoplasm from the donor’s egg.
Question 72
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with some severe human
diseases and are inherited through the cytoplasm in the egg cell. These diseases vary, but often
affect organs and tissues with the highest energy requirements, including the brain, heart, muscle,
pancreas, and kidney.
Scientists have successfully used mitochondrial replacement therapy with monkeys.
Scientists are considering using this technique to reduce the incidence of mitochondrial disease in
children. The proposed treatment would involve removing the nucleus from an egg donated by a
healthy woman and replacing it with an egg nucleus from a patient (mother) with mitochondrial
disease. This would place the patient’s egg nucleus into the cytoplasm of the donor’s egg
containing healthy mitochondria. The egg is then fertilized with the father’s sperm externally using
in vitro fertilization (IVF) to produce a zygote. The zygote is cultured for a few days to produce
an embryo.
State one reason why muscle tissues are likely to be affected by mitochondrial diseases.
Question 73
A student collected data from an experiment on muscle fatigue. In order to interpret these data, the
student should
(1) ignore the data because they do not support their hypothesis
(2) recalculate the data so that the numbers are easier to work with
(3) share the data with a student who has none
(4) organize the data into a table or graph
Question 74
Paper chromatography is a method used in
(1) comparing the shapes of plant leaves
(2) separating mixtures of plant pigments
(3) comparing habitats of different plants
(4) separating individual DNA fragments of plants
Question 75
The diagram below represents the relationship between beak structure and food in several species
of finches found on the Galapagos Islands.
The different beak structures observed in the diagram are evidence of
(1) different species of finches adapting to different environments over many generations
(2) finches changing their beak characteristics so that they could feed efficiently
(3) finch species with different beak structures coming to the Galapagos Islands from the
mainland
(4) finches mating with birds of other species and acquiring some of their traits
Question 76
Seriously, We’re Poisonous: Coloration Is An Honest Signal Of Toxicity In Poison Frogs
The conspicuous [noticeable] colors of poisonous frogs serve as a warning to predators:
Don’t eat me; I’m toxic. And a new study shows that in the case of at least one frog species, they
aren’t bluffi ng–the more conspicuous the color, the more poisonous the frog. Researchers Martine
Maan (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) and Molly Cummings (University of Texas)
studied strawberry poison dart frogs, which are native to Panama and come in more than a dozen
different color patterns that vary from region to region.…
…Maan and Cummings tested the toxicity levels of 10 differently colored frog populations.
Then using known properties of birds’ visual systems, the researchers estimated how each color
pattern would look to a bird, an important frog predator. The results show that frogs with more
conspicuous color patterns–as seen by birds–tended to be more toxic. The findings suggest that
“birds can predict the toxicity of frogs by looking at their colors, possibly better than the frogs can
themselves,” Maan said.…
Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2012/01/seriously-were-poisonous-coloration-is.html
If a sudden genetic mutation in the birds that feed on these frogs made them able to consume any
amount of the poison with no harm to them, it is most likely that
(1) the frogs that are least poisonous and less conspicuous now would survive better than those
that have more poison
(2) the frogs that are most poisonous would continue to survive and be protected by the poison
they contain
(3) without the protection of the poison, all of the frogs would need to change color to become
less conspicuous
(4) the birds would find another source of food that does not contain any poison
Question 77
Seriously, We’re Poisonous: Coloration Is An Honest Signal Of Toxicity In Poison Frogs
The conspicuous [noticeable] colors of poisonous frogs serve as a warning to predators:
Don’t eat me; I’m toxic. And a new study shows that in the case of at least one frog species, they
aren’t bluffi ng–the more conspicuous the color, the more poisonous the frog. Researchers Martine
Maan (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) and Molly Cummings (University of Texas)
studied strawberry poison dart frogs, which are native to Panama and come in more than a dozen
different color patterns that vary from region to region.…
…Maan and Cummings tested the toxicity levels of 10 differently colored frog populations.
Then using known properties of birds’ visual systems, the researchers estimated how each color
pattern would look to a bird, an important frog predator. The results show that frogs with more
conspicuous color patterns–as seen by birds–tended to be more toxic. The findings suggest that
“birds can predict the toxicity of frogs by looking at their colors, possibly better than the frogs can
themselves,” Maan said.…
Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2012/01/seriously-were-poisonous-coloration-is.html
Researcher Austin Penner of the University of Alberta has noted that climate change and
deforestation in the habitat of the strawberry poison dart frog could have “drastic effects” as the
habitat required for the development of the tadpoles [young] of these frogs is extremely specifi c.
Explain why it is important to protect these poisonous frog species and the habitat that supports
them.
Question 78
Seriously, We’re Poisonous: Coloration Is An Honest Signal Of Toxicity In Poison Frogs
The conspicuous [noticeable] colors of poisonous frogs serve as a warning to predators:
Don’t eat me; I’m toxic. And a new study shows that in the case of at least one frog species, they
aren’t bluffi ng–the more conspicuous the color, the more poisonous the frog. Researchers Martine
Maan (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) and Molly Cummings (University of Texas)
studied strawberry poison dart frogs, which are native to Panama and come in more than a dozen
different color patterns that vary from region to region.…
…Maan and Cummings tested the toxicity levels of 10 differently colored frog populations.
Then using known properties of birds’ visual systems, the researchers estimated how each color
pattern would look to a bird, an important frog predator. The results show that frogs with more
conspicuous color patterns–as seen by birds–tended to be more toxic. The findings suggest that
“birds can predict the toxicity of frogs by looking at their colors, possibly better than the frogs can
themselves,” Maan said.…
Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2012/01/seriously-were-poisonous-coloration-is.html
Frogs come in “more than a dozen different color patterns.” State one method the scientists could
have used to determine that they are all the same species.
Question 79
Pulse rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm). Individual A has a resting pulse rate of 64 bpm.
Individual B has a resting pulse rate of 82 bpm. Identify two reasons why the pulse rates of both
of these individuals could be considered “normal.”
Reason 1:
Reason 2:
Question 80
An athlete bought a sport gel food and wanted to test it to see if it contained fats, starches, and
glucose. The tests that the student used are shown in the table below.
Test for Fat
Test for Starch
Test for Glucose
Positive Result
paper that is greasy
blue black color
brick red/orange color
Negative Result
paper that is not greasy
amber color
blue color
The athlete received the following results from the tests.
Student’s Result
Test for Fat
Test for Starch
Test for Glucose
paper not greasy
blue black color
brick red/orange color
Identify the contents of the sports gel.
Question 81
An athlete bought a sport gel food and wanted to test it to see if it contained fats, starches, and
glucose. The tests that the student used are shown in the table below.
Test for Fat
Test for Starch
Test for Glucose
Positive Result
paper that is greasy
blue black color
brick red/orange color
Negative Result
paper that is not greasy
amber color
blue color
If a starch-digesting enzyme were added to a sports gel that lists starch as an ingredient, which
substance would increase in concentration?
(1) fat
(3) amino acids
(2) glucose
(4) water
Question 82
Students in a high school biology class conducted an investigation on pulse rates. The thirty
students performed three different activities and determined their pulse rates. Each activity was
done three times. The average is shown in the graph below.
The students want to improve the validity of their conclusion. The best way to accomplish this is
to
(1) change the hypothesis
(2) repeat the investigation several times
(3) increase the number of variables
(4) increase the height of participants in each group
Question 83
Students in a high school biology class conducted an investigation on pulse rates. The thirty
students performed three different activities and determined their pulse rates. Each activity was
done three times. The average is shown in the graph below.
Some biology students concluded that classmates over 6 feet tall always have higher pulse rates
than shorter classmates. Does the information from the investigation support this conclusion?
Support your answer.
Question 84
Students in a high school biology class conducted an investigation on pulse rates. The thirty
students performed three different activities and determined their pulse rates. Each activity was
done three times. The average is shown in the graph below.
State the relationship between intensity of physical activity and pulse rate.
Question 85
Identify one adaptation, other than beak size and shape, a finch species might possess and state
how that would aid in its survival.
June 2014
Question 1
How do cells in the ovary detect a hormone from the brain?
(1) The brain sends a nerve impulse to the ovary.
(2) White blood cells bring the hormone to the ovary.
(3) Receptor molecules on the cells of the ovary bind with the hormone.
(4) Vacuoles within the ovary bind with the hormone.
Question 2
Single-celled organisms are able to maintain internal stability because they
(1) have multiple organ systems
(2) work with other cells
(3) contain structures that perform life functions
(4) carry out photosynthesis to produce food
Question 3
A similarity between humans and many other multicellular animals is that they
(1) occupy the same niche in most food webs
(2) are composed of organ systems
(3) have the same DNA sequences
(4) carry out autotrophic nutrition
Question 4
In order to enter cells and be useful to the body,
starch must be
(1) absorbed through the skin
(2) broken down into fats and water
(3) digested into simple sugars
(4) converted to carbon dioxide and ATP
Question 5
The increase of certain types of gases in the atmosphere has contributed to the problem of global
warming. All these gases are
(1) biotic factors
(2) abiotic factors
(3) organic factors
(4) endangered factors
Question 6
Several goldfish were kept in a small aquarium for several years. The fish grew to be
approximately 6 centimeters long in the first year, and after that, growth in length stopped. These
fish were later transferred to a large pond. In the pond, the goldfish grew much larger, reaching
lengths of around 25 centimeters. Which statement provides the best explanation for the
increased growth of the fish in the pond?
(1) Chemicals present in the pond increased the amount of DNA in the fish, causing the growth
increase.
(2) The expression of genetic information in the fish was influenced by their surroundings.
(3) The fish expressed and passed on only those characteristics that enabled them to survive in
the new environment.
(4) The size of the fish depended only on their food supply and not on their DNA.
Question 7
Autotrophs might survive when heterotrophs cannot, because autotrophs are able to
(1) reproduce asexually
(2) become dormant
(3) exist without respiration
(4) make their own food
Question 8
The inability of sperm cells to move normally could prevent the production of offspring by
interfering with
(1) meiosis
(2) mitosis
(3) fertilization
(4) differentiation
Question 9
Which type of pathogenic microbe causes AIDS?
(1) a bacterium
(2) a virus
(3) a multicellular fungus
(4) a single-celled algae
Question 10
The diagram below represents a technique used to produce carrots.
Which reproductive process determines the traits present in the cluster of cells?
(1) meiosis
(3) fertilization
(2) mitosis
(4) differentiation
Question 11
The diagram below represents a scientific technique in use today.
Scientists have used this technique to
(1) produce hormones for human use at a lower cost than other methods
(2) produce pathogens that are able to live in humans
(3) clone human cells with desired characteristics
(4) eliminate the need for laboratory production of medicines for humans
Question 12
DNA is able to control cellular activities most directly by regulating the process of
(1) meiotic division (3) active transport
(2) protein synthesis (4) selective breeding
Question 13
Which statement describes an effect of natural selection on a species?
(1) It favors the survival of certain members of the species and results in a change in the
proportion of individuals with highly adaptive traits.
(2) It provides feedback mechanisms for members of a species and results in a change in the
proportion of individuals with homeostatic controls.
(3) It leads to reproduction with other species, increasing the number of different adaptations.
(4) It increases competition between populations that occupy different niches, increasing the
chance of extinction of the less-adapted species.
Question 14
Maple leaf beetles and willow leaf beetles are named for the type of tree where they live and
reproduce. They look identical to each other when observed, but experiments have shown that
willow beetles would starve before eating maple leaves. This is an example of specialization that
would directly reduce
(1) variation
(2) competition
(3) adaptation
(4) replication
Question 15
Which event would most likely cause a change in a genetic sequence in an organism?
(1) eating certain foods high in saturated fats
(2) strenuous physical activity
(3) exposure to radiation
(4) a sudden exposure to cooler temperatures
Question 16
During the process of cellular respiration, energy is released from
(1) carbon dioxide
(2) oxygen atoms
(3) water molecules
(4) chemical bonds
Question 17
A new vaccine was developed and then tested on a large sample of individuals. This new vaccine
will be considered effective if it helps prepare the body to fight future invasion by
(1) inhibiting the response of red blood cells
(2) stimulating the reproduction of microbes
(3) inhibiting the action of immune cells
(4) stimulating the production of antibodies
Question 18
Which expression correctly represents a reproductive process that usually occurs in humans
where 2n is equal to the number of chromosomes in each body cell?
(1) n + n → n
(2) n + n → 2n
(3) n + 2n → 2n
(4) 2n + 2n → 4n
Question 19
One effect of uncontrolled diabetes is that the blood might develop an acidic pH. As a result,
cells may not be able to regulate their internal pH. Within these cells, this could cause a
disruption of the function of biological catalysts known as
(1) enzymes
(2) toxins
(3) antibodies
(4) antigens
Question 20
A Native American saying states that, “We do not inherit the land we live on from our
grandparents, we borrow it from our grandchildren.” This saying is an attempt to make us
understand that
(1) the impact we have on the environment lasts for many generations
(2) we must pay a lot of money to buy land from our parents
(3) what we do today to the environment has little impact on our children
(4) human actions only affect other humans
Question 21
Cells of the immune system are able to respond to the presence of invading organisms because
they recognize the
(1) antigens present on the invaders
(2) antibodies present in invading pathogens
(3) DNA pattern in the nuclei of viruses
(4) antibiotics released from microbes
Question 22
Typhoid fever, a disease that causes headaches, digestive upset, and a high fever, is caused by
the
bacterium Salmonella typhi. Typhoid can be spread from person to person by contaminated water
or food or by a lack of cleanliness. Since the 19th century, the number of individuals infected
with this disease has decreased. Which statement best explains why the number of people with
this disease and other bacterial diseases has decreased over the last 100 years?
(1) Scientists have corrected the damaged genes that cause typhoid fever and other infectious
diseases.
(2) Public health officials have placed better controls on the use of the toxic substances that
cause these diseases.
(3) Typhoid fever, like most other bacterial diseases, is often caused by a lack of proper
nutrition.
(4) Personal habits, such as hand washing, have greatly reduced contamination from bacteria.
Question 23
Deforestation most directly results in
(1) an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere
(2) a decrease in soil erosion
(3) a decrease in biodiversity in the area
(4) an increase in the absorption of carbon dioxide
Question 24
In the California Mojave Desert, an energy company is building a large solar-power facility. It is
expected to produce enough power for 140,000 homes and also cut carbon dioxide emissions by
500,000 tons a year. The facility will be built on 4,050 acres of wildlife habitat, which is near a
protected refuge for a species of desert tortoise. The decision to build this power plant is most
likely based on
(1) proving that positive atmospheric changes are less important than preserving wildlife
(2) a trade-off, weighing the need for a cleaner energy source versus the protection of a natural
resource
(3) the fact that building these solar-power energy plants disrupts wildlife habitats
(4) providing evidence that technological advances always produce positive environmental
impacts
Question 25
As a result of human activity, a significant percentage of the coral reefs in the oceans have
been damaged. One-third of marine fish species depend on coral reefs for survival. Many of
these fish might die. The most direct cause of the death of these fish would be
(1) habitat destruction
(2) direct harvesting
(3) recycling of nutrients
(4) use of nuclear fuels
Question 26
Which statement best describes the role of decomposers?
(1) They convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose.
(2) They break down organic compounds into
products used by other organisms.
(3) They release oxygen to the atmosphere.
(4) They provide energy for the synthesis of proteins.
Question 27
Many scientists are worried about some of Earth’s finite resources because humans are
(1) using carbon dioxide faster than it is being produced
(2) placing industrial wastes in landfills
(3) interfering with energy flow from consumers to producers
(4) using large amounts of some materials that cannot be renewed
Question 28
Many communities have started programs to dispose of evergreen trees after the holiday
season. These programs allow individuals to bring these trees to be shredded, and the resulting
chips are spread around parks and recreational areas as mulch. These programs benefit the
environment by
(1) increasing pollution in parks
(2) taking up more space in landfills
(3) returning materials to the environment
(4) increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Question 29
Modern dogs are direct descendants of the gray wolf. They first appeared about 130,000 years
ago. Today, there are about 150 different breeds of domestic dog, a few of which are shown
below.
The great variety of modern dogs can best be explained by
(1) selective breeding of dogs over many years
(2) the cloning of domestic dogs
(3) genetic alterations in gray wolves alive today
(4) natural selection favoring wolves over dogs
Question 30
The diagram below shows an alteration that occurred during the replication process of a portion
of a gene.
The numbers identify the locations of specific bases in the sequence.
This alteration is most likely the result of
(1) a substitution at base 2
(2) a deletion of base 2
(3) an insertion of base 3
(4) a deletion of base 4
Question 31
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents a food web.
What do the arrows in the diagram represent?
(1) an increase in population
(2) the evolution of organisms
(3) the flow of energy
(4) ecological succession
Question 32
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents a food web.
Which statement correctly describes interactions between organisms in this ecosystem?
(1) Hawks are predators of insect-eating birds, but not of seed-eating birds.
(2) Hawks and snakes prey on both rabbits and grasshoppers.
(3) Rabbits and mice compete for both grasses and flower seeds.
(4) Grasshoppers and mice compete for grasses, but not flower seeds.
Question 33
Humans have altered ecosystems by activities that are sometimes deliberate and sometimes
accidental. In the United States, humans have altered ecosystems by introducing invasive species
that outcompete native species. Which activity resulted in the accidental introduction of an
invasive species?
(1) importing Japanese knotweed because it has an attractive flower
(2) transporting zebra mussels to the Great Lakes by discharging water taken on in European
ports to stabilize large ships
(3) releasing Chinese mitten crabs in the Hudson River to establish them as a food source
(4) planting purple loosestrife that was brought here from Europe as a source of medicine
Question 34
The diagram below represents a specialized cell located in the root of a plant. The arrows in the
diagram
indicate the movement of molecules of oxygen and water into the cell.
Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the process responsible for the movement of
each type
of molecule represented in the diagram?
Row
Water
Oxygen
(1)
diffusion
active transport
(2)
diffusion
diffusion
(3)
active transport
diffusion
(4)
active transport
active transport
Question 35
Base your answer to question 35 on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The
graph shows the level of gene expression of five different genes in normal and cancerous cells.
Which statement is a valid inference that can be made based on the data in this graph?
(1) The change in the level of gene expression in gene 4 could indicate it plays a major role in
the development of cancer.
(2) Slight decreases in gene expression will always result in the formation of cancer cells.
(3) Cells will develop cancer if the gene expression of these five genes remains below four
peptides per second.
(4) An increase in the level of gene expression in these five genes is necessary for cancer to
develop in cells.
Question 36
The cells of some organisms contain both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Which statement
describes what would happen in these cells if they were moved from a light environment to a
dark one?
(1) The amount of oxygen present would decrease and the amount of carbon dioxide would
increase.
(2) The amount of glucose present would increase and ATP would no longer be available.
(3) The amount of carbon dioxide present would decrease and ATP would continue to be
synthesized.
(4) The amount of oxygen present would increase and the amount of glucose available would
decrease.
Question 37
In the spring of 2010, there was a catastrophic explosion on an ocean oil drilling rig, causing
millions of gallons of oil to be released into the Gulf of Mexico. Many organisms died due to the
thick sludge in their habitat. However, in some organisms, such as shellfish, the oil stuck to
tissues inside their shells. Which statement expresses a major concern of environmentalists about
the accumulation of the oil in certain organisms in the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem?
(1) Larger organisms eat the shellfish and more chemicals will build up in their tissues.
(2) The shellfish will prevent other organisms from obtaining oil.
(3) Smaller organisms will be unaffected by the chemicals.
(4) Larger organisms will be less affected by the oil, because they can eat other organisms.
Question 38
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Fertilized eggs containing embryos from the same species of alligator were incubated
at different temperatures. The sex of the hatched offspring is shown in the table below.
A review of this data could lead to the conclusion that
(1) the most alligator eggs hatched if incubated at 26°C
(2) the sex of the offspring depends on the incubation temperature
(3) female alligators develop at higher temperatures
(4) temperature doesn’t affect the survival of alligator embryos
Question 39
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
Fertilized eggs containing embryos from the same species of alligator were incubated
at different temperatures. The sex of the hatched offspring is shown in the table below.
The percent of surviving females at 32°C from the original number of eggs incubated was
(1) 13%
(2) 2%
(3) 85%
(4) 98%
Question 40
Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph shows the
growth of a population of rabbits in a specific ecosystem.
Which environmental factor could have caused the change indicated at A?
(1) increased predation by herbivores
(2) increased availability of food
(3) increased number of decomposers
(4) increased competition among carnivores
Question 41
Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph shows the
growth of a population of rabbits in a specific ecosystem.
Over a period of time, the location of the dashed line would move from location B to location C
on this graph if
(1) the birthrate of the rabbit population was equal to the death rate of the rabbit population
(2) there was a decrease in the number of rabbit predators and an increase in the availability of
plants
(3) there was a decrease in the availability of minerals, water, and shelter
(4) the entire rabbit population migrated to a new ecosystem containing more autotrophs
Question 42
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents the effect of two chemical substances, A and B, in maintaining the level of glucose in
the blood in humans.
The interaction of substances A and B is an example of
(1) a genetic mutation
(2) homeostatic feedback
(3) an immune response
(4) active transport
Question 43
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents the effect of two chemical substances, A and B, in maintaining the level of glucose in
the blood in humans.
Which statement is correct regarding the substances involved in these interactions?
(1) Substance A is insulin, which is released by cells in the pancreas.
(2) Substance B is a chemical receptor molecule produced by blood cells.
(3) Both substances A and B are classified as biological catalysts.
(4) Substance A is a chemical that is produced by specialized blood cells.
Question 44
Two views through a compound light microscope of a wet-mount slide preparation of cells are
shown in the
photographs below.
Which procedure was most likely followed to obtain view B?
Question 45
Base your answer on the data table below and on your knowledge of biology. The data table
shows the concentration of estrogen in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) in the blood of a woman
over the course of 28 days.
Estrogen Concentration in Blood
Day
Concentration of
Estrogen (pg/mL)
1
30
5
80
10
200
15
180
20
30
28
25
Using the information given in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid following the
directions below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on the axis labeled “Concentration of Estrogen.”
Question 46
Base your answer on the data table below and on your knowledge of biology. The data table
shows the concentration of estrogen in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) in the blood of a woman
over the course of 28 days.
Estrogen Concentration in Blood
Day
Concentration of
Estrogen (pg/mL)
1
30
5
80
10
200
15
180
20
30
28
25
Using the information given in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid following the
directions below.
Plot the data for concentration of estrogen on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle
and connect the points.
Question 47
Base your answer on the data table below and on your knowledge of biology. The data table
shows the concentration of estrogen in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) in the blood of a woman
over the course of 28 days.
Estrogen Concentration in Blood
Day
Concentration of
Estrogen (pg/mL)
1
30
5
80
10
200
15
180
20
30
28
25
The concentration of estrogen at day 8 is closest to
(1) 28 pg/mL
(2) 80 pg/mL
(3) 150 pg/mL
(4) 200 pg/mL
Question 48
Base your answer on the word equations below and on your knowledge of biology. The
equations represent two biochemical processes that occur in living organisms. The letter X
represents a molecule produced from process 1.
Process 1: oxygen ϩ glucose → carbon dioxide + water + X
Process 2: carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose
Identify the molecule represented by letter X in process 1.
Question 49
Base your answer on the word equations below and on your knowledge of biology. The
equations represent two biochemical processes that occur in living organisms. The letter X
represents a molecule produced from process 1.
Process 1: oxygen ϩ glucose → carbon dioxide + water + X
Process 2: carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose
Which process occurs in the cells of a green plant leaf?
(1) process 1, only
(2) process 2, only
(3) neither process 1 nor process 2
(4) both process 1 and process 2
Question 50
Base your answer on the on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph
shows some events associated with the reproductive cycle of human females.
Which sections of the graph represent structures affected directly by the hormones shown?
(1) section A and section B, only
(3) section A and section C, only
(2) section B and section C, only
(4) section A, section B, and section C
Question 51
Base your answer on the on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph
shows some events associated with the reproductive cycle of human females.
According to the graph, on which day is the egg released from the ovary?
Day:_________________
Question 52
Base your answer on the on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph
shows some events associated with the reproductive cycle of human females.
Which section of the graph shows the location where the zygote would most likely become
implanted and develop?
Section:_________________
Question 53
Base your answer on the on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph
shows some events associated with the reproductive cycle of human females.
Identify another human reproductive hormone that is not shown on this graph.
Question 54
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Different plant species require different amounts of direct sunlight in order to flower.
A student designed an experiment to determine the length of exposure to direct sunlight
necessary for a specific plant species to produce flowers. The student collected the data
below.
0 hours, 0% with flowers; 9 hours, 0% with flowers
1 hour, 0% with flowers; 5 hours, 90% with flowers
3 hours, 80% with flowers; 7 hours, 10% with flowers
Organize the data collected, from shortest to longest length of exposure, in the data table below.
Relationship of Sunlight Exposure to Flower Production
Hours of Exposure
To Direct Sunlight
Percent of Plants
With Flowers
Question 55
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Different plant species require different amounts of direct sunlight in order to flower.
A student designed an experiment to determine the length of exposure to direct sunlight
necessary for a specific plant species to produce flowers. The student collected the data
below.
0 hours, 0% with flowers; 9 hours, 0% with flowers
1 hour, 0% with flowers; 5 hours, 90% with flowers
3 hours, 80% with flowers; 7 hours, 10% with flowers
At the end of the experiment, the student stated that if plants are exposed to more hours of
daylight, they will always produce a greater percentage of flowers. Is this a valid conclusion?
Support your answer.
Question 56
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Decline in the Amphibians
Declines in amphibian species, such as frogs, toads and salamanders, might affect the
ways in which ecosystems function. Amphibians prey on many types of small organisms
that survive by consuming leaf litter (leaf material on the ground of ecosystems). These
small organisms include animals such as earthworms, centipedes, millipedes, pill bugs,
and many species of insects. In turn, amphibians are preyed on by fish, herons,
chipmunks, turkeys, foxes, coyotes, and other animals.
Human activities often cause a reduction in the size of amphibian populations. As
amphibian populations are reduced, the organisms that are preyed on by amphibians
increase in number. As the populations of small forest organisms increase, the amount of
leaf litter decreases. The decrease in the amount of leaf litter on the forest floor may have
negative effects on the forest ecosystem.
Identify one human activity and describe how that activity could directly or indirectly lead to a
reduction in amphibian populations.
Question 57
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Decline in the Amphibians
Declines in amphibian species, such as frogs, toads and salamanders, might affect the
ways in which ecosystems function. Amphibians prey on many types of small organisms
that survive by consuming leaf litter (leaf material on the ground of ecosystems). These
small organisms include animals such as earthworms, centipedes, millipedes, pill bugs,
and many species of insects. In turn, amphibians are preyed on by fish, herons,
chipmunks, turkeys, foxes, coyotes, and other animals.
Human activities often cause a reduction in the size of amphibian populations. As
amphibian populations are reduced, the organisms that are preyed on by amphibians
increase in number. As the populations of small forest organisms increase, the amount of
leaf litter decreases. The decrease in the amount of leaf litter on the forest floor may have
negative effects on the forest ecosystem.
State one possible effect an increase in the amount of leaf litter on the forest floor would have on
the
amphibian population. Support your answer.
Question 58
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Female Shark Reproduced Without Male DNA, Scientists Say
A hammerhead shark that gave birth in a Nebraska aquarium reproduced without
mating, a genetic analysis shows.
This form of asexual reproduction, called parthenogenesis, has been found in other
vertebrate species, including some snakes and lizards. But this is the first time it has been
documented in a shark....
Instead, the female shark’s own genetic material combined during this process of cell
division that produces an egg. A cell called the secondary oocyte, which contains half the
female chromosomes and normally becomes the egg, fused with another cell called the
secondary polar body, which contains the identical [amount of] genetic material....
Robert E. Hueter, director of the Center for Shark Research at the Mote Marine
Laboratory in Sarasota, Fla., said the finding helped fill a gap in understanding
parthenogenesis, which has been found to occur in most vertebrate lines except
mammals, and until now, cartilaginous fishes like sharks....
“It’s a last-resort tactic that animals use when they absolutely can’t find another
mate,” Dr. Hueter said.
Source: Henry Fountain, The New York Times, May 23, 2007
State why parthenogenesis is considered a form of asexual reproduction.
Question 59
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Female Shark Reproduced Without Male DNA, Scientists Say
A hammerhead shark that gave birth in a Nebraska aquarium reproduced without
mating, a genetic analysis shows.
This form of asexual reproduction, called parthenogenesis, has been found in other
vertebrate species, including some snakes and lizards. But this is the first time it has been
documented in a shark....
Instead, the female shark’s own genetic material combined during this process of cell
division that produces an egg. A cell called the secondary oocyte, which contains half the
female chromosomes and normally becomes the egg, fused with another cell called the
secondary polar body, which contains the identical [amount of] genetic material....
Robert E. Hueter, director of the Center for Shark Research at the Mote Marine
Laboratory in Sarasota, Fla., said the finding helped fill a gap in understanding
parthenogenesis, which has been found to occur in most vertebrate lines except
mammals, and until now, cartilaginous fishes like sharks....
“It’s a last-resort tactic that animals use when they absolutely can’t find another
mate,” Dr. Hueter said.
Source: Henry Fountain, The New York Times, May 23,
2007
Explain why parthenogenesis could prove to be harmful to the survival of this species if it were
the only
method of shark reproduction.
Question 60
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Ticks, such as deer ticks and dog ticks, feed on the blood of humans and other
animals. Part of the feeding process involves the tick injecting its saliva to help make
blood flow. In the process, they sometimes spread disease organisms to their host.
Sometimes ticks get on clothing, and can remain there for a few days before actually
biting their host.
A scientist found that ticks might be able to survive even when exposed to hot water
and detergent in a washing machine.
Students designed the experiment below to test how well ticks survive a hot-water
washing machine cycle with detergent. Note that some details of the design are incorrect.
Identify one error with the hypothesis.
Question 61
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Ticks, such as deer ticks and dog ticks, feed on the blood of humans and other
animals. Part of the feeding process involves the tick injecting its saliva to help make
blood flow. In the process, they sometimes spread disease organisms to their host.
Sometimes ticks get on clothing, and can remain there for a few days before actually
biting their host.
A scientist found that ticks might be able to survive even when exposed to hot water
and detergent in a washing machine.
Students designed the experiment below to test how well ticks survive a hot-water
washing machine cycle with detergent. Note that some details of the design are incorrect.
Explain why the students’ proposed data to be collected would not likely test what the students
intended.
Question 62
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Ticks, such as deer ticks and dog ticks, feed on the blood of humans and other
animals. Part of the feeding process involves the tick injecting its saliva to help make
blood flow. In the process, they sometimes spread disease organisms to their host.
Sometimes ticks get on clothing, and can remain there for a few days before actually
biting their host.
A scientist found that ticks might be able to survive even when exposed to hot water
and detergent in a washing machine.
Students designed the experiment below to test how well ticks survive a hot-water
washing machine cycle with detergent. Note that some details of the design are incorrect.
Identify one error in the students’ design in the shaded area of the table and explain how the
students
should change the experiment to correct the error.
Error:_________________________________________________________________________
___
Correction:____________________________________________________________________
____
Question 63
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Return of the Large Blue Butterfly
In 1979, the Large Blue Butterfly was declared extinct in the United Kingdom, despite
the efforts to protect the grasslands where it lived.
Research into the butterfly life cycle discovered the following facts. The butterflies lay
their eggs on flowering thyme plants, and the caterpillars fall to the ground after they
hatch. The young butterfly caterpillars have a “honey gland” on their posterior end,
which, when stimulated by red ants, makes the caterpillars smell and wiggle like red ants.
The red ants treat the butterfly caterpillars as ant grubs and carry them to their
underground homes. The red ants keep looking after them and guard them, even though
the caterpillars eat ant grubs for 10 months before flying away as adult butterflies in the
spring.
The red ants live in fields of short grass. The grass is short enough to let the sun warm
the soil. This is where the ants find and eat insects and plants. Rabbits had kept the grass
short until the mid-1950s, when the rabbit populations were suddenly devastated by a
viral disease. Additionally, farmers allowed pastures to get overgrown by not letting
cattle graze on the grass. The red ants vanished when the taller grass increased the shade
and cooled the soil.
A program was introduced to protect the pastures where the red ants nested. Their
numbers came back. Populations of Large Blue Butterflies from Sweden were brought
into the area, and now the Large Blue Butterfly is thriving again.
Describe one way humans have negatively influenced the ecosystem of the red ant.
Question 64
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Return of the Large Blue Butterfly
In 1979, the Large Blue Butterfly was declared extinct in the United Kingdom, despite
the efforts to protect the grasslands where it lived.
Research into the butterfly life cycle discovered the following facts. The butterflies lay
their eggs on flowering thyme plants, and the caterpillars fall to the ground after they
hatch. The young butterfly caterpillars have a “honey gland” on their posterior end,
which, when stimulated by red ants, makes the caterpillars smell and wiggle like red ants.
The red ants treat the butterfly caterpillars as ant grubs and carry them to their
underground homes. The red ants keep looking after them and guard them, even though
the caterpillars eat ant grubs for 10 months before flying away as adult butterflies in the
spring.
The red ants live in fields of short grass. The grass is short enough to let the sun warm
the soil. This is where the ants find and eat insects and plants. Rabbits had kept the grass
short until the mid-1950s, when the rabbit populations were suddenly devastated by a
viral disease. Additionally, farmers allowed pastures to get overgrown by not letting
cattle graze on the grass. The red ants vanished when the taller grass increased the shade
and cooled the soil.
A program was introduced to protect the pastures where the red ants nested. Their
numbers came back. Populations of Large Blue Butterflies from Sweden were brought
into the area, and now the Large Blue Butterfly is thriving again.
Describe one adaptation present in the butterfly caterpillars that enables the Large Blue Butterfly
to survive.
Question 65
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Return of the Large Blue Butterfly
In 1979, the Large Blue Butterfly was declared extinct in the United Kingdom, despite
the efforts to protect the grasslands where it lived.
Research into the butterfly life cycle discovered the following facts. The butterflies lay
their eggs on flowering thyme plants, and the caterpillars fall to the ground after they
hatch. The young butterfly caterpillars have a “honey gland” on their posterior end,
which, when stimulated by red ants, makes the caterpillars smell and wiggle like red ants.
The red ants treat the butterfly caterpillars as ant grubs and carry them to their
underground homes. The red ants keep looking after them and guard them, even though
the caterpillars eat ant grubs for 10 months before flying away as adult butterflies in the
spring.
The red ants live in fields of short grass. The grass is short enough to let the sun warm
the soil. This is where the ants find and eat insects and plants. Rabbits had kept the grass
short until the mid-1950s, when the rabbit populations were suddenly devastated by a
viral disease. Additionally, farmers allowed pastures to get overgrown by not letting
cattle graze on the grass. The red ants vanished when the taller grass increased the shade
and cooled the soil.
A program was introduced to protect the pastures where the red ants nested. Their
numbers came back. Populations of Large Blue Butterflies from Sweden were brought
into the area, and now the Large Blue Butterfly is thriving again.
In the space below, construct a food chain consisting of at least three organisms, including a
producer, that would be present in the ant ecosystem.
Question 66
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
The Return of the Large Blue Butterfly
In 1979, the Large Blue Butterfly was declared extinct in the United Kingdom, despite
the efforts to protect the grasslands where it lived.
Research into the butterfly life cycle discovered the following facts. The butterflies lay
their eggs on flowering thyme plants, and the caterpillars fall to the ground after they
hatch. The young butterfly caterpillars have a “honey gland” on their posterior end,
which, when stimulated by red ants, makes the caterpillars smell and wiggle like red ants.
The red ants treat the butterfly caterpillars as ant grubs and carry them to their
underground homes. The red ants keep looking after them and guard them, even though
the caterpillars eat ant grubs for 10 months before flying away as adult butterflies in the
spring.
The red ants live in fields of short grass. The grass is short enough to let the sun warm
the soil. This is where the ants find and eat insects and plants. Rabbits had kept the grass
short until the mid-1950s, when the rabbit populations were suddenly devastated by a
viral disease. Additionally, farmers allowed pastures to get overgrown by not letting
cattle graze on the grass. The red ants vanished when the taller grass increased the shade
and cooled the soil.
A program was introduced to protect the pastures where the red ants nested. Their
numbers came back. Populations of Large Blue Butterflies from Sweden were brought
into the area, and now the Large Blue Butterfly is thriving again.
Select one organism from the food chain you constructed and write it on the line below. State
one way the removal of the organism you selected would affect another organism in the food
chain. Support your answer.
Organism:________________________________
Question 67
Base your answer on the information and photographs below and on your knowledge of biology.
In addition to their use for hearing, ears contain many blood vessels that allow heat to
escape into the air. Animals that live in warm climates tend to have ears with large areas
exposed to the environment. Animals in cold climates have a more compact ear that
keeps exposure to the environment to a minimum. The photographs below show a
jackrabbit from desert regions of the southwestern United States and a fennec fox from
northern Africa with large ears, and a snowshoe hare and an arctic fox with small ears.
Discuss how differences in ear size in these organisms might have occurred. In your answer, be
sure to:
• explain how the size of these animals’ ears can help the animals survive in their environment
Question 68
Base your answer on the information and photographs below and on your knowledge of biology.
In addition to their use for hearing, ears contain many blood vessels that allow heat to
escape into the air. Animals that live in warm climates tend to have ears with large areas
exposed to the environment. Animals in cold climates have a more compact ear that
keeps exposure to the environment to a minimum. The photographs below show a
jackrabbit from desert regions of the southwestern United States and a fennec fox from
northern Africa with large ears, and a snowshoe hare and an arctic fox with small ears.
Discuss how differences in ear size in these organisms might have occurred. In your answer, be
sure
to:
• identify one process that most likely resulted in the animals in warm climates having large ears,
while
animals in cold climates have small ears
Question 69
Base your answer on the information and photographs below and on your knowledge of biology.
In addition to their use for hearing, ears contain many blood vessels that allow heat to
escape into the air. Animals that live in warm climates tend to have ears with large areas
exposed to the environment. Animals in cold climates have a more compact ear that
keeps exposure to the environment to a minimum. The photographs below show a
jackrabbit from desert regions of the southwestern United States and a fennec fox from
northern Africa with large ears, and a snowshoe hare and an arctic fox with small ears.
Discuss how differences in ear size in these organisms might have occurred. In your answer, be
sure
to:
• state how the overproduction of offspring in each species for many generations contributed to
the
presence of different ear sizes
Question 70
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Plasmodium, the world’s most lethal parasite, causes malaria. The parasite enters the
bloodstream through a mosquito bite, hiding in the human liver before invading red blood
cells. Ultimately, millions of infected blood cells explode at once, causing fever and
death in 3 million people a year worldwide.
Source: Zimmer, February 12, 2001, “Animal Parasites – As Gross As It
Gets,”
“Science World,” pg
11.
State one reason why Plasmodium is considered a parasite of humans.
Question 71
Base your answer on the information and on your knowledge of biology.
Plasmodium, the world’s most lethal parasite, causes malaria. The parasite enters the
bloodstream through a mosquito bite, hiding in the human liver before invading red blood
cells. Ultimately, millions of infected blood cells explode at once, causing fever and
death in 3 million people a year worldwide.
Source: Zimmer, February 12, 2001, “Animal Parasites – As Gross As It
Gets,”
“Science World,” pg
11.
State one negative impact on humans when the use of pesticides for mosquitoes is decreased.
Question 72
If a large quantity of herbicide, a chemical that is designed to kill weeds, were accidentally
spilled into a large lake, it could endanger all the organisms living in the lake. State one way the
effects of killing the weeds in the lake could be destructive to populations of fish and other
animals.
Question 73
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents evolutionary relationships among some primates.
Which statement best describes a relationship between the common ancestor and the other
organisms in the diagram?
(1) The common ancestor most likely has segments of its DNA that will match each of the other
organisms’.
(2) The common ancestor is more closely related to macaques than to gibbons.
(3) Orangutans and gorillas have exactly the same DNA as the common ancestor.
(4) Chimps and baboons were the first organisms to evolve from the common ancestor.
Question 74
Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
represents evolutionary relationships among some primates.
A line representing an organism that is closely related to leaf monkeys and that evolved at about
the same time as the gibbons would be drawn beginning at point
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 75
The parents of a new baby believe they brought the wrong child home from the hospital. Gel
electrophoresis was performed using DNA samples from the parents and the child. A section of
the gel electrophoresis results is shown below.
Which conclusion is valid based on the gel electrophoresis results?
(1) They have the correct child, because her genetic information is identical to that of the father.
(2) They have the wrong child, because her genetic information does not match that of either
parent.
(3) They have the correct child, because her genetic information came from both parents.
(4) They have the wrong child, because her genetic information matches only that of the mother.
Question 76
The extremes of dry and wet weather of the Galapagos Islands cause the food supply to
constantly change. During dry years, the food is mainly large, hard seeds, and finches with large
beaks are found in greater numbers.
Which statement best explains this observation?
(1) Dry environments cause mutations in finches.
(2) Finches grow larger when they have more water.
(3) Small finches become smaller during dry seasons.
(4) Large beak size is an adaptation to dry conditions.
Question 77
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Three students took their pulse rates in beats per minute (bpm) while sitting in class.
The results are shown in the data table below.
Pulse Rates of Three Students
Student
Pulse Rate (bpm)
1
73
2
85
3
67
State one reason why the pulse rates were not the same for all three students, even though they
were all resting at the time.
Question 78
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Three students took their pulse rates in beats per minute (bpm) while sitting in class.
The results are shown in the data table below.
Pulse Rates of Three Students
Student
Pulse Rate (bpm)
1
73
2
85
3
67
What is the average pulse rate, in bpm, for this group of students?
___________ bpm
Question 79
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
In an experiment, three plants of the same species were grown in each of six identical
pots. The heights of the plants were measured when growth began. Each of the pots was
watered every day with salt solutions of different concentrations. The data for the
experiment are shown in the table below.
Effect of Salt Solution on the Height of Plants
Plant
Group
Percent Salt Solution
Used for Watering the
Plants
Average Initial Height
(centimeters)
Average Final Height
(centimeters)
A
0
2
20
B
1
2
28
C
2
3
15
D
3
2
10
E
4
3
(died)
F
5
3
(died)
State the effect of increasing the percent of salt in the solution used to water the plants on the
average final height of the plants in groups A through D.
Question 80
Base your answer on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.
In an experiment, three plants of the same species were grown in each of six identical
pots. The heights of the plants were measured when growth began. Each of the pots was
watered every day with salt solutions of different concentrations. The data for the
experiment are shown in the table below.
Effect of Salt Solution on the Height of Plants
Plant
Group
Percent Salt Solution
Used for Watering the
Plants
Average Initial Height
(centimeters)
Average Final Height
(centimeters)
A
0
2
20
B
1
2
28
C
2
3
15
D
3
2
10
E
4
3
(died)
F
5
3
(died)
State one way diffusion was involved in the cause of death of the plants in groups E and F.
Question 81
In an experiment to determine the effect of exercise on pulse rate, a student checks his pulse rate
before and after exercising for several minutes. The purpose of checking his pulse rate before
exercising is that it
(1) serves as the conclusion for the experiment
(2) is needed to justify the sample size
(3) serves as a control for the experiment
(4) is needed to formulate a hypothesis
Question 82
What is an advantage of a change in pulse rate after exercising?
(1) The heart needs to produce more energy to supply the active muscle cells and maintain
homeostasis.
(2) An increased blood flow carries excess waste products away from the active muscle cells.
(3) The blood is removing oxygen from muscle cells that were not active and carrying it to
muscle cells that are active.
(4) The blood is supplying the active muscle cells with carbon dioxide to neutralize wastes in
those cells.
Question 83
The diagrams below represent seeds taken from a carrot plant and seeds taken from plant species
1, 2, and 3.
Which species would be expected to be most similar to the carrot? Support your answer.
Question 84
Other than having a variation in beak characteristics, describe another variation in a finch species
that could promote survival of an individual bird. Support your answer.
Question 85
Identify or describe one tool used in “The Beaks of Finches” lab, and explain why the special
features of this beak represented either an advantage or a disadvantage in the competition.
Tool:
Advantage or disadvantage:
Explanation:
June 2015
Question 1
Materials are transported within a single-celled organism by the
(1)
(2)
nucleus
cytoplasm
(3)
(4)
mitochondrion
ribosome
Question 2
Which row in the chart below correctly pairs a food molecule with its building block?
Row
Food Molecule
Building Block
(1)
starch
amino acid
(2)
sugar
starch
(3)
protein
amino acid
(4)
amino acid
sugar
Question 3
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is best described as energy moving in
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
one direction from the Sun to the producers and then to the consumers
direction from a consumer to a producer and then to the Sun as heat and light
directions between the producers that are present
two directions, back and forth, between the producers and the consumers
Question 4
Occasionally, during pregnancy, the placenta can separate from the uterus. This causes a disruption
in development and sometimes death of the fetus. Harm to the developing fetus might occur
because the placenta
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
transfers oxygen and nutrients to the fetal blood
sends maternal blood into the fetus
supplies milk for the fetus
breaks down wastes of the fetus
Question 5
Which process produces only identical offspring?
(1)
(2)
meiotic cell division (3) cloning
selective breeding
(4) fertilization
Question 6
A photograph of human cells as seen with a compound light microscope is shown below. A cell
structure is labeled A.
Structure A is most likely a
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
mitochondrion that synthesizes food for the cell
nucleus that is the site of food storage
mitochondrion that absorbs energy from the Sun
nucleus that is responsible for the storage of information
Question 7
A land-dwelling organism, A, and an aquatic single-celled organism, B, are represented below.
Which statement best explains how A and B are able to survive in their environments?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The organelles in B perform similar functions to the organ systems in A.
The transport system in B is more complex than the transport system in A.
Both A and B take in oxygen from the water.
Only A can pass on traits to offspring.
Question 8
A man is exposed to large amounts of ultraviolet radiation while sunbathing at the beach. This
exposure causes a genetic change in the DNA of a skin cell. In the future, this change can be passed
on to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
his male and female children
his male children, only
all cells in his body
his skin cells, only
Question 9
Palm oil, produced from palm trees, is not only a biofuel, but is also used in food additives,
cosmetics, and lubricants. Palm tree plantations are now cultivated in areas that were formerly
natural forests. One ecological concern raised by this expansion is that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the natural forest ecosystem may harm the palm trees
the use of the land for agriculture will increase the biodiversity of the area
humans are changing the basic processes of the palm trees
planting large expanses of one crop reduces the biodiversity of the area
Question 10
Fishermen have harvested certain fish to the point where the population of that fish is decreasing.
This level of direct harvesting could cause
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
ecosystems to be improved for future generations
ecosystems to be severely damaged
the restoration of environmental stability
all other fish species to increase in number
Question 11
Which phrase best describes a gene?
(1)
a segment of a DNA molecule found only in the body cells of an organism
(2)
a segment of a DNA molecule found only in the gametes of an organism
(3)
a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the instructions for producing a trait
in an organism
(4)
a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the instructions for producing all the
characteristics of an organism
Question 12
The molecule DNA contains the four bases listed below.
A – adenine
C – cytosine
G – guanine
T – thymine
Which base pairings normally occur during DNA replication?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Question 13
Guanine pairs with cytosine. Thymine pairs with thymine.
Adenine pairs with thymine. Cytosine pairs with guanine.
Thymine pairs with guanine. Cytosine pairs with adenine.
Cytosine pairs with cytosine. Thymine pairs with thymine.
Evolution of a species could occur as a result of changes in the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
DNA in muscle cells
base sequences in liver cells
genes in an egg cell
number of chromosomes in a fetal bone cell
Question 14
One positive impact that industrialization has had is that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
industrialization produces waste gases that pollute the air
fossil fuels used by industries help reduce finite resources
industrialization has been a source of many jobs for people
new technologies have increased acid rain
Question 15
When receiving x rays, individuals wear a lead shield over major organs in order to limit the body’s
exposure to radiation. One reason for this procedure is to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
protect the patient against broken bones
prevent mutations in gametes
improve circulation in the patient
increase the chance of a change in DNA
Question 16
When an ant in a colony dies, the live ants will throw the dead ant out of the anthill. If a live ant
from the colony, ant X, is sprayed with a chemical characteristic of dead ants, the live ants will
repeatedly throw this ant out of the anthill until they can no longer detect the chemical on ant X.
What is the best explanation for this behavior?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The ants are responding to a chromosomal mutation in ant X.
The chemical is exhibiting a feedback mechanism.
The live ants must continue this behavior until they have eliminated ant X.
The chemical acts as a stimulus for a particular behavior.
Question 17
Rabbits produce large numbers of offspring during each reproductive season, yet the number of
rabbits within a given population changes very little from year to year. The stability of the
population size is most likely the result of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the development of mutations in young rabbits
environmental factors that keep the population in check
rabbits continuing to reproduce when the population is large
the survival of more female rabbits than male rabbits
Question 18
Genetic engineering has the potential to correct human genetic disorders. In gene therapy, a
defective gene is replaced by using a virus to insert a normal gene into the cells of an individual.
This treatment will be most successful if the virus is inserted into cells that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
lack a nucleus
are recycled after death, rather than removed from the body
carry out one specific function, rather than multiple functions
continue to divide during the life of the patient
Question 19
In one town, some people support a proposal to build a shopping mall on a large, undeveloped
lot, because it would increase business and create new jobs. As a trade-off, the shopping mall
would cause a decrease in the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
amount of air pollution
volume of garbage and litter
amount of wastewater entering the local sewage system
variety of wildlife populations in the area
Question 20
The human female reproductive system is represented below.
Which structure produces chemicals that regulate the reproductive cycle?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 21
The diagram below represents a cell structure involved in converting energy stored in organic
molecules into a form used by animal cells.
The arrows represent the movement of which substances?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
carbon dioxide and sugar
oxygen and ATP
ATP and carbon dioxide
oxygen and sugar
Question 22
The diagram below shows a concept map.
Which label correctly identifies what X represents in the concept map?
(1)
(2)
nucleus
chromosome
(3) autotrophic cell
(4) heterotrophic cell
Question 23
The diagrams below represent two molecules that are involved in metabolic activities in some
living cells.
The shape of each of the molecules is important because
(1)
(2)
(3)
molecules having different shapes are always found in different organisms
the shape of a molecule determines how it functions in chemical reactions
the shape of a molecule determines the age of an organism
(4)
if the shape of any molecule in an organism changes, the DNA in that organism
will also change
Question 24
In the early 1900s, experiments were conducted on two caterpillar species. The members of the
two species were each divided into two groups. One group of each species was placed under red
light, while the other group of each species was kept in the dark. When the caterpillars developed
into butterflies, their wings showed extreme color differences. Exposure to red light resulted in
intensely colored wings, while those kept in the dark had paler wing colors. The color differences
were most likely due to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
mutations in the color-producing genes
the caterpillars in the red light producing more DNA
gene expression being affected by the environment
the caterpillars in the dark evolving less than those in the light
Question 25
A student used a microscope to observe a single-celled organism. As he watched, it looked as if
the organism split into two cells. He made drawings, shown below, of the organism over a short
period of time.
Which process did the student record in his drawings?
(1)
(2)
genetic engineering (3) selective breeding
asexual reproduction (4) gamete formation
Question 26
Medical professionals are concerned with the increase in the number of bacterial species that are
resistant to antibiotics. Once resistance appears in a bacterial population, it spreads rapidly. This
is most likely because
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
populations of resistant bacteria are small
exposure to antibiotics increases the rate of reproduction in bacteria
resistant bacteria are small when compared to non-resistant bacteria.
resistant bacteria survive in greater numbers and pass the trait to their offspring
Question 27
When getting a vaccination, which substance is injected into the body?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
bacteria to combat a pathogen
white blood cells to engulf a pathogen
a weakened form of a virus
antibiotics to kill a virus
Question 28
Many beverage companies are required to recycle bottles and cans because this activity directly
reduces
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
air pollution and destruction of the ozone shield
overpopulation and soil erosion
solid waste and depletion of resources
thermal pollution and extinction of wildlife
Question 29
The diagram below shows some of the DNA in a bacterium into which a human gene, X, has been
successfully inserted.
The bacteria that result from reproduction of this cell will most likely have the ability to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
replicate all of the genetic instructions found in humans
produce vaccines to be used to immunize humans
produce a human blood cell according to instructions in gene X
produce the human protein coded for by gene X
Question 30
The Eurasian water milfoil is a nonnative species, which was once commonly sold as an aquarium
plant, and is now found growing in many lakes in New York State. It has few natural enemies, and
grows rapidly, crowding out many native species. This plant ruins fishing areas and interferes with
boating and other water sports. This is an example of
(1)
(2)
(3)
human consumption of finite resources
an unintended consequence of adding an organism to an ecosystem
an abiotic factor having a negative effect on an ecosystem
(4)
the introduction of a species that has increased the long-term biodiversity of an
ecosystem
Question 31
The graph below shows the size of a population of foxes over a period of years.
If the line did not stay around the carrying capacity, but continued to rise, which concept would
this graph best illustrate?
(2)
(1)
environmental stability
(3) behavioral change
genetic variety
(4) overproduction
Question 32
A food web is represented below.
Which organism would receive the least amount of transferred solar energy?
(1)
(2)
grasses
owls
(3) frogs
(4) field mice
Question 33
Birch bolete is a fungus that normally grows on the roots of birch trees in New York State. During
the life of the fungus and the birch, each organism receives nutrients from the various biochemical
processes of the other. According to this information, it can be inferred that these two species
(1)
(2)
are both predators
(3) require a similar soil pH
require the same amount of sunlight (4) recycle the remains of dead organisms
Question 34
The photographs below show different varieties of cattle and characteristics of each variety.
Which statement best explains the development of variety C?
(2)
(1)
Nuclei from body cells taken from variety A were inserted into egg cells lacking
nuclei taken from variety B.
Selective breeding was used to combine desirable traits from both varieties A and B.
(3)
The need to adapt to changes in the environment led to the selection of
advantageous characteristics in the offspring of variety B.
(4)
Mutations that occurred in the body cells of variety A were passed on to the
offspring generation after generation.
Question 35
The diagram below represents a remora fish attached to a shark.
A remora fish has an adhesive disk or sucker on its head, which it uses to attach itself to larger
fishes, such as sharks. This attachment causes the shark no harm. The remora fish eat scraps of
food that the sharks drop as they feed. This is an example of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
an adaptation to a specialized niche
an adaptation of a successful parasite
competition between two fish species for food
competition for abiotic resources
Question 36
Each row in the chart below represents a different population of the same species of insect.
Which row shows the population with the greatest chance of survival in a changing
environment?
Question 37
The development of nerve, muscle, and skin cells is represented in the diagram below.
Which statement best explains how each of the different cell types can develop from the same
embryo?
(1)
The cells have identical genetic instructions, but different parts of these
instructions are being expressed in each cell.
(2)
The cells have identical genetic instructions, and all parts of these instructions are
being expressed in each cell.
(3)
The cells are produced by asexual reproduction and contain identical genetic
instructions.
(4)
The cells contain genetic instructions from two different parents and will express
the instructions from one parent, only.
Question 38
The graph below represents the effect of pH on three different enzymes at normal body
temperature.
The graph illustrates that enzymes 1, 2, and 3
(1)
(2)
are not affected by pH
work best at different pH levels
(3) work best in an acidic environment
(4) work best in a basic environment
Question 39
The human male reproductive system is represented below.
Which structure produces cells that have the potential to become gametes?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Question 40
Some scientists have collected and stored seeds for many types of food-producing plants. The
purpose of this is to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
increase the destruction of environments
continue the deforestation of world ecosystems
decrease the dependence on plants for food
preserve the diversity of plant species
Question 41
Which diagram best illustrates the relationship between the number of cells, tissues, and organs in
a complex multicellular organism?
(1)
(2)
Question 42
The diagram below represents an ameba engulfing bacteria.
(3)
(4)
This ameba would most likely be classified as a
(1)
(2)
decomposer
producer
(3) consumer
(4) pathogen
Question 43
The diagram below represents an ameba engulfing bacteria.
The activity taking place is
(1)
(2)
photosynthesis
differentiation
(3) autotrophic nutrition
(4) heterotrophic nutrition
Question 44
The Enzyme Catalase
Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that breathe or are exposed to oxygen.
According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process
of human hair. The body naturally produces hydrogen peroxide, and catalase breaks it down into
water and oxygen. If there is a dip in catalase levels, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down.
This causes hydrogen peroxide to bleach hair from the inside out. Scientists believe this finding
may someday be used in anti-graying treatments for hair.
A pharmaceutical company, investigating ways to prevent hair from turning gray, took tissue
samples from two different individuals. Both individuals were the same age. Each of the samples
was placed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen gas produced was measured
every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The data the company collected are shown below.
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time
(min)
Sample from Person A
(mL oxygen)
Sample from Person B
(mL oxygen)
5
2.0
4.5
10
3.5
8.5
15
5.0
12.0
20
7.5
15.5
25
9.5
20.0
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis.
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of
Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time (min)
Question 45
The Enzyme Catalase
Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that breathe or are exposed to oxygen.
According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process
of human hair. The body naturally produces hydrogen peroxide, and catalase breaks it down into
water and oxygen. If there is a dip in catalase levels, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down.
This causes hydrogen peroxide to bleach hair from the inside out. Scientists believe this finding
may someday be used in anti-graying treatments for hair.
A pharmaceutical company, investigating ways to prevent hair from turning gray, took tissue
samples from two different individuals. Both individuals were the same age. Each of the samples
was placed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen gas produced was measured
every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The data the company collected are shown below.
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time
(min)
Sample from Person A
(mL oxygen)
Sample from Person B
(mL oxygen)
5
2.0
4.5
10
3.5
8.5
15
5.0
12.0
20
7.5
15.5
25
9.5
20.0
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid.
Plot the data from the data table for the sample from person A on the grid. Connect the points and
surround each point with a small circle.
Example:
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of
Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time (min)
Question 46
The Enzyme Catalase
Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that breathe or are exposed to oxygen.
According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process
of human hair. The body naturally produces hydrogen peroxide, and catalase breaks it down into
water and oxygen. If there is a dip in catalase levels, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down.
This causes hydrogen peroxide to bleach hair from the inside out. Scientists believe this finding
may someday be used in anti-graying treatments for hair.
A pharmaceutical company, investigating ways to prevent hair from turning gray, took tissue
samples from two different individuals. Both individuals were the same age. Each of the samples
was placed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen gas produced was measured
every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The data the company collected are shown below.
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time
(min)
Sample from Person A
(mL oxygen)
Sample from Person B
(mL oxygen)
5
2.0
4.5
10
3.5
8.5
15
5.0
12.0
20
7.5
15.5
25
9.5
20.0
Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid.
Plot the data from the data table for the sample from person B on the grid. Connect the points and
surround each point with a small triangle.
Example:
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of
Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time (min)
Question 47
The Enzyme Catalase
Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that breathe or are exposed to oxygen.
According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process
of human hair. The body naturally produces hydrogen peroxide, and catalase breaks it down into
water and oxygen. If there is a dip in catalase levels, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down.
This causes hydrogen peroxide to bleach hair from the inside out. Scientists believe this finding
may someday be used in anti-graying treatments for hair.
A pharmaceutical company, investigating ways to prevent hair from turning gray, took tissue
samples from two different individuals. Both individuals were the same age. Each of the samples
was placed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen gas produced was measured
every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The data the company collected are shown below.
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time
(min)
Sample from Person A
(mL oxygen)
Sample from Person B
(mL oxygen)
5
2.0
4.5
10
3.5
8.5
15
5.0
12.0
20
7.5
15.5
25
9.5
20.0
If the temperature of the tissue samples used in the experiment had been raised from 37°C (body
temperature) to 50°C, the results would have been different because
(1)
more enzymes are produced at higher temperatures, increasing the amount of
hydrogen peroxide
(2)
more hydrogen peroxide is released at higher temperatures, increasing the activity
of catalase
(3)
increasing temperatures altered the structure of catalase, decreasing oxygen
production
(4)
increasing temperatures decreased the synthesis of amino acids, increasing levels
of hydrogen peroxide
Question 48
The Enzyme Catalase
Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that breathe or are exposed to oxygen.
According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process
of human hair. The body naturally produces hydrogen peroxide, and catalase breaks it down into
water and oxygen. If there is a dip in catalase levels, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down.
This causes hydrogen peroxide to bleach hair from the inside out. Scientists believe this finding
may someday be used in anti-graying treatments for hair.
A pharmaceutical company, investigating ways to prevent hair from turning gray, took tissue
samples from two different individuals. Both individuals were the same age. Each of the samples
was placed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen gas produced was measured
every 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The data the company collected are shown below.
Oxygen Production in the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase
Time
(min)
Sample from Person A
(mL oxygen)
Sample from Person B
(mL oxygen)
5
2.0
4.5
10
3.5
8.5
15
5.0
12.0
20
7.5
15.5
25
9.5
20.0
According to the data provided, which person, A or B, is more likely to be the first to have gray
hair?
Support your answer.
Person: ________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 49
An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of drinking an excessive amount of water
on urine flow. A subject drank 1 liter of water in 5 minutes, and then urine output was measured.
The graph shows how the human adult kidneys responded to regulate water balance in the body.
Urine output was measured every 10 minutes for a little over 3 hours. Normal output for an average
adult is approximately 0.5–1 mL/min.
Urine Production in an Adult
with Normal Kidney Function
Time (min)
One half-hour after the liter of water was consumed, the urine produced by the kidneys was
(1)
(2)
between 2 and 3 mL/min
between 4 and 5 mL/min
(3) eight times greater than normal
(4) below the normal range
Question 50
An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of drinking an excessive amount of water
on urine flow. A subject drank 1 liter of water in 5 minutes, and then urine output was measured.
The graph shows how the human adult kidneys responded to regulate water balance in the body.
Urine output was measured every 10 minutes for a little over 3 hours. Normal output for an average
adult is approximately 0.5–1 mL/min.
Urine Production in an Adult
with Normal Kidney Function
Time (min)
The change in urine production during this 3-hour period was most likely the result of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
antibody production
homeostatic feedback
enzymatic breakdown of the water consumed
nerve cell malfunctions of the kidneys
Question 51
An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of drinking an excessive amount of water
on urine flow. A subject drank 1 liter of water in 5 minutes, and then urine output was measured.
The graph shows how the human adult kidneys responded to regulate water balance in the body.
Urine output was measured every 10 minutes for a little over 3 hours. Normal output for an average
adult is approximately 0.5–1 mL/min.
Urine Production in an Adult
with Normal Kidney Function
Time (min)
Identify a structure, in organisms that do not have kidneys, that is adapted to regulate water
balance.
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 52
An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of drinking an excessive amount of
water on urine flow. A subject drank 1 liter of water in 5 minutes, and then urine output was
measured. The graph shows how the human adult kidneys responded to regulate water balance in
the body. Urine output was measured every 10 minutes for a little over 3 hours. Normal output
for an average adult is approximately 0.5–1 mL/min.
Urine Production in an Adult
with Normal Kidney Function
Time (min)
Approximately how long did it take, in minutes, for the body to return to normal after the intake
of water?
___________________ minutes
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 53
The data table summarizes the changes that occurred to farmland in the years immediately
following its abandonment. The land is located in a very stable ecosystem. It was abandoned after
years of overuse and weathering, which resulted in the depletion of soil nutrients.
Common Types of Vegetation Present
Years Since
Abandoned
Grasses
and Weeds
1
X
18
X
30
Shrubs
Pine
Forest
X
X
X
Hardwood
Forest
70
X
X
100
X
118 (present)
X
Which type of vegetation appears to have the lowest soil nutrient requirements? Support your
answer with information from the data table.
Lowest soil nutrient requirement vegetation: _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 54
The data table summarizes the changes that occurred to farmland in the years immediately
following its abandonment. The land is located in a very stable ecosystem. It was abandoned after
years of overuse and weathering, which resulted in the depletion of soil nutrients.
Common Types of Vegetation Present
Years Since
Abandoned
Grasses
and Weeds
1
X
18
X
Shrubs
Pine
Forest
X
X
30
X
70
X
Hardwood
Forest
X
100
X
118 (present)
X
Assuming the ecosystem remains undisturbed, which type of vegetation would you expect to be
most common in this area 200 years after it was first abandoned? Support your answer.
Most common vegetation:_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 55
The data table summarizes the changes that occurred to farmland in the years immediately
following its abandonment. The land is located in a very stable ecosystem. It was abandoned after
years of overuse and weathering, which resulted in the depletion of soil nutrients.
Common Types of Vegetation Present
Years Since
Abandoned
Grasses
and Weeds
1
X
18
X
Shrubs
Pine
Forest
X
X
30
X
70
X
Hardwood
Forest
X
100
X
118 (present)
X
Describe how the types of vegetation present on this farmland would change if a fire burned down
all the trees 120 years after the land was abandoned.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 56
The photograph below is part of an advertisement used by a company selling solar panels. The
company claims that their panels, like plants, provide clean, renewable energy. They also claim
that using solar panels will have a positive effect on the biosphere by reducing global warming.
Source:http://www.stockwatch.in/files/Energy.jpg
Explain why these claims are valid. In your answer, be sure to:
explain why both plants and solar panels provide renewable energy, rather than nonrenewable
energy
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 57
The photograph below is part of an advertisement used by a company selling solar panels. The
company claims that their panels, like plants, provide clean, renewable energy. They also claim
that using solar panels will have a positive effect on the biosphere by reducing global warming.
Source:http://www.stockwatch.in/files/Energy.jpg
Explain why these claims are valid. In your answer, be sure to:
state how the widespread use of solar panels to generate electricity can help to reduce global
warming
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 58
The photograph below is part of an advertisement used by a company selling solar panels. The
company claims that their panels, like plants, provide clean, renewable energy. They also claim
that using solar panels will have a positive effect on the biosphere by reducing global warming.
Source:http://www.stockwatch.in/files/Energy.jpg
Explain why these claims are valid. In your answer, be sure to:
state how the energy-capturing process used by plants worldwide can help to reduce global
warming
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 59
Fungi are interesting organisms that interact with humans in many ways.
Yeasts are fungi used in the food industry to produce products such as bread and
certain beverages. Some fungi are valuable in medicine. For example, the drug
cyclosporine, which is capable of suppressing the response of the immune system
to foreign antigens, and the antibiotic penicillin are both products from fungi.
Other fungi are less welcomed by humans. The irritation of athlete’s foot is
caused by a fungus, and a number of allergies are caused by reproductive spores
released by fungi.
Describe the role of a drug like cyclosporine when transplanting organs from one person to another
person.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 60
Fungi are interesting organisms that interact with humans in many ways.
Yeasts are fungi used in the food industry to produce products such as bread and
certain beverages. Some fungi are valuable in medicine. For example, the drug
cyclosporine, which is capable of suppressing the response of the immune system
to foreign antigens, and the antibiotic penicillin are both products from fungi.
Other fungi are less welcomed by humans. The irritation of athlete’s foot is
caused by a fungus, and a number of allergies are caused by reproductive spores
released by fungi.
Explain the difference between an infection caused by a fungus and an allergy caused by a fungus.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 61
Female mosquitoes need a meal of blood from a person or other animal in order to
produce eggs. It has been discovered that mosquitoes have cells on their antennae that can detect
the insect repellent known as DEET. The repellent is not harmful to mosquitoes, but when
mosquitoes detect DEET, they will not land on the surface where the DEET has been applied.
This protects people from being bitten by mosquitoes.
Recently, scientists found some mosquitoes that are resistant to DEET because they
do not detect its presence. They bred these mosquitoes and eventually produced a
population consisting of about 50% DEET-resistant insects.
Identify the process most likely responsible for a mosquito initially becoming resistant to DEET.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 62
Female mosquitoes need a meal of blood from a person or other animal in order to
produce eggs. It has been discovered that mosquitoes have cells on their antennae that can detect
the insect repellent known as DEET. The repellent is not harmful to mosquitoes, but when
mosquitoes detect DEET, they will not land on the surface where the DEET has been applied.
This protects people from being bitten by mosquitoes.
Recently, scientists found some mosquitoes that are resistant to DEET because they
do not detect its presence. They bred these mosquitoes and eventually produced a
population consisting of about 50% DEET-resistant insects.
Mosquitoes with DEET resistance have been found in natural environments. Explain how the
continued use of this repellent may cause the percentage of these resistant mosquitoes to increase
in the future.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 63
Ocean-dwelling (marine) iguanas and land iguanas inhabit the Galapagos Islands.
Some scientists believe that both types of iguanas diverged from a common ancestor.
Marine iguanas eat algae. Land iguanas feed on cacti. Algae are more abundant in the
ocean than cacti are on the islands. Both species lay their eggs in the sand.
Rats, cats, and goats have been introduced to the islands by humans. Rats feed on
iguana eggs, cats eat baby iguanas, and goats eat cacti.
Identify the process by which ancestral iguanas developed into the present-day marine iguanas and
land iguanas of the Galapagos Islands.
Process:______________________________
Question 64
Ocean-dwelling (marine) iguanas and land iguanas inhabit the Galapagos Islands.
Some scientists believe that both types of iguanas diverged from a common ancestor.
Marine iguanas eat algae. Land iguanas feed on cacti. Algae are more abundant in the
ocean than cacti are on the islands. Both species lay their eggs in the sand.
Rats, cats, and goats have been introduced to the islands by humans. Rats feed on
iguana eggs, cats eat baby iguanas, and goats eat cacti.
Identify one organism in the Galapagos Islands that directly limits the population of both the
marine iguanas and land iguanas.
Organism:______________________________
Question 65
Ocean-dwelling (marine) iguanas and land iguanas inhabit the Galapagos Islands.
Some scientists believe that both types of iguanas diverged from a common ancestor.
Marine iguanas eat algae. Land iguanas feed on cacti. Algae are more abundant in the
ocean than cacti are on the islands. Both species lay their eggs in the sand.
Rats, cats, and goats have been introduced to the islands by humans. Rats feed on
iguana eggs, cats eat baby iguanas, and goats eat cacti.
Which population of iguanas, marine or land, would you expect to be larger? Support your answer.
Population of iguana:______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 66
Ocean-dwelling (marine) iguanas and land iguanas inhabit the Galapagos Islands.
Some scientists believe that both types of iguanas diverged from a common ancestor.
Marine iguanas eat algae. Land iguanas feed on cacti. Algae are more abundant in the
ocean than cacti are on the islands. Both species lay their eggs in the sand.
Rats, cats, and goats have been introduced to the islands by humans. Rats feed on
iguana eggs, cats eat baby iguanas, and goats eat cacti.
Would the introduction of goats have a greater effect on the population of the marine iguanas or
the land iguanas? Support your answer.
Population of iguana:______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 67
Ocean-dwelling (marine) iguanas and land iguanas inhabit the Galapagos Islands.
Some scientists believe that both types of iguanas diverged from a common ancestor.
Marine iguanas eat algae. Land iguanas feed on cacti. Algae are more abundant in the
ocean than cacti are on the islands. Both species lay their eggs in the sand.
Rats, cats, and goats have been introduced to the islands by humans. Rats feed on
iguana eggs, cats eat baby iguanas, and goats eat cacti.
Identify one technique that can be used to support the conclusion that these two species of iguana
developed from a common ancestor.
Technique: ______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 68
The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus
available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials
to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.
Source: Biology Handbook, SED 1960
Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In
your answer, be sure to:
state one hypothesis the experiment would test
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 69
The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus
available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials
to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.
Source: Biology Handbook, SED 1960
Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In
your answer, be sure to:
describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 70
The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus
available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials
to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.
Source: Biology Handbook, SED 1960
Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In
your answer, be sure to:
identify the dependent variable in the experiment
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 71
The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus
available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials
to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.
Source: Biology Handbook, SED 1960
Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In
your answer, be sure to:
state one reason why many setups should be used in both the experimental and control groups
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 72
The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus
available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials
to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.
Source: Biology Handbook, SED 1960
Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In
your answer, be sure to:
state one reason why several different kinds of seedlings were not tested in this experiment
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 73
The buildup of waste products in muscle cells that are active might cause
(1)
(2)
digestion
cellular respiration
(3) increased fatigue
(4) decreased heart rate
Question 74
The diagram below shows the evolutionary relationships among several types of mammals.
Which mammal would be most closely related to a hippopotamus?
(1)
(2)
deer
whale
(3) pig
(4) cow
Question 75
A group of students obtained the following data while trying to determine the effect of exercise on
pulse rate.
Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate
Student
Resting Pulse Rate
(beats per minute)
Pulse Rate After Exercising
(beats per minute)
A
66
92
B
82
107
C
65
97
D
74
124
E
79
118
F
68
98
G
89
122
Which statement is an example of an observation the students could have made?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Pulse rates in beats per minute decrease for all people after exercise.
Student A most likely exercises regularly.
The pulse rate of student C was dangerously low.
The pulse rate of student F increased by 30 beats per minute.
Question 76
A group of students obtained the following data while trying to determine the effect of exercise on
pulse rate.
Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate
Student
Resting Pulse Rate
(beats per minute)
Pulse Rate After Exercising
(beats per minute)
A
66
92
B
82
107
C
65
97
D
74
124
E
79
118
F
68
98
G
89
122
Which two body systems were most actively involved in this experiment?
(1)
(2)
respiratory and immune
digestive and endocrine
Question 77
(3) respiratory and circulatory
(4) immune and circulatory
The diagram below represents a green plant cell viewed with the high power of a compound light
microscope before and after a particular substance was added.
Identify a substance that could have been added to the slide to bring about the change shown.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 78
Using the DNA base sequences below, identify which two species are more closely related.
Support your answer.
Species A: CAC GTG GAC AGA GGA CAC CTC
Species B: CAT GTG GAC AGA GGA CAC CTC
Species C: CAC GTA GAC TGA GGA CTT CTC
Species:_____________________ and _______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 79
A student observing onion cells using a microscope was having difficulty seeing any detail in the
cells. State one action the student could take to improve the detail.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 80
The diagram represents the results of paper chromatography performed on extracts from five
organisms.
Identify one pigment molecule common to all five organisms.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 81
The diagram represents the results of paper chromatography performed on extracts from five
organisms.
Which two organisms are most closely related?
(1)
(2)
cyanobacteria and green algae
red algae and spinach
(3) brown algae and red algae
(4) red algae and cyanobacteria
Question 82
The diagram shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
In this diagram, the variety of beak sizes and shapes are adaptations directly related to successful
(1)
(2)
feeding
camouflage
(3)
(4)
defense
singing
Question 83
The diagram shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
State one reason why the large ground finch and the woodpecker finch can live successfully on the
same island.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 84
The diagram shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Identify one finch in the diagram that is least likely to compete with any of the other finches.
Support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 85
State one reason why a molecule may not be able to pass into or out of a cell.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
June 2016
Question 1
Which statement is an example of the inter- dependence of organisms?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Owls hunt at night.
Ants get food from insects and protect insects from predators.
Ticks feed on the blood of animals and the ticks grow larger.
Crows feed on dead mice.
Question 2
Residents of a town are concerned that a recently built factory could pose health risks. Scientists
were asked to investigate the effects of the factory on the health of local residents. The most
relevant information they reported was that
(1)
in a survey, residents felt that the air in town looks dirtier now
(2)
there have been reports that other types of factories have been linked with health
issues
(3)
residents have occasionally seen smoke coming from the factory
(4)
local medical facilities have recently reported a 15% increase in the number of
patients treated for asthma
Question 3
Farmers may someday clone their best milk- producing cow into a whole herd. What potential
disadvantage might be important to consider in having such a large group of clones on one farm?
(1) It may be difficult to tell the animals apart.
(2) Lack of variation may limit survival in the herd.
(3) The cows could be fertilized by only one type of bull.
(4) The cows could be mated only with each other.
Question 4
DNA replication occurs in preparation for
(1) mitosis, only
(2) meiosis, only
(3) both mitosis and meiosis
(4) neither mitosis nor meiosis
Question 5
An individual eats a hamburger. Which two systems must interact to transfer the nutrients in the
hamburger to human muscle tissue?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
respiratory and excretory
digestive and immune
digestive and circulatory
circulatory and respiratory
Question 6
The diagram below shows cell A completing a life process.
Cell A
Cell A performs functions similar to the tissues and systems in complex, multicellular
organisms. This process results in
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
increased genetic variation
the maintenance of homeostasis
a reduction in competition
increased autotrophic nutrition
Question 7
The shape of a protein molecule directly determines its
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
movements through the cytoplasm
functions inside and outside of cells
roles in building water molecules
circulation throughout the body
Question 8
The diagram below represents a cell and some molecules in its environment.
Which molecule would require the use of energy in order to be brought into the cell?
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
Question 9
Many domestic plants that are currently used for food by humans share a wild plant ancestor.
The changes that have occurred in four common plants and the results are shown in the chart
below.
Wild Plant Ancestor
Change That Occurred
Resulting Modern Plant
wild mustard
reduced flower development
broccoli
wild mustard
sterile flowers
cauliflower
wild mustard
enlargement of leaves
kale
wild mustard
shortened stem length
cabbage
What event most likely produced the changes that occurred in the wild plant ancestor?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Mutations in wild mustard sex cells were passed on to offspring.
Humans did not like to eat wild mustard.
Competition for survival occurred in all ecosystems of the world.
Ancient herbivores overgrazed wild mustard.
Question 10
A strand of DNA in a skin cell contains the bases:
A-T-G-C-C-A-T-C-G-G-T-A
After the cell is exposed to ultraviolet light, the strand contains the bases:
A-T-G-G-C-C-A-T-C-G-G-T-A
Which statement describes the result of this exposure?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
A new base has been inserted.
A base has been deleted.
One base has been substituted for another.
There have been no changes in the bases.
Question 11
An ameba, a one-celled organism, can move, ingest, and transport materials within the cell,
because it has
(1) organs
(2) organelles
(3) tissues
(4) systems
Question 12
In humans, the placenta is essential to the embryo for
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
nutrition, excretion, and reproduction
respiration, nutrition, and excretion
movement, reproduction, and nutrition
coordination, movement, and growth
Question 13
A student infected by a common cold virus ran a low-grade fever. After a few days, the student’s
temperature returned to normal and the student was free of cold symptoms. The fever served as
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
an antigen in the circulatory system
an immune response to a pathogen
a biological catalyst
a weakened pathogen
Question 14
Many animals have developed courtship behaviors. Males will often dance, swim, or sing in a
particular way to attract a female. Males who are more successful at the courtship behavior will
have a greater chance of having more offspring.
This behavior is a result of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
natural selection
genetic engineering
asexual reproduction
gene manipulation
Question 15
After a zygote is formed, specialization of cells occurs. Through which process do the cells of a
zygote become specialized?
(1)
(2)
sexual reproduction
meiosis
(3)
(4)
fertilization
differentiation
Question 16
A farmer wanted to rid his apple trees of a particular leaf-eating insect. He sprayed his trees with
an insecticide that killed 98% of the insects. The survival of 2% of this population of insects is
most likely due to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
genes obtained from another species
certain chemicals that stimulated over- production
variations that resulted from sexual repro- duction
their ability to produce food from the pesticide
Question 17
Which occurrence represents an example of evolution?
(1) Exposure to radiation reduces the rate of mutation in leaf cells.
(2) A mutation in a liver cell causes a person to produce an enzyme that is less efficient.
(3) Cells in a zygote eventually change into bone cells or skin cells.
(4) Some antibiotics are almost useless, because pathogens have developed a resistance to
these antibiotics.
Question 18
Populations of aspen trees in the western United States are being destroyed by an unexplained
illness. The altered landscape is affecting the animals that live there. Populations of deer mice are
increasing greatly in these areas. Unfortunately, these mice often carry a virus that is deadly to
humans. This scenario best illustrates that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a change in the environment always results in disease
humans are the cause of the breakdown of this ecosystem
the stability of this ecosystem is limited by the amount of water available
every population in an ecosystem is linked with other populations
Question 19
The paramecium is a single-celled organism that reproduces asexually. The offspring of a
paramecium usually contain
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
only half of the genes of the parent cells
more DNA than the parent cell
genetic material identical to that of the parent cell
fewer mutations than the parent cell
Question 20
A dead or weakened pathogen used to establish immunity would most likely be found in
(1) a pesticide
(2) an antibiotic
(3) a vaccine
(4) a toxin
Question 21
Which statement is true for all of the organisms in the ecosystem represented in the diagram below?
(1)
They use energy to combine the inorganic molecules carbon dioxide and water
into energy-rich organic compounds.
(2)
Stored energy cannot be used by these organisms as a source of energy for life
processes.
(3)
Energy stored in inorganic molecules is released during cellular respiration in
these organisms.
(4)
Energy is used by the organisms to obtain and transport materials, and to
eliminate wastes.
Question 22
When a natural disaster destroys a stable ecosystem, the area is temporarily less stable than before.
This is most likely due to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a decrease in biodiversity
an increase in the number of food chains
an increase in the number of species
a decrease in the rate of mutation
Question 23
An individual walks out of his air-conditioned (75°F) home into the hot outside environment
(85°F). His ability to adjust to this changing environment involves a mechanism similar to
(1) the regulation of water loss by guard cells in plant leaves
(2) the digestion of carbohydrates by enzymes
(3) using ATP for the diffusion of water
(4) glucose production in the pancreas
Question 24
Nonrenewable resources are
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
not finite and are not depleted over time
not finite and are depleted over time
finite and are not depleted over time
finite and are depleted over time
Question 25
Dodder, a plant with no chlorophyll, grows on a living plant of a different species from which it
obtains nutrients. Which pair of terms describes this relationship?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
parasite and host
predator and prey
producer and decomposer
consumer and scavenger
Question 26
Three human hormones most directly involved in sexual reproduction are
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
estrogen, insulin, and progesterone
testosterone, estrogen, and insulin
progesterone, ATP, and testosterone
estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Question 27
At one point, scientists observed that the ozone shield was getting thinner. They warned that the
loss of the effectiveness of this shield may lead to an increase in
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
allergies to ozone
mutations that lead to cancer
viral diseases, such as AIDS
ice formation at the poles
Question 28
As it grows from a seed to a mature plant, a plant will grow taller and thicker. Which are abiotic
factors most responsible for the increase in the mass of the plant?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
water, minerals, bacteria
sunlight, oxygen, plant receptors
minerals, water, plant enzymes
water, sunlight, carbon dioxide
Question 29
Structures in an animal cell are represented in the diagram below.
Which row in the chart correctly identifies the functions of structures A, B, and C?
Row
Structure A
Structure B
Structure C
(1)
waste removal
extract energy from nutrients
protein synthesis
(2)
information storage
transport of materials
storage of liquids
(3)
protein synthesis
storage of wastes
reproduction
(4)
cell communication
transport of materials
waste removal
Question 30
The diagram below represents how air pollution may move across the eastern United States.
Movement of Air Pollution
In order to reduce the amount of air pollution in Pennsylvania, which change is necessary?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Laws must be passed to protect endangered species.
The use of natural resources must be increased.
More coal-burning power plants must be built.
The cooperation between the different states must be improved.
Question 31
The diagram represents part of a food web.
Which sequence of organisms represents a food chain within this food web?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
tadpoles → algae → daphnia → back swimmers
sedges → ants → frogs → kookaburras
algae → daphnia → decayed material → bacteria
dragonflies → sedges → ants →centipedes
Question 32
The diagram represents part of a food web.
Which population would be most immediately affected by the removal of the lizard population?
(1) sedges
(2) algae
(3) ants
(4) centipedes
Question 33
During an investigation, a student measures out 15 grams of salt. Then, he measures 15
milliliters of water and adds the salt to it. Next, he measures a 1 centimeter wide by 4
centimeters long section of plant leaf. Which list of tools is arranged in the order that the
student used them?
(1) graduated cylinder, ruler, balance
(2) balance, ruler, graduated cylinder
(3) graduated cylinder, balance, ruler
(4) balance, graduated cylinder, ruler
Question 34
The graph shows the masses of different types of plants found in an area of the Adirondack
Mountains after a forest fire occurred.
Based on the information provided in the graph, the process that is occurring is
(1) ecological succession
(2) biological evolution
(3) selective breeding
(4) genetic engineering
Question 35
The graph shows the masses of different types of plants found in an area of the Adirondack
Mountains after a forest fire occurred.
The time shown in the graph is most likely measured in
(1) days
(3) months
(2) weeks
(4) years
Question 36
The graph shows the masses of different types of plants found in an area of the Adirondack
Mountains after a forest fire occurred.
The mass of plants shown in the graph refers to the mass of a number of
(1) populations
(3) ecosystems
(2) decomposers
(4) communities
Question 37
The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule.
The building blocks for this molecule are
(1) amino acids
(2) simple sugars
(3) fats
(4) molecular bases
Question 38
The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule.
The energy in this molecule is stored
(1)
in the bonds between atoms
(2)
in the oxygen found in the molecule
(3)
when the carbon atoms break off
(4)
when water breaks this molecule apart
Question 39
A genetically modified pig, nicknamed the “enviropig,” has the ability to produce a
bacterial enzyme in its saliva that helps reduce the amount of phosphorus in its wastes.
Phosphorus pollution is a serious environmental concern. Enviropigs are expensive,
but the cost is balanced against the benefit to the environment. There is also a concern
that the US Department of Agriculture still has not cleared enviropig meat for human
consumption.
Government agencies and citizens should propose the use of enviropig in the future only after
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
developing ways to remove the bacterial enzyme
assessing risks, costs, and benefits
people have eaten lots of enviropig meat and determined the effects
different, cheaper pig can be produced regardless of the output of phosphorus
Question 40
Researchers have produced rice plants that can withstand being completely submerged for up to
two weeks. This is good news for farmers in the flood regions of Southeast Asia. The farmers in
this region rely heavily on this crop. The diagram below illustrates the process used to genetically
modify plants, such as rice.
The molecules used to cut, copy, and connect the DNA segments used in this process are
(1) sugars
(2) enzymes
(3) indicators
(4) antigens
Question 41
Researchers have produced rice plants that can withstand being completely submerged for up to
two weeks. This is good news for farmers in the flood regions of Southeast Asia. The farmers in
this region rely heavily on this crop. The diagram below illustrates the process used to genetically
modify plants, such as rice.
The best explanation for these modified rice plants being flood resistant is that
(1) the gene for flood resistance was inserted into plant cells, which grew into plants
whose cells are expressing this gene
(2) they were produced by fertilization, using gametes from two flood-resistant bacterial cells
(3) there was a mutation in the bacterial DNA after it was inserted into the plant that
caused it to be flood resistant
(4) the researchers used selective breeding for the flood-resistance trait
Question 42
The diagram below represents two cells viewed using the same magnification with the same
microscope.
One possible conclusion that can be drawn about the activity of these two cells is that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
more active transport occurs in cell B than in cell A
more active transport occurs in cell A than in cell B
cell B uses some of the extra mitochondria to make food
cell A is a plant cell since it has a cell wall
Question 43
The diagram below represents the processes leading to the formation of a human embryo.
The correct sequence for processes 1, 2, and 3 represented in the diagram is
Row
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
(1)
gamete formation
cell division
fertilization
(2)
cell division
gamete formation
fertilization
(3)
gamete formation
fertilization
cell division
(4)
fertilization
gamete formation
cell division
Question 44
For most animals, the sex of the offspring is determined by sex chromosomes. In some species
of reptiles, such as the painted turtle, there are no sex chromosomes. It has been discovered that
the sex of the offspring is determined by the temperature of the nest in which the egg develops.
Sex of Painted Turtle Offspring
at Various Nest Temperatures
Temperature
(°C)
Sex of Offspring
Males (%)
Females (%)
19
0
100
20
5
95
21
20
80
22
25
75
23
0
100
24
0
100
25
0
100
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each axis.
Temperature (C)
Question 45
For most animals, the sex of the offspring is determined by sex chromosomes. In some species
of reptiles, such as the painted turtle, there are no sex chromosomes. It has been discovered that
the sex of the offspring is determined by the temperature of the nest in which the egg develops.
Sex of Painted Turtle Offspring
at Various Nest Temperatures
Temperature
(°C)
Sex of Offspring
Males (%)
Females (%)
19
0
100
20
5
95
21
20
80
22
25
75
23
0
100
24
0
100
25
0
100
Plot the data for percent males on the grid. Connect the points and surround each point with a
small circle.
Example:
Sex of Painted Turtles at Various
Nest Temperatures
Temperature (°C)
Question 46
For most animals, the sex of the offspring is determined by sex chromosomes. In some species
of reptiles, such as the painted turtle, there are no sex chromosomes. It has been discovered that
the sex of the offspring is determined by the temperature of the nest in which the egg develops.
Sex of Painted Turtle Offspring
at Various Nest Temperatures
Temperature
(°C)
Sex of Offspring
Males (%)
Females (%)
19
0
100
20
5
95
21
20
80
22
25
75
23
0
100
24
0
100
25
0
100
Plot the data for percent females on the grid. Connect the points and surround each point with a
small triangle.
Example:
Sex of Painted Turtles at Various
Nest Temperatures
Temperature (°C)
Question 47
The fact that the sex of the painted turtle offspring is controlled by the temperature of the nest is
an example of
(1)
natural selection causing a new species to form
(2)
a predator-prey interaction
(3)
habitat destruction decreasing biodiversity
(4)
environment modifying gene expression
Question 48
The graphs represent the results of two investigations using leaf disks from spinach plants.
Small disks were cut from spinach leaves that had been treated to remove any air from inside
the leaf. The disks were placed in a solution that allowed them to carry out photosynthesis. At first,
all the disks sank to the bottom of the container. These disks were then used for two different
investigations.
Investigation 1
The disks were divided into five groups. Each group was exposed to light of a different intensity,
measured in watts per meter squared (W/m2). Some of the disks began to float. The results of the
first investigation are shown in the graph below.
State the relationship between increasing light intensity and the percentage of disks floating at
the conclusion of Investigation 1
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 49
The graph represent the results of investigations using leaf disks from spinach plants.
Small disks were cut from spinach leaves that had been treated to remove any air from inside
the leaf. The disks were placed in a solution that allowed them to carry out photosynthesis. At first,
all the disks sank to the bottom of the container. These disks were then used for two different
investigations.
Investigation 1
The disks were divided into five groups. Each group was exposed to light of a different intensity,
measured in watts per meter squared (W/m2). Some of the disks began to float. The results of the
first investigation are shown in the graph below.
The substance produced inside the leaf disks that caused them to float to the surface of the
solution is
(1) ozone
(2) oxygen
(3) water
(4) nitrogen
Question 50
The graph represent the results of Investigation using leaf disks from spinach plants.
Small disks were cut from spinach leaves that had been treated to remove any air from inside
the leaf. The disks were placed in a solution that allowed them to carry out photosynthesis. At first,
all the disks sank to the bottom of the container. These disks were then used for two different
investigations.
Investigation 2
A number of freshly prepared disks were placed in five containers. These containers were then
each exposed to light of a different color. The results of the second investigation are shown in the
graph below.
Which color of light appears to be least effective for photosynthesis in spinach leaves?
(1) white
(2) blue
(3) green
(4) red
Question 51
The photograph shows an oriental hornet.
Oriental hornets are unique insects. A yellow pigment in the body of the insect converts solar
energy to electrical energy. Plants also convert energy from the Sun.
Identify the organelle present in plants where this conversion takes place.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 52
The SUNY Solar Car Model Racing Team’s Sunhawk: Car of the Future?
The Sunhawk, a car built by students at SUNY New Paltz, prompted Forbes Magazine to ask
“Is The $250,000 Sunhawk the Solar Car of the Future?” These cars show the most advanced solar
technology and vehicle construction.
There are trade-offs involved in the use of solar-powered cars. Provide one advantage and one
disadvantage of owning a solar car.
Advantage: ____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantage: __________________________________________________________________
Question 53
Ten years ago, scientists discovered a well-preserved set of dinosaur remains in China. This
dinosaur, which walked on Earth about 125 million years ago, had feathers and was about the same
size as a turkey — but don’t be fooled. This dino’s bite was a lot worse than a turkey’s gobble.
After a close (and careful!) examination of the dino’s teeth, scientists recently concluded that this
dinosaur was probably poisonous. The study was led by David Burnham, who works and teaches
at the University of Kansas in Lawrence.
Source: www.sciencenewsforkids.org
State one inference that could be made based on the fact that this dinosaur had feathers.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 54
A captive New Caledonian crow
forages for food using a stick tool.
(Credit: Dr. Simon Walker)
A Great Larvae Meal
New Caledonian crows consume a wide range of foods. These crows require tools to extract
the larvae of wood boring beetles from their burrows. A bird pokes a larva with a stick until the
larva is disturbed enough to bite the stick and hang on to it. The bird is then able to pull the larva
out of its burrow. These larvae, with their unusual diet, have a distinct chemical that can be found
in the feathers and blood of crows—allowing scientists to determine the percentage of the crows’
diet that is made up of beetle larvae. Scientists found that the beetle larvae are so energy-rich that
just a few could satisfy the daily energy requirement for a crow. The crows with the greatest skill
in using a twig as a tool benefit most in terms of nutrition.
State one reason why the offspring of crows skilled at using twigs as tools would have the
greatest chance of survival.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 55
A captive New Caledonian crow
forages for food using a stick tool.
(Credit: Dr. Simon Walker)
A Great Larvae Meal
New Caledonian crows consume a wide range of foods. These crows require tools to extract
the larvae of wood boring beetles from their burrows. A bird pokes a larva with a stick until the
larva is disturbed enough to bite the stick and hang on to it. The bird is then able to pull the larva
out of its burrow. These larvae, with their unusual diet, have a distinct chemical that can be found
in the feathers and blood of crows—allowing scientists to determine the percentage of the crows’
diet that is made up of beetle larvae. Scientists found that the beetle larvae are so energy-rich that
just a few could satisfy the daily energy requirement for a crow. The crows with the greatest skill
in using a twig as a tool benefit most in terms of nutrition.
State one reason why some members of a population of crows equally skilled in the use of twigs
have different rates of survival.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 56
African violet plants are grown for their delicate, colorful flowers and furry, soft leaves. People
often want to touch the leaves and brush the hairy leaves with their fingers. Growers and plant
owners were concerned that this could negatively affect the plant. Of particular concern was the
presence of body lotion or other skin products on the hands of persons touching the leaves.
A student thought this might be the basis of a science project. He selected two African violet
plants. Ten leaves on each of the two plants were brushed with a gloved hand for 30 seconds, once
a day, for a period of five days. The difference was that leaves of the second plant were brushed
with a gloved hand that had hand lotion applied to the glove.
As part of the peer review process, evaluate the student’s experiment. As part of your evaluation,
be sure to:
state one possible hypothesis for the experiment proposed by the student
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 57
African violet plants are grown for their delicate, colorful flowers and furry, soft leaves. People
often want to touch the leaves and brush the hairy leaves with their fingers. Growers and plant
owners were concerned that this could negatively affect the plant. Of particular concern was the
presence of body lotion or other skin products on the hands of persons touching the leaves.
A student thought this might be the basis of a science project. He selected two African violet
plants. Ten leaves on each of the two plants were brushed with a gloved hand for 30 seconds, once
a day, for a period of five days. The difference was that leaves of the second plant were brushed
with a gloved hand that had hand lotion applied to the glove.
As part of the peer review process, evaluate the student’s experiment. As part of your evaluation,
be sure to:
describe the type of data that should be collected to determine if the brushing with lotion was
having a negative effect on the African violet plant
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 58
Scientists studied the distribution of a species of pocket mouse that lived in the sandy desert
regions of the southwestern United States. They are eaten by a variety of predators. Pocket mice
are active at night, and feed on seeds and grasses. A single female mouse can reproduce several
times each year, producing a litter of 3 to 13 offspring each time. Each new litter is considered a
generation.
A volcanic eruption that resulted in lava flows changed the color of the area that the mice
inhabit from light brown to black. Data from the scientist’s research of the population are shown
in the chart below.
Changes in Pocket Mouse Fur Color after a Volcanic Eruption
Number of
Generations
Percentage of
Pocket Mice with
Light Brown Fur
Percentage of
Pocket Mice with
Black Fur
10
95%
5%
25
90%
10%
50
75%
25%
100
5%
95%
State the role of mutation or recombination in the appearance of the trait for black fur color in
the pocket mouse population.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 59
Scientists studied the distribution of a species of pocket mouse that lived in the sandy desert
regions of the southwestern United States. They are eaten by a variety of predators. Pocket mice
are active at night, and feed on seeds and grasses. A single female mouse can reproduce several
times each year, producing a litter of 3 to 13 offspring each time. Each new litter is considered a
generation.
A volcanic eruption that resulted in lava flows changed the color of the area that the mice
inhabit from light brown to black. Data from the scientist’s research of the population are shown
in the chart below.
Changes in Pocket Mouse Fur Color after a Volcanic Eruption
Number of
Generations
Percentage of
Pocket Mice with
Light Brown Fur
Percentage of
Pocket Mice with
Black Fur
10
95%
5%
25
90%
10%
50
75%
25%
100
5%
95%
Explain why the percentage of black pocket mice changed so much after the volcanic eruption.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 60
In 2003, as a result of the Human Genome Project, the complete sequence of all the bases in
human DNA was released to the public. Although knowing the entire sequence of bases has
proven valuable, scientists are currently working to map genes. Mapping genes involves
determining the exact location of each gene. Since much of human DNA does not code for a
protein, it is challenging to figure out which segments are actual genes. Often, scientists look at
the percent composition of bases in a segment of DNA. If the segment of DNA has a large
percentage of C and G bases (together over 50%), it is likely that it is a gene and codes for a
protein.
A scientist analyzes the bases in a segment of DNA from a human skin cell to determine if it codes
for a protein. The base A is 12% of the bases in this segment of DNA. Calculate the percentage of
bases that would be C.
____________%
Question 61
In 2003, as a result of the Human Genome Project, the complete sequence of all the bases in
human DNA was released to the public. Although knowing the entire sequence of bases has
proven valuable, scientists are currently working to map genes. Mapping genes involves
determining the exact location of each gene. Since much of human DNA does not code for a
protein, it is challenging to figure out which segments are actual genes. Often, scientists look at
the percent composition of bases in a segment of DNA. If the segment of DNA has a large
percentage of C and G bases (together over 50%), it is likely that it is a gene and codes for a
protein.
Is it likely this segment of DNA codes for a protein? Circle yes or no and support your answer.
Circle one:
Yes
or
No
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 62
The illustration is of a Tasmanian devil.
Source: http://www.statelibrary.tas.gov.au
The Tasmanian devil is the largest surviving carnivorous marsupial in Australia. It is in danger
of extinction due to an unusual type of cancer called Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD). It can
be passed from one individual to another through wounds that occur when they fight over food.
Tumor cells in the mouth of an infected animal break off and enter the wound on an uninfected
animal. The tumor cells multiply in the body of the newly infected devil, forming new tumors that
eventually kill the animal.
Recent research has shown that the immune system of a Tasmanian devil accepts tumor cells
from another devil as if they were cells from its own body. The tumor cells are ignored by the
immune system. No immune response develops against them, and the cancerous cells multiply.
Scientists predict that DFTD could wipe out all the remaining Tasmanian devils in 25 years, unless
a treatment is developed.
Using the terms antigens and antibodies, explain why the tumor cells are ignored by the immune
system in Tasmanian devils.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 63
The illustration is of a Tasmanian devil.
Source: http://www.statelibrary.tas.gov.au
The Tasmanian devil is the largest surviving carnivorous marsupial in Australia. It is in danger
of extinction due to an unusual type of cancer called Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD). It can
be passed from one individual to another through wounds that occur when they fight over food.
Tumor cells in the mouth of an infected animal break off and enter the wound on an uninfected
animal. The tumor cells multiply in the body of the newly infected devil, forming new tumors that
eventually kill the animal.
Recent research has shown that the immune system of a Tasmanian devil accepts tumor cells
from another devil as if they were cells from its own body. The tumor cells are ignored by the
immune system. No immune response develops against them, and the cancerous cells multiply.
Scientists predict that DFTD could wipe out all the remaining Tasmanian devils in 25 years, unless
a treatment is developed.
Explain how cancer cells differ from normal cells.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 64
The illustration is of a Tasmanian devil.
Source: http://www.statelibrary.tas.gov.au
The Tasmanian devil is the largest surviving carnivorous marsupial in Australia. It is in danger
of extinction due to an unusual type of cancer called Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD). It can
be passed from one individual to another through wounds that occur when they fight over food.
Tumor cells in the mouth of an infected animal break off and enter the wound on an uninfected
animal. The tumor cells multiply in the body of the newly infected devil, forming new tumors that
eventually kill the animal.
Recent research has shown that the immune system of a Tasmanian devil accepts tumor cells
from another devil as if they were cells from its own body. The tumor cells are ignored by the
immune system. No immune response develops against them, and the cancerous cells multiply.
Scientists predict that DFTD could wipe out all the remaining Tasmanian devils in 25 years, unless
a treatment is developed.
Describe one possible way to maintain a population of healthy, uninfected Tasmanian devils
until a treatment or cure can be found.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 65
The photograph below shows a Canada lynx, a mammal native to North America.
Source: http://www.allposters.com
Lynx are found in areas where there is deep, soft snow cover during the winter months. The
body design of the Canada lynx helps keep the animal on top of the soft snow. Several unique
characteristics, such as the design of its feet and its weight, enable the cat to successfully chase
and catch snowshoe hares, its primary source of food. Snowshoe hares are also able to remain on
top of the snow.
Increased winter recreation has created packed snow trails in lynx habitat. This allows coyotes
and cougars to compete with lynx.
Explain why coyotes were not in competition with the lynx prior to the presence of packed snow
trails.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 66
The photograph below shows a Canada lynx, a mammal native to North America.
Source: http://www.allposters.com
Lynx are found in areas where there is deep, soft snow cover during the winter months. The
body design of the Canada lynx helps keep the animal on top of the soft snow. Several unique
characteristics, such as the design of its feet and its weight, enable the cat to successfully chase
and catch snowshoe hares, its primary source of food. Snowshoe hares are also able to remain on
top of the snow.
Increased winter recreation has created packed snow trails in lynx habitat. This allows coyotes
and cougars to compete with lynx.
Describe the niche that the lynx, coyote, and cougar are competing to fill.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 67
The photograph below shows a Canada lynx, a mammal native to North America.
Source: http://www.allposters.com
Lynx are found in areas where there is deep, soft snow cover during the winter months. The
body design of the Canada lynx helps keep the animal on top of the soft snow. Several unique
characteristics, such as the design of its feet and its weight, enable the cat to successfully chase
and catch snowshoe hares, its primary source of food. Snowshoe hares are also able to remain on
top of the snow.
Increased winter recreation has created packed snow trails in lynx habitat. This allows coyotes
and cougars to compete with lynx.
Explain how the carrying capacity affects the number of predators in an area.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 68
Cowherds Discovering Ticks Are for the Birds
South African cowherds [cowboys] are discovering that when it comes to debugging their
cattle, nature knows best. Generations of cattle owners who dipped their livestock in pesticides
ended up killing not only the ticks that feast on them, but also the red-billed oxpeckers [birds] that
eat the ticks. Now environmentalists want to cut out the pesticides, hand the job back to the birds
and in the process save them from extinction.…
The bird is famous for its bright red bill, yellow ringed eyes and voracious appetite for ticks.
An oxpecker can eat 13,000 of them [ticks] in a day, and meals are everywhere— on antelope,
horses, cattle, buffalo, rhino, lion, elephant and leopard. The ticks carry a host of illnesses,
including red-water disease, a common killer of cattle, but [ticks] are harmless to oxpeckers.…
Source: Eric Naki, Associated Press writer
State one way that the use of pesticides to kill ticks could lead to the decline of the oxpecker
population.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 69
Cowherds Discovering Ticks Are for the Birds
South African cowherds [cowboys] are discovering that when it comes to debugging their
cattle, nature knows best. Generations of cattle owners who dipped their livestock in pesticides
ended up killing not only the ticks that feast on them, but also the red-billed oxpeckers [birds] that
eat the ticks. Now environmentalists want to cut out the pesticides, hand the job back to the birds
and in the process save them from extinction.…
The bird is famous for its bright red bill, yellow ringed eyes and voracious appetite for ticks.
An oxpecker can eat 13,000 of them [ticks] in a day, and meals are everywhere— on antelope,
horses, cattle, buffalo, rhino, lion, elephant and leopard. The ticks carry a host of illnesses,
including red-water disease, a common killer of cattle, but [ticks] are harmless to oxpeckers.…
Source: Eric Naki, Associated Press writer
State one ecological advantage of using oxpeckers to solve the problem with these ticks.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 70
Over the past few decades, researchers have observed declining numbers in two species of
penguins native to the West Antarctic peninsula. New evidence is pointing to a decline in their
food supply as the primary cause for the recent drops in their numbers. These penguins feed on
krill, small animals that grow and develop under ice masses. The graphs below show data related
to two factors: atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and Antarctic ice mass. The diagram of a
generalized Antarctic food web illustrates the role of the penguins.
Source: http://www.nasa.gov
Antarctic Food Web
Source: School Improvement in Maryland, www.mdk12.org
State one possible relationship between CO2 levels and the change in Antarctic ice mass.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 71
Over the past few decades, researchers have observed declining numbers in two species of
penguins native to the West Antarctic peninsula. New evidence is pointing to a decline in their
food supply as the primary cause for the recent drops in their numbers. These penguins feed on
krill, small animals that grow and develop under ice masses. The graphs below show data related
to two factors: atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and Antarctic ice mass. The diagram of a
generalized Antarctic food web illustrates the role of the penguins.
Source: http://www.nasa.gov
Antarctic Food Web
Source: School Improvement in Maryland, www.mdk12.org
Explain why the change in ice mass is resulting in a decline in the penguin populations.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 72
Over the past few decades, researchers have observed declining numbers in two species of
penguins native to the West Antarctic peninsula. New evidence is pointing to a decline in their
food supply as the primary cause for the recent drops in their numbers. These penguins feed on
krill, small animals that grow and develop under ice masses. The graphs below show data related
to two factors: atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and Antarctic ice mass. The diagram of a
generalized Antarctic food web illustrates the role of the penguins.
Source: http://www.nasa.gov
Antarctic Food Web
Source: School Improvement in Maryland, www.mdk12.org
State one specific way in which humans might have caused the changes in atmospheric CO2
levels.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 73
The diagram represents an experimental setup.
Which statement best describes what would most likely be observed after 20 minutes?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The contents of the dialysis tube would turn blue-black.
The liquid in the beaker would turn blue-black.
The dialysis tube would burst.
There would be no change visible.
Question 74
The diagram represents an experimental setup.
Which term correctly identifies the process by which molecules move through the dialysis tube
membrane?
(1)
(2)
paper chromatography
active transport
(3)
(4)
diffusion
digestion
Question 75
The diagram represents an experimental setup.
A student filled a dialysis tube with 97% water solution and sealed the ends. The tube and its
contents had a mass of 55 grams. The student placed the tube in a solution, and the mass of the
tube and its contents increased to 60 grams. Into which solution was the dialysis tube placed?
(1)
(2)
0% water
95% water
(3)
(4)
97% water
99% water
Question 76
Scientists attempted to determine the evolutionary relationships between three different
finch species, A, B, and C. In order to do this, they examined the physical characteristics and DNA
of these species. DNA was extracted from all three species and analyzed using gel electrophoresis.
The results are shown in the diagram.
Species A
Species B
Species C
Which statement best describes the method used above to determine the evolutionary
relationships between three species of finches?
(1)
Examine the structure of the beaks and compare them.
(2)
Observe behavioral and physical characteristics of all the finches and group them
by similarities.
(3)
Obtain molecular evidence from all three species and identify similarities.
(4)
Compare common ancestors of all three of the species to see if they are the same.
Question 77
Scientists attempted to determine the evolutionary relationships between three different
finch species, A, B, and C. In order to do this, they examined the physical characteristics and DNA
of these species. DNA was extracted from all three species and analyzed using gel electrophoresis.
The results are shown in the diagram.
Species A
Species B
Species C
Based on the data they collected using gel electrophoresis, label the branching tree diagram
below. Write the letters A, B, and C, to represent the possible evolutionary relationships between
species A, B, and C.
Question 78
Two species of finches found on a particular Galapagos island eat the seeds of a certain
variety of plant. The relative strength of their beaks is shown in the graph below.
Increasing Beak Strength
One of the finch species has a slightly smaller, weaker beak. Is this species 1 or species 2
Support your answer with information from the graph.
Species: _______________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 79
Two species of finches found on a particular Galapagos island eat the seeds of a certain
variety of plant. The relative strength of their beaks is shown in the graph below.
Increasing Beak Strength
Select the point on the graph where beak strength of the two bird species is equal. Support your
answer.
Point: _______________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 80
Two species of finches found on a particular Galapagos island eat the seeds of a certain
variety of plant. The relative strength of their beaks is shown in the graph below.
Increasing Beak Strength
If the environment on the island changed and the seeds of more of the plants became harder to
crack open, describe what the graph might look like after many years have passed.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 81
Using a microscope and a wet-mount slide, a student observed a pond water sample containing
paramecia, which are single-celled freshwater organisms. He noticed that there was a structure
within each living paramecium that contracted regularly—about four times each minute. He
researched the organism in his science textbook and found that the structure was a contractile
vacuole and its function was to remove excess water from the paramecium.
In the diagram below, a paramecium is represented as seen through a microscope.
The function of the contractile vacuole is described.
He decided to determine if the concentration of salt in the environment of the paramecium
would affect the rate at which the contractile vacuole would contract.
The process used to remove excess water from the paramecium by the contractile vacuole is
(1)
(2)
synthesis
digestion
(3) active transport
(4) passive transport
Question 82
Using a microscope and a wet-mount slide, a student observed a pond water sample containing
paramecia, which are single-celled freshwater organisms. He noticed that there was a structure
within each living paramecium that contracted regularly—about four times each minute. He
researched the organism in his science textbook and found that the structure was a contractile
vacuole and its function was to remove excess water from the paramecium.
In the diagram below, a paramecium is represented as seen through a microscope.
The function of the contractile vacuole is described.
He decided to determine if the concentration of salt in the environment of the paramecium
would affect the rate at which the contractile vacuole would contract.
The student predicted that the contractile vacuole would contract fewer times in one minute in a
solution that had a higher concentration of salt than that found in typical pond water. This
prediction is most likely
(1)
correct, because a high concentration of salt in the environment will force water
into the cell, causing the contractile vacuole to pump
(2)
incorrect, because salt would be entering the cell, and the contractile vacuole
would have to pump it out
(3)
cell
incorrect, because the concentration of salt in the environment should not affect a
(4)
correct, because water would be moving out of the cell into the salt solution
Question 83
Five individuals had their pulses taken in beats per minute (bpm) before and after exercise.
The data are shown in the chart below.
Pulse Rates
Individual
Pulse before Exercise (bpm)
Pulse after Exercise (bpm)
A
68
100
B
70
120
C
54
130
D
64
122
E
75
115
State one reason why an individual’s pulse rate increased during exercise.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Question 84
Five individuals had their pulses taken in beats per minute (bpm) before and after exercise.
The data are shown in the chart below.
Pulse Rates
Individual
Pulse before Exercise (bpm)
Pulse after Exercise (bpm)
A
68
100
B
70
120
C
54
130
D
64
122
E
75
115
Calculate the average pulse rate before exercise for this group, to the nearest tenth.
_______________ bpm
Question 85
Five individuals had their pulses taken in beats per minute (bpm) before and after exercise.
The data are shown in the chart below.
Pulse Rates
Individual
Pulse before Exercise (bpm)
Pulse after Exercise (bpm)
A
68
100
B
70
120
C
54
130
D
64
122
E
75
115
State why the individuals in this group have different pulse rates before exercise.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
June 2017
Question 1
An example of recycling is
(1) using a paper cup instead of a mug
(2) turning off the lights when leaving a room
(3) using plastic from a soda bottle to make a certain type of clothing
(4) using two paper towels rather than five to clean up a spill
Question 2
One characteristic of a stable ecosystem is
(1) a high number of predators
(2) an interdependence of organisms
(3) a lack of biodiversity
(4) an increase in human interference
Question 3
According to scientists, ocean waves could be a source of energy. Devices are being designed to
capture the energy from waves and supply electricity to coastal areas. A direct benefit of utilizing
this technology to produce energy would be the
(1) destruction of habitats near the devices
(2) decreased use of nonrenewable resources
(3) release of gases needed for photosynthesis
(4) increased use of finite resources
Question 4
The emerald ash borer is an insect that is thought to have been accidentally brought to the United
States from China in shipping containers. It attacks ash trees, eventually killing the trees,
destroying an important part of the ecosystem. The presence of the emerald ash borer in the United
States can be used as an example of how humans have
(1) purposely introduced an insect to correct a problem in an ecosystem
(2) used an insect to remove one insect species and replace it with another
(3) worked to increase the biodiversity in a particular area
(4) altered the equilibrium in an ecosystem by introducing a new species
Question 5
Which graph best shows the changes in global human population and natural resource use over
the past 500 years?
Question 6
The burning of fossil fuels has harmed the environment by
(1) decreasing acid rain in the northeast United States
(2) adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
(3) increasing biodiversity in the lakes and ponds of the Adirondacks
(4) depleting the ozone shield directly over western New York State
Question 7
Which method of collecting data would provide the most accurate information about how an
ecosystem is being affected by human development?
(1) The people in the neighborhood record the number of birds they see in the area both
before and after the construction of a new building.
(2) Deer in the area are identified before construction so that scientists can see where they go
after the building is finished.
(3) More trees are planted in the area around the construction site to allow the animals a new
place to live.
(4) The population size is recorded for each species present in the construction area before
and after the building is completed.
Question 8
Natural selection produces changes most quickly in
(1) species with short reproductive cycles
(2) individual pathogens killed by antibiotics
(3) complex multicellular organisms
(4) individuals that produce a small number of offspring
Question 9
As a result of habitat destruction, the size of the Florida panther population has been drastically
reduced. It is estimated that there are only 100 to 160 Florida panthers in the wild. Which statement
best explains why the Florida panther population may not continue to evolve?
(1) There is no longer a chance of mutations occurring in the population.
(2) There is a lack of competition for limited environmental resources.
(3) There is no longer a chance of a trait providing a reproductive advantage to the population.
(4) There is a lack of genetic variation for selection to act upon.
Question 10
Which level of the pyramid below is correctly paired with the type of organism that would most
likely be found at that level in an ecosystem?
(1) Level A – producers
(2) Level B – carnivores
(3) Level C – herbivores
(4) Level D – decomposers
Question 11
Which statement best describes what is most likely to occur if an animal population grows larger
than the carrying capacity of its environment?
(1) The birth rate will increase.
(2) Both the birth rate and death rate will decrease.
(3) The death rate will increase.
(4) Neither the birth rate nor the death rate will decrease.
Question 12
Many biotic factors affect individuals in a population. An example of an organism being directly
affected by a biotic factor is
(1) a squirrel cannot find a mate
(2) a flood washes away a maple tree
(3) a plant is in a dark room
(4) a chipmunk finds a rock pile to use for a home
Question 13
When people receive organ transplants, they often need to take medications that decrease immune
responses because
(1) transplanted organs contain antigens that can trigger white blood cell activity
(2) hormones present in replacement organs prevent the synthesis of antibiotics
(3) transplanted organs produce their own antibiotics
(4) antigens present in these organs attack antibodies already present in the blood
Question 14
Which structures regulate water loss and gas exchange in the leaves of plants?
(1) vacuoles
(2) chloroplasts
(3) guard cells
(4) mitochondria
Question 15
Which life process carried out by a green plant is represented in the diagram below?
(1) respiration
(2) photosynthesis
(3) digestion
(4) replication
Question 16
Scientists are developing a malaria vaccine that would most likely contain
(1) weakened drugs used to treat the symptoms of malaria
(2) white blood cells from the malaria-infected individuals
(3) a weakened form of the malaria-causing organism
(4) antibodies made from the malaria-causing organism
Question 17
Proteins, starch, and DNA are similar in that they are all
(1) organic compounds
(2) parts of genes
(3) made of amino acids
(4) made of simple sugars
Question 18
In response to an increasing blood glucose level, the human body will normally
(1) store the glucose in cell nuclei
(2) release a hormone that lowers the blood glucose
(3) produce a hormone that destroys the glucose
(4) use the excess glucose to make proteins
Question 19
A kitten was born with black fur and green eyes. The fur and eye color of its parents are shown
in the chart below.
Cat
Fur
Eye Color
Father
striped
green
Mother
black
yellow
Kitten
black
green
Which statement helps explain why the kitten has black fur?
(1) Chromosomes present on the genes code for the characteristics of its fur.
(2) Genetic mutations always cause the fur color and eye color to change.
(3) Offspring receive genetic information from both parents.
(4) Gene expression is changed in every generation, resulting in evolution.
Question 20
Scientists have been investigating a way to recreate extinct species such as the saber-toothed
cat illustrated below.
Which technique would use DNA from an extinct species to recreate an organism of the species?
(1) natural selection
(2) differentiation
(3) cloning
(4) selective breeding
Question 21
The sequence that best illustrates the flow of energy through an ecosystem is
(1) sunlight → plant → wolf → rabbit
(2) plant → sunlight → rabbit → wolf
(3) sunlight → plant → rabbit → wolf
(4) wolf → rabbit → plant → sunlight
Question 22
Which cellular change in an organism could be inherited by the next generation?
(1) a change in the ribosomes in the pancreas of a squirrel
(2) the deletion of a single DNA base in a sperm cell of a trout
(3) a decrease in the size of a vacuole in a rose leaf cell
(4) the transfer of a piece of a chromosome in the skin cell of a raccoon
Question 23
A chemical was added to hand sanitizers and dish detergents to kill bacteria. Certain species of
bacteria are no longer killed by this chemical. One likely reason for the decreased effectiveness
of this chemical is that these bacteria have
(1) slower metabolic rates
(2) a mutation for resistance
(3) been selectively bred for survival
(4) an adaptation to a different niche
Question 24
The hemlock wooly adelgid is an invasive insect species that is destroying native hemlock trees
in New York State. These insects can upset natural ecosystems because they
(1) provide food for native bird species
(2) can carry diseases that can be spread to pets
(3) increase biodiversity in New York State forests
(4) disrupt habitats that native species depend upon
Question 25
A shark and a dolphin have similarly shaped bodies and fins. However, these two organisms are
not closely related: The shark is a fish, and the dolphin is a mammal. Some species may have
similar body structures even if they are not related because they evolved in
(1) similar environments and specific traits increased their chances of survival
(2) similar environments and were exposed to factors that caused exactly the same mutations
(3) different environments, but tried to adapt in the same ways so they could survive
(4) different environments, but ate similar foods that affected their growth and development
Question 26
A dog gave birth to the three puppies shown in the photograph below. One of the puppies has
darker fur on its face than the other two.
Which two biological processes account for this difference between the puppies?
(1) meiosis and recombination
(2) meiosis and cloning
(3) mitosis and differentiation
(4) mitosis and cloning
Question 27
The diagram below represents a cell that produces digestive enzymes.
Which cellular structure would be the most likely location for the synthesis of these enzymes?
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
Question 28
Energy drinks have become increasingly popular. Some of these drinks contain large amounts of
caffeine, which is known to increase heart rates in most individuals. This effect on the heart rate
can be dangerous because it can lead to
(1) a disruption in the absorption of starch
(2) an increase in blood volume
(3) a decrease in oxygen levels
(4) an imbalance in homeostasis
Question 29
The kidney is an organ that collects wastes and excess water from the blood and sends them to
the bladder where they are stored before being removed from the body. Which two systems work
together to perform this function?
(1) immune and respiratory
(2) circulatory and excretory
(3) skeletal and nervous
(4) digestive and circulatory
Question 30
Scientists have recently discovered a community of bacteria and clams living under an ice shelf
in Antarctica. These organisms live under 600 feet of ice, in the absence of sunlight, and in
temperatures considered too cold for most living organisms. The location where these organisms
live is unusual because
(1) only biotic factors control the size of the populations
(2) bacteria and clams are found in the same area
(3) of the abiotic factors found in their environment
(4) green plants make energy-rich compounds available
Question 31
The diagram below represents an important biological concept.
The concept being represented is
(1) overproduction
(2) natural selection
(3) homeostasis
(4) ecological succession
Question 32
The graph below shows levels of a form of ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) and ozone thickness in
Australia during December 1987 and January 1988.
Which statement best describes the apparent relationship between ozone and UV-B?
(1) When ozone levels are at 2550 Dobson units, the UV-B levels are at 250 Dobson units.
(2) The increase in UV-B reduces the destruction of the ozone layer.
(3) When the ozone layer is thinner, more UV-B gets through it.
(4) If the ozone layer is thicker, UV-B levels on the ground increase.
Question 33
In the diagram below, X represents a process that causes a protein to unfold and stop functioning.
Process X is most likely caused by
(1) the digestion of the amino acids that make up the proteins
(2) the synthesis of a protein with different simple sugars
(3) removal of the gene that codes for the production of the protein
(4) an internal factor in the body, such as a temperature increase
Question 34
Which statement is an example of how the external environment can influence gene expression?
(1) Some flowering plants that inherit a gene for white flowers and a gene for red flowers will
produce pink flowers.
(2) Some animals that inherit genes for brown fur will grow white fur if the outside temperature
falls below a certain level.
(3) In some breeds of cat, certain fur-color genes are found only in females.
(4) A pea plant is short-stemmed only if it inherits the genes for the trait from both parents.
Question 35
Which statement best illustrates a concept represented in the diagram below?
(1) Tsunamis triggered by oceanic earthquakes cause widespread flooding that can lead to large
scale environmental destruction.
(2) Annual hunting laws determine the number of deer that can be hunted to ensure population
stability.
(3) More individuals are purchasing hybrid cars that use less gasoline and produce less carbon
dioxide.
(4) The increased use of electronics has led to increased mining for precious metals and minerals
in developing countries.
Question 36
The process shown below is used to
(1) determine if a person has a genetic disease
(2) produce human growth hormone
(3) identify the father of a newborn
(4) produce a hormone to regulate blood sugar
Question 37
The diagrams represent a single-celled organism and a multicellular organism.
Which statement correctly identifies the levels of organization for the structures indicated?
(1) A and B are tissues; E and G are organs.
(2) A and B are organs; E and G are systems.
(3) A and B are tissues; E and G are organelles.
(4) A and B are organelles; E and G are organs.
Question 38
The diagrams represent a single-celled organism and a multicellular organism.
Cells from structure E and cells from structure G are similar in that they
(1) have the same structure and function
(2) contain the same genetic material
(3) are identical in structure, but different in function
(4) contain only the genetic information needed for their specific job
Question 39
The diagrams represent a single-celled organism and a multicellular organism.
Rotenone is an insecticide that is toxic to humans as well as to insects. Rotenone interferes with
the process of ATP production in the cell. Which row in the chart below correctly identifi es the
structure where ATP is produced and the reason it is affected by rotenone?
Row
Structure
Reason Affected
(1)
A
It would be unable to store enzymes for ATP production.
(2)
B
Production of ATP would occur less efficiently.
(3)
C
The raw materials used for ATP production would be altered.
(4)
D
Absorption of the ATP would increase here
Question 40
A student used a microscope like the one represented below to observe cell division in onion cells.
The part of the microscope that should be adjusted in order to better view the onion cells while
using high power is
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) D
Question 41
A student used a microscope like the one represented below to observe cell division in onion cells.
The student noticed that as the new cells formed, they contained rod-shaped chromosomes. It is
necessary for onion cells to contain chromosomes because chromosomes
(1) are composed of genes that contain the instructions for an organism’s traits
(2) are made of carbohydrates and are needed as an energy source
(3) direct the production of inorganic molecules within the cell
(4) are composed of lipids that contain stored nutrients for the new cell
Question 42
The diagram below indicates a few of the many varieties of domestic dogs thought to have
originated from wolves that were domesticated thousands of years ago.
The many varieties of domesticated dogs were most likely produced as a result of
(1) mutating the body cells of the dogs
(2) selective breeding over many generations
(3) genetic engineering with specific enzymes
(4) cloning dogs with desirable traits
Question 43
The graph below represents some changes in the number of individuals in a particular population
in a stable ecosystem over a period of time.
Which statement best describes the trend shown in this graph?
(1) Ecosystem conditions will eventually cause a population to become extinct.
(2) In a stable ecosystem, the number of individuals in a population is usually maintained within
a certain range.
(3) The interactions between a population and various factors in an environment are always
predictable.
(4) In order for any ecosystem to maintain a balance, populations must be reduced to half their
original number.
Question 44
Illinois Greater Prairie Chicken on the Rise
As pioneers moved west in the mid-1800s, the greater prairie chicken population in Illinois
was estimated to number in the millions. Since then, their population has drastically declined.
Evidence of the rapidly declining population was obtained from studying the number of
eggs that hatched over several years. In Jasper County, Illinois, the number of prairie chickens fell
from 2,000 to less than 50 in under 35 years. Researchers compared the DNA from feather samples
from the living Illinois chickens to the DNA from feather samples dating from the year 1930 found
in a museum. It was found that the living Illinois chicken population had a very low level of genetic
diversity.
In 1992, researchers attempted to increase genetic variation by transporting more than 500
healthy prairie chickens into Illinois from the states of Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The data
table below shows the changes in the percent of eggs that hatched from samples taken in different
years. Researchers documented that this increase in the percent of eggs that hatched was not
influenced by environmental events.
Using the information given, construct a bar graph on the grid following the directions below.
Label the y-axis on the line provided.
Question 45
Illinois Greater Prairie Chicken on the Rise
As pioneers moved west in the mid-1800s, the greater prairie chicken population in Illinois
was estimated to number in the millions. Since then, their population has drastically declined.
Evidence of the rapidly declining population was obtained from studying the number of
eggs that hatched over several years. In Jasper County, Illinois, the number of prairie chickens fell
from 2,000 to less than 50 in under 35 years. Researchers compared the DNA from feather samples
from the living Illinois chickens to the DNA from feather samples dating from the year 1930 found
in a museum. It was found that the living Illinois chicken population had a very low level of genetic
diversity.
In 1992, researchers attempted to increase genetic variation by transporting more than 500
healthy prairie chickens into Illinois from the states of Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The data
table below shows the changes in the percent of eggs that hatched from samples taken in different
years. Researchers documented that this increase in the percent of eggs that hatched was not
influenced by environmental events.
Using the information given, construct a bar graph on the grid following the directions below.
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on the y-axis.
Question 46
Illinois Greater Prairie Chicken on the Rise
As pioneers moved west in the mid-1800s, the greater prairie chicken population in Illinois
was estimated to number in the millions. Since then, their population has drastically declined.
Evidence of the rapidly declining population was obtained from studying the number of
eggs that hatched over several years. In Jasper County, Illinois, the number of prairie chickens fell
from 2,000 to less than 50 in under 35 years. Researchers compared the DNA from feather samples
from the living Illinois chickens to the DNA from feather samples dating from the year 1930 found
in a museum. It was found that the living Illinois chicken population had a very low level of genetic
diversity.
In 1992, researchers attempted to increase genetic variation by transporting more than 500
healthy prairie chickens into Illinois from the states of Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The data
table below shows the changes in the percent of eggs that hatched from samples taken in different
years. Researchers documented that this increase in the percent of eggs that hatched was not
influenced by environmental events.
Using the information given, construct a bar graph on the grid following the directions below.
Construct vertical bars to represent the data. Shade in each bar.
Question 47
Illinois Greater Prairie Chicken on the Rise
As pioneers moved west in the mid-1800s, the greater prairie chicken population in Illinois
was estimated to number in the millions. Since then, their population has drastically declined.
Evidence of the rapidly declining population was obtained from studying the number of
eggs that hatched over several years. In Jasper County, Illinois, the number of prairie chickens fell
from 2,000 to less than 50 in under 35 years. Researchers compared the DNA from feather samples
from the living Illinois chickens to the DNA from feather samples dating from the year 1930 found
in a museum. It was found that the living Illinois chicken population had a very low level of genetic
diversity.
In 1992, researchers attempted to increase genetic variation by transporting more than 500
healthy prairie chickens into Illinois from the states of Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The data
table below shows the changes in the percent of eggs that hatched from samples taken in different
years. Researchers documented that this increase in the percent of eggs that hatched was not
influenced by environmental events.
The scientists transported prairie chickens from three different states into the state of Illinois in
order to
(1) decrease egg hatching rate
(2) increase genetic diversity
(3) increase egg fertilization
(4) develop different feather colors
Question 48
The diagram shows the evolutionary history of several plant species.
Identify one type of molecular evidence that could have been used to determine the evolutionary
relationships illustrated in the diagram.
Question 49
The diagram shows the evolutionary history of several plant species.
Which biological technique could be used to obtain some structural evidence that species A and B
are closely related?
(1) glucose testing
(2) cloning
(3) genetic engineering
(4) dissection
Question 50
The diagram illustrates the steps in a process that occurs in the cells of many organisms.
Based on the diagram, the process of glycolysis most likely
(1) begins the breakdown of glucose
(2) produces oxygen for organisms to use
(3) stores energy in molecules of water and carbon dioxide
(4) recycles glucose within the cells of simple organisms
Question 51
The diagram illustrates the steps in a process that occurs in the cells of many organisms.
Identify one specific molecule used to store the energy being released during this process.
Molecule:
Question 52
The diagram below represents male gametes from different animals.
State one way, other than the fact that they all contain DNA, the genetic content of these gametes
is similar.
Question 53
Part of a food web is represented below. It includes organisms located in a stream near farm fields.
Select one type of organism, other than the crustaceans, from the food web. State how the
population of organisms you selected might be affected if the population of crustaceans in this
food web were reduced due to the use of chemicals harmful to crustaceans in the fields near the
stream. Support your answer.
Organism:
Question 54
Indian blue peacocks live in dense forests and scrubland. Males use their colorful eye-spotted tail
feathers and strutting display along with a loud mating call to attract females. This behavior, known
as a hoot-dash, is made by the male before dashing toward a female to mate. Few species of other
animals use loud courtship calls as the call attracts predators and uses energy.
Discuss the use of the hoot-dash by male peacocks. In your answer, be sure to:
• state one advantage of the hoot-dash
Question 55
Indian blue peacocks live in dense forests and scrubland. Males use their colorful eye-spotted tail
feathers and strutting display along with a loud mating call to attract females. This behavior, known
as a hoot-dash, is made by the male before dashing toward a female to mate. Few species of other
animals use loud courtship calls as the call attracts predators and uses energy.
Discuss the use of the hoot-dash by male peacocks. In your answer, be sure to:
• state one disadvantage of the hoot-dash
Question 56
The placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy. Progesterone is responsible for
the following functions:
• maintains the lining of the uterus
• inhibits (interferes with) contractions of the uterus
• inhibits the production and release of eggs
Describe one likely result if the placenta became damaged and could not maintain progesterone
levels. Support your answer.
Question 57
The placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy. Progesterone is responsible for
the following functions:
• maintains the lining of the uterus
• inhibits (interferes with) contractions of the uterus
• inhibits the production and release of eggs
Explain how the release of additional eggs is prevented during pregnancy.
Question 58
“Cancer is a disease of genes gone wrong. When certain genes mutate, they make cells behave in
odd ways. The cells divide swiftly, they hide from the immune system that could kill them and
they gain the nourishment they need to develop into tumors.…”
Source: Carl Zimmer, NY Times, February 6, 2014
Explain why the body of a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, would have a
different immune response to the presence of cancer cells than a person not infected with HIV.
Question 59
“Cancer is a disease of genes gone wrong. When certain genes mutate, they make cells behave in
odd ways. The cells divide swiftly, they hide from the immune system that could kill them and
they gain the nourishment they need to develop into tumors.…”
Source: Carl Zimmer, NY Times, February 6, 2014
Explain why certain chemicals and radiation sources are risk factors for cancer.
Question 60
Scientists have learned that when a pregnant woman smokes, one of the chemicals absorbed,
nicotine, can narrow the diameter of her blood vessels that lead to the placenta. Explain why
narrowing the diameter of these blood vessels can result in low birth weight babies.
Question 61
In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new vaccine, 50 rats received an injection of
equal doses of the vaccine and 50 other rats received an injection of equal doses of a weak salt
solution. Two months later, all of the rats received injections that contained equal doses of live,
disease-causing organisms.
The experimental results are shown in the chart below.
Effectiveness of a New Vaccine
Injection: 50 Rats
Received
Number of Rats
That Developed the
Disease
Number of Rats That
Did Not Develop the
Disease
vaccine
7
43
weak salt solution
48
2
Was the vaccine effective in preventing the disease? Use the information in the data table to
support your answer.
Question 62
In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new vaccine, 50 rats received an injection of
equal doses of the vaccine and 50 other rats received an injection of equal doses of a weak salt
solution. Two months later, all of the rats received injections that contained equal doses of live,
disease-causing organisms.
The experimental results are shown in the chart below.
Effectiveness of a New Vaccine
Injection: 50 Rats
Received
Number of Rats
That Developed the
Disease
Number of Rats That
Did Not Develop the
Disease
vaccine
7
43
weak salt solution
48
2
State one possible reason why two of the rats did not get sick even though they did not receive the
vaccine.
Question 63
In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new vaccine, 50 rats received an injection of
equal doses of the vaccine and 50 other rats received an injection of equal doses of a weak salt
solution. Two months later, all of the rats received injections that contained equal doses of live,
disease-causing organisms.
The experimental results are shown in the chart below.
Effectiveness of a New Vaccine
Injection: 50 Rats
Received
Number of Rats
That Developed the
Disease
Number of Rats That
Did Not Develop the
Disease
vaccine
7
43
weak salt solution
48
2
Do the results of this experiment indicate that the vaccine is ready for human testing? Support your
answer with information from the table.
Question 64
Saving Florida Oranges
A disease that affects orange trees has led to the destruction of numerous orange trees in Florida.
Orange growers have unsuccessfully tried to stop the spread of the disease by cutting down
infected trees and using a variety of pesticides on the insects that spread the disease. The growers
fear that if nothing further is done, entire crops could be wiped out in the near future. In hopes of
saving Florida’s orange industry, scientists are attempting to alter the DNA of orange trees by
inserting DNA, that codes for disease resistance, from a different plant species.
State the name of the specific technique that is used to alter the DNA of orange trees.
Question 65
Saving Florida Oranges
A disease that affects orange trees has led to the destruction of numerous orange trees in Florida.
Orange growers have unsuccessfully tried to stop the spread of the disease by cutting down
infected trees and using a variety of pesticides on the insects that spread the disease. The growers
fear that if nothing further is done, entire crops could be wiped out in the near future. In hopes of
saving Florida’s orange industry, scientists are attempting to alter the DNA of orange trees by
inserting DNA, that codes for disease resistance, from a different plant species.
Explain why growing oranges with disease resistance is better for the environment than using
pesticides to control the spread of the disease.
Question 66
Saving Florida Oranges
A disease that affects orange trees has led to the destruction of numerous orange trees in Florida.
Orange growers have unsuccessfully tried to stop the spread of the disease by cutting down
infected trees and using a variety of pesticides on the insects that spread the disease. The growers
fear that if nothing further is done, entire crops could be wiped out in the near future. In hopes of
saving Florida’s orange industry, scientists are attempting to alter the DNA of orange trees by
inserting DNA, that codes for disease resistance, from a different plant species.
Identify a trait, other than disease resistance, that the orange trees could have that would be
beneficial to the growers.
Question 67
The diagram below represents two energy pyramids. Each pyramid represents the productivity of
one acre of land.
Based on the concept of energy transfer, explain why one acre of land can produce more vegetables
for human consumption than beef for human consumption.
Question 68
Nature Will Have to Clean Up Hawaii Molasses Leak That Killed Thousands of Fish
A massive spill of thick molasses has turned Honolulu Harbor into a watery wasteland
where thousands of fish have been suffocated – a disaster that officials say Mother Nature will
have to clean up.
“There’s nothing alive there at all,” diver Roger White told NBC affiliate KHNL after
making a seven-minute video of dead sea life blanketing the bottom of the harbor.…
…“Unlike with an oil spill, it’s a sugar product so it will dissipate on its own,” Matson
spokesman Jeff Hull told NBC News on Thursday. “There’s not an active cleanup.”
“The molasses is not toxic but it’s heavier than water so it’s spreading around on the sea
floor, displacing the oxygen-rich water down there, and the fish are suffocating,” said Keith
Korsmeyer, a professor of biology at Hawaii Pacific University.
The die-off also could lure predators like sharks, barracuda and eels to the harbor and
neighboring Keehi Lagoon, experts warned.…
…Korsmeyer said marine life would probably repopulate the harbor, after the low oxygen
water moves out, but that could take months or even years.…
Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/nature-will-have-cleanhawaii- molasses-leakkilled-thousands-fi sh-f8C11137030
Explain how the molasses spill caused many of the animals to die off.
Question 69
Nature Will Have to Clean Up Hawaii Molasses Leak That Killed Thousands of Fish
A massive spill of thick molasses has turned Honolulu Harbor into a watery wasteland
where thousands of fish have been suffocated – a disaster that officials say Mother Nature will
have to clean up.
“There’s nothing alive there at all,” diver Roger White told NBC affiliate KHNL after
making a seven-minute video of dead sea life blanketing the bottom of the harbor.…
…“Unlike with an oil spill, it’s a sugar product so it will dissipate on its own,” Matson
spokesman Jeff Hull told NBC News on Thursday. “There’s not an active cleanup.”
“The molasses is not toxic but it’s heavier than water so it’s spreading around on the sea
floor, displacing the oxygen-rich water down there, and the fish are suffocating,” said Keith
Korsmeyer, a professor of biology at Hawaii Pacific University.
The die-off also could lure predators like sharks, barracuda and eels to the harbor and
neighboring Keehi Lagoon, experts warned.…
…Korsmeyer said marine life would probably repopulate the harbor, after the low oxygen
water moves out, but that could take months or even years.…
Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/nature-will-have-cleanhawaii- molasses-leakkilled-thousands-fi sh-f8C11137030
State one reason why the die-off could attract sharks, barracuda, and eels to the harbor and
lagoon.
Question 70
Nature Will Have to Clean Up Hawaii Molasses Leak That Killed Thousands of Fish
A massive spill of thick molasses has turned Honolulu Harbor into a watery wasteland
where thousands of fish have been suffocated – a disaster that officials say Mother Nature will
have to clean up.
“There’s nothing alive there at all,” diver Roger White told NBC affiliate KHNL after
making a seven-minute video of dead sea life blanketing the bottom of the harbor.…
…“Unlike with an oil spill, it’s a sugar product so it will dissipate on its own,” Matson
spokesman Jeff Hull told NBC News on Thursday. “There’s not an active cleanup.”
“The molasses is not toxic but it’s heavier than water so it’s spreading around on the sea
floor, displacing the oxygen-rich water down there, and the fish are suffocating,” said Keith
Korsmeyer, a professor of biology at Hawaii Pacific University.
The die-off also could lure predators like sharks, barracuda and eels to the harbor and
neighboring Keehi Lagoon, experts warned.…
…Korsmeyer said marine life would probably repopulate the harbor, after the low oxygen
water moves out, but that could take months or even years.…
Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/nature-will-have-cleanhawaii- molasses-leakkilled-thousands-fi sh-f8C11137030
Identify one group of organisms responsible for the recycling of dead sea life that is not
mentioned in the article.
Question 71
Nature Will Have to Clean Up Hawaii Molasses Leak That Killed Thousands of Fish
A massive spill of thick molasses has turned Honolulu Harbor into a watery wasteland
where thousands of fish have been suffocated – a disaster that officials say Mother Nature will
have to clean up.
“There’s nothing alive there at all,” diver Roger White told NBC affiliate KHNL after
making a seven-minute video of dead sea life blanketing the bottom of the harbor.…
…“Unlike with an oil spill, it’s a sugar product so it will dissipate on its own,” Matson
spokesman Jeff Hull told NBC News on Thursday. “There’s not an active cleanup.”
“The molasses is not toxic but it’s heavier than water so it’s spreading around on the sea
floor, displacing the oxygen-rich water down there, and the fish are suffocating,” said Keith
Korsmeyer, a professor of biology at Hawaii Pacific University.
The die-off also could lure predators like sharks, barracuda and eels to the harbor and
neighboring Keehi Lagoon, experts warned.…
…Korsmeyer said marine life would probably repopulate the harbor, after the low oxygen
water moves out, but that could take months or even years.…
Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/nature-will-have-cleanhawaii- molasses-leakkilled-thousands-fi sh-f8C11137030
Explain why it is important to preserve the biodiversity of the Honolulu Harbor ecosystem.
Question 72
Nature Will Have to Clean Up Hawaii Molasses Leak That Killed Thousands of Fish
A massive spill of thick molasses has turned Honolulu Harbor into a watery wasteland
where thousands of fish have been suffocated – a disaster that officials say Mother Nature will
have to clean up.
“There’s nothing alive there at all,” diver Roger White told NBC affiliate KHNL after
making a seven-minute video of dead sea life blanketing the bottom of the harbor.…
…“Unlike with an oil spill, it’s a sugar product so it will dissipate on its own,” Matson
spokesman Jeff Hull told NBC News on Thursday. “There’s not an active cleanup.”
“The molasses is not toxic but it’s heavier than water so it’s spreading around on the sea
floor, displacing the oxygen-rich water down there, and the fish are suffocating,” said Keith
Korsmeyer, a professor of biology at Hawaii Pacific University.
The die-off also could lure predators like sharks, barracuda and eels to the harbor and
neighboring Keehi Lagoon, experts warned.…
…Korsmeyer said marine life would probably repopulate the harbor, after the low oxygen
water moves out, but that could take months or even years.…
Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/nature-will-have-cleanhawaii- molasses-leakkilled-thousands-fi sh-f8C11137030
Predict what will most likely happen to this ecosystem in 20 years if no other disasters occur.
Question 73
On various Galapagos islands, finch species have different diets: seeds, insects, flowers, the blood
of seabirds, and leaves. This is evidence that each species has a different
(1) mating behavior
(2) nesting material
(3) niche
(4) predator
Question 74
A person’s pulse rate generally goes down while sleeping. One reason for this decrease is
(1) the body is producing more carbon dioxide when a person is sleeping
(2) a person is not using energy while sleeping
(3) a person requires less oxygen when sleeping
(4) the body is using more nutrients while asleep
Question 75
Unique populations of giant tortoises live in the Galapagos Islands. This is the same group
of islands where Darwin studied his famous finches. It is thought that the original ancestors of
today’s giant tortoises came from the mainland of South America. These animals left and drifted
in the ocean to the islands where they began to live, reproduce, and evolve. Each of the islands has
a different habitat. Each species varies in shell shape and body structure. Information about two of
these species of giant tortoises and their habitats is found in the table below.
Which statement best explains the differences observed in the tortoises on each island?
(1) Each tortoise adapted to its environment during its lifetime.
(2) Sudden mutations changed the appearance of all of the tortoises.
(3) The tortoises grew different structures based on the available food.
(4) Different adaptations gave some tortoises a better chance of survival.
Question 76
Unique populations of giant tortoises live in the Galapagos Islands. This is the same group
of islands where Darwin studied his famous finches. It is thought that the original ancestors of
today’s giant tortoises came from the mainland of South America. These animals left and drifted
in the ocean to the islands where they began to live, reproduce, and evolve. Each of the islands has
a different habitat. Each species varies in shell shape and body structure. Information about two of
these species of giant tortoises and their habitats is found in the table below.
When the saddle-backed tortoises extend their long necks out of the shell, they are unprotected
from attack. Scientists hypothesize that during the evolution of this tortoise, they had few
predators. Which statement best supports this hypothesis?
(1) Competition between the predators and the tortoises would have resulted in a greater number
of long necked tortoises.
(2) The number of predators was greater than the number of tortoises.
(3) Saddle-backed tortoises were not a part of the food chain.
(4) Predators would have killed the tortoises with long necks, leaving more tortoises with shorter
necks.
Question 77
Unique populations of giant tortoises live in the Galapagos Islands. This is the same group
of islands where Darwin studied his famous finches. It is thought that the original ancestors of
today’s giant tortoises came from the mainland of South America. These animals left and drifted
in the ocean to the islands where they began to live, reproduce, and evolve. Each of the islands has
a different habitat. Each species varies in shell shape and body structure. Information about two of
these species of giant tortoises and their habitats is found in the table below.
If a group of saddle-backed tortoises were brought to an island inhabited by dome-shaped tortoises,
could both species survive? Circle yes or no and support your answer.
Circle one: Yes or No
Question 78
During the laboratory activity The Beaks of Finches, you obtained food under two conditions: with
competition and with no competition. State one way the results obtained from these two conditions
differed when you did this activity.
Question 79
An investigation was carried out to determine the effects of exercise on the human body. Identify
one body system, other than the circulatory system, that becomes more active as a result of
exercise. State one change the system you identified will undergo as a result of becoming more
active.
Body system:
Change:
Question 80
A student designed an experiment to investigate a claim that athletes would have lower heart rates
than nonathletes during exercise. After the students classified themselves as an athlete or a
nonathlete, their resting pulses were determined. Then all the students performed the same exercise
for four minutes and their heart rates were determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per
minute. The students continued to measure their pulse rates for an additional four minutes. The
average heart rate per minute for each group was determined. The data were recorded, as shown
on the table below.
Average Heart Rate Response to Exercise (beats per minute)
State one appropriate hypothesis for this experiment.
Question 81
A student designed an experiment to investigate a claim that athletes would have lower heart rates
than nonathletes during exercise. After the students classified themselves as an athlete or a
nonathlete, their resting pulses were determined. Then all the students performed the same exercise
for four minutes and their heart rates were determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per
minute. The students continued to measure their pulse rates for an additional four minutes. The
average heart rate per minute for each group was determined. The data were recorded, as shown
on the table below.
Average Heart Rate Response to Exercise (beats per minute)
Which statement is best supported by the data in the chart?
(1) After exercise, the nonathletic students had a lower heart rate than the athletic students.
(2) After exercise, the heart rates of the athletic students returned to resting pulse in four minutes.
(3) During exercise, both groups of students had the same increase above their resting pulse.
(4) During exercise, the athletic students had a higher heart rate than the nonathletic students.
Question 82
A student designed an experiment to investigate a claim that athletes would have lower heart rates
than nonathletes during exercise. After the students classified themselves as an athlete or a
nonathlete, their resting pulses were determined. Then all the students performed the same exercise
for four minutes and their heart rates were determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per
minute. The students continued to measure their pulse rates for an additional four minutes. The
average heart rate per minute for each group was determined. The data were recorded, as shown
on the table below.
Average Heart Rate Response to Exercise (beats per minute)
To improve the validity of the conclusion reached in this experiment, the students should repeat
the experiment
(1) disregarding any data that don’t fit the hypothesis
(2) with a larger number of athletes and nonathletes
(3) comparing the heart rates and breathing rates of males and females
(4) with the athletes doing different exercises than the nonathletes
Question 83
A student added glucose indicator to a beaker of an unknown liquid. Starch indicator was added
to a different beaker containing an equal amount of the same unknown liquid. The color of the
indicator solutions before they were added to the beakers and the color of the contents of the
beakers after adding the indicator solutions are recorded in the chart below.
Beaker
Solution
Color of Indicator
Solution Before
Adding to Beaker
Color of Contents of
Beaker After Adding
Indicator Solution
1
unknown liquid
+
glucose indicator
blue
blue (after heating)
2
unknown liquid
+
starch indicator
amber
blue-black
State one conclusion the student would make about the unknown liquid based on the results.
Support your answer with information from the data table.
Question 84
A student added glucose indicator to a beaker of an unknown liquid. Starch indicator was added
to a different beaker containing an equal amount of the same unknown liquid. The color of the
indicator solutions before they were added to the beakers and the color of the contents of the
beakers after adding the indicator solutions are recorded in the chart below.
Beaker
Solution
Color of Indicator
Solution Before
Adding to Beaker
Color of Contents of
Beaker After Adding
Indicator Solution
1
unknown liquid
+
glucose indicator
blue
blue (after heating)
2
unknown liquid
+
starch indicator
amber
blue-black
While getting ready to perform the Making Connections lab, a teacher did not have enough of the
old wooden clothespins she was handing out to the students to squeeze in the lab. The teacher
opened a bag of new plastic clothespins and handed them out to the students who had not received
a wooden clothespin.
Explain why using new clothespins for some students and not others was an error in the
experimental procedure.
Question 85
An unknown sample of DNA found at a crime scene was compared to DNA samples taken from
three individuals. The results of the technique used to compare the samples are represented below.
What factor causes the DNA fragments to move in this technique?
June 2018
Question 1
Producers are generally found at the beginning of a food chain. Which statement best explains why
this is true?
(1) Producers are usually smaller in size than consumers.
(2) Producers do not rely on other organisms for food.
(3) There are always more consumers than producers in food chains.
(4) Consumers are always more complex organisms than producers.
Question 2
A lion cub resembles its parents because it inherits genes that produce
(1) DNA identical to all of the DNA found in both parents
(2) proteins identical to all of the proteins found in both parents
(3) ATP identical to some of the ATP found in each parent
(4) enzymes identical to some of the enzymes found in each parent
Question 3
If body temperature is too high, some blood vessels increase in size and sweat glands will excrete
sweat, resulting in a lower body temperature. These changes are an example of
(1) a learned behavior
(2) feedback mechanisms
(3) an inherited disorder
(4) genetic mutations
Question 4
A farmer grows beans that he sells to local markets. Over a period of 40 years, the farmer has
identified the plants that produced the most beans and only used those beans to produce new plants.
This procedure is part of the process of
(1) selective breeding
(3) replication
(2) genetic engineering
(4) cloning
Question 5
Although we rely on coal, oil, and natural gas to produce energy, some environmental scientists
have proposed that we use less fossil fuel. One reason to support this proposal is to
(1) enable us to preserve rain forests in tropical areas
(2) help us to reduce the production of carbon dioxide gas
(3) allow us to decrease the use of fertilizers on crops
(4) encourage us to end research on wind and water power sources
Question 6
The diagram below represents relationships in an ecosystem.
What is the primary source of energy in this environment?
(1) cellular respiration in the plants
(2) energy from minerals in the soil
(3) fossil fuels
(4) solar energy
Question 7
Research has shown that treadmill training increases the number of certain energy-releasing
structures in the brain cells of rats.
The cellular structures referred to in this study are most likely
(1) mitochondria
(3) vacuoles
(2) nuclei
(4) ribosomes
Question 8
Which process must first take place in order for the proteins in foods to be used by body cells?
(1) digestion
(3) synthesis
(2) storage
(4) excretion
Question 9
Which statement is characteristic of reproduction in humans?
(1) The reproductive cells of males and females differ in chromosome number.
(2) Males and females produce gametes in the ovaries.
(3) Males and females produce the same number of gametes.
(4) The reproductive cycles of males and females are regulated by hormones.
Question 10
Which row in the chart below represents the most likely changes in the atmosphere due to
widespread deforestation?
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Concentration
Concentration
(1)
increases ↑
increases ↑
(2)
increases ↑
decreases ↓
(3)
decreases ↓
increases ↑
(4)
decreases ↓
decreases ↓
Row
Question 11
The chart below represents some of the events that occur during the cycling of nutrients in an
ecosystem.
Which organisms would most appropriately complete the chart when written in the circle at X?
(1) producers
(3) carnivores
(2) herbivores
(4) decomposers
Question 12
The diagram below represents the formation of a cancerous growth.
Which statement best explains the events represented in this diagram?
(1) A gene mutation caused the cells to become muscle cells.
(2) The growth resulted from the introduction of a vaccine.
(3) A gene mutation caused abnormal mitotic cell division.
(4) The growth resulted from uncontrolled meiotic cell division.
Question 13
A standard laboratory technique used to produce a new plant is represented in the diagram below.
This technique is best identified as
(1) gene alteration
(3) replication
(2) selective breeding
(4) cloning
Question 14
An example of competition between members of two different species is
(1) mold growing on a dead tree that has fallen in the forest
(2) purple loosestrife plants growing in the same wet areas as cattail plants
(3) a coyote feeding on the remains of a deer that died of starvation
(4) two male turkeys displaying mating behaviors to attract a female turkey
Question 15
Which statement best explains why different body cells of the same individual look and function
differently?
(1) Each cell contains different genes.
(2) Different genes are activated in different kinds of cells.
(3) Cells are able to change to adapt to their surroundings.
(4) Half of the genes in the cells came from the mother and half from the father.
Question 16
A diagram of the female reproductive system is shown below.
Identify the structure within which the egg cell is normally fertilized.
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) D
Question 17
The ameba, a single-celled organism, reproduces asexually. Variations in an ameba would most
commonly occur through
(1) differentiation during development
(2) the fusion of gametes
(3) random mutations
(4) recombination during fertilization
Question 18
The development of organs and tissues from a zygote includes
(1) mitosis and differentiation
(2) mitosis and gamete production
(3) meiosis and gamete production
(4) meiosis and fertilization
Question 19
In the 1920s, over 25 million acres of the American southern plains were stripped of prairie grasses
to provide more land for farmers to grow wheat. The prairie grasses had served to hold the soil in
place and prevent erosion. In the early 1930s, a series of severe dust storms eroded topsoil from
more than 13 million acres of the southern plains and dumped it as tons of dust particles over many
cities in the Northeast. Farmland was destroyed and people were sickened from “dust pneumonia.”
This occurrence illustrates that
(1) farmers should never clear land to grow crops as it always creates problems
(2) once an ecosystem has been altered, it can not be restored to normal
(3) the farmers deliberately altered the equilibrium of the cities in the Northeast
(4) when humans alter ecosystems, serious consequences may result
Question 20
The Cornell University News Service reported, “The sugar maple is the most economically
valuable tree in the eastern United States because of its high-priced lumber, syrup and touristattracting fall colors.” The effects of acid rain now threaten the survival of these trees. This threat
is the result of a human activity that has
(1) introduced a foreign species by accident
(2) stabilized a forest ecosystem through technology
(3) weakened an ecosystem through pollution
(4) weakened a species by direct harvesting
Question 21
The human male reproductive system is adapted for the production of
(1) sperm and the delivery of these cells for internal fertilization
(2) gametes that transport food to the egg
(3) zygotes and the development of these cells into a fetus
(4) hormones that stimulate placenta formation in the male
Question 22
The diagram below represents an important biological technique scientists rely on to produce
replacement hormones.
Which two processes are required for the technique to successfully produce hormones?
(1) replication of DNA in bacterial cells and cell division
(2) replication of DNA in bacterial cells and gamete formation
(3) meiosis and development
(4) mitosis and fertilization
Question 23
The diagram below summarizes some of the steps in the development of humans.
All the genetic information needed for the organism to develop is first present at
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) D
Question 24
Five different living organisms are represented below.
Which statement about the organisms represented above is correct?
(1) All of the organisms are autotrophs.
(2) Only the flowering plant, green heron, and aquatic plant carry out photosynthesis.
(3) Only the frog and green heron can maintain homeostasis.
(4) All of the organisms pass on traits through reproduction
Question 25
Mistletoe is an evergreen shrub that can produce most of its own food. Often, mistletoe can be
found living on trees and taking water and nutrients away from the tissues of the trees.
The relationship between mistletoe and trees is an example of
(1) consumer/herbivore
(3) scavenger/decomposer
(2) predator/prey
(4) parasite/host
Question 26
Rabbits are not native to Australia. They were imported by European settlers. In 1936, the myxoma
virus was introduced into Australia as a means of biological control to infect and reduce the rabbit
population. This method of controlling the rabbit population was an attempt to
(1) stop the overpopulation of a native species
(2) stop the overproduction of an introduced species
(3) limit the food sources of the rabbit
(4) limit the number of rabbits brought into the country
Question 27
The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet is to
(1) form the membranes that surround mitochondria
(2) act as a catalyst for cellular reactions
(3) supply energy for the body
(4) provide building blocks for amino acids
Question 28
Throughout New York State, some farmers have switched from growing a variety of vegetable
crops to growing a single crop, such as corn. Other farmers are concerned that such a practice will
make it more likely that an entire crop could be lost to disease or infestation by an insect pest. This
is a valid concern because this practice
(1) reduces the biodiversity of their fields
(2) increases the number of decomposers in their fields
(3) decreases the need to import food
(4) increases the number of invasive species
Question 29
The breathing rate, heart rate, and blood hormone levels of an individual would directly provide
information about that individual’s
(1) cellular organization
(3) inheritance
(2) nutrition
(4) metabolic activity
Question 30
The diagram below represents an energy pyramid.
Which type of organism could occupy levels B, C, and D of this energy pyramid?
(1) consumer
(3) autotroph
(2) producer
(4) carnivore
Question 31
In the 1920s, two conflicting newspaper headlines called attention to a mysterious new illness.
1921–“Don’t breathe the air! Mysterious disease affecting thousands is caused by breathing
the air in swamps.”
1922–“Don’t drink the water! Mysterious disease affecting thousands is caused by drinking
the water in swamps.”
Another series of headlines appeared in the 1940s and 50s.
1945–“New technology finds tiny worms on swamp vegetation.”
1950–“Tiny worms found in lungs of patients suffering from mysterious swamp disease.”
1952–“Mysterious disease known to be caused by worms given name Swamp Lung
Disease.”
Headlines such as these best illustrate the concept that
(1) scientific explanations are tentative and subject to change
(2) some newspapers are not honest and report incorrect information on purpose
(3) worms can enter the body many different ways
(4) worms found in swamps should not be used for fishing
Question 32
In the early 1600s, a scientist planted a willow tree that weighed 5 pounds in 200 pounds of dry
soil. He placed it outside and watered it for 5 years. At the end of that time, he observed that the
tree had gained 164 pounds 3 ounces, while the soil had lost just 2 ounces.
From this, he concluded that plants gain weight from the water they take in. His conclusion was
based on
(1) the input of scientists from many countries doing similar studies
(2) the application of advanced technologies to the study of a problem
(3) careful observation, measurements, and inferences from his data
(4) an extensive knowledge of the process of photosynthesis
Question 33
A student observed five living cells in the field of view of a microscope as represented below.
What is the approximate diameter of one cell?
(1) 10 μm
(3) 250 μm
(2) 50 μm
(4) 500 μm
Question 34
Ecologists are concerned that the golden-winged warbler population is at a dangerously low level.
One reason this could lead to extinction of this warbler is that
(1) after a species becomes extinct, it won’t be able to carry out its role in the ecosystem
(2) there may not be enough diversity among the birds for the species to be able to survive an
environmental change
(3) extinction always occurs when populations begin to decrease in number
(4) an increase in biodiversity within a population often causes the population to be classified
as threatened or endangered
Question 35
One primary function of the cell membrane is
(1) regulating the flow of simple sugars into or out of the cell
(2) synthesizing substances by breaking down cell organelles
(3) storing carbohydrates, water, and starches for future use
(4) digesting carbohydrates, fats, and protein
Question 36
For several years now, there has been discussion of constructing a large oil pipeline across the
United States. Which statement expresses a major concern many people are likely to have about
the proposed pipeline?
(1) The pipeline will bring a large number of jobs to the area where it is being constructed.
(2) The oil pipeline will increase the amount of finite resources.
(3) If this pipeline were to leak, the oil could contaminate soil, water, and wildlife.
(4) The pipeline is a technological fix for ozone depletion.
Question 37
The rings in the diagram below represent the annual growth of a tree approximately 20 years old.
Tree trunks grow wider each year by continuous growth in a thin layer of cells just beneath the
bark. Since one new layer is added each year, the number of rings in a tree can be used to tell its
age. The thickness of the rings provides information about the environmental conditions in past
years.
By observing the annual rings in the diagram, one can infer that
(1) environmental conditions did not change over the last 20 years
(2) trees grow faster on the side that faces the Sun
(3) some years provide better conditions for growth than other years
(4) tree rings are not reliable because trees must be cut down to see them
Question 38
Harmless Skin Virus Fights Acne
…Acne is caused when hair follicles become blocked with an oily substance called sebum,
which the body makes to stop the hair and skin from drying out.
Normally harmless bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes, that live on the skin can
then contaminate and infect the plugged follicles.
Phages [a type of virus] appear to help counteract this.
When the scientists sequenced the DNA coding of the phages, they discovered that, as well
as sharing most of their genetic material, the viruses all had some key features in common.
All carry a gene that makes a protein called endolysin – an enzyme thought to destroy
bacteria by breaking down their cell walls.
And unlike antibiotics, which kill many types of bacteria, including “good” ones that live
in our gut, phages are programmed to target only specific bacteria…
Source: BBC News
September 25, 2012
This treatment for acne, using phages, is effective because phages
(1) produce antibodies to clean out clogged pores and hair follicles
(2) eliminate bacteria by attacking specific cell structures
(3) carry genes and infect follicles
(4) attack every known type of bacteria
Question 39
Harmless Skin Virus Fights Acne
…Acne is caused when hair follicles become blocked with an oily substance called sebum,
which the body makes to stop the hair and skin from drying out.
Normally harmless bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes, that live on the skin can
then contaminate and infect the plugged follicles.
Phages [a type of virus] appear to help counteract this.
When the scientists sequenced the DNA coding of the phages, they discovered that, as well
as sharing most of their genetic material, the viruses all had some key features in common.
All carry a gene that makes a protein called endolysin – an enzyme thought to destroy
bacteria by breaking down their cell walls.
And unlike antibiotics, which kill many types of bacteria, including “good” ones that live
in our gut, phages are programmed to target only specific bacteria…
Source: BBC News
September 25, 2012
The protein endolysin belongs to which group of chemical substances?
(1) hormones
(3) biological catalysts
(2) receptors
(4) molecular bases
Question 40
Harmless Skin Virus Fights Acne
…Acne is caused when hair follicles become blocked with an oily substance called sebum,
which the body makes to stop the hair and skin from drying out.
Normally harmless bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes, that live on the skin can
then contaminate and infect the plugged follicles.
Phages [a type of virus] appear to help counteract this.
When the scientists sequenced the DNA coding of the phages, they discovered that, as well
as sharing most of their genetic material, the viruses all had some key features in common.
All carry a gene that makes a protein called endolysin – an enzyme thought to destroy
bacteria by breaking down their cell walls.
And unlike antibiotics, which kill many types of bacteria, including “good” ones that live
in our gut, phages are programmed to target only specific bacteria…
Source: BBC News
September 25, 2012
The typical response of the human body to an infection by bacteria is to
(1) stimulate the production of antigens
(2) decrease the number of enzymes in the blood
(3) ignore the organisms, unless they are pathogens
(4) produce white blood cells and antibodies
Question 41
Two biological processes that occur in certain organelles are represented in the diagrams below.
Which statement is correct regarding the types of organisms able to carry out these processes?
(1) Process X occurs in heterotrophs, but not in autotrophs.
(2) Process Y occurs in consumers, but not in producers.
(3) Both processes X and Y occur in all living things.
(4) Both processes X and Y occur in green plants.
Question 42
The diagram below shows how ATP is used by some cell structures to perform various functions.
Which cell structure is represented by B?
(1) vacuole
(3) cytoplasm
(2) ribosome
(4) chloroplast
Question 43
The diagram below shows how ATP is used by some cell structures to perform various functions.
The nucleus contains molecules of A, which
(1) recycle waste products
(3) store hereditary information
(2) remove water from the cell
(4) regulate the pH of cytoplasm
Question 44
Moose-killing Winter Ticks
Moose habitat is determined by temperature. Moose prefer areas where the average summer
temperature is around 15°C and does not exceed 27°C for too long. The reason for this temperature
dependency: Moose cannot sweat.
Besides the cooling effect of water, which moose are almost always near, aquatic
environments provide them with a good supply of food, and in the past, have protected them against
biting insects. However, the North American moose population is facing a new threat: a parasite
called the winter tick. These ticks lodge themselves in the animal’s fur and hold on through the
winter, sucking the animal’s blood. Many infected moose end up dying of exhaustion and weakness
as a result of the large number of ticks feeding on them.
Ticks are most active during dry days in the fall. Adult ticks that drop off moose in the
spring and land on snow cover have a poorer survival rate. Climate change can be predicted to
improve conditions for winter ticks due to longer and warmer falls, and earlier snowmelt in the
spring.
Surveys of the moose population in northeastern Minnesota have recorded the change
shown below in the moose population between 2005 and 2013.
Estimated Moose Population
In Northeastern Minnesota
Survey Year
Estimated Moose Population
2005
8160
2006
8840
2007
6860
2008
7890
2009
7840
2010
5700
2011
4900
2012
4230
2013
2760
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on the axis labeled “Estimated Moose
Population.”
Question 45
Moose-killing Winter Ticks
Moose habitat is determined by temperature. Moose prefer areas where the average summer
temperature is around 15°C and does not exceed 27°C for too long. The reason for this temperature
dependency: Moose cannot sweat.
Besides the cooling effect of water, which moose are almost always near, aquatic
environments provide them with a good supply of food, and in the past, have protected them against
biting insects. However, the North American moose population is facing a new threat: a parasite
called the winter tick. These ticks lodge themselves in the animal’s fur and hold on through the
winter, sucking the animal’s blood. Many infected moose end up dying of exhaustion and weakness
as a result of the large number of ticks feeding on them.
Ticks are most active during dry days in the fall. Adult ticks that drop off moose in the
spring and land on snow cover have a poorer survival rate. Climate change can be predicted to
improve conditions for winter ticks due to longer and warmer falls, and earlier snowmelt in the
spring.
Surveys of the moose population in northeastern Minnesota have recorded the change
shown below in the moose population between 2005 and 2013.
Estimated Moose Population
In Northeastern Minnesota
Survey Year
Estimated Moose Population
2005
8160
2006
8840
2007
6860
2008
7890
2009
7840
2010
5700
2011
4900
2012
4230
2013
2760
Plot the data for the estimated moose population on the grid. Connect the points and surround each
point with a small circle.
Question 46
Moose-killing Winter Ticks
Moose habitat is determined by temperature. Moose prefer areas where the average summer
temperature is around 15°C and does not exceed 27°C for too long. The reason for this temperature
dependency: Moose cannot sweat.
Besides the cooling effect of water, which moose are almost always near, aquatic
environments provide them with a good supply of food, and in the past, have protected them against
biting insects. However, the North American moose population is facing a new threat: a parasite
called the winter tick. These ticks lodge themselves in the animal’s fur and hold on through the
winter, sucking the animal’s blood. Many infected moose end up dying of exhaustion and weakness
as a result of the large number of ticks feeding on them.
Ticks are most active during dry days in the fall. Adult ticks that drop off moose in the
spring and land on snow cover have a poorer survival rate. Climate change can be predicted to
improve conditions for winter ticks due to longer and warmer falls, and earlier snowmelt in the
spring.
Surveys of the moose population in northeastern Minnesota have recorded the change
shown below in the moose population between 2005 and 2013.
Estimated Moose Population
In Northeastern Minnesota
Survey Year
Estimated Moose Population
2005
8160
2006
8840
2007
6860
2008
7890
2009
7840
2010
5700
2011
4900
2012
4230
2013
2760
Explain how climate change could result in an increased number of moose infested with winter
ticks.
Question 47
Moose-killing Winter Ticks
Moose habitat is determined by temperature. Moose prefer areas where the average summer
temperature is around 15°C and does not exceed 27°C for too long. The reason for this temperature
dependency: Moose cannot sweat.
Besides the cooling effect of water, which moose are almost always near, aquatic
environments provide them with a good supply of food, and in the past, have protected them against
biting insects. However, the North American moose population is facing a new threat: a parasite
called the winter tick. These ticks lodge themselves in the animal’s fur and hold on through the
winter, sucking the animal’s blood. Many infected moose end up dying of exhaustion and weakness
as a result of the large number of ticks feeding on them.
Ticks are most active during dry days in the fall. Adult ticks that drop off moose in the
spring and land on snow cover have a poorer survival rate. Climate change can be predicted to
improve conditions for winter ticks due to longer and warmer falls, and earlier snowmelt in the
spring.
Surveys of the moose population in northeastern Minnesota have recorded the change
shown below in the moose population between 2005 and 2013.
Estimated Moose Population
In Northeastern Minnesota
Survey Year
Estimated Moose Population
2005
8160
2006
8840
2007
6860
2008
7890
2009
7840
2010
5700
2011
4900
2012
4230
2013
2760
Increased average yearly temperatures in regions presently inhabited by moose could result in a
disruption in homeostasis in these animals because
(1) a decrease in average temperatures will increase mutations in their skin cells
(2) an increase in average temperatures will decrease the amount of blood ticks can consume
(3) moose will not be able to maintain an appropriate body temperature, since they do not sweat
(4) moose will sweat more and lose too much water from their bodies
Question 48
The diagram below represents the evolutionary relationships among many organisms.
An environmental change severely affected the organism represented by species K. What was the
result? Support your answer.
Question 49
The diagram below represents the evolutionary relationships among many organisms.
Three species with the most similar traits are most likely
(1) F, I, G
(3) B, D, G
(2) D, H, J
(4) F, A, J
Question 50
The diagram below represents trophic levels in an ocean environment.
The organisms found at the second trophic level of this pyramid would be
(1) producers
(3) carnivores
(2) decomposers
(4) herbivores
Question 51
The diagram below represents trophic levels in an ocean environment.
State one reason why there is less energy available at each trophic level going from the first to the
third trophic level.
Question 52
Stable predator-prey relationships are necessary to maintain a healthy ecosystem. The removal of
a predator species from an area caused the deer population to sharply increase from 1910 to 1925.
Changes in the deer population and carrying capacity of the area are represented in the graph
below.
Based on the information provided, explain how the sharp population increase from 1910 to 1925
might have resulted in the decrease in the carrying capacity after 1925.
Question 53
The diagram below indicates a change in an ecosystem.
Identify some of the key events associated with the change. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one natural event that could cause the disruption indicated in the diagram
• state what would most likely happen to the new stable ecosystem in future years if no further
disruptions occur
Question 54
The diagram below indicates a change in an ecosystem.
Identify some of the key events associated with the change. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one natural event that could cause the disruption indicated in the diagram
• state what would most likely happen to the new stable ecosystem in future years if no further
disruptions occur
Question 55
Explain why a mutation that occurs in a body cell will not contribute to the evolution of a species.
Question 56
Our [Nitrogen] Fertilized World
It is the engine of agriculture, the key to plenty in our crowded, hungry world. …
…Enter modern chemistry. Giant factories capture inert nitrogen gas from the vast stores
in our atmosphere and force it into a chemical union with the hydrogen in natural gas, creating the
reactive compounds that plants crave. That nitrogen fertilizer – more than a hundred million tons
applied worldwide every year – fuels bountiful harvests. Without it, human civilization in its
current form could not exist. Our planet’s soil simply could not grow enough food to provide all
seven billion of us our accustomed diet. In fact, almost half of the nitrogen found in our bodies’
muscle and organ tissue started out in a fertilizer factory.
Source: National Geographic, May 2013
Nitrogen fertilizers are used by plants to synthesize amino acids. State one reason why a supply of
amino acids is important for the survival of complex organisms.
Question 57
Our [Nitrogen] Fertilized World
It is the engine of agriculture, the key to plenty in our crowded, hungry world. …
…Enter modern chemistry. Giant factories capture inert nitrogen gas from the vast stores
in our atmosphere and force it into a chemical union with the hydrogen in natural gas, creating the
reactive compounds that plants crave. That nitrogen fertilizer – more than a hundred million tons
applied worldwide every year – fuels bountiful harvests. Without it, human civilization in its
current form could not exist. Our planet’s soil simply could not grow enough food to provide all
seven billion of us our accustomed diet. In fact, almost half of the nitrogen found in our bodies’
muscle and organ tissue started out in a fertilizer factory.
Source: National Geographic, May 2013
Identify one possible effect on the human population if nitrogen fertilizers were not available.
Question 58
Our [Nitrogen] Fertilized World
It is the engine of agriculture, the key to plenty in our crowded, hungry world. …
…Enter modern chemistry. Giant factories capture inert nitrogen gas from the vast stores
in our atmosphere and force it into a chemical union with the hydrogen in natural gas, creating the
reactive compounds that plants crave. That nitrogen fertilizer – more than a hundred million tons
applied worldwide every year – fuels bountiful harvests. Without it, human civilization in its
current form could not exist. Our planet’s soil simply could not grow enough food to provide all
seven billion of us our accustomed diet. In fact, almost half of the nitrogen found in our bodies’
muscle and organ tissue started out in a fertilizer factory.
Source: National Geographic, May 2013
Explain how the building of factories to produce fertilizer is an example of a trade-off.
Question 59
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
on the growth of bacteria. Equal quantities of bacterial cells were spread on Petri dishes that are
used to grow colonies of bacteria. Half of each dish was shielded from the UV light with a UV
screen. The other half was exposed to UV light for various amounts of time. After the UV
treatment, the bacteria were grown in an incubator for 24 hours and the number of colonies was
counted.
The diagram below represents the setup of the experiment.
The table below contains the data collected at different exposure times by counting the number of
bacterial colonies on both the screen-covered side and unscreened side.
Bacterial Growth
Exposure Time to UV Light
(min)
Colonies on Screened Side
Colonies on Unscreened
Side
0 (No exposure)
20
22
0.5
21
19
1.0
23
16
2.0
22
10
5.0
24
5
10.0
23
1
Analyze the experiment that produced the data in the table. In your answer, be sure to:
• state a hypothesis for the experiment
• state whether the results of the experiment support or fail to support your hypothesis. Support
your answer
Question 60
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
on the growth of bacteria. Equal quantities of bacterial cells were spread on Petri dishes that are
used to grow colonies of bacteria. Half of each dish was shielded from the UV light with a UV
screen. The other half was exposed to UV light for various amounts of time. After the UV
treatment, the bacteria were grown in an incubator for 24 hours and the number of colonies was
counted.
The diagram below represents the setup of the experiment.
The table below contains the data collected at different exposure times by counting the number of
bacterial colonies on both the screen-covered side and unscreened side.
Bacterial Growth
Exposure Time to UV Light
(min)
Colonies on Screened Side
Colonies on Unscreened
Side
0 (No exposure)
20
22
0.5
21
19
1.0
23
16
2.0
22
10
5.0
24
5
10.0
23
1
Analyze the experiment that produced the data in the table. In your answer, be sure to:
• state a hypothesis for the experiment
• state whether the results of the experiment support or fail to support your hypothesis. Support
your answer
Question 61
Evolution leads to changes in how frequently certain traits appear in a population.
Explain the importance of the presence of variations within a population.
Question 62
Evolution leads to changes in how frequently certain traits appear in a population.
Describe how the process of natural selection can result in an increase in frequencies of certain
traits found in a population.
Question 63
A typical human liver cell can have over 90,000 insulin receptors. Due to a genetic difference,
some people have liver cells that contain only about 1000 insulin receptors.
Describe the importance of receptors in cellular communication.
Question 64
A typical human liver cell can have over 90,000 insulin receptors. Due to a genetic difference,
some people have liver cells that contain only about 1000 insulin receptors.
Describe the importance of the shape of receptor molecules for carrying out their function.
Question 65
A typical human liver cell can have over 90,000 insulin receptors. Due to a genetic difference,
some people have liver cells that contain only about 1000 insulin receptors.
Identify one effect a reduced number of insulin receptors might have on an individual.
Question 66
Biologists have been studying the genes present in newborn twins.
Twins Don’t Share Everything
…Chemicals called epigenetic markers can be attached to those [inherited] genes, like flags
or balloons hanging off the sides of the DNA ladder. These don’t just change the look of the genes.
Like pieces of tape stuck over a light switch, these markers can force a gene to remain turned on
or off. The type of marker scientists studied in the twins generally sticks the switch in the off
position so that some proteins don’t get made. And that means the proteins’ jobs won’t get done.
Every time a cell divides, new epigenetic markers may form. Foods, pollutants, and stress
may all contribute to the development of new markers. So throughout our lives we tend to
accumulate more and more. But a few are there from the day we’re born.
…His [Jeffrey Craig’s] team found that newborn twins have markers attached to different
genes from the very start. It’s true in identical twins, which come from the same fertilized egg. It’s
also true in fraternal twins, which come from different fertilized eggs. However, fraternal twins
had more such differences than identical twins did.
Source: Science News for Students; July 31, 2012
Explain why the genetic material in an offspring produced by sexual reproduction contains genetic
material that is not identical to the genetic material of either parent.
Question 67
Biologists have been studying the genes present in newborn twins.
Twins Don’t Share Everything
…Chemicals called epigenetic markers can be attached to those [inherited] genes, like flags
or balloons hanging off the sides of the DNA ladder. These don’t just change the look of the genes.
Like pieces of tape stuck over a light switch, these markers can force a gene to remain turned on
or off. The type of marker scientists studied in the twins generally sticks the switch in the off
position so that some proteins don’t get made. And that means the proteins’ jobs won’t get done.
Every time a cell divides, new epigenetic markers may form. Foods, pollutants, and stress
may all contribute to the development of new markers. So throughout our lives we tend to
accumulate more and more. But a few are there from the day we’re born.
…His [Jeffrey Craig’s] team found that newborn twins have markers attached to different
genes from the very start. It’s true in identical twins, which come from the same fertilized egg. It’s
also true in fraternal twins, which come from different fertilized eggs. However, fraternal twins
had more such differences than identical twins did.
Source: Science News for Students; July 31, 2012
State one reason why identical twins should have fewer genetic differences than fraternal twins.
Question 68
Biologists have been studying the genes present in newborn twins.
Twins Don’t Share Everything
…Chemicals called epigenetic markers can be attached to those [inherited] genes, like flags
or balloons hanging off the sides of the DNA ladder. These don’t just change the look of the genes.
Like pieces of tape stuck over a light switch, these markers can force a gene to remain turned on
or off. The type of marker scientists studied in the twins generally sticks the switch in the off
position so that some proteins don’t get made. And that means the proteins’ jobs won’t get done.
Every time a cell divides, new epigenetic markers may form. Foods, pollutants, and stress
may all contribute to the development of new markers. So throughout our lives we tend to
accumulate more and more. But a few are there from the day we’re born.
…His [Jeffrey Craig’s] team found that newborn twins have markers attached to different
genes from the very start. It’s true in identical twins, which come from the same fertilized egg. It’s
also true in fraternal twins, which come from different fertilized eggs. However, fraternal twins
had more such differences than identical twins did.
Source: Science News for Students; July 31, 2012
Identify two environmental factors that can lead to an increase in the number of epigenetic markers
that modify gene expression.
Question 69
With the emotional roller coaster that pregnancy brings, it can be daunting [challenging]
for pregnant women to take on the additional pressure of eating the “perfect” pregnancy diet. The
good news: there is no single perfect diet for pregnancy. The best way for expectant mothers to
meet their nutritional needs is to focus on consuming an overall healthy diet, with a variety of
vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean meats or meat substitutes, and low-fat dairy or dairy
substitutes.…
Source: US News Health 11/9/2012
Describe how nutrients move from the mother to the fetus.
Question 70
With the emotional roller coaster that pregnancy brings, it can be daunting [challenging]
for pregnant women to take on the additional pressure of eating the “perfect” pregnancy diet. The
good news: there is no single perfect diet for pregnancy. The best way for expectant mothers to
meet their nutritional needs is to focus on consuming an overall healthy diet, with a variety of
vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean meats or meat substitutes, and low-fat dairy or dairy
substitutes.…
Source: US News Health 11/9/2012
State one other way, in addition to consuming a balanced diet, pregnant women can help ensure
proper development of the fetus.
Question 71
…Bacteria often evolve clever ways of evading chemical assaults, but they will always
struggle to resist the old-fashioned way of killing them; heating them up. It takes only a relatively
mild warming to kill bugs [bacteria] without discomfort or harm to tissues. So imagine if little
electric heaters could be implanted into wounds and powered wirelessly to fry bacteria during
healing before dissolving harmlessly into body fluids once their job is done.…
Source: BBC Future, May 24, 2013
State one way the use of these new “little electric heaters” might represent a long-term benefit over
using antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.
Question 72
A child became ill with the measles. Measles is a disease that is highly contagious. The child’s
mother did not get sick, even though she and the child were close while the child was ill. State one
reason why the mother did not get sick with the measles.
Question 73
The diagram below represents the major parts of a growing onion plant. Nutrients are represented
in the soil around the onion.
Which statement best describes how nutrients enter the root cells of the onion plant?
(1) Only nutrients needed by the plant enter root cells.
(2) The nutrients usually move from an area of high concentration in the soil to an area of low
concentration in root cells.
(3) Nutrients always move into the plant cells by active transport.
(4) The nutrients always move from an area of low concentration in the soil to an area of high
concentration in root cells.
Question 74
Which concept is correctly matched with an example from The Beaks of Finches lab?
(1) Variation – different “beaks” were available.
(2) Adaptation – different types of foods were available.
(3) Selecting Agent – an insecticide was used to kill insects on one island.
(4) Environment – “beaks” with similar qualities were used to gather seeds.
Question 75
When comparing characteristics of two organisms, which evidence would be considered the
strongest for supporting a possible evolutionary relationship?
(1) The two organisms are the same color.
(2) The two organisms are the same height.
(3) The two organisms produce many of the same proteins.
(4) The two organisms are found in the same locations.
Question 76
A and B below represent two different slide preparations of elodea leaves. Elodea is a plant found
in streams and ponds in New York State.
The water used on slide A contained 1% salt and 99% water.
The salt solution used on slide B contained 6% salt and 94% water.
Elodea cells normally contain 1% salt.
Five minutes after the slides were prepared, a student using a compound light microscope to
observe the cells in leaves A and B would most likely see that
(1) water had moved out of the cells of the leaf on slide A
(2) salt had moved into the cells of the leaf on slide A
(3) water had moved out of the cells of the leaf on slide B
(4) salt had moved out of the cells of the leaf on slide B
Question 77
The table below shows the food sources for two different species of Galapagos finches on an island.
State one reason why these two species probably do not live in the same area of this island.
Question 78
During a lab activity, a 14-year-old student took his resting pulse rate. He counted 20 beats
in 20 seconds. He calculated his pulse rate for a minute and compared the result to the data shown
in the table below.
Normal Pulse Rate Ranges
Age Group
Resting Heart Rate
(beats per minute)
Children (ages 6-15)
70 – 100
Adults (ages 18 and over)
60 – 100
According to the data table, does the student’s pulse rate fall within the normal range? Circle yes
or no and support your answer.
yes
no
Question 79
During a lab activity, a 14-year-old student took his resting pulse rate. He counted 20 beats
in 20 seconds. He calculated his pulse rate for a minute and compared the result to the data shown
in the table below.
Normal Pulse Rate Ranges
Age Group
Resting Heart Rate
(beats per minute)
Children (ages 6-15)
70 – 100
Adults (ages 18 and over)
60 – 100
Using a biological explanation, state one reason why a person’s heart rate increases during
exercise.
Question 80
The chart below shows the molecular comparison between several species.
Identify which species is likely to be more closely related to Botana curus. Support your answer.
Species: ________________________
Support:
Question 81
A factor that contributed to the evolution of finches on the Galapagos Islands was most likely the
(1) lack of variation in beak structure of the finches
(2) isolation of the finches on separate islands
(3) relatively constant atmospheric temperature
(4) total lack of competition for food
Question 82
The diagram below represents a laboratory setup.
A starch solution in a test tube was separated from the water in a beaker by a dialysis
membrane. One hour later, it was observed that the liquid had risen in the test tube.
The rise of the liquid in the test tube that was observed after one hour can be explained as a result
of the
(1) starch solution moving into the test tube and out of the beaker
(2) water moving from the beaker into the test tube
(3) large starch molecules blocking the dialysis membrane
(4) dialysis membrane acting as a barrier to the water molecules
Question 83
The diagram below represents a laboratory setup.
A starch solution in a test tube was separated from the water in a beaker by a dialysis
membrane. One hour later, it was observed that the liquid had risen in the test tube.
If a starch indicator solution was initially added to the water in the beaker, describe one observation
that would be made after one hour.
Question 84
The diagram below represents an electrophoresis gel that was used to separate DNA fragments.
Lanes 1, 2, and 3 contain DNA samples that were treated with the same restriction enzyme.
Explain why the DNA sample in lane 3 did not separate into fragments.
Question 85
An experiment is performed to determine the effect of watching basketball games on pulse rates.
Ten students agreed to wear devices that monitor pulse rates while watching a basketball game
between competitive opponents. Their pulse rates were measured every minute for five minutes in
the first quarter of the game. The data collected indicated that pulse rates did not change
significantly during the monitored period. State one way that this experiment could be improved
to obtain a valid conclusion.
May 31st 2019
Question 1
Which activity is an example of a decomposer recycling organic compounds back into the
environment?
(1) A tree synthesizes starch from simpler molecules.
(2) A bacterial cell performs photosynthesis.
(3) A bird digests proteins from its food.
(4) A fungus breaks down the body of a dead animal.
Question 2
Itching and other skin problems are signs that a cat or dog may have fleas. Fleas are parasites
known for their biting and blood-sucking abilities. When they bite, flea saliva enters the pet’s
circulatory system, sometimes causing an allergic response commonly seen as a “hot spot” on the
pet’s neck or the base of its tail.
Source: https://www.planetnatural.com/ pest-problem-solver/household-pests/flea-control/
These observations are best explained by the fact that
(1) flea saliva may stimulate an immune response in cats and dogs
(2) fleas are microbes whose bites cause a decreased blood flow
(3) flea saliva is a toxic substance that is released when fleas prey on cats and dogs
(4) fleas are host organisms whose saliva digests cat and dog fur, leaving “hot spots”
Question 3
A German measles (rubella) epidemic during the years 1963 to 1965 resulted in approximately
30,000 babies being born with birth defects. The specific cause of these birth defects was most
likely
(1) the development of rubella virus infections in embryos
(2) the failure of zygotes infected with rubella to develop
(3) mutations in the nerve cells of pregnant females at the time of the rubella epidemic
(4) an increase in the amount of time needed for healthy embryonic development
Question 4
Placenta previa is a medical condition that occurs in some pregnant women. Women with this
condition are often placed on bed rest, which prohibits them from any strenuous activity that may
cause the blood vessels in the placenta to rupture. If not diagnosed, placenta previa can be a very
dangerous condition because the placenta is
(1) the primary source of oxygen for the mother
(2) where the fetus obtains milk from the mother
(3) where nutrients and wastes are exchanged
(4) the primary source of estrogen and progesterone in the mother
Question 5
Over time, a tree that once had a total mass of 300 g increased in mass to 3000 kg. This increase
in mass comes mostly from
(1) carbon dioxide that enters through the leaf openings
(2) oxygen that enters through the leaf openings
(3) soil that all plants need to grow
(4) chloroplasts that enter the roots and move to the leaves
Question 6
Recently, a type of genetically modified fish has been approved for sale for human consumption.
The modified fish contain a growth hormone gene from a different fish species. As a result, the
modified fish grow rapidly and are ready to sell in almost half the time it normally would take. The
modified fish are able to produce the new growth hormone because
(1) each of their cells contains the new gene to produce growth hormone
(2) each gene contains the code to synthesize carbohydrates
(3) the altered gene directs the mitochondria to synthesize the hormone
(4) the modified body cells are able to reproduce by meiosis
Question 7
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can spread to vital organs in the body. Doctors believe that
exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun is a leading cause of melanoma. One practical
way governments can help prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation is to
(1) require everyone to remain indoors during daylight hours
(2) regulate the production and release of gases that damage the ozone shield
(3) encourage the building of a greater number of cancer treatment centers
(4) prohibit the use of solar panels on homes and businesses
Question 8
Some birds have recently modified their migratory behavior. Instead of flying to warmer climates
during the winter months, the birds are remaining in northern areas where they can consume
discarded food that is abundant in landfills. As a result of this change in migratory behavior, many
insect populations that the birds normally feed on in the warmer climate areas are now increasing.
This is an example of human activity
(1) interfering with ecological succession
(2) increasing competition for infi nite resources
(3) disrupting the homeostasis of organisms
(4) altering the equilibrium of ecosystems
Question 9
New York State charges consumers a fee when purchasing beverages sold in aluminum cans and
plastic bottles. This money is returned to purchasers when they return these items for recycling.
Programs such as these are an attempt to
(1) encourage people to spend more money on their beverages
(2) conserve the resources these containers are made from
(3) reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced by deforestation
(4) totally eliminate the use of reusable containers
Question 10
Recently, a human trachea (a respiratory organ) was produced by using a patient’s own stem cells.
The benefit of using the patient’s own cells to produce a trachea instead of receiving one from a
donor is that
(1) there will be more enzymes produced to help maintain homeostasis in the trachea
(2) there will be an increase in the quantity of antibodies that the patient produces in response to
the new trachea
(3) there is less of a chance that the patient’s immune system will attack the trachea
(4) there will be a greater response to any infectious agent that may enter the body
Question 11
The diagram below represents the organization of structures within an organism.
Which term best indicates the structures represented by the circle labeled X?
(1) organelles
(3) organ systems
(2) chromosomes
(4) tissues
Question 12
The chart below shows a comparison of the blood sugar levels for two individuals who took part
in a scientific study.
Source: Science Daily 11/19/15
Scientists have observed that blood sugar levels rose by different amounts in the two individuals
even though they were given identical portions of bananas and cookies. These results were
obtained because
(1) glucose is too large a molecule to be absorbed into the blood, so the researchers were only
measuring the amount of glucose already present
(2) participant 445 didn’t like bananas, and his body absorbed more of the food that he likes
(3) individuals have genetic differences that alter their responses to environmental factors
(4) two different foods were used; the scientists should have had only one experimental variable
Question 13
Which row in the chart below correctly matches the human activity with its effect?
Row
Human Activity
Effect
(1)
planting 20 acres of one crop
increases biodiversity
(2)
industrialization
decreases fossil fuel use
(3)
habitat destruction
decreases ecosystem stability
(4)
use of finite resource
increases resource renewal
Question 14
Potatoes are an example of a crop that can be reproduced asexually. One potato will produce a
number of “eyes,” which are sprouts that can grow into new plants. A potato with four eyes can be
cut into four pieces, and each piece can be used to produce an individual potato plant.
Source: https://www.quickcrop.ie/
blog/2014/02/growing-potatoes/
A gardener could produce a small crop of potatoes by planting the eyes from a single potato in her
garden. Some of the potatoes grown in this way could be used to obtain eyes for the next season’s
crop.
One likely disadvantage of growing potatoes cloned in this way, year after year, would be that (1)
after a few years, the potatoes would stop producing eyes altogether, so no potatoes could be
grown in the garden
(2) the potatoes produced each succeeding year would get larger and larger, eventually being too
big for use as food
(3) the cost for growing your own potatoes in the garden would be greatly reduced
(4) a potato plant could become infected with a disease, and it could easily spread to the entire
crop, killing all of the plants
Question 15
The back of the Namib Desert darkling beetle, shown in the photograph below, is covered in little
bumps that collect water from the air. When it tilts forward, the water runs off its back into its
mouth.
Source: http://myinforms.com
These specialized structures on the beetle’s back allow it to
(1) locate food within the harsh desert environment
(2) obtain a substance that is required for survival
(3) reproduce asexually if mates are not available in the area
(4) increase the chances of survival by producing organic raw materials
Question 16
An increase in human population puts a stress on resources that can be renewed, such as
(1) trees and coal
(3) oil and natural gas
(2) water and gasoline
(4) water and trees
Question 17
Mitochondria provide ribosomes with
(1) ATP for protein synthesis
(2) amino acids for protein synthesis
(3) oxygen for respiration
(4) carbon dioxide for the production of sugars
Question 18
Mutations are most directly caused by changes in the
(1) cell organelles of tissues
(2) genes of chromosomes
(3) ribosomes in gametes
(4) receptors on membranes
Question 19
Animals and green plants are similar in that they
(1) both carry out heterotrophic nutrition
(2) all produce offspring by asexual reproduction
(3) both use DNA to transmit hereditary information to offspring
(4) all require oxygen to carry out photosynthesis
Question 20
Two organisms of different species are not likely to compete for the same
(1) food
(3) space
(2) mate
(4) water
Question 21
Some salmon have been genetically modified to grow bigger and faster than wild salmon. They
are grown in fi sh-farming facilities. These genetically modified fi sh should not be introduced into
a natural habitat because
(1) the salmon would recycle nutrients at a rapid rate
(2) their rapid growth rate could cause them to outcompete native salmon
(3) they would not have enough oxygen for survival
(4) they would reproduce asexually once they were released
Question 22
The diagram below represents a portion of a cell membrane.
The arrow indicates that the cell membrane is carrying out the process of
(1) respiration
(3) diffusion
(2) cell recognition
(4) active transport
Question 23
The expression of a trait is directly dependent on the
(1) arrangement of amino acids in the protein synthesized
(2) shape of the subunits in the DNA molecule
(3) number of chromosomes present in the nucleus
(4) sequence of bases coded for by the ribosome
Question 24
Global warming is most closely associated with
(1) increased use of solar panels
(2) increased industrialization
(3) reducing the rate of species extinction
(4) removal of environmental wastes
Question 25
Which diagram below indicates that species D is more closely related to C than it is to either A or
B?
Question 26
As climate changes, which type of reproduction would most likely result in a greater chance of
survival for a species?
(1) sexual reproduction, with a short reproductive cycle
(2) sexual reproduction, with a long reproductive cycle
(3) asexual reproduction, with a short reproductive cycle
(4) asexual reproduction, with a long reproductive cycle
Question 27
Adults of the Aedes mosquito genus are responsible for transmitting the viral diseases Zika and
Dengue. Scientists have produced a modified form of male Aedes mosquitoes. The offspring of
these male mosquitoes die before reaching adulthood. This method of reducing the spread of
disease is dependent on
(1) vaccines stimulating the immune system of infected people
(2) providing medication to reduce the symptoms of disease
(3) the use of natural selection to modify the viruses so they are no longer pathogenic
(4) the use of genetic engineering to reduce the population of mosquitoes that carry the virus
Question 28
Humans deplete the most resources when
(1) using wind energy as a power source
(2) generating power by using fossil fuels
(3) using water power to generate electricity
(4) recycling glass and plastics
Question 29
The diagram below does not represent a sustainable energy pyramid in an ecosystem because
Carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
(1) energy is never transferred between levels in ecosystems
(2) ecosystems never have more than three levels of energy transfer
(3) more energy must be available in the producer level than in the consumer levels
(4) producers feed on herbivores in most ecosystems
Question 30
The two diagrams below represent a sugar molecule and a fat molecule that are used by living
organisms.
Which statement best describes these two molecules?
(1) Sugar molecules are inorganic and fat molecules are organic.
(2) Sugar molecules are organic and fat molecules are inorganic.
(3) Energy for life processes can be stored within the chemical bonds of both molecules.
(4) Energy for life processes can be stored within the chemical bonds of sugar molecules, only.
Question 31
A scientist analyzed a segment of DNA from a human chromosome and found that the percentage
of thymine molecular bases (T) was 35%. Which row in the chart below contains the correct
percentages of the other molecular bases in the DNA segment?
Row
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
(1)
15%
25%
25%
(2)
25%
25%
15%
(3)
15%
15%
35%
(4)
35%
15%
15%
Question 32
The graph below shows changes in the populations of hares and lynx in a Canadian ecosystem.
Which statement about the hares and lynx can be supported with information from the graph? (1)
(1) The hare is the predator of the lynx because it is a larger animal.
(2) The lynx population begins to drop after the hare population drops.
(3) Both populations go through cycles due to the succession of plant species.
(4) Both populations have a carrying capacity of 3000 per square kilometer.
Question 33
The diagram below represents a cell in the human body.
Which statement concerning the structures within this cell is accurate?
(1) Structure 1 is a chloroplast that carries out photosynthesis.
(2) Structure 2 is a vacuole that contains DNA.
(3) Structure 3 is a mitochondrion, where respiration takes place.
(4) Structure 4 is the cell membrane, which provides rigid support for the cell.
Question 34
The table below indicates the amount of oxygen present at various water temperatures in a pond.
Amount of Available Oxygen in Water at
Various Temperatures
Temperature (°F)
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
68.0
9.2
71.6
8.8
78.8
8.2
82.4
7.9
86.0
7.6
An aquatic ecosystem experiences an increase in temperature. Which row in the chart below shows
the effect of this increased temperature on the available oxygen and ecosystem?
Row
Amount of Available Oxygen
Effect on Ecosystem
(1)
decreases
greater stability of the ecosystem
(2)
increases
lessens competition between predatory organisms
(3)
decreases
reduces carrying capacity for fish
(4)
increases
increases genetic mutations in bacteria
Question 35
The table below indicates the amount of oxygen present at various water temperatures in a pond.
Amount of Available Oxygen in Water at
Various Temperatures
Temperature (°F)
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
68.0
9.2
71.6
8.8
78.8
8.2
82.4
7.9
86.0
7.6
Which process performed by organisms produces oxygen for the aquatic ecosystem?
(1) respiration
(3) active transport
(2) replication
(4) autotrophic nutrition
Question 36
The diagram represents a food web illustrating some relationships in a tidal marsh ecosystem.
Examples of autotrophs in this food web are
(1) killer whales and grasses
(3) mosquitoes and grasshoppers
(2) sedges and bulrushes
(4) snails and seals
Question 37
The diagram represents a food web illustrating some relationships in a tidal marsh ecosystem.
In addition to grasshoppers, herring may also get energy from
(1) algae
(3) snails
(2) bald eagles
(4) voles
Question 38
Mercury is a toxic chemical that accumulates in the tissues of animals in a food chain. The
chart below shows mercury levels found in various commercial fish and shellfish.
Mercury Concentration
Species
Average Mercury
Concentration (ppm)
Number of Samples
king mackerel
0.730
213
shark
0.979
356
swordfish
0.995
636
tilefish (Gulf of Mexico)
1.450
60
catfish
0.025
57
haddock
0.055
50
lobster (spiny)
0.093
13
Source: www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/metals/ucm115644.html
Each species listed is a predator. If the prey organisms that each predator consumes were tested,
they would most likely contain
(1) the same amount of mercury as the predator species
(2) less mercury than the predator species
(3) more mercury than the predator species
(4) no mercury, since the predators probably get it from the polluted water
Question 39
Mercury is a toxic chemical that accumulates in the tissues of animals in a food chain. The chart
below shows mercury levels found in various commercial fish and shellfish.
Mercury Concentration
Species
Average Mercury
Concentration (ppm)
Number of Samples
king mackerel
0.730
213
shark
0.979
356
swordfish
0.995
636
tilefish (Gulf of Mexico)
1.450
60
catfish
0.025
57
haddock
0.055
50
lobster (spiny)
0.093
13
Source: www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/metals/ucm115644.html
Which statement is best supported by the data in the chart?
(1) Any fish caught in the Gulf of Mexico would have low levels of mercury.
(2) Eating catfish or haddock would be most likely to cause deadly mercury poisoning.
(3) Spiny lobsters may have more or less mercury than indicated because only a few were
sampled.
(4) Tilefish are the most nutritious of all the species listed.
Question 40
The diagram below represents a laboratory process.
The substance represented by the scissors shown cutting the DNA is
(1) an enzyme
(3) a carbohydrate
(2) a starch molecule
(4) a fat molecule
Question 41
The human body has many cells that are deep inside the body. For this reason, the human body
requires
(1) a transport system and other organs
(2) carbon dioxide from the air
(3) the synthesis of many inorganic compounds
(4) the breakdown of glucose by the digestive system
Question 42
Bird Flu
Researchers are not sure when the H7N9 virus, referred to as bird flu, hit the China poultry
markets. In February of 2012, the virus was found to have spread from birds to humans. All cases
resulted from direct contact with infected poultry.
The bird flu can cause severe respiratory illness in humans. Since flu viruses constantly
mutate, it would be difficult to develop a vaccine ahead of time. Scientists are worried that the
virus could spread easily among people, causing a worldwide outbreak of the disease.
Based on the information, one danger of the new Bird Flu H7N9 strain is that it
(1) causes death in over 75% of the individuals who become infected
(2) is transferred to humans through consuming cooked poultry
(3) can spread from humans to birds, such as crows and pigeons
(4) mutates rapidly, making it hard to produce an effective vaccine
Question 43
Bird Flu
Researchers are not sure when the H7N9 virus, referred to as bird flu, hit the China poultry
markets. In February of 2012, the virus was found to have spread from birds to humans. All cases
resulted from direct contact with infected poultry.
The bird flu can cause severe respiratory illness in humans. Since flu viruses constantly
mutate, it would be difficult to develop a vaccine ahead of time. Scientists are worried that the
virus could spread easily among people, causing a worldwide outbreak of the disease.
The fact that the H7N9 virus has only recently infected humans helps explain why
(1) it is highly transmissible through both the air and water
(2) it is found only in the U.S.
(3) humans have little or no immunity to the virus
(4) the human population has formed antibodies against the virus
Question 44
As part of an experiment, a bacterial culture was grown in a lab for two days. No additional
nutrients were added to the culture after the initial set-up. As the bacteria reproduced asexually,
the population of the culture was measured every six hours. Some of the data related to the bacterial
growth are shown in the data table below.
Bacterial Growth
Time (hrs)
Population (millions)
0
2.0
6
4.5
18
16.0
30
28.0
48
37.0
Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis.
Question 45
As part of an experiment, a bacterial culture was grown in a lab for two days. No additional
nutrients were added to the culture after the initial set-up. As the bacteria reproduced asexually,
the population of the culture was measured every six hours. Some of the data related to the bacterial
growth are shown in the data table below.
Bacterial Growth
Time (hrs)
Population (millions)
0
2.0
6
4.5
18
16.0
30
28.0
48
37.0
Plot the data on the grid provided. Connect the points and surround each point with a small circle.
Question 46
As part of an experiment, a bacterial culture was grown in a lab for two days. No additional
nutrients were added to the culture after the initial set-up. As the bacteria reproduced asexually,
the population of the culture was measured every six hours. Some of the data related to the bacterial
growth are shown in the data table below.
Bacterial Growth
Time (hrs)
Population (millions)
0
2.0
6
4.5
18
16.0
30
28.0
48
37.0
If data for the growth of this bacterial population continued to be recorded, would the data point at
60 hours be above or below 37 million? Support your answer
Question 47
As part of an experiment, a bacterial culture was grown in a lab for two days. No additional
nutrients were added to the culture after the initial set-up. As the bacteria reproduced asexually,
the population of the culture was measured every six hours. Some of the data related to the bacterial
growth are shown in the data table below.
Bacterial Growth
Time (hrs)
Population (millions)
0
2.0
6
4.5
18
16.0
30
28.0
48
37.0
One likely reason bacteria would be grown in laboratory cultures would be to
(1) increase the number of antibiotics produced by human cells
(2) eliminate the cloning of cells that can fight disease
(3) increase the production of specialized proteins by using genetic engineering
(4) decrease the amount of bacteria naturally present in organisms
Question 48
The diagram represents a biological process.
Fossil evidence has demonstrated that birds evolved from a group of small carnivorous
dinosaurs. Scientists have hypothesized that some evolved into birds as they fi lled available niches.
Identify two groups of organisms from the diagram that still exist on Earth today. Describe how
they may have been able to survive to the present.
Organisms: ---------------------------------------------------- and--------------------------------------
Question 49
The diagram represents a biological process.
Fossil evidence has demonstrated that birds evolved from a group of small carnivorous
dinosaurs. Scientists have hypothesized that some evolved into birds as they filled available niches.
The most recent fossil discoveries have filled in many of the gaps in the evolution of birds from
dinosaurs. Before the latest fossils were found, there were some scientists who questioned this idea
that birds evolved from dinosaurs. In general, scientists constantly work to
(1) clarify scientifi c explanations so they can be made into a law that never changes
(2) develop theories based on the data and evidence from a few experiments with inconclusive
results
(3) provide enough evidence and accurate predictions to allow for widespread acceptance
(4) develop explanations that are permanent and do not change over time
Question 50
The diagram indicates some parts of the human female reproductive system.
The structure in which fertilization normally takes place is
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) D
Question 51
The diagram indicates some parts of the human female reproductive system.
State one function of organ B.
Question 52
The diagram indicates some parts of the human female reproductive system.
State one advantage of internal development for the human embryo.
Question 53
The diagram represents an ecological process that occurs in New York State over a long period of
time.
Identify the ecological process that is represented from stage A through stage D, and explain why
each stage is important to the stage that follows it.
Process:
Question 54
The diagram represents an ecological process that occurs in New York State over a long period of
time.
Identify two abiotic factors that can determine which types of organisms can inhabit an ecosystem.
Question 55
The diagram represents an ecological process that occurs in New York State over a long period of
time.
Identify the short-term effect that a forest fire during stage D would have on the biodiversity of the
area.
Question 56
Turtle Cells and Human Skin
New research has demonstrated that turtles and humans may have had a common ancestor
310 million years ago. A recent study looked at the genes responsible for the skin layers of turtle
shells compared to the genes for human skin. The findings of the study suggest that about 250
million years ago, when turtle evolution split from other reptiles, a mutation in a specific group of
genes occurred. The basic organization of this group of genes is similar in turtles and humans, and
they produce the important skin proteins that produce shells in turtles and protect against infection
in the skin of humans.
Identify the molecule that contains the hereditary material and the organelle in which it is found in
turtle cells.
Molecule: __________________________________
Organelle in turtle cells: __________________________________
Question 57
Turtle Cells and Human Skin
New research has demonstrated that turtles and humans may have had a common ancestor
310 million years ago. A recent study looked at the genes responsible for the skin layers of turtle
shells compared to the genes for human skin. The findings of the study suggest that about 250
million years ago, when turtle evolution split from other reptiles, a mutation in a specific group of
genes occurred. The basic organization of this group of genes is similar in turtles and humans, and
they produce the important skin proteins that produce shells in turtles and protect against infection
in the skin of humans.
Describe how the mutation in the genes of a turtle ancestor turned out to be a beneficial
evolutionary adaptation.
Question 58
The Little Brown Bat
Source: http://knatolee.blogspot.com/2011/09/not-ducklings.html
The illustration is of a species commonly called the little brown bat. It has 38 teeth and
usually lives near bodies of water. The animal is considered beneficial by many people because it
eats mosquitoes and many types of garden pests. They feed at night, detecting their prey by
echolocation—a form of sonar similar to what is used on ships. They can determine the location
and size of their prey by listening to the return echo.
The little brown bat eats mainly mosquitoes and night-flying insects. State one way in which the
animal is adapted to prey on these organisms.
Question 59
The Little Brown Bat
Source: http://knatolee.blogspot.com/2011/09/not-ducklings.html
The illustration is of a species commonly called the little brown bat. It has 38 teeth and
usually lives near bodies of water. The animal is considered benefi cial by many people because it
eats mosquitoes and many types of garden pests. They feed at night, detecting their prey by
echolocation—a form of sonar similar to what is used on ships. They can determine the location
and size of their prey by listening to the return echo.
If a mutation occurs in some of these bats, it may result in a new inheritable trait that makes them
better able to catch insects than other bats in the population. Describe what will most likely happen
to the frequency of the original trait in the population. Support your answer.
Question 60
The Little Brown Bat
Source: http://knatolee.blogspot.com/2011/09/not-ducklings.html
The illustration is of a species commonly called the little brown bat. It has 38 teeth and
usually lives near bodies of water. The animal is considered benefi cial by many people because it
eats mosquitoes and many types of garden pests. They feed at night, detecting their prey by
echolocation—a form of sonar similar to what is used on ships. They can determine the location
and size of their prey by listening to the return echo.
Coevolution occurs when the evolution of an adaptation by one species affects the evolution of an
adaptation in a second species. Some species of moths have evolved the ability to emit high
frequency sounds that can block the little brown bat’s echolocation. Based on the information
provided, explain how this relationship between moths and bats is an example of coevolution.
Question 61
Kaolin as a Spray to Control a Bean Pest
Spraying kaolin, a clay-like material, on the leaves of plants has been effective in reducing
insect damage to plants that grow in temperate regions, but has not been tried in tropical areas.
Researchers in the tropical Andean region of South America have recently conducted
experiments to see if kaolin can be used there to control the greenhouse whitefly, a significant pest
of the region’s bean crops.
In the study, four groups of bean plants were used with the following treatments:
Group
1 (control)
Treatment
Whiteflies
Killed (%)
No insecticide or other substance applied to the plants
0
2
Synthetic chemical insecticide applied to leaves
90
3
Leaves treated with 2.5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
4
Leaves treated with 5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
* Note: In group 4 the plants lost 40% less water and showed a 45% increase in chlorophyll
content in the leaves.
State one likely effect of the whiteflies on the bean plants in the control group (group 1) by the end
of the study. Support your answer.
Question 62
Kaolin as a Spray to Control a Bean Pest
Spraying kaolin, a clay-like material, on the leaves of plants has been effective in reducing
insect damage to plants that grow in temperate regions, but has not been tried in tropical areas.
Researchers in the tropical Andean region of South America have recently conducted
experiments to see if kaolin can be used there to control the greenhouse whitefly, a significant pest
of the region’s bean crops.
In the study, four groups of bean plants were used with the following treatments:
Group
1 (control)
2
Treatment
Whiteflies
Killed (%)
No insecticide or other substance applied to the plants
0
Synthetic chemical insecticide applied to leaves
90
3
Leaves treated with 2.5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
4
Leaves treated with 5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
* Note: In group 4 the plants lost 40% less water and showed a 45% increase in chlorophyll
content in the leaves.
Should the group 3 kaolin treatments be considered as an acceptable alternative control method to
the group 2 insecticide treatment for whiteflies? Support your answer with data from the chart.
Question 63
Kaolin as a Spray to Control a Bean Pest
Spraying kaolin, a clay-like material, on the leaves of plants has been effective in reducing
insect damage to plants that grow in temperate regions, but has not been tried in tropical areas.
Researchers in the tropical Andean region of South America have recently conducted
experiments to see if kaolin can be used there to control the greenhouse whitefly, a significant pest
of the region’s bean crops.
In the study, four groups of bean plants were used with the following treatments:
Group
1 (control)
Treatment
Whiteflies
Killed (%)
No insecticide or other substance applied to the plants
0
2
Synthetic chemical insecticide applied to leaves
90
3
Leaves treated with 2.5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
4
Leaves treated with 5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
* Note: In group 4 the plants lost 40% less water and showed a 45% increase in chlorophyll
content in the leaves.
Based on the results of groups 3 and 4, identify the kaolin treatment that would be best for bean
plants grown in areas where low rainfall is a common occurrence. Support your answer.
Question 64
Kaolin as a Spray to Control a Bean Pest
Spraying kaolin, a clay-like material, on the leaves of plants has been effective in reducing
insect damage to plants that grow in temperate regions, but has not been tried in tropical areas.
Researchers in the tropical Andean region of South America have recently conducted
experiments to see if kaolin can be used there to control the greenhouse whitefly, a significant pest
of the region’s bean crops.
In the study, four groups of bean plants were used with the following treatments:
Group
1 (control)
Treatment
Whiteflies
Killed (%)
No insecticide or other substance applied to the plants
0
2
Synthetic chemical insecticide applied to leaves
90
3
Leaves treated with 2.5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
4
Leaves treated with 5% concentration of kaolin spray
80
* Note: In group 4 the plants lost 40% less water and showed a 45% increase in chlorophyll
content in the leaves.
State one reason why the scientists are interested in reducing whitefly populations in the Andean
region.
Question 65
Medical Mystery
Recently, an elderly man went to a hospital. He felt tired and was coughing and dehydrated.
At first, the doctor thought he had pneumonia, but an x ray showed a spot on his lung. Because the
man was a smoker, the doctor expected to find a tumor.
Instead, the surgeon discovered a pea seed growing inside the man’s lung. When the pea
seedling was removed, the patient quickly regained his health.
When he first arrived at the hospital, the man reported feeling unusually tired. Explain why damage
to the man’s lung caused fatigue.
Question 66
Medical Mystery
Recently, an elderly man went to a hospital. He felt tired and was coughing and dehydrated.
At first, the doctor thought he had pneumonia, but an x ray showed a spot on his lung. Because the
man was a smoker, the doctor expected to find a tumor.
Instead, the surgeon discovered a pea seed growing inside the man’s lung. When the pea
seedling was removed, the patient quickly regained his health.
In this case, the pea seed entered into the man’s lung, but the immune system was not able to
defend against it. Describe one specific way the cells of the immune system usually protect the
body against certain molecules or microbes that are breathed into the lungs.
Question 67
Medical Mystery
Recently, an elderly man went to a hospital. He felt tired and was coughing and dehydrated.
At first, the doctor thought he had pneumonia, but an x ray showed a spot on his lung. Because the
man was a smoker, the doctor expected to find a tumor.
Instead, the surgeon discovered a pea seed growing inside the man’s lung. When the pea
seedling was removed, the patient quickly regained his health.
Identify two environmental factors inside a human lung that would help the pea begin to germinate.
Question 68
Medical Mystery
Recently, an elderly man went to a hospital. He felt tired and was coughing and dehydrated.
At first, the doctor thought he had pneumonia, but an x ray showed a spot on his lung. Because the
man was a smoker, the doctor expected to find a tumor.
Instead, the surgeon discovered a pea seed growing inside the man’s lung. When the pea
seedling was removed, the patient quickly regained his health.
State whether the pea seedling could have continued to grow and develop in the lung over a long
period of time. Support your answer.
Question 69
Scientists Reprogram Plants for Drought Tolerance
Source: Lancaster Farming 2/21/15/AAAS
Arabidopsis plants respond to drought conditions by producing a stress hormone called
ABA. This hormone slows down plant growth and leads to a decrease in the plant’s use of water.
ABA binds to specific receptors in the plant that cause the guard cells on the leaf surfaces
to close the stomatal openings through which water vapor can normally pass. This reduces water
loss during the drought conditions.
Although it has been suggested that spraying plants with ABA during a drought could be
beneficial, it is not practical. The chemical is expensive to produce and quickly loses its ability to
bind to cell receptors in the plant cells.
Recently, however, scientists have found a way to modify the ABA receptors in
Arabidopsis plants so they can be activated by another chemical that is both stable and inexpensive.
Describe how the shape of molecules, such as the hormone ABA, is critical to their function in the
Arabidopsis plant.
Question 70
Scientists Reprogram Plants for Drought Tolerance
Source: Lancaster Farming 2/21/15/AAAS
Arabidopsis plants respond to drought conditions by producing a stress hormone called
ABA. This hormone slows down plant growth and leads to a decrease in the plant’s use of water.
ABA binds to specific receptors in the plant that cause the guard cells on the leaf surfaces
to close the stomatal openings through which water vapor can normally pass. This reduces water
loss during the drought conditions.
Although it has been suggested that spraying plants with ABA during a drought could be
benefi cial, it is not practical. The chemical is expensive to produce and quickly loses its ability to
bind to cell receptors in the plant cells.
Recently, however, scientists have found a way to modify the ABA receptors in
Arabidopsis plants so they can be activated by another chemical that is both stable and inexpensive.
Explain how the response of the guard cells to a drought is part of a feedback mechanism.
Question 71
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Records from polar ice cores show that the natural range of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) over the past 800,000 years was 170 to 300 parts per million (ppm) by volume. In the early
20th century, scientists began to suspect that CO2 in the atmosphere might be increasing beyond
this range due to human activities, but there were no clear measurements of this trend. In 1958,
Charles David Keeling began measuring atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa observatory on the
big island of Hawaii.
Record the approximate concentration of carbon dioxide at the start of the study and describe how
it compares to the concentration in 2015.
___________________________ppm CO2
Description: ___________________________________________________________________
Question 72
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Records from polar ice cores show that the natural range of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) over the past 800,000 years was 170 to 300 parts per million (ppm) by volume. In the early
20th century, scientists began to suspect that CO2 in the atmosphere might be increasing beyond
this range due to human activities, but there were no clear measurements of this trend. In 1958,
Charles David Keeling began measuring atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa observatory on the
big island of Hawaii.
Identify one likely reason for the overall change in CO2 concentration observed between 1958 and
2015.
Question 73
Which group of materials would be most useful to a student planning to separate a mixture of leaf
pigments using paper chromatography?
(1) filter paper, dropper, solvent, beaker
(2) enzymes, beaker, goggles, compound microscope
(3) compound microscope, filter paper, coverslip, glass slide
(4) meterstick, thermometer, solvent, enzymes
Question 74
In many parts of the world, plants are used as a source of medicine. Many of these plants are in
danger of becoming extinct. It is therefore important for researchers to
(1) collect and dry all the medicinal plants to preserve them for future use
(2) search for other plant species that could be used as a new source of that medicine
(3) use the plants now while we still have them
(4) apply fertilizer to reduce the numbers of the plants that grow in the wild
Question 75
In the lab activity Making Connections, an experiment was designed to test the effect of exercise
on the ability to squeeze a clothespin. The number of times the clothespin was squeezed served as
the
(1) independent variable
(3) hypothesis
(2) dependent variable
(4) control
Question 76
When provided with a sequence of bases in one segment of mRNA, the Universal Genetic Code
Chart is used to
(1) directly identify the DNA from an animal cell
(2) determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein
(3) change the RNA sequence of a protein into DNA
(4) identify the specific mutations in the genetic material in a cell
Question 77
A student was setting up beakers that contained different solutions in order to conduct a laboratory
investigation, but the next day he could not tell which beaker contained the starch and water
mixture. In order to find out which beaker contained starch, he took a small sample from each of
the beakers and conducted a test for starch on each of them.
Describe the test for starch that the student should use and the result that would indicate the
presence of starch
Question 78
In order to survive in its environment, a single-celled organism uses a contractile vacuole to remove
excess water that diffuses into its cell. Another species, a hydra, also excretes excess water. Both
processes involve the use of energy.
Based on this information, state whether these two organisms live in fresh water or salt water.
Support your answer.
Question 79
The diagram below represents two types of carbohydrate molecules, glucose and sucrose.
State one reason why a glucose molecule is more likely than a sucrose molecule to diffuse through
an artificial membrane.
Question 80
The diagram represents some of the various types of giant tortoises that live on the Galapagos
Islands. The chart provides information about some individual island environments.
Giant Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
Source: Adapted from http://slideplayer.com/slide/7372273
Environmental Conditions on
Certain Galapagos Islands
Galapagos Island
Island Characteristics
Hood Island
sparse vegetation located high
off of the ground; hot, dry, arid
Isabela Island
rich variety of vegetation located
low to the ground; much rainfall;
humid
Explain why specific Galapagos tortoise species are able to live only on certain islands.
Question 81
The diagram represents some of the various types of giant tortoises that live on the Galapagos
Islands. The chart provides information about some individual island environments.
Giant Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
Source: Adapted from http://slideplayer.com/slide/7372273
Environmental Conditions on
Certain Galapagos Islands
Galapagos Island
Island Characteristics
Hood Island
sparse vegetation located high
off of the ground; hot, dry, arid
Isabela Island
rich variety of vegetation located
low to the ground; much rainfall;
humid
The role that the environment plays in determining which species survive is referred to as
(1) a trade-off
(3) an ecological niche
(2) a gene mutation
(4) a selecting agent
Question 82
The diagram represents some of the various types of giant tortoises that live on the Galapagos
Islands. The chart provides information about some individual island environments.
Giant Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
Source: Adapted from http://slideplayer.com/slide/7372273
Environmental Conditions on
Certain Galapagos Islands
Galapagos Island
Island Characteristics
Hood Island
sparse vegetation located high
off of the ground; hot, dry, arid
Isabela Island
rich variety of vegetation located
low to the ground; much rainfall;
humid
Over the years, human activity introduced organisms such as goats and other herbivores to the
Galapagos Islands. The addition of these invasive organisms caused the tortoise species to be
threatened because there was
(1) an increase in competition for food sources
(2) a decrease in ecological succession
(3) an increase in the availability of vegetation
(4) a decrease in direct harvesting
Question 83
As fish are frozen for storage, the water in the cells expands as it cools from 4°C to 0°C and may
cause cells to burst. This lowers the quality of the fish. Explain how soaking the fish briefly in salt
water before freezing them might prevent this damage to the cells.
Question 84
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
Source: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide
Identify one finch population that would be negatively affected if the birth rate of small tree finches
increased significantly. Support your answer.
Finch:_______________________________
Support:______________________________________________________________________
Question 85
Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches
Source: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide
A student completed two trials of the Beaks of Finches lab, each time picking up eleven seeds, as
shown in the table below. If the student needs to collect an average of thirteen seeds to survive,
how many seeds must he pick up in round 3? Record your answer in the space provided in the table
below.
Trial Number
Seeds Picked Up
1
11
2
11
3
__________________
Average
13