SCIENCE REVISION QUIZ
LONGOR PHILIP
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HUMAN
BODY
(a)
OBJECTIVES:
TEETH
A human being has………sets of teeth
Which tooth is sharp and pointed?
List 4 types of teeth
Which teeth are used for biting, grinding
and tearing.
5. The second set of teeth to grow in a child
are known as------6. At what age does a child start growing teeth
7. If permanent teeth fall off, they can easily be
replaced by---------4
1.
2.
3.
4.
continuation
8. ---------is the whitish part of the teeth.
9. Another name for milk teeth is………….
10. An adult has……………..premolars.
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BREATHING SYSTEM
1. A sheet of the muscle separating the chest and
the abdomen is known as……………
2. We breath in…………….and breath
out……………..
3. State any 5 parts of the breathing system.
4. The C-shaped rings found in the trachea are
known as……….
5. Exchange of gases takes place in the………..
6. State 2 functions of the nose in the breathing
system.
1. The trachea divides into 2 which further
sub divided into………..…
2. ……………..is the waste gas removed
from the blood?
3. What is breathing?
4. Name 2 gases which are involved in
breathing
5. The part of the breathing system which
is kept open by hard C- shaped rings is
the.
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B) COMPARING ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
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Anatomy is the body's parts or organs, and
Physiology is the study of what they are
made up of, and how they work.
You cannot have one without the other.
NOTE: Structure (HUMAN ANATOMY)
determines Function (HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY) and Function dictates
Effects of exercise (EXERCISE
PHYSIOLOGY)
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
 Anatomy - The study of the structure of the
human body
 Physiology - The study of body function
 The structure of a part of the body often
reflects its functions.
“The complementarity of structure and function.”
“Structure dictates function.”
 For example,
The bones of the fingers are more loosely
joined to allow a variety of movements.
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The walls of the air sacs in the lungs are
very thin, permitting rapid movement of
inhaled oxygen into the blood.
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The lining of the urinary bladder is much
thicker to prevent the escape of urine into
the pelvic cavity, yet its construction
allows for considerable stretching.
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The bones of the skull join tightly to form a
rigid case that protects the brain.
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C. SIGNIFICANCE OF
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY TO PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND SPORTS
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INTRO
• Before highlighting the concept of Anatomy
and Physiology, we all should know that in
P.E and sports the only elements in use is
nothing but human body itself.
• It is the Human body that performs in various
sports and physical activities, exercises etc.
• It means that no physical activities, exercises,
performances etc., can be performed without
the help of human body.
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Anatomy and Physiology are interrelated with
each other and without understanding anatomy
and physiology, we cannot even think of P.E
and sports.
In order to study P.E and sports from
scientific point of view, one should be familiar
with anatomy and physiology.
The studies of human bodily movements and
effects of exercises on human body are
performed only with the help and knowledge
of anatomy and physiology.
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• The knowledge and conscience of anatomy and
physiology is therefore, essential for any physical
educator, coach or sport scientist.
• The study of anatomy and physiology are
essential to know P.E and sports from scientific
point of view.
• A sport trainer should have an ample knowledge
of anatomy and physiology because it is only
with this knowledge, he can improve the
performance of his player by knowing the effects
of exercises on the various bodily parts of his
player.
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• Anatomy and physiology helps sport trainer
and physical educator to evaluate the
performance of his player otherwise he
cannot able to get best results out of his
player.
• Not only sport trainer but a player should
also have knowledge of anatomy and
physiology, to improve his sport skill
according to the sport event by knowing the
capacity of his body.
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• The importance of anatomy and physiology
in Physical Education and Sports can be
better judged from the following points:-
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1. It helps in evaluation of a player’s
capacity.
2. It helps in studying the effects of exercises
on human body.
3. It helps in positioning of body during
training session.
4. It helps in preventing sports injuries.
5. It helps in providing adequate information
of sports nutrition.
6. It helps in speedy rehabilitation from sports
injuries.
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7. It helps in improving the sports performance
of a player.
8. It helps a player to choose any sport event as
per his bodily capacity.
9. It helps in recovery of fatigue occurred during
training session.
10. It helps in the study of the ill-effect of
alcohol to human body.
11. It provides information of positive or
negative aspects of a player’s bodily structure.
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• Thus, it is quite evident from the above
points that the knowledge of anatomy and
physiology are essential in Physical
Education and Sports.
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D. SUBSPECIALITIES/BRANCHES
OF ANATOMY
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• Human anatomy is divided into following
important branches;
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1. Gross Anatomy
• The study of macroscopic details of human
body structure & does not require the aid of
any instrument.
• It is studied on dead bodies because you
cannot dissect a living human just to study
anatomy; therefore is also known as
cadaveric anatomy.
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• There are two approaches to study gross
anatomy:
Systemic Approach and
Regional Approach.
• In systemic approach, human body is
studied in different systems and in regional
approach, human body is studied in
different regions.
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2. Living Anatomy
• In contrast to the cadaveric anatomy, living
anatomy deals with the study of live human
beings and not dead bodies, therefore
methods like dissection cannot be applied.
• Techniques to study living anatomy include
palpation, percussion, auscultation etc.
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3. Embryology
• Embryology is also known as developmental
anatomy.
• It is concerned with the study of development
of an embryo from a single cell to a complete
human being.
• Embryology provides details of the prenatal
and postnatal developmental changes in the
body and the mechanisms by which these
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changes occur.
4. Histology
• Histology is also known as microscopic
anatomy.
• It deals with the study of microscopic
details of chemicals, cells and tissues that
make human body.
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5. Surface Anatomy
• Anatomy of the surface of human body
structures.
• It is also known as topographic anatomy.
• Establishes a relation between the internal
structures of human body with its surface.
• It enables a medical professional to locate the
position of internal organs from surface of the
body and therefore it is very important for
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surgical operations and first aid.
6. Clinical Anatomy
• Includes pathological anatomy (study of
anatomical changes caused by disease) and
radiographic anatomy (study of body
structures by different forms of radiation).
• Clinical anatomy relies on different imaging
techniques used for diagnosis.
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E. WAYS/ METHODS OF
STUDYING HUMAN
ANATOMY
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• Anatomy is important in order for
professionals to understand how the human
body is set and structured.
• This is made possible through the use of
technology namely imaging techniques.
• Today, a variety of medical imaging
techniques contribute to the advancement of
anatomical knowledge.
• These are:
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A. X Rays- this is the traditional method
of diagnosis.
1. X-rays that are directed to the body
may penetrate and create a dark
image if they pass through soft
tissues, while those that are
absorbed by dense tissues, such as
bones, leave a white image.
2. Contrast medium (solution
containing heavy elements like
barium) can be used to view soft
tissue organs.
X-ray: electromagnetic rays; denser tissues block more and are
whiter (photographically they’re negatives)
NOTE:
Prolonged exposure to X-rays can
cause genetic defects, tissue
damage, or cancer.
Other disadvantages are: it is difficult to
see soft tissues, a 3D body becomes
a flatten image, denser organs block
imaging of less dense organs
B. Advanced X-Ray Technique- these techniques
incorporate the use of computers for processing
the x-rays taken and adding color to the images.
1.CT Scan (computed tomography) or CAT
Scan (computed axial tomography)- A rotating
tube and recorder move around the person as
X-rays are taken.
A computer processes the images to create a
single transverse image that reveals all organs
at their best angles with almost no blocking
structures.
“CT” – computed tomography; a form of x-ray
2. DSR (dynamic spatial resolution)- ultra
fast CT scanner are used to assemble a series
of CT pictures and create a three dimensional
image can also be used to view in detail an
organ in motion (beating heart, blood flow)
3. Xenon CT- a CT taken in combination
with inhaled xenon (inert gas). Absence of
xenon in the picture indicates area with blood
flow is lacking. Used primarily for identifying
an area of a stroke.
C. DSA (digital subtraction angiography)• An image is taken before and after the
patient is given a contrast medium.
• The computer processes the x-ray images
and subtracts the differences in the "before"
image from the "after" image.
• This way any blockages in blood vessels are
revealed.
“DSA” – digital subtraction angiography
D. PET ( Positron Emission
Tomography)- radioactive
isotopes are detected.
-these isotopes may be
used to follow the flow of
blood to the brain and
heart.
-As the isotope decays it emits
a gamma ray that is
detected.
-There will be a greater
concentration in areas that
are more active or are
receiving more blood.
-Because of its cost and other
limitations it is being
replaced with the MRI.
E. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)•The patient lies in a chamber surrounded by a
large magnet and is exposed to a strong magnetic
field when magnet is activated.
•Then the hydrogen atoms in the body's water
align with the magnet and a radio frequency is
emitted to misalign them.
•As they realign with the magnet a radio wave is
emitted from them.
•Sensors detect the waves and the computer takes
these signals and produces detailed images of soft
tissues.
•Tissues can be distinguished on the basis of their
water content.
•Bones to do not block the view of an MRI because
they have low water content.
“MRI” – magnetic resonance imaging
• F. Sonography (ultra sound)• high frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves
are sent through the tissues and can
reflect (echo) off the body.
• The echo is processed by the computer to
produce an image.
• The equipment is inexpensive, the
technique is safer, and it can be used to
detect developing fetuses.
• Ultrasound is used to study soft tissue and
contrasting mediums can also used to
create better images.
Ultrasound – high frequency sound waves
F. BASIC LIFE PROCESS/
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
SUPPORTED BY THE ANATOMY OF THE
HUMAN BODY
1. Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical processes of
cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems
(digestion,
absorption,
circulation, assimilation, excretion,
respiration etc)
2. Responsiveness
Ability to detect and respond to
changes in the internal and external
environment
3. Movement
Occurs at the intracellular, cellular, organ levels
4. Growth
Increase in number of cells, size of cells, tissues,
organs, and the body. Single cell to multicellular
complex organism
5. Differentiation
Process a cell undergoes to develop from a
unspecialized to a specialized cell
6. Reproduction
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or
replacement, or the production of a new
individual.
Characteristics of Life
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
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
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by
metabolic reactions
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
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SUMMARY
Disciplines of Anatomy
1. Gross Anatomy: structures studied with the naked
eye.
– Systematic anatomy: organized by systems, e.g.,
digestive, nervous, endocrine, etc.
– Regional anatomy: study of all structures in an
area of the body, e.g., upper extremity bones,
muscles, blood vessels, etc.
2. Microscopic anatomy (histology)
3. Cell biology
4. Developmental anatomy (embryology)
5. Pathological anatomy
6. Radiologic anatomy (x-ray, CT, MRI)
REVISION QUESTIONS
Anatomy and Physiology
 Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
Identify the different medical imaging techniques used in the study of
anatomy.
Life Processes/Characteristics of Life
 List and describe the major characteristics of life.
 Define and give examples of metabolism.
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The end!!
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