Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
22.2 (pp. 676-682)
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What actions did Cavour and Bismarck take to bring about unification in Italy
and Germany, respectively, and what role did the war play in their efforts?
Directions: Read and take efficient notes by answering the
following questions. When finished, complete the quiz questions
that follow.
Reading Notes
Class Notes
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1) How did German and Italian unification affect Europe?
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The Unification of Italy
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2) Which Italian nation-state seemed poised to lead the cause for
Italian unification even after the failed revolution of 1848-49 in
Austria?
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The Leadership of Cavour
3) What was the background of Cavour?
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4) What were his views on government?
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5) Explain a few of his significant policies which transformed
Piedmont into a force to be a “kind of” reckoned with.
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6) What do I mean by “kind of” force to be reckoned with?
Explain.
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7) Describe the agreement Cavour and Naps III reached. In your
opinion, who had the upper hand in this agreement?
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Early Domestic Policies
1
8) Describe the first five years of Napoleon’s administration
economically. Was he successful? Why or why not?
Active Participation: _________/ 5
Passive Participation: ________/ 5
TOTAL:______/10
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
8) What did Cavour do in April of 1859? Why do you suppose he
handled it in this fashion?
Class Notes
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9) After defeating the Austrians at Magenta and Solferino, how
did Napoleon change the agreement? Why?
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10) Despite being upset at the double crossing Napoleon III, why
was the chain of events not all that bad for Cavour and
Piedmont?
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Efforts of Garibaldi
11) Who was Garibaldi?
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12) Read Garibaldi and Romantic Nationalism (678)
a. Why did Garibaldi become such a hero to the Italian
people?
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b. How does Garibaldi’s comportment as a political and
military leader prefigure the conduct of later
revolutionary military leaders and activists? Can you
give a few examples?
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2
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
13) (677) Once Garibaldi took Sicily and began marching up the
Peninsula, Cavour entered the fight. How did Cavour handle the
situation? Why?
Class Notes
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14) Describe and explain Garibaldi’s reaction to Cavours
manipulative maneuvers.
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15) What happened on March 17, 1861?
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16) The entire peninsula was not united. Explain.
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17) How did Italy gain the rest of its empire by 1870?
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3
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
Class Notes
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The Unification of Germany
18) Review: What was the Frankfurt Assembly? What were the
goals? Why did it fail?
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19) How did Prussia grow leaps and bounds economically in the
1850s? (Zollverein)
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20) Describe the reforms the constitutional monarchy made on the
political landscape of Prussia before Frederick William IV’s death.
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21) What was Frederick William I’s vision for Germany?
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22) Describe the middle-class liberal’s reaction to these policies.
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23) What conservative “realpolitician” was appointed by William I
to help him with his struggle with the liberals.
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Bismarck
24) Describe Bismarck’s socio-economic background.
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4
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
25) Write out the famous quote from Bismarck which explains his
demeanor.
Class Notes
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26) Define Realpolitik and how did it pertain to Otto von Bismarck.
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27) Describe the famous plea to parliament to fund the Prussian
Army reforms.
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28) How did Bismarck react to the rejection of the funds?
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29) Describe how Bismarck governed from 1862-1866.
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The Danish War
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30) How did Bismarck tip the scales of war in his favor?
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31) What was the Schleswig and Holstein controversy?
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5
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
32) How did Bismarck use nationalism in Germany to accomplish
his goals?
Class Notes
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33) How was the conflict resolved? What friction would lie ahead
between Austria and Prussia? Was it premeditated? Explain.
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The Austro-Prussian War
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34) How did Bismarck isolate Austria?
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35) Surprising most world powers, Prussia quickly defeated
Austria. Why was this possible? Be specific.
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36) What were the results of the war? Why did Bismarck treat
Austria rather well?
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37) What did Bismarck reveal about liberalism and nationalism?
Explain.
6
_________________________________
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
38) Explain how the new North German Confederation worked.
 King
 Chancellor
 Parliament
o Bundesrat-
Class Notes
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o Reichstag-
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39) Explain Bismarck’s philosophy regarding the peasants and
artisans of Prussia.
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The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
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40) What was the state of affairs prior to the Franco-Prussian War
following the Austro-Prussian War?
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41) How did Bismarck orchestrate friction in between France and
Austria in what could have been an avoidable conflict?
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42) What was the significance of the battle of Sedan?
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43) Describe final results of the war and explain why it wasn’t over
between Germany and France.
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44) What event occurred on January 18, 1871?
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45) A new balance of power emerged. Explain.
7
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
Follow up Quiz
1) _____In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850's looked for leadership from
a.
the Pope.
b.
the kingdom of Piedmont.
c.
the house of Habsburg.
d.
the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
e.
Young Italy.
2) _____The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was
a.
Giuseppe Mazzini.
b.
Giuseppe Garibaldi.
c.
Camillo di Cavour.
d.
Victor Emmanuel.
e.
the Duke of Alba.
3) ______The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was
a.
France.
b.
Spain.
c.
Papal States.
d.
Savoy.
e.
Austria.
4) _____Cavour's key strategy to free Italy from Austrian domination required the military and
diplomatic support of
a.
England.
b.
Russia.
c.
France.
d.
Prussia.
e.
Hungary.
5) ____The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was
a.
Prince Napoleon.
b.
Giuseppe Garibaldi.
c.
Victor Emmanuel II.
d.
Camillo di Cavour.
e.
Giuseppe Mazzini.
6) _____The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when
a.
Garibaldi's Red Shirts defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
b.
Savoy was defeated with the aid of Prussian troops.
c.
Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.
d.
Piedmont took control of Lombardy as a result of French abandonment of Venice.
e.
the pope renounced any territorial claims in all of Italy.
8
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
7) ______Otto Von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification,
a.
instituted the Zollverein, the German customs union that drove industrial development.
b.
followed a rigid plan for national unification at all costs.
c.
was a liberal from lower class origins who used politics to achieve his reform goals.
d.
practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
e.
relied upon the diplomatic and military support of the Habsburgs in the Austro-Prussian
War of 1866.
8) ____The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by
a.
the king's overwhelming executive power.
b.
the political divisions of the industrial middle class.
c.
opposition from the Catholic Church.
d.
a tradition of highly decentralized governmental authority in Germany.
e.
Bismarck's reintroduction of an autocratic divine right monarchy.
9)_____ The Zollverein describes
a.
the German states' customs union dominated by Prussia.
b.
a conservative German nationalist group bent on unification of the country.
c.
the lower house of the Prussian parliament.
d.
Bismarck's liberal reform program.
e.
Prussian Black Shirts, who led the German unification movement.
10) _____As chancellor of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck
a.
instituted vital liberal land reforms.
b.
largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization.
c.
was totally dependent on the Prussian military.
d.
was extremely unpopular among ordinary Germans.
e.
opposed any wars, always relying upon diplomacy as alternatives.
11) _____A result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War was
a.
the incorporation of Austria into the North German Confederation.
b.
a harsh treaty against Austria that reduced it to a second-rate power.
c.
the Prussian liberals' disgust over Bismarck's unscrupulous policies.
d.
the exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation.
e.
the immediate establishment of the German Empire.
12) ____As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as
a.
a determined nationalist who planned every move toward German unification.
b.
a conservative but a traitor to his aristocratic class.
c.
a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and
manipulating affairs to his favor.
d.
a narrow-minded tyrant incapable of mastering the art of negotiation vital to modern
European diplomacy.
e.
an enlightened despot.
13) ____The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned
a.
the control of the Spanish throne by a French prince.
b.
Bismarck's devious editing of a telegram from King William I.
c.
the French invasion of Alsace and Lorraine.
d.
Napoleon III's annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.
e.
the French seizure of Alsace and Lorraine.
9
Name:_________________________ Period:____ Date:______________________
14) ____During the Franco-Prussian War
a.
Napoleon III successfully defended the French homeland.
b.
the French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
c.
Bismarck allowed the Prussian army to fall into a subordinate position.
d.
a military standoff resulted between the two great armies.
e.
a truce was finally agreed to, giving Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine,
while France gained Schleswig and Holstein.
15) _____As a consequence of her defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to
a.
pay an indemnity to Prussia of five billion Francs.
b.
abandon Nice and Marseilles.
c.
give the eastern frontier provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia, a loss leaving the
French set on revenge.
d.
try Napoleon III for war crimes before a Prussian tribunal.
e.
a and c
16) ______Prussian leadership of German unification meant that
a.
a new era of peaceful European interstate relations had begun.
b.
the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values
in the new German state.
c.
Austrian bureaucrats would have new opportunities to shape the political culture of the
new German Empire.
d.
true parliamentary democracy would triumph in the new German state.
e.
a new era of peace had arrived in Europe.
17) ______In 1871, William I was proclaimed Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in
a.
Berlin.
b.
Frankfort.
c.
Paris.
d.
Versailles.
e.
Rome.
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