DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to the lord almighty for the exceeding grace given to me out to of
abundance
Also to my parents Mr. and Mrs. RACHEAL OMOTUNLA who have shown me the lights of
academics and values.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To give honor, thanks and adoration to God whom much is deserved for his infinite grace that he
has bestowed upon my life, he made my path shine brighter throughout in my academics. There
is no one like him for he has my first day in this great academia to be a testimony, as earlier said,
all glory be unto his name.
Secondly, I want to recognize the effort of my learned supervisor MRS K.F ALUKO for her
immense impact of knowledge, facts and values in my life and academics since my part one in
this great citadel of learning andinstitution, in order to improve my knowledge about
urbanization and local government, I was assigned on project research topic on the challenges
and effect of urbanization on local government administration in Nigeria,
Of course, she is a great asset to the DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT STUDIES,
OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY precisely.
Next, I acknowledge the effort of my parents, in persons of Mr. and Mrs. RACHEAL
OMOTUNLA for their specific guidelines since the first educational background up to this very
stage of my academic pursue, their advices and worries over me and their support, morally
socially and financially over my academics without them in my life there would be neither
project to be written nor story of academics to be told.
Furthermore, I recognize the opportunity given to me by the head of department, in person of Dr.
F.O FAGBOHUN, to learn and acquire knowledge in this great ivory tower. The management
has really provided an avenue for students like me to have the knowledge of administration of
local government in various states in the country and in other countries as well His effort has
improved the learning and impacted ethics and culture among students.
Similarly, I appreciate the effort of those that engineered my admission into this great citadel of
learning.
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project was carried out under my supervision by OMOTUNLA
ADEYEMI SOLOMON, DLG/2011/434 in the Department of Local Government Studies,
ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife.
________________________
Mrs. K.F ALUKO
_________________
DATE
Supervisor
_________________________
Dr. F.O FAGBOHUN
Head of Department
_________________
DATE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
pages
Certification ………………………………………………………………….i
Dedication ……………………………………………………………………ii
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………iii
Table of content ………………………………………………………………iv
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………….v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background to the study
1.1 Statement of research problem
1.2 Objective of the study
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Research question
1.6 Scope of the study
1.7 Limitation of the study
1.8 Definition of terms
1.9 Organization of chapters
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Urbanization defined
2.2
Theoretical frame work
2.3
The concept of Administration
2.4
Origin and history of urbanization
2.5
Reasons for urbanization
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design
3.2 Source of data collection
3.3 Population of study
3.4 Method of data analysis
3.5 Instrument of research
3.6 Sampling method
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Demographic Analysis of data from source
4.2 Discussion and presentation of research questions
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
Appendix
ABSTRACT
The main goal and objective of this document was to examine urbanization and its relative effect
and challenges on local government in the country, this document could be as a relevant
reference to academic or educational purposes. This project was an individual work.
The outcome of my project is library friendly which helps learning to be done ubiquitously, that
is, learning exist everywhere and at any time, which allow learning to be at ease.
Under the supervision of Mrs. K.F ALUKO in conjunction with OmotunlaAdeyemi Solomon,
the project was completed and could be access using the designated libraries.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Africa continues to urbanize faster than anywhere else on earth. The region’s annual urban
growth rate has been averaging 5 per cent each year for over two decades. By 2030, half of the
continental population is projected to live in cities (UN 2006). This urban growth has been
accompanied by the increasingly documented rise in abject urban poverty, characterized by city
residents who lack land tenure, quality housing, access to safe water, and adequate sanitation,
among other municipal services and infrastructure (UN-Habitat 2003). As Africa’s most
populous nation (140 million people) with more than 54 per cent of the nation living under the
international poverty line of $1USD, at least another 20 per cent living on less than $2USD per
day. (World Bank 2008)
The case of Nigeria illustrates the critical challenges facing policymakers and local
governments in Nigeria. Between 1990 and 2004, Nigeria’s urban population jumped to nearly
half the population, while access to improved level in urban areas dropped by nearly 15% during
the same period, as measured by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP).(
Mehmet 2004)
Lagos state being the field of this project and has its population figure is based upon the
provisional results of the 2006 census. The figure, however, is politically disputed by Lagos state
officials, who cite their own figures and other population surveillance showing a figure of 12
million inhabitants or more (UNDP 2008). Many recent publications on Lagos state continue to
use projected population
Similarly, Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government was created alongside others by the former
maximum ruler, late Gen. Sanmi Abacha, on October 1, 1996. Having been carved out of Agege
Local Government with its headquarter at Ifako. However, with the creation of additional 37
Councils from the old 20 Local Governments in the State by Governor Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s
administration in 2003, and subsequent establishment of a General Hospital for the area, the
council’s headquarter moved to Aina-Ajobo Street, Ogba, its present location. The origins of the
early of the Local Government Area are Egbas, Aworis and others. The founders of Ifako,Iju,
Ijaiye, Abule-Egba, etc. Are direct descendants of the Egba where they used as their farm-land.
Most of them lived at Agege, Mushin, Ikeja, and even, Ota in Ogun State. In the advent of rapid
development during the oil boom days, when people started looking for land to build their own
houses, farmlands started giving ways to residential and industrial houses.
However, the vast expanse of land acquired for Government farmland remained there, hence,
the naming of one of the settlements as Oko-Oba (Government Farm Land). Today, the large
farmland at Ifako, Iju, Oko-Oba, Abule-Egba, and Ojokoro, are now a sprawling metropolitan
developing city with little distinct boundaries around towns. The main communities that make up
the Local Government Area are; Iju-Ishaga, Iju Station, Iju-Ogundimu, Iju, Obawole, Ifako,
Ifako-Ijaiye-Ogba, Oke-Ira, Akure, and Ajuwon.
1.1 STATEMENTOF RESEARCH PROBLEM
As the curriculum of the study increases rapidly, it’s becoming so difficult to examine the
extent to which high rate of urbanization has affected the standard of living of people living in
urban areas particularly in ifakoijaye area of Lagos.
Available data reveal that Nigeria’s urban population has been growing at an alarming rate,
Nigerian towns and cities are exploding - growing in leaps and bounds. A little more than
50 years ago, fewer than 7% of Nigerians lived in urban centers (that is, settlements with
populations of 20 000 or more). This proportion rose to 10% in 1952 and 19.2% in 1963. It is
now estimated at about 55%. In fact, Nigerian cities are among the fastest growing in the world
(CASSAD, 1993b).
The problems and challenges posed by this rapid urban growth are immense. Very
frightening and perhaps more easily observable are the human and environmental poverty, the
declining quality of life, and the untapped wealth of human resources that they represent.
Housing and associated facilities (water, electricity, etc.) are similarly inadequate, such that
millions now live in substandard and subhuman environments, plagued by slums, squalor, and
similarly inadequate social amenities, such as schools and health and recreational facilities. The
gradual decline of social values and the breakdown of family cohesiveness and community spirit
have resulted in increased levels of juvenile delinquency and crime.
The state situation of things in urban cities and communities is absolutely discouraging; there is a
need for rapid attention to addressing the issues. The responsibilities of the local government in
Nigeria keep increasing without a corresponding increase in their sources finance. There are
various ways to attempt the issues, some of which was of the amendment of introduction of local
government reforms in 1976 and subsequent reforms in 1988 and others (Hallaby, 1999).
Some people believe that the provision of social services and grassroots development is the sole
function of local government and private individual has little or nothing to contribute. This
erroneous belief has been the bane of little traits of under-development in many urban cities such
as the ifako-ijaye local government. Also the issue of urbanization seems uncontrollable by the
local government.
All this necessitated the need for this research work, to examine the prospect effects and
challenges of urbanization on local government in Nigeria with ifako-ijaye as a case study.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective and principal aim of this paper are therefore:

To highlights the effect and challenges of urbanization on local governments
especially the ifako-ijaye local government.

To determine the various reasons for urbanization occurring in the local government.

To examine the various challenges and the effects of urbanization procured by the
ifako-ijaye local government.

To give recommendations on how best overcome the effect and challenges of
urbanization on local governments.
1.3
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This project could be of a reference and to aid the ifako- ijaye local government in facing and
overcoming the challenges and effect of urbanization on local government. This will also aid
the council to improve on its function and responsibilities. It will likely aid further research
in the area of impact of urbanization on local government administration.
Lastly, this paper will help researchers, individual students and governmental organization
that have similar interest in this project.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
This describes the methodological framework used in attaining the stated aim and objectives
of the study. This Chapter showed how the research hypotheses postulated were empirically
determined and examined relevant methodological approaches adopted in the study. The
research design, type and sources of data were examined along with the procedure employed
in testing the hypotheses and accomplishing the study objectives. In particular, focus was on
the study populations/sample frame and its characteristics, sampling technique chosen, and a
description of the choice of data collection instruments, questionnaire design, and methods of
data measurement, analysis and presentation were contained in this study.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research thesis is motivated by series of questions:

How has urbanization originate

What factors are the factors that aid urbanization

What are the challenges and effect of urbanization administration on local
government?
These questions would be helpful to get information needed to evaluate the local
government perspective on urban administration. These simple but inclusive question
would be directed to the staff (respondent) soliciting their response at bringing out their
perspective to the challenges and effect of urbanization on local government.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
This project explored and covered the area of ifako- ijayelocal government and focused on
the challenges and effects of urbanization on ifako-ijaye local government.
Therefore, the researcher would be examining the local government i.e ifako ijaye local
government within the census period of 1996 to 2006 respectively.
1.7 LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY
While carrying out this project work the researcher was faced with the challenge of
the finance, the time and visitation to the local government. The period of time was so
limited to carry out the project work. Furthermore, the sharing and collection of
questionnaire to the officials of the local government was a strenuous effort.
Money and the time frame made it difficult for this project to be made available at the
specific period of time.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Local government
This is referred to as the third tier of government closest to the people, which are vested with
certain powers to exercise control over the affairs of the people in its domain. A local
government is expected to be as an urban center.

Urbanization
Demographically, the term urbanization denotes the redistribution of population from rural to
urban settlement over time as a result of economic development and industrialization.
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS
To make the study comprehensive, it has the chapter one which comprises of the background,
statement of research problems, objective, significance of the study, methodology, scope of the
study, limitation of the study, definition of terms, organization of chapters of the study. Chapter
two has the literature review; urbanization defined, theoretical frame work, the concept of
administration, origin and history of urbanization, reasons for urbanization, likewise chapter
three has; research design, source of data collection, population of study, instrument of research,
sampling method, while chapter four
has the demographic analysis of data from source,
discussion and presentation of research questions and chapter five entails the summary,
conclusion, recommendation, reference and appendix.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 URBANIZATION DEFINED
Urbanization could be referred to as the physical growth of rural or natural land into urban
areas as a result of immigration to an existing urban area. While the United Nations defined it as
movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban
migration. (The Associated Press, 2008). (Jones, 1966) in his ‘Human Geography’ refers to West
African towns as urban villages, remarking that their only qualification for the urban status is
their size. This has always been the attitude of many foreign writers in defining an urban
settlement in this part of the world. In fact, the term “Urbanization” is a rather subjective concept
which has been given different interpretations in many books depending on the purpose and
criteria used. In Europe, size alone does not qualify a settlement to be designated as an urban
settlement, it must satisfy other conditions, namely that it is usually an administrative,
educational, service, commercial and in some cases, an industrial centre. In this case, most of the
inhabitants are not in any way connected the land. This is not the situation here, and it is this that
has led foreign writers to refer to our urban settlements as out-sized villages. Urbanization is
increasing in both the developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization occurs
particularly at the growth of large cities.
Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic growth and
development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities, principally on
human health, livelihoods and the environment. The implications of rapid urbanization and
demographic trends for employment, food security, water supply, shelter and sanitation,
especially the disposal of wastes (solid and liquid) that the cities produce are staggering
(UNCED, 1992). The question that arises is whether the current trend in urban growth is
sustainable considering the accompanying urban challenges such as unemployment, slum
development, poverty and environmental degradation, especially in the developing countries.
Urbanization shall be defined simply here as referring to the process of increasing
agglomeration of people in a human settlement such that the settlement graduates from a
particular level of complexity (economic, social, etc) to the other. Around the world, populations
are experiencing unprecedented demographic changes. The world population, which stood at
1billion in 1800 and grew slowly to 2.5 billion in 1950 is observed to have reached 6.1billion in
2000 (Bongaarts, 2001: 53). And going by the projections made by the United Nations, World
Bank, and other international agencies, the growth will continue, reaching about 7.5 billion in
2020(UN Habitat, 2009). The disheartening thing about this analysis is that the future growth is
foreseen to occur in cities in the developing world (of course, including Africa) with an estimate
of 80 percent of the total world urban population in 2030. By this time, Africa and Asia will
include almost 7 out of every 10 urban inhabitants in the world (UNFPA, 2007: 8) while the
developed world, including Australia, Europe, Japan and North America, is expected to have its
population relatively stable.
More so, it has been observed that developing countries as a whole would account for 93
percent of the increase in urban population in the 21st century, while Asia and Africa only would
account for 80 percent of the total population increase for the period (Pieterse, 2010:9)
Urbanization, simply defined, is the shift from a rural to an urban society, and involves an
increase in the number of people in urban areas during a particular year. Urbanization is the
outcome of social, economic and political developments that lead to urban concentration and
growth of large cities, changes in land use and transformation from rural to metropolitan pattern
of organization and governance. (Adeyemi, 2013)
2.2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In order to explain the effect and challenges of urbanization, different theories of urbanization
would be introduced and discussed. Theories of urbanization such as:

Modernization theory
This became prevalent and influential from 1950s through the 1970s. it has a wider set of
assumptions and scope of influence. Modernization postulated that the present state of
urbanization in any given society is a set by its initial state at the onset of urbanization. Secondly,
technology is fundamentally more important than a society’s social organization in shaping
urbanization. Historians link modernization to the process of urbanization and industrialization
as well as to the spread of education (Kendall, 2007)

Dependency theory
This suggests that underdevelopment is a result of the plunder and exploitation of peripheral
economies by economic and political groups in core areas (Hette, 1990). View from
dependency/world system perspective, urbanization in developing countries to the extent it
occurs and at what speed, is a major spatial outcome of global capitalism and its own spatial
organization. Dependency theory rejected this view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are
not merely primitive versions of developed countries but have unique features and structure of
their own.
2.3 ADMINISTRARATION CONCEPTUALIZED
Administration as a study refers to two meanings: first, it is concerned with the
implementation of government policy; second, it is an academic discipline that studies this
implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. As a field of
inquiry with a diverse scope" its fundamental goal is to advance management and policies so that
government can function. Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term
are:
"the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see
every day" and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies
themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce
alternative policies(Adeyemo, 2013).
"Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and
programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for
their conduct" Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators,
including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget
directors, human resources (H.R.) administrators, city managers, census managers, state mental
health directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators are public servants working in
public departments and agencies, at all levels of government.
In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil
service reform in the 1880s, moving public administration into academia. However,
"Until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Weber's
theory of bureaucracy" there was not "much interest in a theory of public administration."
The field is multidisciplinary in character; one of the various proposals for public
administration's sub-fields sets out six pillars, including human resources, organizational theory,
policy analysis and statistics, budgeting, and ethics.
2.4 ORIGIN AND HISTORYOF URBANIZATION SINCE AND AT INDEPENDENCE
IN NIGERIA
Though a universal phenomenon of considerable antiquity, urbanization in Nigeria has since the
20th and 21st centuries been in the increase (Adeniran, 1990). Beyond being the process by which
human beings congregate in relatively large number at one particular environment of the earth’s
surface, urbanization goes with politico-economic as well as socio-spatial, demographic and
cultural mutations.
At the beginning of the 20th century and especially in the colonies, there was the expectation that
cities in the colonies would emerge in the caricature of Western industrial metropolis or at least a
different synthesis would emerge out of the pre-colonial city processes. One purpose of
urbanization during the colonial period was the perception that Africans were generally discreet,
separated, fragmented, self-contained and governed by native rationality, which should be
unified as colonized ‘citizens’ sharing common colonial rationality or the other essentials in
fashioning the new form of power that colonialism represented (Adamolekun, 2002:10).
While the colonial regimes invented a new urban signified by the GRA’s (Government Reserved
Areas) as well-planned, low density, elite-based and restricted residential areas kept in the
tradition of the Garden City concept common in Europe then, since independence however, there
has been a phenomenal growth in the ghetto and semi-ghetto settlements within the Nigerian
cities we also refer to as the GRA’s (Government Rejected Areas). Consequently, today,
urbanization raises the question of governance, infrastructure, identity and citizenship as well as
our socio-cultural complexities (Muzzini 2008).
To examine the origin of urbanization According to Olusina, (2008) and make a
comprehensive analysis about urbanization and it’s implication on local government in Nigeria,
we go back in date since independence, Spurred by the oil boom prosperity of the 1970s and the
massive improvements in roads and the availability of vehicles, Nigeria since independence has
become an increasingly urbanized and urban-oriented society (Olusina, 2008). During the 1970s
Nigeria had possibly the fastest urbanization growth rate in the world. Because of the great influx
of people into urban areas, the growth rate of urban population in Nigeria in 1986 was estimated
to be close to 6 percent per year, more than twice that of the rural population. Between 1970 and
1980, the proportion of Nigerians living in urban areas was estimated to have grown from 16 to
more than 20 percent, and by 2010, urban population was expected to be more than 40 percent of
the nation's total (NEPAD, 2010). Although Nigeria did not have the highest proportion of urban
population in sub-Saharan Africa (in several of the countries of francophone Central Africa, for
example, close to 50 percent of the population was in the major city or cities), it had more large
cities and the highest total urban population of any sub-Saharan African country.
In 1990 there were twenty-one state capitals in Nigeria, each estimated to have more than
100,000 inhabitants; fifteen of these, plus a number of other cities, probably had populations
exceeding 200,000(UNDP,2000). Virtually all of these were growing at a rate that doubled their
size every fifteen years. These statistics did not include the new national capital, Abuja, which
was planned to have more than 1 million inhabitants by early in the twenty-first century,
although that milestone might be delayed as construction there stretched out. In 1990 the
government was still in the process of moving from Lagos, the historical capital, to Abuja in the
middle belt, and most sections of the government were still operating from Lagos. Since 1976
there had been dual capitals in both Lagos and Abuja. If one added the hundreds of smaller
towns with more than 20,000 inhabitants, which resembled the larger centers more than the many
smaller villages throughout the country, the extent of Nigerian urbanization was probably more
widespread than anywhere else in sub-Saharan Africa (UN, 2000).
Many of the major cities had growing manufacturing sectors, including, for example, textile
mills, steel plants, car assembly plants, large construction companies, trading corporations, and
financial institutions. They also included government-service centers, large office and apartment
complexes, along with a great variety of small business enterprises, many in the "informal
sector," and vast slum areas. All postsecondary education installations were in urban centers, and
the vast majority of salaried jobs remained urban rather than rural (Richard, 2001).
Although cities varied, there was a typical Third World urban approach that distinguished
life in the city from that in the countryside (UN, 2001). It emerged from the density and variety
of housing--enormous poverty and overcrowding for most, and exorbitantly wealthy suburbs and
guarded enclaves for the upper classes. It also emerged from the rhythm of life set by masses of
people going to work each day; the teeming central market areas; the large trading and
department stores; the traffic, especially at rush hours; the filth that resulted from inadequate
housing and public services; the destitution indicated by myriads of beggars and unemployed;
the fear of rising crime; and the excitement of night life that was nonexistent in most rural areas.
All these factors, plus the increased opportunity to connect with the rich and powerful through
chains of patron-client relations, made the city attractive, lively, and dangerous. Urban people
might farm, indeed many were trying to do so as food prices soared in the 1980s, but urban life
differed vastly from the slow and seasonally defined rhythm of life in rural areas. Generally,
even with all its drawbacks, it was seen as more desirable, especially by young people with more
than a primary education (CASSAD, 2009)
The most notorious example of urban growth in Nigeria has undoubtedly been Lagos, its
most important commercial center. The city has shot up in size since the 1960s; its annual
growth rate was estimated at almost 14 percent during the 1970s, when the massive extent of
new construction was exceeded only by the influx of migrants attracted by the booming
prosperity (BARLOWE, 1978). Acknowledged to be the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa
(although an accurate count of its population must await census results), Lagos has become
legendary for its congestion and other urban problems. Essentially built on poorly drained
marshlands, the city commonly had flooding during the rainy season, and there was frequent
sewage backup, especially in the poorer lowland sections. As in other Nigerian cities, there was a
constant problem of garbage and waste disposal. Housing construction had boomed but rarely
seemed to keep pace with demand. The city's main fame, however, came from the scale of its
traffic jams. Spanning several islands as well as a large and expanding mainland area, the city
never seemed to have enough bridges or arteries. The profusion of vehicles that came with the
prosperity of the 1970s seemed often to be arranged in a massive standstill, which became the
site for urban peddling of an amazing variety of goods, as well as for entertainment,
exasperation, innovation, and occasionally crime (LSG, 2009). By 1990 Lagos had made some
progress in managing its traffic problems both through road and bridge construction and traffic
control regulations. This progress was aided by the economic downturn of the late 1980s, which
slowed urban migration and even led some to people return to rural areas (Fawehinmi, 2002).
Aside from Lagos, the most rapid recent rates of urbanization in the 1980s were around Port
Harcourt in the Niger Delta region, which was at the heart of the oil boom, and generally
throughout the Igbo and other areas of the southeast (Akin, 1988). These regions historically had
few urban centers, but numerous large cities, including Onitsha, Owerri, Enugu, Aba, and
Calabar, grew very rapidly as commercial and administrative centers. The Yoruba southwest was
by 1990 still the most highly urbanized part of the country, while the middle belt was the least
urbanized. The problems of Lagos, as well as the desire for a more centrally located capital that
would be more of a force for national unity, led to the designation in 1976 of a site for a new
national capital at Abuja (Ghazali, 1999).
2.5 REASONS FOR URBANIZATION
One noticeable issue in the society today is the rate at which people (including youths and adults)
migrate from the rural to the urban areas. Like a paradox, while the cities (urban areas) are
increasing in population, the rural areas are decreasing. Factors responsible for rural -urban
migration are:

Improved health facilities:
Health reasons are also among the factors influencing rural-urban migration in the study
area. This means that as the need for quality health care increases in the rural areas there
is every tendency for rural-urban migration to also increase. In nutshell, rural areas are
believed to lack quality health care services, such as well-equipped hospital, good
laboratory services and other health care services, as a result people migrate from rural to
urban cities.

Inadequate social amenities and facilities
In the rural areas is push factor that makes people to migrate from rural to urban cities
and amenities such as which include pipe borne water, electricity, good roads, hospitals,
schools, recreational centres (like Stadiun, Zoo, Amusement park) among others.
Therefore this serves as pull factor from rural to urban cities.

Employment opportunities
Inadequate jobs in the rural areas also make many youths to migrate to the
urban areas that can provide better opportunities for them. unemployment is of vital
contributory factor to rural-urban migration. This is due to the absence of companies, and
other institutions that can employ people in the rural areas, therefore people move to
urban cities for the proverbial greener pasture. This migration in turn has a significant
impact on unemployment levels of the destination cities. For example between 1998 and
1999, urban unemployment rose from 5.5% to 6.5%, a rate higher than the national
unemployment which increased from 3.9% to 4.7% during the same period (LAGOSID,
2002). This value is also significant at 5% level, which implies that unemployment had
contributed significantly to the rural-urban migration in the study area. Therefore, this
serves as a pull factor from rural to urban center

High level of industrialization:
This occurs mainly in an urban city such as the ifakoijaye local government and
it’s the process in which the society transforms itself from primary agricultural society
into one based on the manufacturing and production of goods and services. Also,
industrialization attracts the use of modernized technology and this mainly pulls people
from rural to urban cities.

Increased per capital income
This is known as the mean of the people in economic units, such as the ifakoijaye
local government. An increase in per capital income of the people could serve as an
attraction to the individual at the rural areas.

Increased level of security
This occur in an economic developed society such as the urban cities in which they
experience high level of security, as a result of this individuals and family migrates from
rural to urban cities such as this case study center.

Improved standard of living
This occur in urban cities in which the level of living of individuals living in the
urban cities is very high i.e. the income of an individual is enough to satisfy the basic
needs of an individual and still has excess in hand, so as a result people migrate from
rural to urban cities.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
This section addressed the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation of issues related to the
challenges and effect of urbanization in ifako ijaye metropolis of Lagos State. The plan outlined
the research scheme by which the work was carried out, the structure indicated specific outline,
while the strategy shows the means by which the research was executed and the methods adopted
in data collection and analysis. In this study, the cross-sectional survey type of design was used.
This included descriptive, exploratory and explanatory designs to describe each of the many
variables that are necessary for the study.
3.2 SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION
Required data were from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were obtained
through detailed question and were complemented with oral interviews of staff (respondent) of
physical planning and urban development involved in the study. Secondary data were obtained
from planning and development pages of newspapers in circulation in Ifako ijaye; these
newspapers include Castles, The Guardian, and The Punch on published census. Telephone and
email contacts were subsequently made with respondent of such local government to obtain
minimum understanding to the study.
The secondary sources of data included planning Directorate in the Lagos Local ministry of Land
and Physical Planning, Directorate of Land Information Systems in the Land Bureau, Ikeja, and
West African Book Publishers Limited, Ilupeju, Lagos from where the Lagos urban information
were obtained. Details of population were derived through the analysis of the 1996 and 2006
census
The data on variation volume of population analyzing the years of census in the study area of
ifako ijaye local government, the data was collected over a period of 10 years.
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
This study practically did not focus on a large population but only restricted to the staff
(respondent) of the ifako ijaye local government, in which it acquired the necessary information.
3.4 METHOD OF STUDY
A Pie chart was used to analyze the collection of raw data. The data will be translated into
degrees to enable the researcher draw reasonable conclusion based on the information gathered.
Data analysis formula used: P x 360°
TP 1
Source: (Revised QA, 2007)
Where p is population
TP is total population.
3.5 INSTRUMENT OF RESEARCH
The researcher makes use of the interview method in collecting of data. A set question was
designed and sent to the staff of local government (respondent) for completion to gather
information for analysis of the data.
3.6 SAMPLING METHOD
The sampling frame for this work is the staff of ifako ijaye local government. A form of nonrandom which is the haphazard sampling technique was used for this study since it’s almost
impossible to interview every staff and though every population of the staff has no equal chance
of being selected. The sample size is a single staff (respondent), chosen from the ten staffs of
physical planning and urban development department of the local government.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM SOURCES
I n order to make this project more explainable, efforts was made to present and analyze the facts
gathered from national population census. The demographic data presentation and description
were guided by the 1996 to 2006 population figure of ifako ijaye local government which
illustrated the fair meaning of urbanization. Likewise, there are section A and B, section A has
the table below that shows there is an increase in population which could be as a result of
urbanization, while section B has the diagrammatic analysis of sourced data using a pie chart.
Section A
Table 1
Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Population
25,083
28,518
37,452
41,847
73,766
99,690
126,108
230,256
306,818
343,456
1
2
2
2
4
6
7
13
18
20
2006
427,878
(figure)
25
Population
(%)
Source: Nigeria Population Censuses; Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos, 1996 and 2006
Note: Urban Population is defined in terms of settlement above 20,000 populations in Nigeria.
Section B
Diagram representing the above table 1
population
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1% 2% 2%
2%
25%
2003
2004
2005
2006
4%
6%
7%
13%
20%
18%
Diagram: pie chart
Source (Solomon, 2014)
The pie chart shows the re-distribution of population from rural to urban center such as the ifako
ijaye local government. The analysis of this urbanization is expressed in percentages ranging
from 1% to 25% between 1996 and 2006 respectively.
4.2 DISCUSSION AND PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The local government as the government at the grassroots level is faced the responsibility of
administering a level of control in order to checkmate the degree and number of people,
individual and families migrating from rural to urban cities. Also, when the level of urbanization
becomes uncontrollable it becomes a challenge and has its effect on the local government
administration.
The physical planning and urban development at the local government is responsible for the
monitoring of urban changes in the local government area, this department has a head but the
researcher interviewed the urban attendant (respondent) who has spent 20 years in service.
Accordingly the local government could be said to be an urban center using the 1996 and 2006
population analysis as a criteria or yardstick.
Successive governments in Lagos state tried to implement their various public services
programmes. However, by the late 1980s there were complaints and sustained criticism about the
quality of state public services. There is a huge urban divide in terms of economic inequalities
and socio-spatial segregation among the people that reside in Lagos. It varies from the very
wealthy to the very poor. Lagos has drawn many young people and families seeking a better life
from all parts of Nigeria and beyond. Proponents of decline find evidence in the persistent
growth of slums resulting from rapid urbanization without the requisite expansion of services
such as roads, schools and hospitals. The challenges are social, economic, environmental and
cultural in nature and are capable of causing social instability if proper policies and programmes
are not instituted. This part of this project comprises the challenges the local government faces in
delivering or discharging its duties in urban cities and the various effect of urbanization itself on
local government administration. According to Mr. Joseph Goke who is a physical planning and
urban development attendant stipulated some of the challenges and effects of urbanization on the
local government. Some of which are:

Violence
Results of the survey show that the level of violence in the community now and five years ago
has remained not largely the same. This is one of the effects of urbanization on the local
government. There are also high differences in the level of violence for both the slum and nonslum areas across the LGAs. Apart from Ikeja and Lagos Island where about a large of the
respondents reported minimum increase in the level of violence in their respective communities,
all the other LGAs recorded greater than increase in the level of violence between now and five
years ago. It is also pertinent to note that several LGAs have recorded appreciable decrease in the
level of violence in the last five years of administration. These are ifakoijaye, Alimosho, Apapa,
Ikeja and Oshodi/Isolo LGAs with percentages of 24.7% and 66.7%, 33.3% and 25.3%, 0.0%
and 44.7%, 0.0% and 32.6% respectively for slum and non-slum areas (Lagos State Government,
2007).

Lack of Continuity in Governance
As an independent state, Lagos has had 25 out of 50 years under the leadership of military
governors. The rapid and sudden change of chief executives does not encourage institutional
continuity and lasting policies. However, against this background since mid1999 the situation has changed. “We grew up knowing that the country was not run very well.
But some 10 years ago in Lagos, a new concept of governance commenced. The
Tinubu-Fashola experience is a good example of the benefits of continuity”. This has posed a
major challenge to the local government administration.

Financial Resources Challenge
The issue of financial resources is one of the problems or challenges the government faces in
theprocess of providing physical infrastructure in the city amongst other important services. The
major source of funding until recently was federal allocation. The underlying constraints are
institutional, structural, political and cultural. Much has to do with public attitude and perception,
and the government capability to give good public service. This trend has really changed since
2003 with the drive to increase internally generated revenue.

Challenge of Mobility in Metropolitan Lagos
Lagos has one of the largest and most extensive road networks in West Africa. Highways are
usually congested in peak hours, due in part to the geography of the city, as well as to its
explosive population growth. Lagos is also linked by many highways and bridges. The present
day development in the road networks and urban transport in the Metropolis have its roots from
the colonial and post-independence era. The transport system is dominated by road especially
para-transit operated by private operators that run into tens of thousands. With the population
explosion had come with a major expansion of roads and bridges. 1991.
Since the early 1990s there had been an upsurge of motorcycle (okada) transport in
Lagos. Initially confined to the outskirts like ifakoijaye Ikotun, Egbe and Ipaja, they now operate
everywhere, even in the reputed upper-class neighbourhoods of Victoria Island and Ikoyi.
Though heavily patronised, the Okada motorcycles have become a threat to the lives and limbs
of their passengers, pedestrians and other road users.

Street Trading
Where, street trading has some benefits, its wide scope and intensity exposes young vendors to
some risks and evil influences and this is another major effect of urbanization on local
government. The young traders are subjected to unrelenting exploitation in their work
environment. In addition, traffic flow is obstructed by this activity. Several military edicts since
the 1970s were enforced against street vending.
Children were arrested and detained until their parents or custodians showed up to pay stipulated
fines. To further arrest the trend, the municipal government erected signboards in specific areas
where street trading was prohibited. But, these signboards were uprooted, defaced and ignored
and street trading continued as usual.

Environmental Degradation and Climate Change
The city is groaning under environmental degradation due to pollution of the air, water, and land.
Industrial wastewater disposal is poorly managed and industries discharge untreated and often
toxic wastes into sewer, open drains and lagoons. Noise is another challenge in the city.
Deteriorating basic public services affect the welfare and productivity of the citizenry. Like most
parts of the world cities, the life of Lagosians will be affected by the different impacts of climate
change. Climate change impacts can undermine the efforts of local government and other
stakeholders to make the city a live able mega-city. Its coastal location makes it highly
vulnerable to sea level rise, coastal erosion and flooding, this is also one of the effects of
urbanization.

Informal Settlements, Housing and Slums
The root of urban informality can be traced to the nature and pattern of urbanization of
Lagos. Housing continues to be in short supply partly because land acquisition is expensive and
complex and beyond the reach of the poor. Public utilities are insufficient and over stretched.
Some of the most extensive slums inLagos are Ajegunle, Mushin and Somolu.
Analysis of the survey data indicates that more than half of Lagosians are tenants in both slum
and non-slum areas across the LGAs. LGAs with high percentages of tenants include ifakoijaye,
Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi/Isolo, Shomolu and Surulere. There are no difference
between the slum and non slum areas in terms of ownership of houses. In some
LGAs such as ikeja Ifelodun, Amuwo-Odofin, IfakoIjaiye and Ojo, ownership of houses is more
in non slum areas as against the
slum areas. These LGAs are more of residential than
commercial and this might explained the high number of households owning their houses in
these LGAs. On the other hand, LGAs such as Ikeja and Lagos mainland which serves more
commercial purposes than residential tends to have more ownership of houses in the non-slum
areas. Generally, it is obvious that the house ownership is below the nationally average.
Significant proportion of structures in the slum areas of Ajeromi-Ifelodun, AmuwoOdofin, Apapa and non-slum areas of Lagos Island,ifakoijaye need major repairs. Land
ownership is generally higher in slums than non-slums with the exception of Kosofe, IfakoIjaye
and Lagos mainland which confirm the chaos in the housing market and land transactions as a
result of effect of urbanization.

Access to Safe Water and Improved Sanitation
There is spatial variation in terms of access to and use of improved and unimproved toilet
facilities. LGAs with high percentages in the use of improved toilet facilities include Mushin,
Shomolu, Ojo, Kosofe, Oshodi/Isolo and Surulere.
Results of this study also indicate wide spatial differentials and the increased level of
urbanization among the LGAs brings about low access to safe and unsafe drinking water. These
differentials are also observed between slum and non slum areas in Lagos state among Seven
LGAs including Agege, Amuwo-odofin, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Lagos Mainland, shomolu and
ifakoijaye have no tube wells as their major source of drinking water, LGA where 28.4% and
11.4% of the slum and non- slum areas depends on public tap, there is no other LGA that
depends on the public tap system as their major source of drinking water signifying the collapse
and non-functionality of the public water supply system in the city.
With respect to solid waste management, results of the survey show that some of these wastes
are disposed in the streets or burnt even in non-slum areas such as in EtiOsa and
Kosofe,ifakoijaye, due to an uncontrolled urbanization. In consonance with global research
findings, slum with less urbanization and dwellers generateless of food wastes compared to nonslum dwellers in the city.
Lagos has open drains and narrow shallow trenches which are often clogged with discarded
household or industrial appliances, sand, and refuse transported by flooding.
When the drains are not cleaned, they are unsightly and exude unpleasant odours.
Potholes in the streets, pools of stagnant water, and waste gushing from bathrooms and kitchens
provide breeding sites for malarial mosquitoes and other spreaders of disease. In order to
improve drainage, many drains have been widened while the Lagos Drain Ducks
Authority an agency charged specifically with the responsibility of clearing the drains was
created seven years ago. Although , this is a major challenge to local government urbanization.

Physical Infrastructure Challenge
Detailed literature compiled by Brenneman and Kerf (2002) has confirmed that a positive
linkage exist between availability of infrastructure and poverty reduction in rural and urban areas
in diverse countries of the world. The importance of public infrastructure and services is etched
in economical, social and political considerations (Garfield and Lovejoy, 1964 and Ugwu 1993).
Economically, public infrastructure facilities are among basic industries on which national
productivity depends and which absorbs very huge capital expenditure. Socially, public facilities
are of great importance to transport, communication, health, safety and others, in shaping the life
of people. Politically, they are of collective challenge to privatizing enterprises who replaces
public services motive for profit making. Availability of city infrastructure makes the society
comfortable and habitable but this is overstretched in the ifakoijaye local government as a result
of rapid urbanization.

Electricity Connection
With a view to meeting the energy needs of Lagosians (ifakoijaye) the state government in in
partnership with Enron/Folawityo Company in 2001 built the first Independent Power Plant since
independence. Unfortunately, because of the centralized distribution system in place, the
electricity generated in the state have to be fed into a ditributrable pool at the OsogboNational
Control Centre which now allocates according to some formular.
Results indicate that there are more households without electricity connections than households
with electricity connection in both slum and non-slum areas of the state as a result of rapid
urbanization. A casual perusal of the table reveals that there are no biases in electricity
connections between the slum and non-slum areas. However, the poor and unreliable public
electricity supply compels most households and enterprises to rely on generators.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
SUMMARY
This study has examined the challenges and effects of urbanization on ifako ijaye local
government administration. This study comprises of five chapters.
Chapter one is the introductory chapter, it contains sub-headings like: background to the study
where detail information that prompted the project treated. Another sub-topic under this chapter
is statement of research problem, followed by the objectives of the study. Next to the objective of
the study is the significance of the study. Also in chapter one are the sub-topics of the
methodology, scope of the study, limitation to the study, definition of terms and organization of
chapters. Chapter two focused on the literature review. Here so many aspects that are of
relevance to the topic were treated. Such sub-topics like; urbanization defined, theoretical
framework, administration conceptualized, origin and history of urbanization since and at
independence in Nigeria, likewise, the reasons for urbanization were all revealed in this chapter.
More so, chapter three illustrated the research design, the source of data collection, the
population of the study, also, the instrument of research and sampling method were discussed.
Chapter four was the general discussion of demographic analysis of sourced data of ifako ijaye
local government, also the discussion and presentation of research problems. Some interesting
facts about this local government was discovered as a result of this study. Lastly, the chapter five
was the last but not the least chapter, it comprises the summary, recommendations and
conclusion of the study
5.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
Despite the rapid urban growth, most of sub-Saharan Africa’s population continues to live in
rural areas. For this reason local government in urban centers improved in its capacity to deliver
public goods and services to the people. Though, urbanization is not measured by standard of
living of the people but the increase in population in the local government. This increase in
urbanization is as result of the reasons explained in this project. Therefore, there are certain
challenges and effect of urbanization on ifako ijaye local government, which are; Violence, Lack
of Continuity in Governance, Financial Resources Challenge, Challenge of Mobility in
Metropolitan Lagos, Street Trading, Environmental Degradation and Climate Change, Informal
Settlements, Housing and Slums, Access to Safe Water and Improved Sanitation, Physical
Infrastructure Challenge, Electricity Connection
Some recommendations have been given to boost local government prospect to curbing
and controlling the challenges and effect of urbanization as recommended by Mr. Joseph Goke .
These recommendations are given as follows:
General Recommendations;

local planning and infrastructural facilities should always be linked with available
budgets

proper demographic figure of the people should be taken for accurate policy
implementation

Improved level industrialization should be encouraged in the local government

There should be improved technical know-how among officials in the various institution
of urban local governments
5.3
CONCLUSION
In Nigeria, the exclusive or mandatory function of local government had lagged behind
concurrent functions. Remember the first function under the mandatory is planning. Local
government has not taken the issue of planning and physical development very seriously. They
might engage in perfunctory planning but they sooner or later jettison the project partly because
of poor budgeting which affect the level of development of an area. Discussed in this document
is the definition of urbanization which is demographically, the re distribution of population from
rural to urban cities overtime. This project went further to the history of urbanization which
during the 1970s Nigeria had possibly the fastest urbanization growth rate in the world. Because
of the great influx of people into urban areas, the growth rate of urban population in Nigeria in
1986 was estimated to be close to 6 percent per year, more than twice that of the rural
population. Between 1970 and 1980, the proportion of Nigerians living in urban areas was
estimated to have grown from 16 to more than 20 percent, and by 2010, urban population was
expected to be more than 40 percent of the nation's total ((NEPAD, 2010). Although Nigeria did
not have the highest proportion of urban population in sub-Saharan Africa (in several of the
countries of francophone Central Africa, for example, close to 50 percent of the population was
in the major city or cities), it had more large cities and the highest total urban population of any
sub-Saharan African country. Modernized and dependency theory were some theories used to
explain the challenges and effect of urbanization on local government, the modernized theory
was that the present state of urbanization in any given society is a set by its initial state at the
onset of urbanization. Secondly, technology is fundamentally more important than a society’s
social organization in shaping urbanization
and Dependency theory suggests that
underdevelopment is a result of the plunder and exploitation of peripheral economies by
economic and political groups in core areas (Hette, 1990). View from dependency/world system
perspective, urbanization in developing countries to the extent it occurs and at what speed, is a
major spatial outcome of global capitalism and its own spatial organization.
High level of security, improved standard of living, high level of infrastructural facilities are
some basic reason for the re distribution of population from rural to urban centers. Through the
analysis of data and presentation of research questions from 1996 to 2006 respectively, some of
the challenges and effect of urbanization are violence, Financial Resources Challenge, Challenge
of Mobility in Metropolitan Lagos, Street Trading, Environmental Degradation and Climate
Change, Informal Settlements, Housing and Slums, Access to Safe Water and Improved
Sanitation, Physical Infrastructure Challenge, Electricity Connection.
Some of the basic recommendations to the effect of urbanization are also stipulated in
this project, which is proper demographic figure of the people should be taken for accurate
policy implementation and Improved level industrialization should be encouraged in the local
government.
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