Course Code:
ECE1008
Faculty In – Charge:
Dr. Pradeep Naryanan. S.
Name of the Student:
Nainika Chinamsetty
Experiment No.:
1
Course Name:
Department:
Registration
Number:
Date of
Experiment:
Electronics Hardware
Trouble Shooting
SENSE
19BEC1292
10.08.2021
Name of the
STUDY OF MEASURING, TESTING, POWER SUPPLY INSTRUMENTS
Experiment:
AND BREADBOARD
OBJECTIVE:
To understand the basic electronic components by testing and measuring
their corresponding values by varying the power supplied in the LT Spice
simulator.
TOOLS:
LT Spice Simulator
THEORY :
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS :
(a) RESISTOR:
 These are Passive Devices (require no additional power source)
 Within an electrical or electronic circuit: Purpose is to "resist", regulate or
to set the flow of electrons (current) through them.. . Electrical energy is
lost in the form of heat in resistor.
 They can be connected together in series and parallel combinations to
form resistor networks.
 This results in resistors as voltage droppers, voltage dividers or
current limiters within a circuit.
 Standard resistor symbol:
(b) CAPACITOR
 Component which has the ability or "capacity" to store energy in the form
of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage)
across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.
 Basic form: consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates
which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically
separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such
as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a líquid gel as
used in electrolytic capacitors.
 The insulating layer between a capacitors plates is commonly called the
Dielectric.
 The property of a capacitor to store charge on its plates in the form of an
electrostatic field is called the Capacitance of the capacitor
 Standard Units:
Microfarad (µF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000=0.000001 = 10-6 F
Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-⁹ F Picofarad
(pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-1² F
 C = ε(A/d) where ε represents the absolute permittivity of the dielectric
material being used. The dielectric constant, εo also known as the
“permittivity of free space” has the value of the constant
8.84 x 10-12 Farads per metre.
(c) INDUCTOR
 An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive twoterminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when
electric current flows through it.
 An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
 An inductor is characterized by its inductance, Inductance: ratio of the
voltage to the rate of change of current.
 Unit of inductance is the henry (H) n
 In the measurement of magnetic circuits, it is equivalent to weber/ampere.
 Inductors have values that typically range from 1 µH (10-6 H) to 20 H.
Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the
coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance.
(d) DECADE RESISTANCE BOX
Decade boxes are ideal for troubleshooting circuits and verifying the
accuracy of test equipment, both in the field and in the lab. Decade boxes
are test instruments which use a series of resistors, capacitors, or
inductors to simulate very specific electrical values.
(e) DECADE CAPACITANCE BOX
An assembly of capacitors and switches which permits adjustment of the
capacitance existing at the terminals in nominally uniform steps, from a
minimum value near zero to the maximum which exists when all the capacitors
are connected in parallel.
(f) DECADE INDUCTANCE BOX
An Inductance Decade Box houses several precision coils (H) organized in
decades of ten (ex. 10, 100, 1000, etc.). Decade boxes are used to check and
calibrate test equipment.
(g) BREADBOARD
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it.
These holes let you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning
to build and test an early version of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a
battery, switch, resistor, and an LED.
(h) OSCILLOSCOPE
The main purpose of an oscilloscope is to graph an electrical signal as it
varies over time. Most scopes produce a two-dimensional graph with time
on the x-axis and voltage on the y-axis. Controls surrounding the scope's
screen allow you to adjust the scale of the graph, both vertically and
horizontally -- allowing you to zoom in and out on a signal. There are
also controls to set the trigger on the scope, which helps focus and
stabilize the display. In general, a scope can measure both time-based and
voltage-based characteristics:
Timing characteristics:







Frequency and period
Duty cycle
Rise and fall time
Voltage characteristics:
Amplitude
Maximum and minimum voltages
Mean and average voltage
(i) SIGNAL GENARATOR
A signal generator is one of a class of electronic devices that generate electronic
signals with set properties of amplitude, frequency, and wave shape. These
generated signals are used as a stimulus for electronic measurements, typically
used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or
electroacoustic devices. There are many different types of signal generators
with different purposes and applications and at varying levels of expense. These
types include function generators, RF and microwave signal generators, pitch
generators, arbitrary waveform generators, digital pattern generators, and
frequency generators.
(j) MULTIMETER
A multimeter is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical
properties. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, resistance, and current, in
which case it is also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM), as the unit is
equipped with voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter functionality. Analog
multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings.
Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have numeric displays and have made
analog multimeters obsolete as they are cheaper, more precise, and more
physically robust than analog multimeters.
PROCEDURE:
1. Run the LT Spice and create a new schematic
2. Click on ‘Component’ and place the required components
3. Change the values of the components according to the requirement
4. Place the ‘Ground’ button
5. Connect all the components by wires
6. Save the schematic and run it
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Si.No
Name of the Component / Equipment
Specification / Range
1.
Resistors
20k , 40k,60k,80k ohms
2.
Voltage
10 V, DC
3.
Capacitors
20nF,30nF
4.
Inductors
20mH, 14mH. 16mH
5.
Wires
-
1 (a) To simulate the circuits and find voltages across
resistors and currents through the source and resistances
Given Circuit:
Calculations:
In a parallel circuit:
The voltage drops across each of the branches is the same as
the voltage gain in the battery. Hence voltages across resistors
are the SAME.
VA=VB=VC=V1=10V
Currents through the source and resistances:
Let currents across R1,R2,R3,R4 be I1,I2,I3,I4 respectively.
Given Circuit:
Calculations:
In a series circuit:
The current that flows through each of the resistors is the
same

I1=I2=I3=I4=I(total)=0.05mA
Voltages across resistors:
1 (b) TO FIND COLOUR CODE OF RESISTORS (4
BAND SYSTEM)
Resistor Values
220Kῼ
with
10% Tolerance
630Kῼ with 5%
Tolerance
710Kῼ
with
10% Tolerance
5.2Kῼ with 5%
Tolerance
1.8Kῼ
with
10% Tolerance
4.4Kῼ with 5%
Tolerance
270ῼ with 10%
Tolerance
17ῼ with 5%
Tolerance
Colour 1
Red
Colour 2
Red
Colour 3
Yellow
Colour 4
Silver
Blue
Orange
Yellow
Gold
Violet
Brown
Yellow
Silver
Green
Red
Red
Gold
Brown
Grey
Red
Silver
Yellow
Yellow
Red
Gold
Red
Violet
Brown
Silver
Brown
Violet
Black
Gold
1 (c) FIND TOTAL RESISTANCE OF THE CIRCUIT
SEEN FROM THE SOURCE (THROUGH FORMULA
AND WITH V/I)
Given Circuit:
Calculations:
Given Circuit:
Calculations:
1 (d) FIND THE TOTAL CAPACITANCE OF THE
CIRCUIT
Given Circuit:
Calculations:
1 (e) FIND TOTAL INDUCTANCE OF THE CIRCUIT
Given Circuits:
Calculations:
1 (f) FIND THE CAPACITANCE VALUES WITH
CODES
Ceramic Capacitors:
Number
924
310
Value
92*10^4pF=920nF
31*10^0pF=0.031nF
253
401
852
768
696
543
25*10^3=25nF
40*10^1pF=0.4nF
85*10^2pF=8.5nF
76*10^8pF=7600 µF
69*10^6pF=69 µF
54*10^3pF=54nF