Chapter 10: Emotional Development
Chapter 10 Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Basic emotions
A) do not involve a physiological change.
B) are not expressed in an overt behaviour.
C) vary from culture to culture.
D) involve a subjective feeling.
QuestionID: 10-1-01
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) involve a subjective feeling.
2. Which of the following is a basic emotion?
A) pride
B) guilt
C) happiness
D) embarrassment
QuestionID: 10-1-02
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) happiness
3. Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, an overt behaviour, and
A) a physiological change.
B) an evaluative component.
C) a cultural-specific expression.
D) an advanced cognitive component.
QuestionID: 10-1-03
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) a physiological change.
4. Which of the following would be the element of a basic emotion referred to as a subjective feeling?
A) a smile
B) an increase in heart rate
C) bumping into a chair
D) being so happy you feel like you're floating on air
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QuestionID: 10-1-04
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) being so happy you feel like you're floating on air
5. Researchers often use ________ to assess an infant's emotional state.
A) facial expressions
B) subjective feelings
C) the Strange Situation
D) systematic desensitization
QuestionID: 10-1-05
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) facial expressions
6. Basic emotions are experienced by children as early as
A) the first few months of life.
B) eight or nine months of age.
C) 18 to 24 months of age.
D) the preschool years.
QuestionID: 10-1-06
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) the first few months of life.
7. Modern theories emphasize the ____________ value of emotion.
A) functional
B) persuasive
C) comfort
D) physiological
QuestionID: 10-1-07
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) functional
8. Happiness is adaptive in
A) protection against possible threats.
B) contributing to stronger interpersonal relationships.
C) eliminating obstacles in the way of a goal.
D) eliciting nurturance from others.
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QuestionID: 10-1-08
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) contributing to stronger interpersonal relationships.
9. Many scientists believe that young babies
A) experience a wide range of emotions.
B) feel fear and anger only.
C) simply experience broad positive and broad negative emotional states..
D) don't feel emotions at all.
QuestionID: 10-1-09
Page-Reference: 346oik
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) simply experience broad positive and broad negative emotional states..
10. Social smiles typically first appear at
A) birth.
B) two months of age.
C) six months of age.
D) 18 months of age.
QuestionID: 10-1-10
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) two months of age.
11. A social smile typically occurs when an infant
A) was recently fed.
B) is asleep.
C) sees another person.
D) is at least one year of age.
QuestionID: 10-1-11
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) sees another person.
12. Which of the following emerges first?
A) guilt
B) embarrassment
C) pride
D) fear
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QuestionID: 10-1-12
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) fear
13. The first distinct displays of anger typically occur
A) at birth.
B) between four and six months of age.
C) between 12 and 18 months of age.
D) during the preschool years.
QuestionID: 10-1-13
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) between four and six months of age.
14. One of the first signs of fear in an infant often occurs when
A) infants are in the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
B) infants are picked up by a familiar adult.
C) a stranger talks to other adults instead of picking up the baby.
D) a favourite food or toy is taken away.
QuestionID: 10-1-14
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) infants are in the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
15. Stranger wariness is a sign of
A) anger.
B) sadness.
C) fear.
D) happiness.
QuestionID: 10-1-15
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) fear.
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16. Seven-month-old Lydia looked away and started to fuss when her mother's college roommate, who hadn't
visited since Lydia was born, got Lydia up from her nap. Lydia's reaction is most likely the result of
A) social referencing.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) insecure attachment.
D) stranger wariness.
QuestionID: 10-1-16
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) stranger wariness.
17. Your niece is seven months old and you are about to meet her for the first time. You are concerned that she
will be afraid of you and want to minimize the chance that meeting you will cause her stranger anxiety. What
would you do?
A) Greet her and give her your complete attention as soon as you meet her.
B) Arrange to see her for the first time in an environment that is familiar to her.
C) Meet her in an environment that is unfamiliar to her.
D) Pick her up right away when you meet her.
QuestionID: 10-1-17
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Arrange to see her for the first time in an environment that is familiar to her.
18. Stranger wariness
A) emerges a few weeks after birth.
B) provides a natural restraint against the tendency for mobile infants to wander away from familiar caregivers.
C) is greater when infants are in a familiar environment.
D) is not related to the stranger's behaviour.
QuestionID: 10-1-18
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) provides a natural restraint against the tendency for mobile infants to wander away from familiar caregivers.
19. Who is experiencing a complex emotion?
A) Tim, who is happy
B) Todd, who is embarrassed
C) Ramon, who is disgusted
D) Victor, who is surprised
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QuestionID: 10-1-19
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Todd, who is embarrassed
20. Complex emotions
A) emerge before basic emotions.
B) develop before the age of one year.
C) involve an evaluative component.
D) include feelings of happiness, anger, and disgust.
QuestionID: 10-1-20
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) involve an evaluative component.
21. Complex emotions don't usually emerge until
A) four to six months of age.
B) nine to 12 months of age.
C) 18 to 24 months of age.
D) three to four years of age.
QuestionID: 10-1-21
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) 18 to 24 months of age.
22. Hezron has experienced basic emotions such as happiness and anger, but he is unlikely to feel more complex
emotions such as guilt, embarrassment, or pride until he
A) has some understanding of the self.
B) experiences a physiological reaction linked to his emotions.
C) displays overt behaviours associated with his subjective feelings.
D) goes through systematic desensitization.
QuestionID: 10-1-22
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) has some understanding of the self.
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23. Which fear is likely to occur at the youngest age?
A) fear of strangers
B) fear of the dark
C) fear of imaginary creatures
D) fear of snakes
QuestionID: 10-1-23
Page-Reference: 346, 348
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) fear of strangers
24. At roughly 15 to 18 months, the child typically has some ___________________, which pave(s) the way for
complex emotions.
A) stranger wariness
B) self-regulation
C) basic emotions
D) understanding of the self
QuestionID: 10-1-24
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) understanding of the self
25. Preschool children are sometimes afraid of the dark or of imaginary creatures. These fears typically diminish
as the child gets older and
A) realizes that fear is futile.
B) is no longer likely to admit to fears.
C) develops complex emotions.
D) better understands the difference between appearance and reality
QuestionID: 10-1-25
Page-Reference: 348
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) better understands the difference between appearance and reality
26. A seven-year-old who worries about school
A) should get help from a therapist.
B) is said to have a "school phobia."
C) would not be unusual unless her concern grew to the point that she refused to go to school.
D) has a faulty internal working model.
QuestionID: 10-1-26
Page-Reference: 348
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
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Answer: C) would not be unusual unless her concern grew to the point that she refused to go to school.
27. Which of the following is more likely to be true of an Asian elementary-school child than a North American
elementary-school child?
A) The Asian child would be more likely to respond in anger over a frustrating event.
B) The Asian child would show more pride in a class achievement.
C) The Asian child would show more pride in general.
D) The Asian child would be less embarrassed by a public display of individual achievement.
QuestionID: 10-1-27
Page-Reference: 349
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) The Asian child would show more pride in a class achievement.
28. Unlike basic emotions, complex emotions
A) do not involve an evaluative component.
B) involve a physiological change.
C) involve a subjective feeling.
D) are triggered by different events in different cultures.
QuestionID: 10-1-28
Page-Reference: 349
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) are triggered by different events in different cultures.
29. By ________ of age, infants begin to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different
emotions.
A) one month
B) six months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months
QuestionID: 10-1-29
Page-Reference: 350
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) six months
30. Six-month-old Wendy's mother is happy and smiles and talks to Wendy in a pleasant voice. Based on
research reported in your text, you would expect Wendy
A) to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions but not to change her own emotions to
match other people's emotions.
B) to be unaware of and unaffected by other people's emotions.
C) to match her emotion to her mother's and therefore be happy.
D) to become distressed.
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QuestionID: 10-1-30
Page-Reference: 350
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) to match her emotion to her mother's and therefore be happy.
31. When one-year-old Kim was shown a new toy, she looked at her mother who appeared to be afraid of the toy.
Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy. Kim used ________ to regulate her own behaviour.
A) an internal working model
B) systematic desensitization
C) social referencing
D) stranger anxiety
QuestionID: 10-1-31
Page-Reference: 350
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) social referencing
32. In social referencing
A) an infant has a preference for being with other people rather than for being alone.
B) infants use their parents' facial expressions to help them interpret unfamiliar situations.
C) deep relaxation is associated with progressively more anxiety-producing situations.
D) an infant has a set of expectations about parents' availability and responsivity.
QuestionID: 10-1-32
Page-Reference: 350
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) infants use their parents' facial expressions to help them interpret unfamiliar situations.
33. The ability to recognize others' emotions
A) is important in social referencing.
B) emerges after the first birthday.
C) is not related to the ability to discriminate different facial expressions.
D) decreases with age.
QuestionID: 10-1-33
Page-Reference: 350
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) is important in social referencing.
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34. During the elementary school years, children
A) become less likely to modify their behaviour according to other people's emotions.
B) begin to realize that people can have "mixed feelings."
C) become less able to recognize other people's emotions.
D) show little change in understanding the emotions of others.
QuestionID: 10-1-34
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) begin to realize that people can have "mixed feelings."
35. Eight-year-old Megan reads the sentence "You are home all alone," and is asked how she would feel in the
situation. Megan is likely to believe that this situation
A) cannot make a person feel more than one emotion at the same time.
B) cannot make a person experience two different emotions that differ in intensity at the same time.
C) can make a person feel both good and bad at the same time.
D) cannot influence how a person feels.
QuestionID: 10-1-35
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) can make a person feel both good and bad at the same time.
36. Culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular
person or persons are known as
A) display rules.
B) emotional regulation.
C) self-conscious emotions.
D) systematic desensitization.
QuestionID: 10-1-36
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) display rules.
37. Display rules
A) are the same across cultures.
B) are not understood by children until adolescence.
C) are culture-specific
D) have been found to only exist in North America.
QuestionID: 10-1-37
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
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Answer: C) are culture-specific
38. Children's understanding of emotions
A) is related to a positive, rewarding relationship with parents and siblings.
B) does not emerge until adolescence.
C) has not been studied systematically.
D) is unrelated to the relationships they have with others.
QuestionID: 10-1-38
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) is related to a positive, rewarding relationship with parents and siblings.
39. Emotion regulation begins in
A) infancy.
B) the preschool years.
C) the school-age years.
D) adolescence.
QuestionID: 10-1-39
Page-Reference: 352
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) infancy.
40. The regulation of emotions
A) doesn't begin until children are about two years old.
B) is not related to the quality of interactions and relationships with one's peers.
C) involves the use of cognitive strategies (e.g., reminding oneself to ignore something) in school-age children
and adolescents.
D) involves the use of physical strategies (e.g., moving closer to a parent) in school-age children and adolescents.
QuestionID: 10-1-40
Page-Reference: 352
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) involves the use of cognitive strategies (e.g., reminding oneself to ignore something) in school-age children
and adolescents.
41. Maggie is seven months old and is playing in an indoor gym with her mother. As a stranger approaches her,
she moves closer to her mother. This is best an example of
A) emotion regulation.
B) temperament.
C) display rules.
D) social referencing.
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QuestionID: 10-1-41
Page-Reference: 352
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) emotion regulation.
42. An infant's consistent mood and style of behaviour is called
A) emotionality.
B) rhythmicity.
C) temperament.
D) intensity of reaction.
QuestionID: 10-1-42
Page-Reference: 353
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) temperament.
43. Temperament is defined as
A) the amount of physical and motor activity an infant exhibits in daily situations.
B) the ease with which an infant adjusts to changes in the environment.
C) an infant's regularity in eating, sleeping, and toileting.
D) an infant's behaviour style that is stable across situations and biologically based.
QuestionID: 10-1-43
Page-Reference: 353
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) an infant's behaviour style that is stable across situations and biologically based.
44. Results of the New York Longitudinal Study indicated that the largest group of babies was categorized as
A) easy babies.
B) difficult babies.
C) slow-to-warm-up babies.
D) average babies.
QuestionID: 10-1-44
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) easy babies.
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45. Irina is a happy, cheerful baby who adjusts well to new situations. She sleeps, eats, and toilets on a regular
schedule. Thomas and Chess would categorize Irina's temperament as
A) emotional.
B) easy.
C) slow-to-warm-up.
D) difficult.
QuestionID: 10-1-45
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) easy.
46. Adriana often cries, responds intensely to new situations, and does not have regular eating and sleeping
schedules. Adriana most closely fits Thomas and Chess's ________ temperament classification.
A) slow-to-warm-up
B) sociable
C) difficult
D) easy
QuestionID: 10-1-46
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) difficult
47. You have noticed that your sister's baby, Carrie, is often unhappy. She typically shows a mild dislike for new
foods and unfamiliar places. After reading about Thomas and Chess's temperament classifications, you decide
that Carrie has a(n) ________ temperament.
A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) sociable
D) difficult
QuestionID: 10-1-47
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) slow-to-warm-up
48. According to Thomas and Chess's temperament categories, a difficult baby and a slow-to-warm-up baby
would be alike in that they both would
A) be upset by unfamiliar situations.
B) be relatively active.
C) respond intensely when they disliked something.
D) often be unhappy.
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QuestionID: 10-1-48
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) often be unhappy.
49. The results of Rothbart's research looking at temperament and culture suggested that
A) it is important for parents to actively mold temperament in their children.
B) the dimensions of temperament are heavily influenced by environmental factors.
C) surgency/extraversion is not an important temperament dimension in infants in some parts of the world.
D) the structure of temperament appears to be similar worldwide.
QuestionID: 10-1-49
Page-Reference: 355
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) the structure of temperament appears to be similar worldwide.
50. Jevan is an infant who seems to cry easily and who is difficult to console once he starts crying. Jevan would
be high on which dimension of temperament?
A) inhibition
B) positive affect
C) surgency
D) negative affect
QuestionID: 10-1-50
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) negative affect
51. The dimension of temperament called persistence is defined as
A) the amount of physical and motor activity in a child's daily situations.
B) the extent to which a child expresses pleasure, enthusiasm, and contentment.
C) the amount of time a child devotes to an activity and resistance to distractions.
D) the extent to which a child is irritable, easily distresses, and is prone to anger.
QuestionID: 10-1-51
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) the amount of time a child devotes to an activity and resistance to distractions.
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52. Adam's father likes to play with Adam because they both enjoy vigorous play. Adam's mother complains of
having a hard time keeping up with Adam because he is a very busy infant who always seems to be getting into
things. Adam is high on which dimension of temperament?
A) positive affect
B) persistence
C) activity level
D) negative affect
QuestionID: 10-1-52
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) activity level
53. ________ is more influenced by heredity than the other temperament dimensions.
A) Activity level
B) Persistence
C) Negative affect
D) Extraversion
QuestionID: 10-1-53
Page-Reference: 356
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) Negative affect
54. Studies of temperament in twins have found that
A) fraternal twins are more alike in temperament than are identical twins.
B) identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins.
C) there are no differences in the degree of similarity in temperament in fraternal and identical twins.
D) heredity does not seem to influence temperament.
QuestionID: 10-1-54
Page-Reference: 356
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins.
55. Your friend, Sandy, interacts with her baby abruptly and lacks confidence. You would expect her baby to be
A) more likely to develop an intense, difficult temperament.
B) less likely to develop an intense, difficult temperament.
C) temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him, because temperament is determined by heredity.
D) temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him, because temperament does not develop until later in
childhood.
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QuestionID: 10-1-55
Page-Reference: 356
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) more likely to develop an intense, difficult temperament.
56. Research has shown that children with a specific variant of the DRD4 gene
A) are not affected by the quality of environment.
B) are less likely to benefit from high-quality child cares than those without the variant.
C) are more likely to be harmed by prenatal stress than those without the variant.
D) are no different from those without the variant when it comes to temperament.
QuestionID: 10-1-56
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) are less likely to benefit from high-quality child cares than those without the variant.
57. Cross-cultural studies of temperament have shown
A) that Japanese and Chinese babies are more emotional in stressful situations than European American babies.
B) that European American babies are more emotional in stressful situations than Asian babies.
C) that any cultural differences in emotionality cannot be explained by the behaviour of the mothers.
D) no differences in emotionality between Asian and American babies.
QuestionID: 10-1-57
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) that European American babies are more emotional in stressful situations than Asian babies.
58. Which infant is MOST likely to cry when getting a vaccination?
A) Lina, who is Japanese
B) Jiang, who is Chinese
C) Grace, who is European American
D) Lina, Jiang, and Grace are equally likely to cry when getting a shot
QuestionID: 10-1-58
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) Grace, who is European American
59. Asian infants tend to be ________ than European American infants.
A) less sociable
B) more active
C) more distractible
D) less emotional
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QuestionID: 10-1-59
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) less emotional
60. Mia is a European American mother. Seiko is a Japanese mother. Compared to Mia, Seiko is
A) likely to spend more time in close physical contact with her baby.
B) likely to spend less time in close physical contact with her baby.
C) less likely to attempt to soothe her baby.
D) likely to exhibit no differences in how she interacts with her baby.
QuestionID: 10-1-60
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) likely to spend more time in close physical contact with her baby.
61. Temperament from infancy to childhood is
A) completely unrelated.
B) very unstable.
C) somewhat stable.
D) very stable.
QuestionID: 10-1-61
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) somewhat stable.
62. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Temperament measured in the first few months of life is moderately related to temperament measured later in
infancy.
B) Temperament in childhood is consistently related to adult personality.
C) Temperament during the preschool years is not related to temperament during adolescence.
D) Temperament during the preschool years is strongly related to temperament during adolescence.
QuestionID: 10-1-62
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) Temperament measured in the first few months of life is moderately related to temperament measured later in
infancy.
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63. Which of the following statements best describes the stability of temperament?
A) Temperament during the first few weeks of life is not related to temperament later in infancy.
B) Temperament during the preschool years is strongly related to temperament during childhood and adolescence.
C) Positive affect is the least stable dimension of temperament between the ages of three and nine years.
D) Inhibited two-year-olds tend to be shy four-year-olds.
QuestionID: 10-1-63
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) Inhibited two-year-olds tend to be shy four-year-olds.
64. Shivani is an inhibited child. This means
A) she is very outgoing.
B) she will definitely be introverted as an adult.
C) she is likely to be more introverted as an adult, but it's not definitive.
D) she really enjoys being around other people.
QuestionID: 10-1-64
Page-Reference: 357-358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) she is likely to be more introverted as an adult, but it's not definitive.
65. Which of the following statements about temperament and other aspects of development is true?
A) Preschoolers with difficult temperaments are more likely than children with easy temperaments to have
behavioural problems by the time they start school.
B) Children who are not frequently angry or fearful are more prone to depression.
C) Anxious, fearful children are less likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests.
D) Persistent children are less likely to succeed in school.
QuestionID: 10-1-65
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) Preschoolers with difficult temperaments are more likely than children with easy temperaments to have
behavioural problems by the time they start school.
66. Studies of links between temperament and developmental outcomes have found
A) distractible children are more likely to succeed in school.
B) anxious children are less likely to comply with parents' rules.
C) shy children often have problems interacting with peers.
D) persistent children are less likely to succeed in school.
QuestionID: 10-1-66
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
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Answer: C) shy children often have problems interacting with peers.
67. Four-year-old Allan has a difficult temperament. Four-year-old Ethan has an easy temperament. When they
are older and enter school
A) Ethan is more likely than Allan to have behavioural problems.
B) Allan is more likely than Ethan to have behavioural problems.
C) Allan and Ethan are both likely to have behavioural problems.
D) Allan and Ethan are both unlikely to have behavioural problems.
QuestionID: 10-1-67
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Allan is more likely than Ethan to have behavioural problems.
68. After reading about research on temperament and developmental outcomes, which of the following children
would most surprise you?
A) Kyle, an active and distractible child who has difficulty in school.
B) Lonnie, a shy and inhibited child who has difficulty interacting with his peers.
C) Richie, an anxious and fearful child who often breaks his parents' rules.
D) Brian, a persistent child who does well in school.
QuestionID: 10-1-68
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) Richie, an anxious and fearful child who often breaks his parents' rules.
69. Shy, inhibited children
A) are unlikely to succeed in school.
B) are likely to have difficulty interacting with other children.
C) are less likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests.
D) have more difficulty in familiar situations than in unfamiliar situations.
QuestionID: 10-1-69
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) are likely to have difficulty interacting with other children.
70. Which of the following statements about temperament is true?
A) The influence of temperament depends on the environment in which children develop.
B) Infants and toddlers who temperamentally resist control tend to be prone to behaviour problems when they are older if
their mothers try to exert control over them.
C) Adolescents who are temperamentally cheerful are more affected by life stressors and, therefore, more likely to drink,
smoke, or use drugs.
D) Temperament is the sole determining factor of many aspects of development.
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QuestionID: 10-1-70
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) The influence of temperament depends on the environment in which children develop.
71. Greater self-regulation in child hood is linked to
A) more positive life outcomes.
B) more negative life outcomes.
C) greater risk of smoking and substance abuse in adulthood.
D) greater risk of being convicted of a crime in adulthood.
QuestionID: 10-1-71
Page-Reference: 360
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) more positive life outcomes.
72. The evolutionary view of attachment is that it
A) is learned through reinforcement and punishment.
B) is the result of the resolution of conflicts that are centred on various parts of the body.
C) increases the infant's likelihood of survival.
D) was important to human evolution but has no value in modern society.
QuestionID: 10-1-72
Page-Reference: 362
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) increases the infant's likelihood of survival.
73. According to ________ theory, children who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to survive.
A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioural
D) Piagetian
QuestionID: 10-1-73
Page-Reference: 362
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) evolutionary
74. Bowlby described four phases in the growth of attachment. They are
A) preattachment, secure attachment, insecure attachment, and true attachment.
B) preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, and reciprocal relationships.
C) attachment in the making, true attachment, secure attachment, and adult attachment.
D) secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment, ambivalent attachment, and avoidant attachment.
20
QuestionID: 10-1-74
Page-Reference: 362-363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, and reciprocal relationships.
75. The infant singles out the attachment figure at approximately what age?
A) four weeks
B) two months
C) seven months
D) one year
QuestionID: 10-1-75
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) seven months
76. Who is most likely to have just recently singled out an attachment figure?
A) Felicity, who is one month of age
B) Samantha, who is three months of age
C) Addy, who is seven months of age
D) Molly, who is one year of age
QuestionID: 10-1-76
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) Addy, who is seven months of age
77. Fathers
A) interact with their babies in the same ways that mothers do.
B) are more likely to engage in physical play with their babies than are mothers.
C) are more likely than mothers to be a source of comfort when babies are distressed.
D) spend more time taking care of their children than playing with them.
QuestionID: 10-1-77
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) are more likely to engage in physical play with their babies than are mothers.
78. Infants usually form attachments
A) only to mothers.
B) only to fathers.
C) to mothers and fathers.
D) to only one person, whoever is the primary caregiver.
21
QuestionID: 10-1-78
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) to mothers and fathers.
79. If Bill and Mary are typical parents of a baby, which of the following is most likely to be true?
A) Their baby is likely to become attached to Mary but not to Bill.
B) Bill is likely to spend more time playing with their baby than taking care of him.
C) Bill and Mary are likely to spend equal amounts of time reading and talking to their baby.
D) Their infant is likely to prefer Mary over Bill as a playmate.
QuestionID: 10-1-79
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Bill is likely to spend more time playing with their baby than taking care of him.
80. ________ is used to study attachment relationships.
A) A social smile
B) Systematic desensitization
C) Stranger anxiety
D) The Strange Situation
QuestionID: 10-1-80
Page-Reference: 364
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) The Strange Situation
81. A researcher conducts a study using the Strange Situation. The researcher is studying
A) the stability of temperament.
B) the development of basic emotions.
C) infants' recognition of others' emotions.
D) attachment relationships.
QuestionID: 10-1-81
Page-Reference: 364
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) attachment relationships.
22
82. When one-year-old Hayley's mother left her in an unfamiliar room, Hayley cried. When her mother returned,
Hayley wanted to be held for a minute but then wanted to get down and play. Hayley appears to have a(n)
________ attachment to her mother.
A) avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized (disoriented)
D) resistant
QuestionID: 10-1-82
Page-Reference: 364
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) secure
83. The majority of North American babies have ________ attachment relationships.
A) disorganized (disoriented)
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure
QuestionID: 10-1-83
Page-Reference: 364
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) secure
84. When Aida's mother left her with a new babysitter, Aida was not upset. When her mother returned, Aida
ignored her. Aida appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.
A) resistant
B) disorganized (disoriented)
C) avoidant
D) secure
QuestionID: 10-1-84
Page-Reference: 365
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) avoidant
85. When Kylie's mother left her at the babysitter's house, Kylie was upset and cried. When Kylie's mother
returned, Kylie was still angry and would not be consoled by her mother. Which type of attachment does Kylie
seem to have?
A) disorganized (disoriented)
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure
23
QuestionID: 10-1-85
Page-Reference: 365
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) resistant
86. Annie has a disorganized (disoriented) attachment relationship with her mother. In the Strange Situation she
A) probably will not be upset when her mother leaves and is likely to ignore her when she returns.
B) may or may not cry when her mother leaves, but is likely to seek her when she returns.
C) is likely to be upset when her mother leaves and angry and difficult to console when she returns.
D) may be confused when her mother leaves and not really understand what's happening when she returns.
QuestionID: 10-1-86
Page-Reference: 365
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) may be confused when her mother leaves and not really understand what's happening when she returns.
87. Worldwide, secure attachment is the most common form. In most countries, roughly 55 to 70 percent of
infants are classified as being securely attached. What else is true about patterns of attachment worldwide?
A) the percentage of infants in the different categories of insecure attachment differs substantially across
cultures.
B) Insecure attachment does not exist in Eastern cultures.
C) Insecure attachment only exists in two forms in Eastern cultures.
D) Securely attached children in North America fare worse than securely attached children in other countries.
QuestionID: 10-1-87
Page-Reference: 365
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) the percentage of infants in the different categories of insecure attachment differs substantially across
cultures.
88. As infants, Nate was securely attached and Will was insecurely attached. In their preschool years, you would
expect to find
A) that Will interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Nate.
B) that Nate interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Will.
C) that Nate, but not Will, shows abnormal levels of hostility.
D) no predictable differences between Nate and Will in terms of their social interactions.
QuestionID: 10-1-88
Page-Reference: 366
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) that Nate interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Will.
24
89. Children who had secure attachments as infants
A) tend to have more satisfying later social relationships.
B) have more fights with friends when they are three and four years old.
C) show high levels of hostility as preschoolers.
D) tend to have higher-quality friendships as children.
QuestionID: 10-1-89
Page-Reference: 366
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: A) tend to have more satisfying later social relationships.
90. A secure attachment is most likely to occur when
A) parents spend a lot of time with their child.
B) parents respond to their child in an inconsistent manner.
C) babies have a difficult temperament.
D) parents are sensitive and responsive to their baby.
QuestionID: 10-1-90
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) parents are sensitive and responsive to their baby.
91. What advice would you give to parents who want their infants to become securely attached to them?
A) Have a rigid personality style.
B) Don't reinforce infant crying by responding whenever your child cries.
C) Place children in full-time day care before their first birthday.
D) Respond to your infant predictably and sensitively.
QuestionID: 10-1-91
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) Respond to your infant predictably and sensitively.
92. Which infant is most likely to form a secure attachment?
A) Hallie, whose parents respond predictably and appropriately to her needs
B) Erin, who has a difficult temperament
C) Bernie, who sleeps in a dormitory with other children under 12
D) Steven, whose mother has a rigid personality style
QuestionID: 10-1-92
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) Hallie, whose parents respond predictably and appropriately to her needs
25
93. The set of expectations that infants form about parents' availability and responsiveness generally and in
times of stress is referred to as
A) an internal working model.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) display rules.
D) social referencing.
QuestionID: 10-1-93
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) an internal working model.
94. One-year-old Celia has come to expect that when she cries, her mother will respond quickly and take good
care of her. One-year-old Shannon doesn't know what her mother's reaction to her cries will be. Celia and
Shannon differ in their
A) display rules.
B) social referencing.
C) internal working models.
D) systematic desensitization.
QuestionID: 10-1-94
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) internal working models.
95. As an adult, Michelle remembers her childhood as happy and her parents as warm and generous although
favouring her brother over her. Michelle has a(n) ________ attachment representation.
A) secure adult
B) dismissive adult
C) resistant adult
D) preoccupied adult
QuestionID: 10-1-95
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) secure adult
96. Jude is an adult who describes her own childhood in very general terms and seems to idealize her parents.
Which type of attachment representation does Jude seem to have?
A) secure
B) dismissive
C) preoccupied
D) resistant
26
QuestionID: 10-1-96
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) dismissive
97. Craig gets very upset when he begins talking about his childhood, which he does quite often, remembering
his parents as being unfair and unkind to him. Craig appears to have a(n) ________ attachment representation.
A) dismissive
B) secure
C) preoccupied
D) avoidant
QuestionID: 10-1-97
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) preoccupied
98. Adults with a dismissive attachment representation describe their childhood experiences
A) in very general terms and idealize their parents.
B) by objectively reporting both positive and negative aspects of their parents.
C) reluctantly and prefer not to talk about what are very negative memories of their parents.
D) emotionally, expressing anger and confusion regarding their parents.
QuestionID: 10-1-98
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) in very general terms and idealize their parents.
99. Sensitive parenting is most strongly associated with what kind of adult attachment representation?
A) resistant
B) secure
C) dismissive
D) preoccupied
QuestionID: 10-1-99
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) secure
27
100. According to the Early Child Care study, children whose mothers work outside the home
A) are more likely to develop insecure attachments than those children whose mothers stay at home with them.
B) are more likely to develop insecure attachments when they spend many hours in day care.
C) are likely to develop insecure attachments when their mothers showed less sensitive mothering combined
with low quality or large amounts of day care.
D) are more likely to develop insecure attachments when parents changed child-care arrangements frequently.
QuestionID: 10-1-100
Page-Reference: 369
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) are likely to develop insecure attachments when their mothers showed less sensitive mothering combined
with low quality or large amounts of day care.
101. When children go to day care, the single most important factor related to secure attachment is
A) the quality of the child care.
B) the amount of time the child spends in day care.
C) the age when the child began day care.
D) the quality of parenting.
QuestionID: 10-1-101
Page-Reference: 369
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) the quality of parenting.
Chapter 10 True-False Questions
1. According to the functional approach, emotions are useful because they help people adapt to their
environment.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-01
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
2. Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behaviour.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-02
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
28
Answer: a. True
3. Anger is a complex emotion.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-03
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
4. Babies who are a few weeks old use social smiles.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-04
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
5. Smiles during the first month reflect the infant's pleasure in interacting with others.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-05
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6. Distinct displays of anger emerge between four and six months of age.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-06
Page-Reference: 346
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
29
7. Around six months, babies show stranger wariness.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-07
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
8. Infants are more fearful of strangers in a familiar environment.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-08
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
9. Wanda's infant Ryan is suddenly wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults. It is likely that Ryan is close to
three months of age.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-09
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. False
10. Self-conscious emotions are responses to meeting or failing to meet expectations or standards.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-10
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
30
11. Complex emotions depend on the child having some understanding of self.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-11
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
12. Complex emotions emerge between 18 to 24 months of age.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-12
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
13. By seven years of age, children experience feelings of relief and regret appropriately.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-13
Page-Reference: 348
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
14. Chinese 11-month-olds have been found to cry and smile more than European American 11-month-olds.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-14
Page-Reference: 349
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
31
15. Social referencing shows that infants rely on their parents' emotions to regulate their own behaviour.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-15
Page-Reference: 350
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
16. During the elementary-school years, children have a decreased ability to see multiple, differing emotions.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-16
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
17. Display rules are universal standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a
particular person or persons.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-17
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
18. A positive relationship with parents and siblings is related to children's understanding of emotions.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-18
Page-Reference: 351
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
32
19. Emotion regulation does not begin until at least two years of age.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-19
Page-Reference: 352
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
20. Children who cannot control their emotions often have difficulty resolving conflicts with peers.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-20
Page-Reference: 352
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
21. Temperament is not stable across situations.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-21
Page-Reference: 353
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. False
22. In the New York Longitudinal Study, the largest group of babies was classified as "difficult."
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-22
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
33
23. Infants who are high on effortful control tend to be high on surgency/extraversion and low on negative affect.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-23
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
24. The results of twin studies provide evidence that heredity does not influence temperament.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-24
Page-Reference: 356
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
25. Infants of mothers who interact easily and confidently with them are more likely to develop intense, difficult
temperaments.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-25
Page-Reference: 356
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
26. DRD4 is a temperament gene.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-26
Page-Reference: 356
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
34
27. Temperament during infancy is not related to temperament later in life.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-27
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
28. Extroversion looks like a blend of the temperamental dimensions of positive affect and activity level.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-28
Page-Reference: 357
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
29. Persistent children, active children, and distractible children are all as likely to succeed in school.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-29
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
30. Shy children often have difficulties interacting with peers and often do not cope effectively with problems.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-30
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
35
31. Anxious, fearful children are less likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-31
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
32. Children who are frequently angry or fearful are more prone to depression.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-32
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
33. Infants and toddlers who resist control tend to have behaviour problems when they are older if their mothers
did not exert much control.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-33
Page-Reference: 360
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
34. Attachment is an enduring social-emotional relationship.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-34
Page-Reference: 362
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
35. According to John Bowlby, children are more likely to survive if they form an attachment to an adult.
a True
b False
36
QuestionID: 10-2-35
Page-Reference: 362
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
36. During preattachment, babies behave differently in the presence of familiar and unfamiliar adults
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-36
Page-Reference: 362
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
37. Around seven months of age, the attachment figure becomes a stable social-emotional base.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-37
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
38. Most North American infants become attached to their mothers but not their fathers.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-38
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
39. Fathers are more likely than mothers to read to and play games like peek-a-boo with their babies
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-39
Page-Reference: 363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
37
40. When infants are distressed they prefer to be comforted by their fathers.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-40
Page-Reference: 363-364
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
41. About 60-65 percent of North American babies have secure attachment relationships.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-41
Page-Reference: 364
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
42. Children with secure attachment relationships have higher-quality friendships and fewer conflicts with peers
than children with insecure attachment relationships.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-42
Page-Reference: 366
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
43. A secure attachment is most likely when parents respond to infants predictably and appropriately.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-43
Page-Reference: 366
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
44. Adults with dismissive attachment representation are the most likely to provide the sensitive caregiving that
promotes secure attachment relationships in their own children.
a True
b False
38
QuestionID: 10-2-44
Page-Reference: 368
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
45. Since the 1970s, more women in the workforce and more single-parent households have made childcare more
popular.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-45
Page-Reference: 368
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
46. In research by McKim et al. (1999), children with less sensitive mothers, and especially those with children
who were also in extensive out-of-home care, showed less secure relationships.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-46
Page-Reference: 369
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
47. With high-quality parenting, a secure attachment is likely regardless of a child's experience in childcare.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-2-47
Page-Reference: 369-370
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
Chapter 10 Essay Questions
1. Explain what is meant by basic emotions and complex emotions and give examples of each.
QuestionID: 10-3-01
Page-Reference: 346-348
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
39
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Basic emotions are experienced by people throughout the world and are comprised of three elements: a subjective
feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behaviour. Basic emotions include happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust,
and sadness.
- Complex emotions have an additional evaluative component to them and are not experienced the same ways in all
cultures. Complex emotions include pride, guilt, and embarrassment.
2. Recently, your friends went out for the evening and got a babysitter. They have gotten babysitters in the seven
months since their baby was born, but this time the baby cried when the babysitter came in the door and rushed
to pick him up. A few weeks ago, when the same sitter came to the house, the baby was willing to go to her. Your
friends can't figure out what happened to the baby or the babysitter to change the situation. What can you tell
your friends about stranger wariness that might explain the baby's behaviour?
QuestionID: 10-3-02
Page-Reference: 347
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
You can tell your friends that around six months of age, stranger wariness emerges in infants. So, infants who had gone
to strangers readily just a few weeks before will fuss or cry when approached by a stranger. In general, infants show less
stranger wariness in familiar environments than unfamiliar environments. Infants also show more wariness when someone
rushes at them (like the babysitter did) and less wariness when they are given time to "warm up" to the stranger. This
wariness will decline as your friends' baby learns to interpret facial expressions and recognizes when strangers are
friendly or hostile.
3. Discuss cultural differences in emotional expression.
QuestionID: 10-3-03
Page-Reference: 349
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Children worldwide express many of the same basic and complex emotions.
- However, cultures differ in the extent to which emotional expression is encouraged.
- For example, outward displays of emotion are discouraged in many Asian countries.
- Cultures also differ in the events that trigger emotions, particularly complex emotions.
- Expression of anger also varies around the world.
- Culture can influence when and how much children express emotion
4. Your friend Jamal has a 12-month-old daughter, Kia. Recently, they ran into one of Jamal's coworkers who Kia
did not know. When this "stranger" approached, Jamal thought that Kia looked at him to gauge his reaction to
the "stranger" and then smiled after she saw Jamal greet the "stranger" in a friendly manner. When Jamal told
this story to his wife, Yolanda, she laughed and told him that he was giving Kia more credit than a one-year-old
should get. Is Jamal or Yolanda correct? Explain your answer.
QuestionID: 10-3-04
Page-Reference: 350
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Applied
40
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
You can tell Jamal and Yolanda that Kia was engaging in social referencing. Social referencing occurs when infants
encounter unfamiliar or ambiguous situations in the environment and involves looking at a parent to find cues to help
interpret the situation. The approach of the coworker who was a stranger to Kia would be an unfamiliar or ambiguous
situation. Kia is old enough to use social referencing so she looked at Jamal to see how he reacted to this "stranger."
When Jamal was friendly to the "stranger," Kia smiled at the "stranger." In other words, Jamal's ideas about Kia's
behaviour were correct.
5. What are some new ways to regulate emotions that children develop as they get older?
QuestionID: 10-3-05
Page-Reference: 352
Topic: Emerging Emotions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Children begin to regulate their own emotions and rely less on others to do this for them.
- Children more often rely on mental strategies to regulate emotions.
- Children more accurately match the strategies for regulating emotion with the particular setting.
6. Name and describe some different dimensions of temperament.
QuestionID: 10-3-06
Page-Reference: 354
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Thomas and Chess suggested that infants' behaviour varies along nine temperamental dimensions. Two are: 1) Activity
level—The amount of motor activity in daily situations; and 2) Persistence—The amount of time a child devotes to an
activity, particularly when obstacles or distractions are present
- Rothbart (2011) devised a theory of temperament that includes three different dimensions:
- Surgency/extraversion—The extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal, and regularly seeks interesting
stimulation
- Effortful control—The extent to which a child can focus attention, is not readily distracted, and can inhibit responses
- Negative affect—The extent to which a child is fearful, irritable, easily distresses, is prone to anger and not easily
soothed
7. Discuss how a child's environment can contribute to children's temperament.
QuestionID: 10-3-07
Page-Reference: 356
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- The environment contributes in at least three different ways:
- Temperament can be affected directly by parents' behaviour
- The environment can amplify the genetic effects of temperament through different mechanisms (e.g., infants with high
levels of negative affect are more likely to elicit harsh parenting)
- temperament may make some children particularly susceptible to environmental influences – either beneficial or harmful.
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8. Your friends have a six-month-old son, Ethan. Ethan often is irritable, is prone to anger, and is easily
distressed. Your friends are hoping that Ethan is just "in a bad stage" and that he will outgrow his behaviour.
Which category of temperament would you put Ethan in and what can you tell your friends about the stability of
temperament
QuestionID: 10-3-08
Page-Reference: 354, 357-358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
You can tell your friends that Ethan's behaviour is typical of infants with high levels of "negative affect." Will this difficult
stage pass? Studies of the stability of temperament indicate that temperament is somewhat stable. For example, fearful
preschoolers tend to be inhibited as older children and adolescents. Also, newborns who cry under moderate stress tend
to cry as five-month-olds when they are in stressful situations. A difficult temperament during the preschool years is
related to behaviour problems by the time children enter school. Based on the studies of the stability of temperament, no
one can say with certainty that Ethan will continue to be difficult but he is more likely to be a difficult child than someone
else who is an easy infant. The environment also plays a role in the stability of temperament so that your friends' skillful
parenting may help Ethan to become less difficult.
9. Provide examples supporting the notion that temperament is an important influence on development.
QuestionID: 10-3-09
Page-Reference: 358
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Persistent children are likely to succeed in school, whereas active and distractible children are less likely to succeed.
- Shy, inhibited children often have difficulty interacting with their peers and often do not cope effectively with problems.
- Anxious, fearful children are more likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests, even when the parent is not
present.
- Children who are frequently angry or fearful are more prone to depression.
- Children who are capable of greater effortful control as three- and four-year-olds have higher scores on measures of
working memory and, as school-age children, are less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.
- Children who are uninhibited and lack self-regulation are prone to alcohol-, drug-, and gambling-related problems as
adults.
10. According to Bowlby, what are the four phases of growth in attachment? Briefly describe the major change(s)
that occur during each of these stages.
QuestionID: 10-3-10
Page-Reference: 362-363
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
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Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Preattachment (birth to six weeks)—Infant's behaviours and the responses they evoke in adults create an interactive
system that is the first step in the formation of attachment relationships.
- Attachment in the making (six to eight weeks to six to eight months)—Babies begin to behave differently in the presence
of familiar and unfamiliar adults.
- True attachment (six to eight months to 18 months)—Most infants have singled out the attachment figure. A mental
representation of the attachment figure is formed.
- Reciprocal relationships (18 months on)—Infants begin to act as true partners in the attachment relationship.
11. Name the four primary types of attachment relationships observed by Ainsworth. Describe the typical
reaction of infants with each type of attachment to the separation and reunion episodes of the Strange Situation
procedure.
QuestionID: 10-3-11
Page-Reference: 364-365
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Secure attachment—The baby may or may not cry when the mother leaves, but when she returns, the baby wants to be
with her and if the baby is crying, it stops.
- Avoidant attachment—The baby is not upset when the mother leaves and when she returns, may ignore her by looking
or turning away.
- Resistant attachment—The baby is upset when the mother leaves and remains upset or even angry when she returns,
and is difficult to console.
- Disorganized (disoriented) attachment—The baby seems confused when the mother leaves and when she returns, as if
it doesn't really understand what's happening.
12. You know your child tends to be quite fearful. One day you catch her cheating while playing a family board
game. What do you know about how temperament interacts with the environment, and how should you respond
to the cheating situation?
QuestionID: 10-3-12
Page-Reference: 364
Topic: Temperament
Skill: Applied
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
Research has shown that emotionally fearful children were more likely to cheat in a game when their parents' discipline
emphasized asserting power ("Do this now and don't argue") but they were the least likely to cheat when the parents were
nurturing and supportive. Therefore, you should aim to be nurturing and supportive with ALL of your children, but
especially the one who tends to be fearful. Because you know that temperamentally fearful preschoolers can lean towards
honesty or dishonesty depending on the disciplinary style of the parents.
13. Your friend Beth has a nine-month-old baby and she is considering returning to work full-time. She has heard
that infants who are in day care full-time have a slightly higher risk of forming an insecure attachment. She told
you that she is willing to take that risk because attachment only lasts a few years and doesn't affect other
behaviours. What can you tell Beth about the relation between attachment and later social behaviour?
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QuestionID: 10-3-13
Page-Reference: 366
Topic: Attachment
Skill: Applied
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
Attachment does last longer than a few years and a secure attachment is related to better social relationships later in life.
There is much evidence that children who form secure attachments as infants have better social relationships with peers
later in life. For example, children with secure attachment relationships have higher-quality friendships and fewer conflicts
with friends than children with insecure attachments as infants. Also, school-age children are less likely to have behaviour
problems if they have a secure attachment relationship.
14. When questioned about attachment relationships with the Adult Attachment Interview, adults can be
classified into one of three groups. Discuss these three groups.
QuestionID: 10-3-14
Page-Reference: 367
Topic: AttachmentThome
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
- Secure adults describe childhood experiences objectively and value the impact of their caregiver-child relationship on
their development.
- Dismissive adults sometimes deny the value of childhood experiences and sometimes are unable to recall those
experiences precisely, yet they often idealize their caregivers.
- Preoccupied adults describe childhood experiences emotionally and often express anger or confusion regarding
relationships with their caregivers.
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