CITRUS SAP AND JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus) SAP
AS SHOE GLUE
A Science Investigatory Project
presented to the
Faculty of Corcuera National High School- Junior High School Department
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for Special Science Curriculum in Research IV
by
FLORAMEL JOY F. FALCULAN
JENNY ROSE M. FRONDA
KENDRICK F. MOTIN
ROWENA F. FAN
2020
CERTIFICATION
This Science Investigatory Project entitled “JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
SAP AND SINTURIS (Citrus noblis) SAP AS SHOE GLUE” prepared and submitted
by FLORAMEL JOY F. FALCULAN, JENNY ROSE M. FRONDA, KENDRICK F.
MOTIN, and ROWENA F. FAN in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Special
Science Curriculum in Research IV has been examined and recommended for ORAL
EXAMINATION.
SHEILA MARIE L. MORES
Adviser
______________________________________________________________________
APPROVAL SHEET
Approved by the Oral Defense Panel on ___________________ with a rating of
__________________.
HERNANNIE F. FABIALA, MT I
Chairman
JASPER KATE F. FADRILAN
Member
JOB F. FACTOR
Member
Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Special Science Curriculum in
Research IV.
HERNANNIE F. FABIALA, MT I
Science Coordinator
ABSTRACT
Title :
JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus) SAP AND SINTURIS
(Citrus noblis) SAP AS SHOE GLUE
Researchers: FLORAMEL JOY F. FALCULAN
JENNY ROSE M. FRONDA
KENDRICK F. MOTIN
ROWENA F. FAN
Curriculum: Special Science Class (SSC) Curriculum
Year:
2020
Adviser:
SHEILA MARIE L. MORES
There are many people who use shoes and they are aware if their shoes open ups.
When this case happens, they buy something to put on it which is called shoe glue in order
for it to reuse than to throw it away. The researchers decided to conduct a research study
that would help people who needs like the government employees, teachers and students
which is the jackfruit and sinturis as shoe glue. This would be a great help for the people
who benefited from it because it was well-tested and could be bought in an affordable price.
The researchers used the experimental design in conducting the study. In this
design, it is also a way to carefully plan experiments in advance so that the results are both
objective and valid. This design is appropriate in this study because the researchers
conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of Jackfruit sap as shoe glue.
In making this product, the researchers follow the procedures; collecting of
materials, measuring, mixing, boiling, pouring recording, and concluding. Spearman rho is
used to test the degree of relationship between the bond strength and the drying duration to
determine whether the bond strength and drying duration depend on each other. The
researchers used the experimental design to test the effectiveness of citrus and jackfruit
trees as shoe glue. An experiment involves making a change in avalue of one variablecalled the independent variable and observing the effect of that change on another variablecalled the dependent variable.
The researchers found out that jackfruit and citrus trees' sap can be good in
making a shoe glue. The researchers therefore concluded its effectiveness is significant to
people who have damaged shoes like the students, teachers and other local entrepreneurs
because it is good in repairing damaged shoes. On the experiments and results, the
researchers found out that the quality attributes of the product are possible to be a
substitute as shoe glue. It was concluded that the hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, the
researchers concluded that Jackfruit and citrus trees' sap can be used to produce a good
quality shoe glue.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This accomplished study would not be possible without the people who extended their
utmost love and support in sharing their knowledge and time to the researchers.
The researchers would like to express their sincerest appreciation and warm gratitude
to the following individuals behind the completion of this study:
Sheila Marie L. Mores, their research teacher and adviser, for her guidance that
provides the researchers with inspiration and motivation to finish this study and most
especially for the advices that she had given to the researchers while the study was being
conducted.
Their families, for their moral and financial support while the study was being
conducted.
Their friends and classmates, who had always been supportive and understanding from
the very start up to the completion of this study.
Their informants, who gave their time for the researchers' interview and gave a big
contribution to their study despite of their busy schedules and for the helpful answers they
have given during the interview.
And most of all, the researchers would like to thank Heavenly Father, for giving them
the knowledge, the courage, and the strength that the researchers need to accomplish this
research study.
The Researchers
DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate this research study to the people who helped
and encouraged them to pursue this study.
To the family of the researchers who inspired them in finishing their study.
To the school where the researchers came from.
To the people that need this product.
The Researchers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PRELIMINARIES
i-vii
CHAPTER
1 The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
1
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
2
Statement of the Problem
2
Hypotheses
3
Scope and Limitation of the Study
3
Significance of the Study
3
Definition of Terms
4
2 Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literatures
6
Related Studies
8
3 Methodology
Research Design
10
Materials
10
Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils
11
Procedures
11
Sampling Procedure
13
Respondents of the Study
14
Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedures
Statistical Treatment of Data
4 Results and Discussion
14
14
15
16
5 Summary, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Findings
21
Conclusions
21
Recommendations
22
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
DOCUMENTATION
QUESTIONNAIRE
LETTERS
CERTIFICATION
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background
This chapter presents the introduction, conceptual framework, statement of the
problem, hypothesis, scope and limitations of the study, significance of the study, and
definition of terms.
Introduction
Glue sticks, super glue, liquid glue and glue spray are common materials found in
each classroom. Strikingly, the creation of glue dates to around 200,000 BC, when it was
mixed with paint to make cave drawings last longer. Derived from plant and animal
materials, glue has been a staple of humankind for millennia. Being only one member of a
large class of adhesives, glue works by binding two materials together. It does this through
producing a small surface chemical reaction and bond between the materials. Today, the
development of the glue industry is moving forward rapidly, and the creation of stronger
and more flexible glues are continuously being invented.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is an indigenous fruit tree that is widely
distributed throughout many tropical countries, including Philippines both cultivated and
wild.
This plant is locally available also in Simara. It contains a sap which has a
component that is identical to the white wood glue called latex.
With this, the researchers were encouraged to use this as an additive in making a glue
because sap is extremely sticky and therefore also utilized as an effective adhesive. On the
importance of glue, the function and value of this sticky stuff plays a very important role in
the school. The glue sticks things together or something is stuck to other things especially
in bonding thin materials. Through this, the object likely to stay together and wouldn’t fall
off and get lost.
To lessen the duration time of the glue to getting dry, the researchers used alcohol.
Alcohol consists mainly of ethanol or isopropanol. Ethanol and isopropanol boil at a lower
temperature than water, which generally means that they evaporate quicker than water. The
boiling temperature is largely determined by attractive interactions between the liquid
molecules.
Although commercial shoe glues can be bought at any local market, these products
are expensive and release harmful gases to atmosphere that contribute to global warming.
According to Oxford Dictionary global warming is a gradual increase in the overall
temperature
of the
earth's atmosphere generally attributedDependent
to the greenhouse
Independent
variable
variableeffect caused
Jackfruit (Artocarpus
by increased
levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons,
and other pollutants.
Effectiveness
Shoe Glue
heterophyllus) Sap and
Citrus Sap
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1.1. Paradigm of the Independent and Dependent Variables on Jackfruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus) Sap and Sinturis (Citrus noblis) Sap as Shoe Glue
Statement of the Problem
This research was conducted to produce shoe glue out of jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus) sap and sinturis (Citrus noblis) sap. Specifically, this study was sought to
answer the following questions:
1. What type of shoes can the product bind?
2. How fast does the product dry?
3. How strong can the product bind?
4. Does the product’s bond strength depend on its drying duration
Hypotheses
Base on the foregoing research questions identified, the researchers formulated the
following null hypotheses:
1. The product cannot bind materials such as leather, cloth, rubber, and others.
2. The glue does not dry for approximately a minute.
3. The bond strength is not the same for all types of shoes tested.
4. The bond strength does not depends on the product’s drying duration.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study was conducted to prove the efficacy of jackfriut sap (Artocarpus
heterophyllus) and sinturis (Citrus noblis) sap as an alternative shoe glue used to repair
broken shoes. This study was conducted at Corcuera National High School Science
Laboratory from July 2019 to March 2020.
The study is limited to the material the product would bind, the product’s strength
to bind and how fast the product dries compared to commercial shoe glue. Other parts of
the plant involved would not be included in this research. Additionally, the product of the
study would not be tested by a laboratory.
Significance of the Study
The results of the study is beneficial to the following:
Researchers The results of the study provide information to other researchers and
can be used as their reference for future studies.
Students The product of this study can be used by many individuals especially
those students that doesn't have enough money to buy expensive shoe glue to fix their
shoes.
School This study will improve the school in the development of research
education. This study will foster new ways of enhancing knowledge, skills and attitude,
thus preparing globally-competitive researchers in the future.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally and lexically to provide a common
frame of reference:
Adhesive it also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any non metallic
substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them together
and resists their separation.
Citrus It is a tree of a genus that includes citron, lemon, lime, orange, and
grapefruit.
Ethanol Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic
beverages, used as fuel.
Latex It contains a sap which has a component that is identical to the white wood
glue
Global Warming It the most noticeable changes because of this increase in
temperature is the melting of ice caps all around the world.
Sap It is a fluid transported in xylem cells or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant.
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literatures
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) trees belong to the family Moraceae.
They grow abundantly in India, Bangladesh, and in many parts of Southeast Asia
(Rahaman and others 1999). It is one the most significant evergreen trees in tropical areas
and widely grown in Asia including India. It is a medium-size tree typically reaching 28 to
80 ft in height that is easily accessible for its fruit. The fruit is borne on side branches and
main branches of the tree. Average weight of a fruit is 3.5 to 10 kg and sometimes a fruit
may reach up to 25 kg.
The search for lesser known and underutilized crops, many of
which are potentially valuable as human and animal food has included jackfruits which
have been the focus of research in recent years.
Phytochemistry
Heterophyllus contains various chemical constituents as several flavone
colorings, morin, dihydromorin, cynomacurin, artocarpin, isoartocarpin, cyloartocarpin,
artocarpesin, oxydihydroartocarpesin, artocarpetin, norartocarpetin, cycloartinone, and
artocarpanone (Rama Rao and others 1973). The heartwood of jackfruit on analysis yields
moisture (6.7%), glucosides (38.0%), lipids (0.7%), protein (1.7%), and cellulose (59.0 %)
(Perkin and Cope 1895). The jackfruit also contains free sugar (sucrose), fatty acids,
ellagic acid, and amino acids like arginine, cystine, histidine, leucine, lysine, metheonine,
theonine, tryptophan, and others. (Pavanasasivam and Sultanbawa 1973). Bark from the
main trunk contains betullic acid and two new flavone pigments including
cycloheterophyllin (C30H30O7) (Chawdhary and Raman 1997). Heterophylol, a phenolic
compound with a novel skeleton, was obtained from A. heterophyllus (Chun-Nan and
Chai-Ming 1993). The leaves and stem have shown the presence of sapogenins,
cycloartenone, cycloartenol, β-sitosterol (Nath and Chaturvedi 1989), and tannins, and they
have shown estrogenic activity. The root contains β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, betulinic acid,
and cycloartenone (Dayal and Seshadri 1974).
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has also been utilize for industrial purposes.
Its branches and trunk are burned for fuel wood. In the province of Cebu, Philippines, the
wood is highly prized for making guitars, ukuleles, and other musical instruments
(Everything Cebu, 2010). The heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware and
pottery and as caulking for boats and buckets. The latex contains resins that may have use
in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of papaya latex
(Gamboa, 2013). Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trapping birds (birdlime) and for
insect traps. The bark contains 3.3 % tannin (Prakash et al., 2009). Tannin is a dye, which
is used to give the famous orange-red color to the robes of Buddhist priests
Distribution and Diversity of citrus
The genus Citrus is one of the 33 genera in the sub-family Aurantioideae of the
family Rutaceae. The taxonomy and geographic origin of Aurantioideae have been
reviewed by Swingle and Reece (1967).
About Citrus Sap
Citrus Sap is a sativa-dominant hybrid created as a joint venture between Crockett
Family Farms, creators of Clementine, and the prolific DNA Genetics, who have given us
flavorful strains like Lemon Skunk and Chocolope. Citrus Sap is a cross between powerful
indica Gorilla Glue #4 and flavorful sativa Tangie. Despite its mostly sativa genetics, this
strain tends to offer powerfully sedative effects. Besides leaving behind a lingering cloud
of sweet, citrus funk, Citrus Sap is liable to leave you couch locked and daydreaming. Its
THC content has been measured at between 17% and 24%.
Flowers of Citrus Sap tend to have a conical shape, tapering down from a broad base
into a pointed tip. They range in size from small to medium and cling together in the dense,
solid structure typically associated with indicas. The leaves are a pale shade of spring
green and are threaded through with dark, rust-colored hairs (which are actually pistils,
structures meant to catch pollen from fertilizing male plants). True to the “sap” in their
name, flowers of Citrus Sap are covered in silvery resinous trichomes, giving them a frosty
appearance.
Like parent strain Tangie, Citrus Sap has a predominantly citrus smell, redolent of oranges
and tangerines. Underlying this sharp aroma is a sweetness that verges on sour, with a
slightly rank, fermented edge. On closer inspection, these buds also carry the woodsy odor
of pine. Meanwhile, grinding up or breaking open the flowers yields some slightly skunky
notes. When burnt in a joint or a pipe, Tangie gives off a thick and lung-expanding smoke
that may induce coughing or cause eyes to water. On the exhale, this bud’s flavors meld, as
the smoke leaves behind the tastes of citrus-inflected pine sap.
Citrus Sap offers a slow, creeping high that may only set in several minutes after smokers
have savored its unique, rich flavor. Initial effects take the form of full-body relaxation,
with tingling, soothing waves spreading from the neck down through the core and limbs.
Citrus Sap also comes with a trippy sensation, as it distorts perception of external stimuli
like sights and sounds. This psychedelic edge makes it a great accompaniment to spacey
movies or music, as well as for lifted conversations with like-minded friends. Indeed, the
bud’s effects can be very social, facilitating giddiness and camaraderie. Although Citrus
Sap provides some mental stimulation, any cerebral activity takes the form of rambling,
circuitous daydreaming rather than an intense, analytical mindset; smokers should not plan
on accomplishing a mountain of work after enjoying this aromatic strain. As the high
wears on or as dosage is increased, couch lock becomes more and more likely. Enjoy this
strain as a way to unwind after a long day or week of work. Because of its mostly sleepy
vibes, Citrus Sap is best enjoyed during the evening or late at night.
A rare sleepy sativa, Citrus Sap makes it mark with potent effects and a memorable scent.
This bud is a good resource for kicking back alone or with friends. Its high resin content
can also be valuable in the production of hash and other THC concentrates.
Related Studies
Jackfruit: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. synonyms of the species of jackfruit (botanical or
scientific name: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) are: A. philippinensis Lam., A. maxima
Blanco, Soccus arboreus major Rumph., Polyphema jaca Lour., A. brasiliensis Gomez
(Soepadmo, 1992). Nevertheless, since various synonyms given to this species there is
some confusion in relation to taxonomic nomenclature. One of the synonymes which is
often used is A. integrifolius Auct. Nevertheless, it actually belongs to A. integer (Thunb.)
Merr.
General morphology
It is described as an evergreen medium-sized to large tree with 10-20 m tall,
(sometimes even reaching 30 m), with a dense crown and a long taproot. The crown is
conical when the trees are young or grown under shaded conditions and reaches a
diameter of 3.5-6.7 m at five years; becoming rounded and somewhat irregular when older.
The bark is described as somehow scaly and greyish brown or dark grey.Branches spread
from low down the trunk while inserted at angles ranging from 30- 90º. Twigs are
cylindrical and mainly smooth but sometimes with short, white hairs, which become
smooth later.
Renuka Prasad and Virupaksha [114] have purifed a protease named ‘artocarpin’,
from jackfruit latex which has showed proteolytic activity against casein. Te jackfruit latex
also can be used as an adhesive.
Jack tree latex has the same composition as the fruit gum. Besides proteins and
mineral substances, the two contain a high percentage of waxy matter. The less soluble
portion (small amount) of the wax yields on saponification a non-steroid substance melting
at 96-7° and having probable composition of C30H58O2. The more soluble major fraction
yields artostenone on saponification. Experiments indicate definitely that this ketone is not
occurring free and that it is formed as a result of the saponification. Though artostenone
does not have the capacity of forming enolesters, α-artostenone yields an enol-benzoate
readily. Further α-artostenone and its enol-ester undergo conversion into artostenone under
the conditions of saponification. Hence the conclusion is drawn that in the plant it is αartostenone that occurs in the form of enol-wax-esters.
Citrus sap
More and more British homeowners are bringing the Mediterranean to their
gardens by investing in a fruit tree or two. These colourful additions can brighten up a
courtyard, orchard or lawn and keep you self-sufficient in whichever variety of fruit takes
your fancy.
Although they’re not particularly difficult to maintain, fruit trees can leave their
owners literally stumped when they encounter a problem.
One of the most frequently asked questions about lemon trees in particular is why
they have sticky leaves. We will attempt to address that right here but if you’re unsure of
what to do, it’s always worth getting a professional to come out and take a proper look.
leaves of any tree are usually evidence of an aphid infestation or occasionally an
infestation of a tree above the lemon tree. Aphids feed on the sap of phloem vessels – this
is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients to the plant for healthy growth. These
insects pierce the leaf using their mouth and suction up the sap into their food canal.
Aphids suction up more sap than they can physically digest which means the
excess drops onto leaves below. As the sap dries, it leaves a sticky, sugary substance
known as honeydew.
Occasionally the sap residue will also be flecked with black. This indicates the
presence of a fungus called sooty mould. While this might appear alarming, the fungus
relies on the sap itself to feed and not the leaves, therefore causing no further damage.
Colonies of ants often eat the honeydew which is rich in energy. This provides the lemon
tree with additional protection from predators and creates an ecological balance Where
infestations are unmanageable, it is advisable to prune your lemon tree to remove some of
the insect colonies.
Another useful tip is to spray the lemon tree with water from a hose which will help
to wash and disperse some of the population and prevent them from finding their way back.
It is possible to buy natural oils such as Neem oil which infects and kills aphids and won’t
harm your tree. You could also try and introduce other predators organically to control
your aphid populations. Ladybirds and wasps are particularly partial to aphids. The good
news is lemon trees are one of the toughest citrus trees and will withstand many problems,
including aphid infestations.
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
Research Design
The researchers used the experimental design to test the effectiveness of citrus and
jackfruit trees sap as shoe glue.
According to Sugiyono (2006:80), experimental research is a research which has
the purpose to find the cause-effect relationship among variables in a controlled condition.
The essential feature of experimental research is that investigators deliberately control and
manipulate the conditions which determine the events, in which they are interested,
introduce an intervention and measure the difference that it makes. An experiment involves
making a change in the value of one variable – called the independent variable and
observing the effect of that change on another variable – called the dependent variable
(Louis, 2007:291).
Materials
The materials used in the study were jackfruit sap, 20ml; citrus tree sap , 20ml; and
alcohol, 5ml . Table 3.1 shows the materials and ingredients used in making of sinturis
(Citrus noblis) sap and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophllus) sap as shoe glue.
Quantity
Materials and Ingredients
Jackfruit sap
20
Citrus Trees sap
20
Alcohol
5
Table 3.1. Materials and Ingredients in Making of Sinturis (Citrus noblis) Sap and
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Sap as Shoe Glue
Equipment and Utensils
The equipment and utensils used in the preparation of this study were pot, spoon
and container. Table 3.2 shows the equipment and utensils used in making of sinturis
(Citrus noblis) sap and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophllus) sap as shoe glue.
Equipment and Utensils
Quantity
Pot
1 unit
Spoon
1 unit
Container
1 unit
Table 3.2. Equipment and Utensils in Making of of Sinturis (Citrus noblis) Sap and
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Sap as Shoe Glue
Procedures
First, the researchers gathered the ingredients and prepared the materials needed.
Next, they heated the pot. Then, they measured 20ml of jackfruit sap and sinturis sap.
When the two saps are already measured, they put it on the pot and mixed it thoroughly
until it totally melted. Lastly, put it on a container and test it to damaged shoes.
Figure 3.1. Process Flow Sheet in Making of Sinturis (Citrus noblis) Sap and
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Sap as Shoe Glue
Testing the Product
The shoe glue produced from citrus sap and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophllus) sap
were applied to different types of surfaces of shoes such as leather, rubber, and fabric. The
efficacy of the product was tested by shoe glue’s bond duration and bond strength.
Measuring of the Bond Strength
It was done by using different levels of wind strength using the anemometer: level
one is assigned to be 9 m/s; level two is 10 m/s, and level three is 11 m/s. it was tested by
applying the product, increasing in amount every trial (amount is measured by how many
wipes when applied) onto the surface of shoes and left to dry then exposed to different
wind strengths using a fan (Fulgencio et al., 2014).
Measuring for the Drying Duration
It was done using a timer. Drying duration is the time it took for the different types
of shoes to dry.
Relationship Between Bond Strength and Drying
It was proven by using Spearman Rank-order Correlation to determine the
relationship of the bond strength and the drying duration of the ranked surfaces of shoes
based on both bond strength and drying duration.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The statistical treatment used in analyzing and interpreting the data is the Spearman
Rank-order Correlation.
The formula is as follows:
where:
rs = Spearman rho
ΣD2 = Sum of the squared differences between ranks
N = Number of cases
CHAPTER 4
Results and Discussions
Table 4.1. The observed time it took for the different types of shoes to dry and their
bond strength in accelerating the wind strength
Surfaces
of Shoes
Drying Duration (minute)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Bond Strength Level (m/s)
Trial 3
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Leather
18.3
19.4
20.0
9
10
11
Rubber
17.60
18.9
19.9
9
10
11
Heel shoes 18.50
19.7
21.6
8
9
10
The following data are ranked depends upon on the amount of glue that was put on
the shoes above and are then evaluated. The table show the time it took for the different
types of shoes surfaces to dry and their bond strength at different wind speed. As you can
see in the table above , in terms of drying duration , shoes that have a large amount of glue
that was put such us leather shoes and rubber shoes , tend to dry faster than the shoes that
have a small amount of glue that was put such as heel shoes.
Larger amount of glue also dry for a minimum of eight minutes while smaller
amount of glue dry for ten minutes and above. It is also observed that shoes with smoother
textures such as leather and rubber shoes dry approaximately one minutes slower tha that
regular ones.
Moreover , in terms of the bond strength level of each shoes surface , shoes with
smoother textures easily get separated when in strong wind. In trial one , it is observed that
shoes such as leather and fabric withstand strong wind since the leather shoes initially
reached the second wind strength level ( equal to 10m/s ) and the rubber for reaching the
strongest wind strength level ( equal to 11m/s ) initially then consistently when bonded
together.
In trial two , it is observed that shoes with smoother textures still easily get
separated in strong wind because the iniatial tests showed the least amount of efficacy on
both leather and fabric.
In trial three , the rubber and fabric reached the strongest level of wind strength
while the smooth surfaced shoes increased the bond strength gradually to level two.
The statistical treatment used was Spearman Rank Order Correlation to test the
relationship between the bond strength and the drying duration to determine whether the
bond strength and the drying duration depend on each other . The result showed that p =
0.876 ,thus , pertaining that there is a positive high relationship between the product's
drying duration and it's bond strength . This means that the bond strength highly depends
on the product's drying duration.
CHAPTER 5
Findings
1. Jackfruit and citrus trees' sap can be good in making as shoe glue.
2. It has been found out that the shoe glue produced was cheaper and easy to prepare than
other shoe glue.
Conclusions
1. Its effectiveness is significant to people who have damaged shoes like the students,
teachers and othet local entrepreneurs because it is good in repairing damaged shoes.
2. On the experiments and results, the researchers found out that the quality attributes of
the product are possible to be a substitute as shoe glue.
3. The hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, the researchers concluded that Jackfruit and
citrus trees' sap can be used to produce a good quality shoe glue.
Recommendations
1. The researchers highly recommend to use the produced product in repairing damaged
shoes.
2. The researchers also recommend to have a further study if there is any enhancements
and improvements that can be seen out of this product and making
comparison/comparative experiments with comercially available shoe glues.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Online Sources
https://www.leafly.com/strains/citrus-sap
https://treesurgeryshenfield.co.uk/blog/why-are-the-leaves-on-my-lemon-tree-sticky
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/169749/8/08_chapter%202
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/j/jackfruit+artocarpus+heterophyllus
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eh51jh_0008C&pg=PA666&lpg=PA666&dq=citru
s+sap+literature+review&source=bl&ots=SfJKX0-bg&sig=ACfU3U39pg9spgI0rtlXvubvUIeNUxH8VQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifhtq
CkYLoAhXpFqYKHf4aCVA4ChDoATAAegQIBBAB#v=onepage&q=citrus%20sap%20
literature%20review&f=false
https://onlinelibrary.wil
ey.com/doi/abs/10.1002
/arch.21394
https://repository.up.ac.
za/bitstream/handle/226
3/60855/Sam_Calibrati
on_2016.pdf?sequence=
1&isAllowed=y
APPENDICES