Lesson 1 and 2
Lesson 1- physical education 1
Physical education defined
Physical education has been defined in many ways. According to the p.e 1 workbook for tertiary
level made by Eviza, et al. (2007), Lumpkin (2002) defined physical education as a process through which
an individual obtains optimal mental, social and fitness skills through physical activities, while Ravelo
(1972) had the concepts of p.e as an education through or by means of physical activities. Likewise,
eviza, et. Al. Emphasized that p.e is a planned sequential instruction that promotes lifelong physical
activity. It is designed to develop basic movement skills, sports skills and fitness as well as to enhance
mental, social and emotional abilities (wikipedia. Org).
Dr. Carmen Tabije Andin (1978) defined physical education as an integral part of the education
program designed to promote the optimum development of an individual physically, emotionally,
mentally, spiritually and socially through total body movements in the performance of properly selected
physical activities. Further, she explained that p.e offers unique opportunities for the development of
the individual who can easily find himself fit to live in the new society as well as to contribute to his
maximum capacity in the service of his fellowmen, his country and above all, his god.
Brief historical development of physical education
The vast development of physical education encompasses varied contributions on all human
kinds. During primitive ages, people were educated physically for survival. They seek for food and secure
themselves against harmful enemies. The policy of isolation of ancient china, control of individuality,
and absence of universal language were reasons for the Chinese to lack on physical advancement,
however, it is believed that rich families are engaged in arts, music, dance, kung-Fu, tai-chi, wrestling,
kite flying and water games.
In India, the land of the caste system, religious and mystic philosophies, was against progress,
sanitation and physical education. Some of the favorite past time of the people were throwing balls,
dice, tumbling, chariot races, riding elephants, horse riding, wrestling, swordsmanship, boxing and
dancing. “yoga” which is an exercise in posture and regulated breathing developing one’s flexibility is
the most important contribution of India. In Persia, under Cyrus the great, believed that education is
needed to be moral and physical, and the boys should have military training.
The Egyptians believed in living a full life. This meant a life full of physical activity. The Egyptian
young boys were instructed in the use of various weapons of war, such as the bow and arrow, lance and
shield. They engaged in many sports and gymnastics exercises. In dance, the Egyptian women danced
for royal entertainment. An evidence of this can be seen on ancient Egyptian carvings.
the Greeks and romans were the first to give physical education an important place. It formed a
major part of their educational program and its utilitarian value in times of war beyond question many
of the present philosophical ideas controlling our modern programs date back to this early era. When
the Teutonic barbarians invaded, Rome fell and Christianity appeared. The early Christians had little use
for physical education. They believed that life should be spent in prayer, that the spirit and soul should
be exalted and that life to accomplish this by neglecting, punishing and degrading the body.
The program in America has been affected by foreign system of physical education. The
colonists brought with them the activities familiar to childhood, yet they did not include physical
education in their school program because pioneer conditions provided much physical activity and their
sober religious conception of life gave little place to recreation.
Beck, Follen, and Lieber came over from Germany and introduced "German gymnastics; Nisson
and Posse brought with them the Ling system of Sweden; esthetic gymnastics, physical culture,
psychological culture, harmonic gymnastics, and dynamic breathing all tried for a place. Physical
education in this country has developed upside down and inside out. It began in the universities and
landed in the elementary school; it emphasized athletics for the few instead of for the many.; it tried to
fit the individual to a system instead of utilizing natural activities and adapting them to the educational
and health needs of the child.
In the Philippines, its colonization affects its physical education. Filipinos are known for its arnis,
cockfighting, folk dances, traditional games such as juego de anillo, sungka, siklot, luksong- tinik, hide
and seek, card games, kite flying, etc. During Spaniards, Japanese and American colonization different
sports and recreational activities in almost all kinds of sports internationally.
General Objectives of Physical Education
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The development of organic vitality
The development of many specific neuro-muscular skills
The development of proper ideals and attitudes toward physical activity
The establishment of desirable habits of conduct
Specific Objectives of Physical Education
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Prevent handicaps and improve physical efficiency
Improve the individual's posture
Decrease mental strain and improve mental health
Develop symmetry, control, and grace of bodily movement
Develop ability to meet physical emergencies
Develop alertness and quick response
Develop an active response to rhythm
Develop courage, self-control, self-sacrifice, courtesy, kindness, loyalty, obedience, honesty,
cooperation, and initiative
Create in youth an intelligent and healthful interest in physical activity and give to him a fund of
activity material for use in leisure time
Create an interest in the physical welfare of others
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Promote the desire for wholesome association and recreation
Develop the proper spirit toward victory and defeat
Develop good character
Develop the quantities inherent in leadership
OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION (ANDIN 1978)
The following objectives of physical education are viewed and stated in terms of its contribution to the
outcomes of education
A. Physical Development
 Through the carefully selected physical education activities, an individual who participates
actively will develop and maintain a high level of physical fitness.
B. Social Development
 Participation in the physical education activities provides opportunities for the development of
desirable social traits needed for adjustment to the social life in general. Some of the
worthwhile traits are: friendliness, cooperation, respect for the rights of others, good
sportsmanship, good leadership and fellowship, honesty in group competition etc.
C. Emotional Development
 The informal nature of physical education is such that they provide relaxation and relief from
the strain and tensions of the school work, and opportunities for the self-expression and
emotional mastery. Emotional traits that can be developed are self-confidence, self-control, selfreliance, courage determination. etc.
D. Mental Development
 Through participation in physical education activities, the individual develops his mental
capacities as he learns the mechanical principles underlying movements, as he acquires
knowledge and understanding of rules and strategies of games and sports, and as he discovers
ways of improving his movements in gymnastics and dances.
LESSON 2- PHYSICAL FITNESS
A person does not need to build muscles to be physically fit. It is much more than the muscles
building. It involves everything from cardio-respiratory fitness to being more flexible. Scully (1994)
defined physical fitness as the ability of an individual to carry out daily task efficiently with enough
physical capacity to cope with the physical needs of life. Similarly, a person is said to be physically fit if
he possesses the strength and stamina to carry out his tasks without in due of fatigue and still has
enough energy to enjoy leisure and to cope with unforeseen emergencies (National Revision Writing
Team of the Physical Fitness and Sports Development Project, Supplemental teaching Guide for physical
Fitness, Manila DEC, PAAF, PCV, 1974).
PHYSICAL FITNESS is generally a state of having a healthy body, a person who had proper diet,
proper rest and regular exercise. It is the ability of the body perform task with vigor, alertness, and
without feeling tired.
Scientifically, PHYSICAL FITNESS is characterized as the ability of an individual to perform task
successfully effectively and efficiently without undue fatigue but with extra-reserved in case of
emergency.
COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
HEALTH – RELATED COMPONENTS- components of physical fitness which are directly associated with
good body fitness
1. CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE- the ability of the body to perform prolonged, largemuscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high level of intensity
2. MUSCULAR STRENGTH- the amount of force a muscle can produce with single maximum effort
3. MUSCULAR ENDURANCE- the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to remain contracted or to
contract repeatedly for a long period of time.
4. FLEXIBILITY- the ability to move the joints through their full range of motion
5. BODY COMPOSITION- the proportion of fat and fat-free mass (muscle, bones, and water) of the
body.
6. ORGANIC VIGOR- refers to the soundness of the heart, lungs, and cardio-respiratory system of
the body.
SPORTS-RELATED COMPONENTS- components of physical fitness which are directly associated with skill
performance
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SPEED- ability to produce successive movements at a fast speed
AGILITY- ability to change direction rapidly with control from one place to another
POWER- ability to produce maximum force
BALANCE- ability to maintain body equilibrium while stationary or moving
REACTION TIME- time elapsed between a stimulus and a reaction
BODY COORDINATION- control over a series of muscular contractions, so as to create a desired
motion.
LESSON 3- WELLNESS: THE NEW HEALTH GOAL
WELLNESS is an expanded idea of health. Many people think of health as being just the absence of
physical disease. But wellness transcends this concepts of health, as when individuals with serious illness
or disabilities rise above their physical or mental limitations to live rich, meaningful and vital lives.
Some aspects of health are determined by your genes, your age and other factors that maybe
beyond your control. But true wellness is largely determined by the decisions you make about how to
live your life.
THE DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS
No matter what your age or health status, you can optimize your health in each of the following six
interrelated dimensions. Wellness is any dimensions is not a static goal but a dynamic process of change
and growth.
PHYSICAL WELLNESS- optimal physical health requires eating well, exercising, avoiding harmful habits,
making responsible decisions about sex, learning about and recognizing the symptoms of diseases,
getting regular medical and dental check-ups and taking steps to prevent injuries at home, on the road
and on the job. The habits you to develop and the decisions you make today will largely determine not
only how many years you will live, but the quality of your life during those years.
EMOTIONAL WELLNESS- optimism, trust, self-esteem, self-acceptance, self-confidence, self-control,
satisfying relationship, and an ability to share feelings are just some of the qualities and aspects of
emotional wellness. Maintaining emotional wellness, requires monitoring and exploring your thoughts
and feelings, identifying obstacles to emotional well-being and finding solutions to emotional problems
with the help of a therapist if necessary.
INTELLECTUAL WELLNESS- the hallmarks of intellectual health include an openness to new ideas, a
capacity to question and think critically, and the motivation to master new skills, as well as sense of
humor, creativity, and curiosity. An active mind is essential to overall wellness; it detects problems, finds
solutions and directs behavior. People who enjoy intellectual wellness never stop learning. They seek
out and relish new experiences and challenges.
SPIRITUAL WELLNESS- to enjoy spiritual health is to possess a set of guiding beliefs, principles or values
that give meaning and purpose to your life, especially during difficult times. Spiritual wellness involves
the capacity for love, compassion, forgiveness, altruism, joy, and fulfillment. It is an antidote to cynicism,
anger, fear anxiety, self-absorption and pessimism. Spirituality transcends the individual and can be a
common bond among people. organized religions help many people develop spiritual health. Many
others find meaning and purpose in their lives on their own-through nature, art meditations, political
actions or good works.
INTERPERSONAL AND SOCIAL WELLNESS- satisfying relationship are basic to both physical and
emotional health. We need to mutually loving, supportive people in our lives. developing interpersonal
wellness means learning intimacy, and cultivating a support network of caring friends and or family
members. Social wellness requires participating in and contributing to your community, country and
world.
ENVIRONMENT OR PLANETARY WELLNESS- increasingly, personal health depends on the health of the
planet from the safety of the food supply to the degree of violence in a society. Other examples of
environment threats to health are ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, air and water pollution, lead in old
house paint, and secondhand tobacco smoke in indoor air. Wellness requires learning about and
protecting yourself against such hazards ad doing what you can to reduce or eliminate them, either on
your own or with others.
BEHAVIORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO WELLNESS- a lifestyle based on good choices and healthy behaviors
maximizes the quality of life. It helps people avoid disease, remain string and fit, and maintain their
physical and mental health as long as they live. The most important behaviors and habits are described
in the following sections.
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BE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE- perhaps the singles most important choice individuals can make to
promote wellness is to be physically active. The more we ask of our bodies, bones, heart, and
lungs, the stronger and more fit they become.
CHOOSE HEALTHY DIET- in addition to being sedentary, we have a diet that is too high in
calories, fat and added sugars and too low in fiber and complex carbohydrates. This diet is linked
to a number of chronic diseases, including heart diseases, stroke and certain kinds of cancer. It
provides necessary nutrients and sufficient energy without also providing too much of the
dietary substances linked to diseases.
MAINTAIN A HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT- overweight and obesity are associated with a number of
disabling and potentially fatal conditions and diseases, including heart disease, cancer and
diabetes. Healthy body weight is an important part of wellness but short term dieting is no part
of fit and well lifestyle.
MANAGE STRESS EFFECTIVELY- many people cope with stress by eating, drinking, or smoking
too much. Others don’t deal with it all. In the short term, inappropriate stress management can
lead fatigue, sleep disturbances and other unpleasant symptoms. Over long periods of time,
poor management of stress can lead to less efficient functioning of the immune system and
increased susceptibility to disease.
AVOID USE OF TABACCO AND USE ALCOHOL WISELY, IF AT ALL- tobacco use it associated with
7 of the top 10 causes of death, and excessive consumption is linked to 6 of the top 10 causes of
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death a year. Smoking and excessive drinking of alcohol are especially notable factor in the
death and disability of young people, particularly through unintentional injuries.
PROTECT YOURSELF FROM DISEASE AND INJURY- the most important way of dealing with
disease and injury is to prevent them. Many of the lifestyle strategies discussed here being
physically active, managing body weight, and so on help protect you against chronic illness, in
addition, you can take specific steps to avoid infectious disease, particularly those that are
sexually transmitted. These diseases are preventable through responsible sexual behavior,
another component of a fit and well lifestyle. Other important behaviors in a fit and well lifestyle
include developing meaningful relationships, planning ahead for successful aging, becoming
knowledgeable about the health care system, and acting responsibly in relation to the
environment.