INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
PHYSICAL EDUCATION SECTION
Online PE-101AA Class On
Sports Biomechanics (Part 1)
By
Pankaj Pandey
PTI Cricket
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Concept of Biomechanics
➢ Meaning and Definition of the biomechanics
▪ Biomechanics is a combination of two words “BIO and MECHANICS”. Bio means life or living
things and Mechanics refers to motion (The forces that acts on body).
▪ Biomechanics is the study of forces and their effect on living systems.
▪ The study of action of external and internal forces on living body specially on the skeletal system.
▪ External forces like friction, gravity, air etc.
▪ Internal forces like bones, muscles etc.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Importance Of Biomechanics In Sports
➢1. Improvement of Sports Techniques
▪ Improvement of old techniques.
▪ Development of new techniques.
➢ 2. Improvement of Sports Equipment's /Facilities Personal equipment's
like sports shoes, sportswear, guards.
▪ Technical equipment's like javelin, Pole, Racket, Bow & arrow, Ball etc.
▪ Sports facilities like artificial turfs, tracks, landing mattress etc.
▪ Instruments for measuring sports performance like electronic stopwatch, photo finish apparatus
etc
➢ 3. Improvement of Sports Training
▪ Teaching correct movement pattern.
▪ Locating faults in execution.
▪ Identifying causes of faults.
▪ Suggesting appropriate corrections
▪ Standardizing exercises.
▪ Designing training equipment’s.
▪ Introducing new training methods.
Cont.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢4. Prevention of Sports Injuries
• Techniques for preventing injuries.
• Equipments for preventing injuries (Gloves, guards, mattress etc.)
➢5. Rehabilitation of Sports person
• In designing the Rehabilitation Equipment as well as different types of orthotics, the knowledge of
biomechanics comes very handy.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Newton’s Law and Its Application in Sports
➢1.Law of Inertia
▪ It is first law of motion and according to this law, a body at rest
will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at
the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an
external force.
• A body will remain in its state of rest or motion unless some
external force acts on it. Similarly, if an object is in a state of
motion tries to remain in the same position, unless some external
force is applied on, the tendency of bodies to resist a change in
their state of motion is known as inertia. For example, a cricket
ball will continue to be in motion until it is not stopped by
resistance of rough ground and air.
• Example :- A thrown ball will not go on forever in a straight line
with uniform velocity, because of gravity and air resistance, two
external forces that slow the ball and pull it downward. In the
same manner a rolling ball will eventually come to rest because of
frictional force, which always opposes the motion of one body over
another.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢ 2.Law of Acceleration
• It is the second law of motion. According to this law, "A change in acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass.”
• Explanation :-This law indicates that a greater force is required to attain a certain space given time.
If we fire a bullet on a window pane it will pass through the window pane and if we throw a big
stone at this window pane, it will break the glass pane. The bullet has greater momentum than the
stone, because it has greater speed. The second law of motion is applicable to relay races, while
exchanging zone.
• Application in Sports:- In cricket, while taking a high catch, the player is required to move -hands
backwards while taking the catch. This increases the time, thus decreasing the force required to
stop the ball. This ensures that the player doesn't get hurt in the process.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢3.Law of Action & Reaction
• According to this law, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction or for every action
force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
• Explanation: - All forces act in pairs and one could say that for every force exerted by one body on
another body, there is an equal and opposite force acting on the second body. Two forces must be
interacted; for example when a sprinter drives against the start blocks, the blocks push back
against his/her feet. Carrying this further, the blocks must in turn push against the ground which
then instantly applies an opposite force against the blocks. If the blocks were to slip, there would be
inadequate reaction and the runner would have a poor start. Other examples could be walking,
jumping and so on.
• Application in Sports :- In shooting, when a gun or pistol is fired the bullet moves forward(action).
The gun or pistol jerks backward (reaction). When a person walks, he presses the ground in
backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground pushes him in forward direction with an equal
force (reaction).
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Levers, Type of Levers and Its Application in Sports
➢ Lever
▪ From the point of view of mechanics, a lever is a rigid bar , which can rotate about a fixed point
when a force is applied to it to overcome a resistance.
▪ The proper use of levers plays an important role in sports for producing effective performances.
Depending upon the requirements of the technique the different levers of the body (short, medium
or long ) can be brought into action. Furthermore , many sports implements like hockey stick , golf
club , cricket Bat and tennis rackets etc., in conjunction with the body segment, work as a part of
the lever and work according to the principle of leverage.
➢ Type of Lever
▪ There are three types of levers and these are classified into three classes or orders, depending on
the relative position of the fulcrum and the position where the force and the resistance act.
Cont..
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢ Lever of First order
▪
In the first order lever, the fulcrum lies in between the force and the resistance point.
▪
Examples :- Sea-saw, planter flexion, hyperextension of neck.
➢ Lever of Second order
▪ In a lever of the second order the resistance point lies between the fulcrum and the point of
application of force.
▪ Examples :- opening of door, wheel barrow, the push-up and raising on the toe
➢ Lever of Third order
▪ In this class of lever, the point of application of force lies between the fulcrum and the resistance.
▪ Examples :- Elbow flexion , dorsiflexion , hitting a hockey ball, kicking a football
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Centre of Gravity and its Application in Sports
➢ Center of Gravity can be defined as “The single point at which all parts of an object
are equally balanced.
➢ A persons center of gravity can change depending on their body position as the
center of gravity is the exact point where all the parts of an object are equally
balanced .
Cont..
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢The Center of gravity of the human body
The point of exact center, around which the body may rotate freely in all directions
• The point around which the weight is equal on all opposite sides or
• The point of intersection of the three cardinal (primary) body planes sagittal frontal and horizontal.
•
➢The following factors are important for understanding
gravity and its effects on performance
the center of
• Because of the differences in the body structure between men and women, center of gravity is
usually proportionately lower in women than in men. This gives women structural advantage in
stability.
• On the average center of gravity is proportionately higher in children than in adults as a result of
the change in the body proportions as one progress from childhood to adulthood.
• The center of gravity is effected by amputations and other structural changes which cause the body
to deviate from normal.
• Further, the addition of external weight. such as a backpack, will relocate the center of gravity.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Line of gravity
➢Line of Gravity is the vertical line that passes through the center of gravity to the
ground.
➢If the line of gravity falls within the objects base of support (i.e. Its contact with the
ground), the object is relatively stable.
➢If the line of gravity falls outside the object’s base of support (i.e. its contact with
the ground), the object is relatively unstable.
Base of Support(BOS))
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Force
➢A push or a pull on an object that can cause it to change direction is termed as
Force. Force only exists as a result of an interaction.
➢Force is the effect that one body has on another body.
➢we cannot observe the force but we can only perceive its effect. for example when a
force is applied on a football, we can not observe the kicking force but we can
observe the effect of the force on the ball i.e. the motion in the football.
➢Example: When we push to open the door, swimming in the water to move ,
throwing a ball, kicking a football, lifting a weight, we apply force on it.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
The Production of force
➢External forces are produced from outside the body & originate from gravity,
inertia, or direct contact.
➢Only muscles can actively generate internal force, but tension in tendons,
connective tissues, ligaments, and joints capsules may generate passive internal
forces.
➢The appropriate sequence to get maximum force is necessary.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Application of Force
➢The force on an object must be applied in the direction in which it has to travel.
➢All activities require a summation of forces from the beginning of movement in the
lower segment of the body to the twisting of the trunk and movement at the
shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints.
Absorption of Force
➢Significant mechanical loads are generated & absorbed by the tissues of the body.
➢Tension in tendons, connective tissues, ligaments, and joints capsules may
generate passive internal forces.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
PHYSICAL EDUCATION SECTION
Online PE-101AA Class On
Sports Biomechanics (Part 2)
By
Pankaj Pandey
PTI Cricket
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Centripetal Force
➢A force which acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed towards the
centre around which the body is moving.
➢Centripetal force: this is the force that pushes or pulls an object towards the axis
of rotation in order to make it follow a curve or circular pathway. When a player
swings a bat, he applies centripetal force to make that bat follow the arc of swing.
➢Centripetal force is needed by the player to maintain his grip. If the rotational
momentum is more, the centrifugal force could cause the player to lose his grip and
the bat may go of the hand.
➢These forces act when a runner takes a sharp bend leans inward to obtain the
necessary centripetal force.
➢A cyclist going round the curve leans towards the centre of the curve in order to get
necessary centripetal force.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Centrifugal Force
➢Centrifugal force
• This is the force that pushes or pulls an object outward from the axis of rotation. This force is equal
and opposite of the centripetal force.
• A good example of centrifugal force is something you can try for yourself. Stand, with your arms
relaxed, at your sides. Then spin round slowly, gradually increasing your speed. If you’re relaxed,
you should feel your arms and hands gradually floating outwards - it feels as if some force is pulling
them outwards. That’s centrifugal force. Now, while you’re spinning at top speed, loosely bring your
right arm and hand inwards, towards your body. If you do this correctly, you will feel a force making
your hand veer away, at right angles to your body and to the inward movement of your arm.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Projectile Trajectory and Factors Affecting Projectile Trajectory
➢Projectile
• A projectile is a body or object that is in the air and is under influence of the forces of gravity and air
resistance
• Object thrown into the air horizontally or at an acute angle under the action of gravity is called
projectile.
➢Trajectory
▪ It is the path of a projectile or other moving body through space (air).
▪ The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory and it is a parabolic path.
▪ A foot ball trajectory in the air.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Factors Affecting Projectile Trajectory
• Initial velocity
• Angle of projection
• Projection height
• Air resistant
• Gravity
• Spin
Cont..
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢Projection height (height of
release) : The higher the level of
release the longer distance is cover in
flight
➢Air resistance : When a projectile
moves through the air it is slowed down
by air resistance
➢Gravity : Gravitational force is exerted
by earth on all the objects.
➢Spin : Amount and direction of spin
directly affects the distance covered.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Motion
➢ Motion may be define as an act or process of changing place or position relative to
some point of reference or in other word the locomotion of a body mass in space in
time.
Forms of Motion
➢ A. Geometrical Course of Motion
➢ Linear Motion
▪ All parts of the body move in the same distance at same time and in the same direction . Ex. 100
meter sprint, punching in boxing.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢Angular Motion
▪ A body moves along a circular path about an imaginary line. Example : Knee Flexion, rotation on
the horizontal bar.
➢General Motion
▪ Combination of the linear and angular motion. Example : A football traveling in air with rotating
on its own axis
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢ B. Chronological Course of Motion
➢Regular motion
▪
Equal distances covered in equal intervals time
➢Non regular motion
▪
Unequal distances covered in equal intervals time
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Work Power Energy
➢ Work
▪ Work W= F X S
▪ Work done = constant force X Distance (moved in the direction of the force)
▪ The work done during a lift is equal to the work done to lift the bar plus the work done to
lift the body if we assume that the bar and center of mass of the lifter moved 40cm (0.4
meter) and that the average force measured via a force platform was 800 N than we can
calculate the work done: W=FxD =800Nx0.4M = 320NM =320 J
➢ Power
The rate of doing work or rate of using energy.
Power =
work done
time taken to do work
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢ Energy
• The energy is the capacity to do work
• Kinetic energy = ½ mv2 joule
• Potential energy=mgh joule
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Friction
➢Meaning of friction
▪ Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surface, fluid layers and material elements
sliding against each other. It creates obstruction to moving objects. Friction is a force that is created
whenever two surfaces move or try to move across each other. Friction always opposes the motion or
attempted motion of one surface across another surface. Friction is dependent on the texture of both
surfaces. Friction is also dependent on the amount of contact force pushing the two surfaces
together. There are several types of friction : Static friction, dynamic friction, fluid friction, dry
friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, internal friction etc.
➢Definition of Friction
▪ “Friction is the rubbing of an object or surface against another.”
▪ “Friction is the resistance that one surface on object encounters when moving over another.”
Cont..
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢Types of friction :
▪ (i) Static Friction (ii) Kinetic Friction
▪ Static Friction : The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over the
surface of another, but the actual motion has not yet started, is called static friction.
▪ Kinetic Friction : Kinetic friction is the friction between objects in motion. The surface of the
object producing friction should be dry. It is a product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the
normal reaction force. It occurs when two surfaces are in motion relative to each other.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢ Advantages of Friction
• Friction between pen and paper enables us to write on the paper.
• Friction between our feet and the ground allows our movements like standing, walking and
running.
• Friction between the surface of the road and tyres of our vehicles allow the vehicles to move without
slipping.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢ Disadvantages of Friction
• Friction causes moving objects to stop or slow down.
• Friction produces heat causing wastage of energy in machines.
• Friction causes wear and tear of moving parts of machinery, soles of shoes, etc.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
References
➢Fundamental of Bio-mechanics by Duane Knudson
➢Mechanical Aspects of Human Motion by Ramesh Rai
➢Kinesiology and Biomechanics by Dr. A.K.Uppal & Jogiswar Goswami
➢Sports Biomechanics.by Anthony Blazevich
➢Health and Physical Education Text Book by Dr. V.K.Sharma
➢Web sources (Images)
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Thank You
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
PHYSICAL EDUCATION SECTION
Online PE Class On
Kinesiology (Part 1)
By
Pankaj Pandey
PTI (Cricket)
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Concept of Kinesiology
➢ Meaning and Definition Of Kinesiology
➢ Kinesiology is a consist of two Greek word kinesis and logia, kinesis means motion
(movement) and logia means ‘to study 'or discourse. Thus kinesiology means the
study of motion.(science of movement).
➢ Kinesiology is the study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relations to
human body.
➢ Kinesiology – anatomy + mechanics
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Importance/ Role of Kinesiology
➢I. Role of kinesiology in coaching.
• By the help of it a coach can analysis the performance smoothly and strictly in accordance with the
principle of mechanics.
➢II. Role of kinesiology in physical fitness program.
▪ An athlete with poor physical fitness requires a systematic exercise program for
development of his physique.
▪ Exp- A swimmer may require exercise(systematic) for development of range of movement
of his shoulder joints.
▪ A long jumper also require a good explosive strength..
▪ A gymnast require exercise for the development of upper body.
➢III. Role of kinesiology in scientific weight training.
• A coach must know the location and action or movement of the muscles and then only
should decide the weight training program.
cont..
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢IV. Role of kinesiology assessing kinesiological aptitude of performance.
• If short heighted-[gymnastics, weight lifting, wrestling]
If long heighted-[volleyball, basketball, high jump]
➢ V. Role of kinesiology for preventing injuries.
• Design the training program according injury less movements
➢VI. Role of kinesiology adjusting
implement ground and other factors.
equipment,
clothing,
apparatus
• Like in sprinting event which type of start will be comfortable or block and which type of clothes will
be comfortable etc.
➢VII. Scientific analysis of skill. -Rectification of the faults.
➢VIII. Selection of proper conditioning exercise.
• Which type of conditioning exercise will be good during competition period and transitional period
and which type of movement is good or injuries less.
➢IX. Modification of technique.-Like- straddle and Fosbury techniques in high jumps.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Terminology Of The Fundamental Movement
➢Flexion - Flexion is a movement which decreases the angle at
the moving joints. Exp. flexion of the elbow, flexion of the knee.
➢Extension - Extension is the opposite movement of flexion which
increases the angle of joints. Exp. extension of the elbow,
extension of the knee.
➢Abduction - When any part of body is moved sideward and away
from the mid-line of the body, the movement is termed as
abduction . Exp. sideward elevation of the arm, sideward
elevation of the leg.
➢Adduction - When the body part which is abducted is moved
towards the midline of the body, the movement is termed as
adduction. Exp. adduction of the arm.
Cont..
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢Supination - Supination is rotational or turning
movement with respect to the midline of the body or the
body segment which is done outward. Exp. outward
rotation of the arm.
➢Pronation - Pronation is also a rotation or turning
movement with respect to the midline of the body segment
but it is done inward. Exp. inward rotation of the arm
➢Planter flexion - When the toe going away from the tibia
the movement termed as plantarflexion. Exp. Toe stretch
in gymnastics.
➢Dorsi flexion - When the toe coming close to the tibia the
movement termed as dorsiflexion. Exp. Dorsiflexion at the
ankle joints.
Cont.…
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢Rotation - When the body segment or the whole body turns or twist around its
midline the movement termed as rotation. Rotation may be from left or
right(clockwise or anti-clockwise) Exp. Inward or outward rotation of the leg.
➢Circumduction - These movement may take place obliquely to the three planes
and axes and generally occurs in circular manner these movement termed as
circumduction's. Exp. Circumduction of the finger and shoulder
Cont..
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢Inversion - When the sole of the foot faces inward that is towards the midline of
the body, the movement termed as inversion. This movement is only countable at
the ankle joint. Exp. Walking on the outside of the foot.
➢Eversion - When sole of the foot faces outward, the termed as eversion. This
movement is also countable only at ankle joint. Exp. Walking on the inner side of
the foot.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
PHYSICAL EDUCATION SECTION
Online Class On
Kinesiology (Part 2)
By
Pankaj Pandey
PTI (Cricket)
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Fundamental concept of Axis and Planes
➢Axis
▪ Axis means an imaginary line which through a body, around which movement takes place.
▪ Any rotatory movement of a body or its segments take place around an imaginary line which is
termed as an axis.
▪ The best natural example is the imaginary axis of the earth which passes through the north and the
south pole and around which rotation of the earth take place.
▪ There are three traditional axis which are perpendicular to each other.
▪ There are also three traditional cardinal plane which are perpendicular to each other.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
➢ Frontal Axis-Frontal axis is an imaginary line which passes through a body horizontal from side to side.
➢ Sagittal Axis-Sagittal axis is an imaginary line which passes through a body horizontal from front to back.
➢ Vertical Axis-Vertical axis is an imaginary line which passes through a body vertically and perpendicularly
downward.
➢Plane
▪ Plane is an imaginary surface which passes through a body and in
which movements takes place. Plane is two dimensional surface which
divide the body into two equal half of same mass.
▪ Any movement of the body or its segments around an axis can be
justified to be a movement in an imaginary surface which is termed as
a plane.
▪ The three cardinal planes are as follow.
➢ Frontal plane – Frontal plane is an imaginary surface which passes
through the body from side to side and divides the body in to two equal
front and back halves of same mass.
➢ Sagittal Plane – Sagittal plane is an imaginary surface which passes
through the body from front to back and divides the body in to two
equal left and right halves of same mass.
➢ Horizontal Plane - Horizontal plane is an imaginary surface which
passes through the body horizontally and divides the body in to two
equal top and bottom halves of same mass.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Relationship Between The Three Axis and Plane
➢ All the three axis are perpendicular to each other.
➢ All the three planes are perpendicular to each other.
➢ Frontal axis acts perpendicular on sagittal plane. Any movement in the sagittal
plane will be around the frontal axis.
➢ Sagittal axis acts perpendicular on frontal plane. Any movement in the frontal
plane will be around the sagittal axis.
➢ Vertical axis acts perpendicular on horizontal plane. Any movement in the
horizontal plane will be around the vertical axis.
➢ Frontal axis acts parallelly to the frontal plane.
➢ Sagittal axis acts parallelly to the sagittal plane.
➢ Vertical axis acts parallelly to the frontal and sagittal plane.
➢ Horizontal plane acts parallelly to the frontal and sagittal axis.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Movements with relation to axis and planes
➢
Frontal axis and sagittal plane
a)
b)
c)
d)
Flexion
Extension
Dorsi flexion
Planter flexion
➢
Sagittal axis and frontal plane
a)
b)
c)
d)
Abduction
Adduction
Eversion
Inversion
➢
Vertical axis and horizontal plane
a)
b)
c)
d)
Inward rotation of leg.
Outward rotation of leg.
Pronation of arm.
Supination of arm.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Mechanical Analysis of Walking and Running
➢ Difference between walking and running.
➢ Running
•
•
•
•
Running is a process, in which both feet's are off the ground in the float phase.
There is a double swing phase and the swing phase is longer.
Linear and Angular velocity of lower limbs is faster.
Running requires greater range of motion.
➢ Walking
•
•
•
•
Walking is a process , in which at least one part of body (foot) remains in contact with the ground.
There is a longer stance phase where as swing phase is shorter.
The linear and angular velocity of lower limbs is slower.
Walking requires lesser range of motion.
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Mechanical analysis of walking Stance phase
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Heel strike
Early flat foot
Late flat foot
Heel rise
Toe off
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➢ Swing phase
▪ Initial swing
▪ Mid swing
▪ Terminal swing
➢ Mechanical Analysis of Running
Stance Phase
▪
▪
▪
Initial contact
Absorption
Mid-stance
Swing phase
▪
▪
▪
Initial swing
Mid swing
Terminal
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
References
➢Kinesiology and Biomechanics by Dr. A.K.Uppal & Jogiswar Goswami
➢Health and Physical Education Text Book by Dr. V.K.Sharma
➢NSNIS Patiala Kinesiology.
➢Google Primary Search (Images)/web resources
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur
Thank you
Physical Education Online course (PE-101AA), IIT Kanpur