DQWBW Y GNÄ]W]NW MVBEMXBIW IKZBPEMW WB@M MN ]WB HM HBG]KMEBW EAZ®
Disb y gnäsunds mxbemrdtbrids gbegmeimetm dn usb hm hbgukmetbs EZ
®
®
Nbs g÷hilbs, ebrkds, prägtg
prägtgds
ds rmgbkmehdhds, y luds hm nd EAZD ("Hbgukmetbs EA) sbe hmsdbnndhbs d trdvs
hm prbgmsb hm hmsdrrbb hm ebrkds pbr gbesmesb dprb`dhb pbr m kmigde Edtibedn Wdehdhs situm
situm (situtb
(sit utb
Edgibed kmigdeb hm Ebkds). Msm prbgmsb rmÿem d vbuedrbs qum mpmsmede
m pmsmede himrmetms puebs hm vistd m
iemmsms pdrd blrd m n gbesmesb
gbesmesb me tmkds hm egmehibs y smlurihdh. Kmes qum EAZ dhkeisrd
dhkeisrd mn prbgmsb y
mstd`mgm mlnds pdd prbkbvmr nd mquhdh me m hmsdrrbnnb hm gbesmesb eb prum`d hm kdemd iehmpmehmetm ei
mvdÿd, e vmrigd nd prmgis÷e hm gudquimr ebkdg÷e b nd vdhm hm gudumrd hm bs ougbs gbemehbs me nbs
Hbgukmebs AZ
d EAZ d ssdd  gdq dô sd d ds  s hdôs  gdq
ddzd, d sd s
sgd
gds
s gs,  gsggd  gsds, sd hg  g h d
gdg÷, s s  hgd  s Hgs EAZ d EAZ dg ddzd d gs÷  q d
dg÷ që gdd sé gd
 mxpmhr  pbemr bs Hbgukmetbs EAZ d nd hispbsg÷e hmn pÿ`ngb nd EAZ eb sm rmspbesd`iid
rmspbesd`i id d prmsdr smvigbs
pbamsbedms  hm dlued bd ehbnm d ebk`rm hm gudqumr bd pmsbed b meihdh Xdkpbgb sm mspbesd`nd nd
EAZ hm mvd d gd`b gudnquimr b`ildgi÷e pbr pdtm hm gudquimr pmsbed  metihdh d dnluime käs Gudqumr pmrsbed
qum uiigm mst hbgukmetb hm`mrä gbed me su pbpib ouigib iehmpmehimem b gbkb smd dpbpdhb, `usgdr mn gbesmob
hm ue pamsibed gbkpmtme
gbkpmtmetm
tm pdrd hmmki
hmmkiedr
edr m mgigb rdbed`m me gunqum giguestdegd
giguestdegd hdhd
Nd EAZ e imem pbhm ei mspbesd`nhdh drd vlidr
vlid r b fdgmr gukpi bs gbetmeihbs hm bs Hbgkmetbs EAZD
Xdkpbgb d EZ isd gmrigd, prum`d b espmggbed prbhugbs hismbs b iestdndgbems me gukpikimetb gbe msm
hbgukmeb. Gdnqumr gmrtgdgi÷e u bd hmgdrdg÷e hm gukpnkmeb gb nbs mqumrkmebs hm mstm hbgukmetb eb
hm`mräe sm dt`u`nms d nd EAZ y ms ÿegdkmem mspbesd`nhdh hm gmrtgdhb b nd pmrsbed b metihdh qum fdgm d
hmgdrdgi÷e
ss  gäs
gä sds
ds krde
k rdes
s geed e d rdg÷  nd gerdd
gerddd
d
EZ eb s fdgm rmspbe sd`nm pbr nd mxdgtituh
mxdgtituh y vmdgihdh
vmdgihd h hm msd dhugi÷e
dhugi÷e d mspdôbn.
mspd ôbn. Me mn gdsb hm dnlÿe gbeanigtb
metrm nds mhigibems me ihibkd ielés y mspdôbn, mn ihibd ielnés prmvdmgmä.
MGBHBIB? G] NI_GI×E HM EB EA
bs uudribs hm g÷hlbs ebrkd prägtigds rmgbkmehdhds y luds EAZ ("Ebrkds EAZ hm`me
hm`m e sd`m
qum nds bkds EAZ umhme sm mekmehdhds gdhd tdeb kmhdetm nd mkis÷e hm Mekimehds Iemrieds
Xmedivds b gbmlihds kmhdem Mdds.
]ed bkd EAZ bgidn gbesstm me nd mhg÷e vilmem hm
h m hbgukeb me ue kbkmeb hdhb oueb gbe
gudquim Mekimehd Iemried Xmedtvd y gudnqum Mdtd qum sm meguetrm me vilmegid me msm kbkmeb.
    d s d Ed EAZ d s hdd d d s÷  d
Md d Xdd  gd d d Mdd s ds Zäds  dg÷ 
Hgs   s w  EAZD ds Zäds  dg÷ h Hgs g
d÷ sgëgd  dgdzdd  g gdq Md d Xdd  Mdd
d
a
Zdrd dggmhmr d d Zäled hm Iebkdg÷e hmn Hbgukmetb hm ue Hbukmetb EAZ mspmggb, vism
vis m
webrl/hbgeb pdrd fdgm ued smnmgg÷e me nd nisd hm Ebrkdtvd EAZ b uigm nd eg÷e hm
`ÿsqumhd u`gdhd d nd hmrmgfd pdrd smnmggbedr mn eÿkmr
eÿkmr hm d Ebrd EAZ ( EAZ <:) ds Zälieds hm
Iebdgi÷e hm Hbgukmebs iegnuyme nds pu`ngdgbems
pu`n gdgbems hm tbhds nds Mkmehds etmeds Xmetdivds y
Mdds dk`e iegnuyme nd bpgi÷e hm mlisrdsm pdrd rmg`r ued etgdg÷e hm "mrtd y rmgi`i ue
gbrrmb mmgt÷egb dutbkätgb gudehb sm pu`ngde eumvds dgtudidgbems y eumvd ierkdg÷e me rmndgi÷e d
hbgukmb.
@? 96-48==047- (Z
@? 9648==0470-8 (Z
DQWBW Y GNÄ]W]NW MVBEMPXBW M.GIBEHBW GBE NBW HBG]KMEBW EAZ
®
DQWBW Y GNÄW]NW MVBEMPXBPW HGBENMW
gtudndgi÷e hm hbgukmetbs EA
Nbs usudribs hm ns g÷hilbs, ebrkds, prägtigds rmgbkmehdhds,
rmgbkmehdhds, y lëds hm d EAZ Hbgukmetbs EAZ") hm`mr mstdr
gbesgmetms hm qum stm hbgukmetb pumhm rmmkpdzdrsm me gudqumr kbkmetb d trvés hm d mksi÷e hm eumvds mhigibems
mhi gibems b
pumhm smr mekmehdb hm vmz me gudehb d trdvés
trdvés hm d mks÷e hm Mekmehds Ietmrds Xmetdtivds.
Xmetdtivds. ]e Hbgukmetb bgidn hm d
EAZ me gudnqumr bkmetb gbesstm hm nd mhig÷e dgtud hm hbgukmetb
hbgukmetb ouetb gbe gudquimr Mekmehd
Mekm ehd Ietmred Xmetdtvd y
gudnquimr Mrrdtd me mgtb me msm kbkmetb. Zdrd pbhmr hmtmrkedr si ue hbgukmet ms d mhigi÷e dgtudn y s fd sihb
mekmehdhb d trdvés hm nd mkis÷e hm Mekimehds Ietmreds metdtvs
metdtvs b gbrrmlhb d tvés
tvés hm d mksi÷e hm Mrrdtds gbesuntm
pu`ngdgbems dhmgdhs hm d EAD tdms gbkb m Edbed Arm Gbhms® Wu`sgrptb Wmrvgm (Wmrvgb hm Wusgrpg÷e
Wusgrpg ÷e d bs
÷hlbs Edgibednms gbetrd egmehbs), vstm mn sitib \m`
\m` hm nd EA
E A me w.epd.brl b gbeägtmsm gbe d
 d EAZ me nd
hirmggi÷e d gbeteugi÷e
etmprmtdgbems hm hbgukmetbs EA
]ed hmgdrdgi÷e msgritd u brd qum eb ms prbgmsdhd hm dgumrhb gbe nd mgg÷e 1 m nd Pmlundgbems qum Lb`imrede nbs
Zrbymgtbs hm bkités eb hm`mr smr gbesihmrdhds ued pbsigi÷e bgd hm nd EAZ b hm gudnqumrd hm sus bkités y eb hm`mrä
smr gbeshmrdhd gbb ei utnzdhd gbkb, ued Ietmrprmtdg÷e Bgd
Zdtmetms
Nd EAZ eb tbk eelued
e elued pbsturd rmspmgtb hm d vdihmz hm eielÿe hmrmgfb hm dtmetms rmamrmegihb me rmdgbedh
rmdgbedhb
b gbe
b hmgndrdh
hmgndrdhb
b me gbex÷e
gbe x÷e gbe ue Hbgukmetb
Hbgukmetb hm d EAZ. Nbs usudribs hm nbs Hbgukmetbs
Hbgukmetbs hm nd EAZ sbe bs ÿegbs
rmspbesd`ms
rmspbesd`
ms tb m hmtmrkiedr d vdhmz hm gudquimr hmrmgfb hm pdtmetms, gbkb hm hmtmrkiedr
hmtmrkie dr mn rmslb hm ieielr tdms
hmrmgfbs, y d EAZ eb sm fdrä rmspbesd`m hm nd vibndgi÷e hm eelÿe hmrmgfb hm pdmetms qum rmsuntm hm usb b hm d
gbedezd hmpbstdhd me nbs Hbgukmetbs
Hbgukmetbs hm nd EAZ
Nd EA dhfimrm d nd pbnëigd hmn esiutb Edgibedn hm Ebrkdizdg÷e
Ebrkdizdg÷e Mstdhbuemesm (EI) me
m e rmndg÷e gbe d egus÷e
hm pdtmetms me Ebrds Edgbednms Mstdhbuehmesms
Mstdhbuehmesms (nd Zbnëtigd hm Zdtmetms hmn EI) y pbr mstm kmhib ebtigd hm
gbebrkhdh gbe hfd pbëtigd?
gbebrkhdh
Q m sbngtd dn usudrib qum pbeld dtmeg÷e d nd pbsi`hdh
pbsi`hdh hm qum m gukpikmeb
gukpik meb hm ue Hbgukmetb
Hbgukmetb EA pumhd
rmqumrir mn usb hm d led ievmeg÷e gu`mrtd pbr hmrmgfbs hm pdtmetms. Nd EAZ eb bkd eielued pbsturd me gudetb d d
vdnihmz hm tdms hmrmgfbs hm pdtmetms b me gudetb d si tdnms hmrmgfbs hm pdtmetms gbettuyme b iegnuyme rmgndkbs hm pdtmems
msmegidms `b nd Znëtgd hm pdtmetms hmn EI. i me rmndgi÷e gbe d Zbnëtgd hm Zdtetms hmn EI mn tmemhbr hm ued pdtmem
fu`mrd hmgndrdhb s vbuetdh hm btbrldr nigmegds `b mstbs hmrmgfbs me térkiebs  gbehgbems rdzbed`ms y eb
hisgrikedtbrbs d snigtdetms
snigtdetms qum hmsmde b`tmemr hgfd gmegd, pumhme b`tmemrsm m nd EAZ gbpds hm tdnms hmgdrdgibems
prmsmetdhds d pmhb Zdrd kdybr ierkdg÷e gbetdgtdr d nd EAZ me nd hrmgg÷e
hrmgg÷ e ehgdhd d`dob
Nmyms y Pmldgibems
Nbs usudribs hm ns Hbgukmetbs EAZ hm`mräe
hm`mräe gbesutdr nds nmyms y rmludgbems mhmrdnms, mstd
mstdtdms
tdms y bgdms dpgd`ms
EAZ eb prmtmehm dn
d n pu`igdr sus g÷hilbs, ebrkds, prägtigd
prägtigdss rmgbkmehdhds, y luëds kpunsdr
 kpunsdr dggbems qum eb gukpde gbe
nds nmyms dpnigd`nms y mstbs hbgukmebs eb hm`me etmrprmtdrsm gbkb edgtbrms hm  nmy
Hmrmgfbs hm dutb
Nbs Hbgukmetbs EAZ sbe prbpmhdh tmrdrd y timeme hmrmgfbs rmsmrhbs d vr hm d EAZ. Mstäe pumstbs d hspbsg÷e
pdrd ued pnd vdmhdh hm usbs dk`bs pÿ`gbs y prvdhbs Mstb eguym dk`bs usb pbr rmamrmegid me nmyms y rmludgbems, y
usb me dutb-rmlundg÷e privdhd ebrkdnizdgi÷e y nd prbkbgi÷e hm prägtgds y kétbhs sm l rbs  pbemr mstbs hbgukmetbs d
hispbsg÷e pdrd us y dhbpg÷e pbr pdrtm hm dutbrihdhms
dutbrihdhms pÿ`nigds y usudribs prvdhs
prvdhs d EAZ eb rmeuegd eelÿe hmrmgfb
hm dutbr hm mstm hbukmeb
rdvés
és hm nd dhbpg÷e pbr rmmrmegid. Mn
]sb hm Hbgukmtbs EAZ pdrd prbp÷stb
prbp÷stbss rm l ntbribs hm`mrëd nnmvdrsm d gd`b d  rdv
térkieb dhbpgi÷e br rmrmegid" silegd mn gtdr m tëtub mhigi÷e, m erkdgi÷e b`rm nd pu`nigdg÷e ÿeigdkmetm
udqumr suprms÷e, dhg÷e y gdk`bs
gdk` bs hmsmdhbs pbr d dutbrhdh
dutbrhdh qum nb dhbptd hm`räe debtdrsm pbr smpdrdhb. Zdrd dyuhdr d
nd EAZ me hdr smluikmetb d bs usbs hm sus hbgukmetbs, sm rmqumrm qum ds dutbrdhms qum dhbptme
dhbptme ebrkds EAZ
ebtiqume d d EAZ (
(tmeg÷e
tmeg÷e mgrmtdrëd besb hm Ebrkds) pbr msgritb hm tdn ub.
ub. Zdrd b`tmemr dsistmegid tégegd b s
timem prm letds gbemimetms d nd dhbpgi÷e hm Hbgukmetbs EAZ gbetägtmsm gbe nd EAZ me nd hirmggi÷e d gbeteudg÷e
Kdybr ieabrkdgi÷e
bhds nds prm letds u btrds gbkueigdgbems rmdgibedhds gbe nbs Hbgukmetbs
Hbgukmetbs EAZ
EA Z y tbhbs nbs pmhihbs pdrd ierkdg÷e
sb`rm nbs prbgmhkietbs qum lb`imde su prbgmsb hm hmsdrrbnnb hm g÷hlbs y ebrkds, iegnuymehb erkdg÷e sb`rm bs
prbgmhkmetbs hm ÷kb sbgtdr Ietmrprmtdgbems bgdms, pdrd prbpbemr Mekimeds Iemrieds metdtivs y pdrd prbpbemr
rmvisibems hm hbgumetbs EAZ hurdetm ggbs hm rmvsi÷e rmludrms, hm`me smr mevhbs d nd smhm hm nd EAZ, hirlihb d
EAZ Fmdhqudrtmrs
tte?
tt
e? mgrmtdry tdehdrhs buegin
4 @dttmrdrgf Zdrc
B @bx 9:
Tuegy, K :00194:4
sthsRdhkeJeapdbl
Xëtunb hm hbgukmeb brilied?
EAZD®IB
Wtdehdrh abr Zbrtd`nm Airm Mxtieluisfmrs
0:46 Mhtibe
Xtunb me mspdôb?
EAZD®IB
Ebrkd pdrd Mxtietbrms Zbrtätnms
Zbrt ätnms gbetrd Igmehbs
Mhgi÷e 0:46
Xrdhugg÷e pbr?
Xrdhugg÷e
Ndeludlms \brnhwihm (Xrdhugg÷e tég egd
egd))
Pmvs÷e Xégegd?
Gberdhb Kdre
Obrlm Qmrd Gbrrdnms
EZD eb sm fd rmbesd`n pbr nd xdgttuh y vghdh
vghdh h td tug÷ dn pdôbn. Me n sb
s b h dÿe
gbeoigw e nds hg e hbkd elnés y dôbn, n h kd elnés pdngrä.
i
I:-4
Hmrmgfbs hm dutb© Edtibedn Arm Zbtmgtibe Dssbgidibe ®. Xbhb bs hmmgbs
h mmgbs msmvdhbs
EAZD® 4:
Ebrkd pdrd
Mxtietbrms Zbrnms gbetrd Iegmehbs
Mhigi÷e 0:46
Nd pmsmetm mhigi÷e hm EAZD 4:, Ed pMxtiet>s Zbrtätþ, m pmpddhd pb m Gbkié
ége b sb`rm Mxtiebrms Zbtätinms Aum mkii
égeb
m kiihd
hd pb mn Gbesmob
Gbes mob hm Ebds mn 4 hm dlbstb
dlb stb hm 0:4<,
gbe gd hm me¼dhd me vilmegid m 04 hm dlbsb hm 0:4< y rmmkpndzd  tbhds ds mhigibems
detmrms.
Mst hbgukmetb fd sihb kbhigdhb pb ued b käs mekimehds iemrieds tmetdtivds (medtvm
Ietmr Dkmehmets b XD) y/b mrdtds Qmr "G÷hilbs y Ebds me wwweapdbl pdrd b`tmemr käs
ierdgi÷e
Mst mhig÷e hm EAZD : m dpb`dhd
dpb`dhd gbb Ebrd Edgibedn hm b Mstdhbs ]eihbs m n 0 hm
dlbs hm 0:4<
Brilme y hmsdrrbnb hm E :
Me 96 y 4949, m Gbté hm Zägtigd hm Gdpb hm EAZD pmhmgmsb hm dgtudn gbkité) tuvb
ued dtivd pdtgpdg÷e me d md`brdg÷e hm ued ebkd sb`m prbtmgg÷e gbe pikmbs duxbs Nd
prkm ebkd EA bgd sb`rm msm tmkd m dhbptdhd me 904. Mhgibems rmvisdhds mbe
dhbpthds pb nd dsbgdg÷e me 901, 4906 4909, 497: 497, 970 4971 976, 980 498=, 9=:
9=7, 9==, 9=1, 49=<, 49=6, 49=9, 491, 910, 4917, 91=, 4911, 91< 916, 4919, 9<:, 49<0, 9<7,
9<8 9<=  9<6 y 496 Me 91=, ds mhgbems prmvds mbe hvhihd me hbs tmxbs smpddhbs ueb
qum dbrhd`d d esdndg÷e y mn smluehb sb`rm kdetmeikmeb y usb. d mhg÷e 49<8 rmgbk`ed`d
tbhd  ierkdgi÷e pmvidkmetm gbetmeihd me EAZD 4: y EAZD :D Wm dlml÷ ue eumvb dpéehgm d
nd mhig÷e 49<8 pdrd egu iekdg÷e sb`rm nd smmggi÷e hm mxtetbs pdrd rmslbs me m fbl Nd
ierdgi÷e sb`m smnmgg÷e y hsr`ug÷e hm mxiebrms m dlrmldhd  dpéehgm hm nd mhigi÷e
9<6.  nd mhigi÷e 4968 sm figimrbe kpbrtdetms kbhgdgbems gbe ems hm sikpgdgi÷e y
uebkhdh Nd ebrkd m rmvisdhd me 966, 99: y 998
Mxtietb
 Zbrtätinm me Qivimhd
Qiv imhd Ad-inidr y ]eihdhm
Me 996, EA  :P Zägtig Pmgbkmhhd pdr Mxtietb
Fd`itgibedn m mvbgdhd Nd iekdgi÷e sb`m mstm tmkd m iegbrbdhd gbkb ue demxb hm
EAZD 4:
Mst ebrkd m mvsdhd me 0::0.
Nd mhigi÷e 0::< m ued
ued mvis÷e gbkpmtd hm mstd ebkd
Wm egnuymrbe gdk`bs me nd mhg÷e 0:4:
0 :4: hm msd ebkd gbe mn e m gukp gbe mn Keun h
mtinb drd nb Hbgukt hm nb gbkité tégeigb hm ED kmhidetm d mnkdgi÷e hm térkebs
iedpid`nms. Xdk`iée sm dlml÷ kdtmridn me demxbs pdd gndrigdr d emgmsihdh hm mikiedr bs
mxietms b`sbmtbs
Nd mhigi÷e 0:7 hm msd ebrkd m mvsdhd pdd iegnui ued kmob msgipgi÷e hm bs dlmetms
mxietms gdsm  y mn lrdhudn d`dehbeb hm bs mxtetbrms hm dn÷e isthbs Wm dkp÷ d hmeigi÷e
hm fdnbgd`bebs gbe mn pbp÷stb hm pmrkt mn usb hm gudnqumr dlmem fdbgd`bedhb dgmptd`m
smlÿe mn pbldkd hm Zbnëtigds hm Eumvds Dtmdivds Wleigdtvds (Wileigdet Emw Dtmdivms
Zbngy b WEDZ hm d Dlmegid hm Zrbtmggi÷e hmn Kmhib Dk`imem hm nb Msdhbs ]ehbs (]W
Mevirekmed Zrbtmgtbe Dlmegy b ] W. MZD) Nd nistd hm hbgukmetbs EA um gbe tmeme
Mevirekmed
rmquistbs dhgbedms qum mmkpndzde
mmkpndzde b dkpëde d dumnbs eguhbs me mstd ebkd m
sleidtvdkmetm dkpnidhd pdrd skpnigd su mmmegd Wm dlmldbe eums hstdegds hm
rmgbrhb pdd bs mslbs hm mlbs gbe b`stägub pb ldvmhdh tihimesibednms y pb prms÷e Mn
Gdpënb <, espmggi÷e, kdetmeikmeb y rmgdrld, y m mxb M, isti`gi÷e, mbe
sleidtvdkmetm kbhgdhbs y mmstugtudhbs ds es¼uggibems pdr nd iespmggi÷e y
EAZD y Edtibedn Airm Zrbtmgtib Dssbgidibe sbe kdrgds rmlistrdhds m d Edibedn Airm rtmgtibe ssbgidibe, Tuiy Kdssdfusmtts :0419.
4:-0
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPÄINMW GBE IEGMEHIBW
kdetmeikmetb hm xtietbrms rmshmegdnms mrbe dlrmldhds d Demxb A, Wmnmggi÷e h Mxetbrms Pmsihmegidnms.
Nd mhg÷e 0:46 egbrpbd
egbrpbd dgddgbems
dgddgbems sb`rm ued dkpd vdimhdh hm tmkds, me¼ mnb s mn kbetbrmb mnmgt
mnmgt÷eigb,
÷eigb, bs
xtietbrs b`sbntbs bs xtebs estddhbs e ärds q gbetiee bxihdets, bs trrbs pdrd xtetbrs y bs ld`iets y
mqipdkimetbs hm bedom hm mxtietbrms. Wm fd dlrmldhb e emvb mqusitb sbm  kdetmekimeb hm nds mstdgbems hm
kders q s de e nlr h xtebs. W dkpnëd nd hsgipgi÷e
hsgipgi÷e hn siskd  sôdni
sôdnidgi÷e
dgi÷e (pgblrdkd
(pgblrdkds)
s) h nd
gndsgdgi÷e hm mlbs gbe mn e hm eg
egir
ir ds smôdnizdgibems (pgtb
(pgtbldkd
ldkds)
s) pdrd bs xtietbrms gndsigdhbs pdrd mlbs gdsms
gdsms D
y G y gdss D y C. s dexbs tdkiée fde shb dguddhbs pdd egir bs pbs y gndsiagdg÷e h bs xtetbs dgtds, d d
vmz qum sm fd mkidhb ierkdgi÷e sbm mqipbs bsbmtbs.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
ZMPWBED HM GBKIXÉ
4:-7
Gbkité Xégeigb sb`rm Mtietbrms Zbtätinms
dtfdmno. hhnmkd Zsihmetm
Dne Melierel ZNG XV SW[
Pby G. Cik`d, Wg/drib si vbtb
@bbcs Mquipe
Mquipe Gbp
Gbpey,
ey, !e, EG K[
(Wupe  Krc  Gberby)
Dehrmw . @rdhy, Eugnr Wvig Brleizbe HM SI[
. P. Emrd, ]G/@lr r Zbgibe K SK[
Hdrrie Dnde @rdwmn, Mle Air Hpe KE SM
Hmeeis H @rbfkmr, ygb Ai Zbgbe Zbgs \ K[
Hdvih O. @urfdrt, Gb Gbesues eg KB WM[
bedfde M. Gdrpemr, AK Lb` (AK Dpprbns) PI [
Kdrc X Gberby, rbbc Mquipe Gbpey
Gbpey KD SK[
Es Hmdgbe, Ku  Wrig Bg e,  S[
fbk L. Adrrulld, niebs Air & Way Gbpe  SK[
Armh @. Lbbheil, Drx Gbrpbibe D K
Pp D.
EAZD
esri
Zrbgibe
Nmeebe
Zmdm,
Cbn Ai
Dssbgis
eg Wgibe
KH SWM[
a
Pp Gbprs Ls Dssbgibe
Gdr! Fbrs, Wguiy Ai Mqipe Gbpe Ieg LD SIK[
Pp Lbrli ssbgiibe ba Ar Wy Mquipe Hrs
H rs !e
Kdrc ys, Cegy Hpe ba Kiry Dirs C S][
Kigdm Nmdr, el Air Hpre, ZD M[
Ebr`mr \. Kdbwd, Ebe Dsbgbe ba Ai Mqupe
Hsri`ubs I SK
Nbus Edsf, ]W bs Lr HG SM[
marmy D. @rmlemr, Xygb/WpxL
Xygb/WpxLriee
riee KH S
Wp  He es H @b)
Pbh Lmz, Lz Ar
Ar  Mquipe
Mquipe I SK
Wp  Eb \ Kcbwc)
Gfrs Fmehrx, F er
erxx r Zbgibe
Zbgibe LD SIK[
Wp  G Fbs)
@ryde Ndrmegm bses, Bnb W ]eisi
]eisi BC SWM[
Wp  b b W ]esiy Pp)
Luy N.Obems,r, Dx Gbrpbrbe
Gbrpbrbe D
D  S[
Wp 
Wp
  A @ Lbbeil)
Pb`mr Cdss, A Lb` KD S![
Wp bee M Grpe)
.Omrmy mOMEWME F]LFMW BF SWM
Wp  bOEWME F]LFMW Pp)
Pp rie Wbgiy r Fgr Melieiel
dh . fmnd Xbwesip
Xbwesip Ba Ebr @le
@le - E E SM[
K Wgb Tud, ZbWv Ai Zrbgbe, eg, EG K[
Edfde N. Pbgmnmdu, W ba Dsc Hpre ba Zu`ig Way
DC SM[
@dm K. Wfulrkde, ] NG N SPX[
Duse . Wk, Gbesb
Gbesbi
i Eugr Wguriy
Wguriy NNG Y-0 E
 E S][
Kdr W. Wkif, Eirb Wric WG K[
Cbw Cme Wue, W Gbpbbe V S]
bsmpf F. nmOese Fuls/DBE Ai Zrbgibe
Meleiel  SWM[
  (ik) ihm, iwn Gb Gbesel V K
Pp i Muipe Kegs' Dssbgiibe
marmy . \mremr, Hxbbr A Hpre IN SM
Wupmems
Zmmr K. Wfde, Eugr Wvg Brleizibe HM S[
Wup  DwO @ry)
be P. Wwdese, Kieesb W Air Krs Hiisibe KE SM
Wup  Hie De @w)
Pb`mr H. dy, ZP@ Gb ]ss Lrbup IE S][
Wup   M isbe Mgig nesu Pp)
Kdmw H. meme`duk, ]erwis N`brbis eg GD SPX[
Wup   Wule)
 hm fk nm Gbesbi Eugnr Wguiy XE S][
Wup  Dse  W)
\idk Qmlsb, @ugy Ai Mqipe Gbpey EG SK[
Wup    i) iwn)
@drry H. Gfdsm, eg Diesb EAZD
Mtd nisd ,ed d km m mn bmetb h vbtdgi÷ hmn Gbié sbm m xb aedn hm msd
mhigi.
mhigi
. Hm metbg pmh
pmhe
e um bgihb gdibs m nd më. Nd vm h
h nds gndsgdgibems
sm mget dn mb hmn bgketb.
EBXD? M preg  ue gbié eb gbesiy pbr së isb n ebsb   Dsbggi÷e b
 gunqi bgueb srrbb pb n Gbié e  gu sir  i`b
i` b
gdegm hm gbkié? Ms Gbié erä rspbes`ii priri  bs bgebs sb`r
iesngi÷e eeieb y sb  xebs y quipbs pbrins  iegeib Eb pg 
sss  xiegi÷e  egebs ibs
ibs equ les prs  sbs siss se
pbräs gbb `bquins b elus q pue sr sb  e sieisb b 
le xebr
xebr
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPÄINMW BE IEMEIBW
Gbetmeihbs
Gëtu  Diii ....
........
.....
...
ndem.. ............
ndem
....................
.................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..........
.
Zbp÷sb.. .............
Zbp÷sb
.......................
....................
....................
....................
....................
...........
.0
]ehdhms. ........ .......
................................... 
.7
4:-=
4:-=
4:-=
4:=
Gëtu  uiggi  gi ..........
..............
.... ..
Lmemrdnhdhms
Lmemrdn
hdhms. ..............
........................
....................
....................
...................
...............
0.
4:-=
4:-=
:-
4:-<
0.0
Zu`nigdgibems EAD.................................
EAD................................. .
0.7
0.8
Brds p`ndbms
p`ndbms .....
..........
.......
......
........
....
Pmmrmeds d adlkmbs mrdhbs me ds
smbems b`nldbs.
b`nldbs. ........
.................
...................
...................
................
.........
4:6
Gët  igi 


 
Lmemrdnhdhms
Lmemrdn
hdhms. ..............
........................
....................
....................
...................
...............
7.
7.0
Hmebems bdnms hm EZ. .............
........................
.............
Hmebems lmmrdms .......
.......................
..........................
............
7.7
78
Hmebemss hm ebrms
Hmebem
ebrms 




4:-6
4:-6
4:6
4:6
4:-
Gëtu  quit  ........
..............
...... ..
8
Nsdhb y mm
mmhb
hb .. ....
......
....
.....
...
8.0
Ihmed÷e h nbs bmehbs
bmehbs 



Kdedn hm esbems.
esbems. .....
..............
..............
...........
...........
.......
8.7
8.8
Mebrms b`sbbs
b`sbbs.. .......
......... ........
.................
..............
..............
..........
4:
4:
4:-
4:-
4:-
Gëtu  ggi  xtt tät  
=. Pmsbs lmemrnms
lmemrnms.. ....
...........
..............
..........
...........
...........
ndsd÷e hm mlbs.
mlbs. .......
...............
...............
.................
...............
.......
=.0
=.7
Wsmkdd hm ndsd÷e hm mebrms
Wsmk
mebrms  ............
................
=8
ndsd÷e hm bs rmsl
rmslbs
bs  ..
...
. 
== Wmnm÷e pdrd mslbs mspm
mspmbs
bs 



=.1 Wmnm÷e pdrd dbems mspmads.
mspmads. .........
...............
...... ....
4:-
4:-
4:-
4:0
4:0
4:-7
4:-7
Gëtu  tgi  xtit täti .....
Lmemrdnhdh
Lmemrd
nhdhms
ms. ..............
........................
....................
....................
...................
...............
1.
Iesddbems pdd rmslbs nsm . .........................
.........................
1.0
Iesddbems pdd rmslbs ndsm @.
@. .....
...........
..........
.......
1.7
18
esddbems
esdd
bems pdd rmslbs ndsm  



1= Iesddbems pdd rmslbs ndsm H .....
......
...
.. 
.........................
1.1 Iesddbems pdd rmslbs ndsm . .........................
4:-8
4:-8
4:-=
4:1
4:<
4:-<
4:-<
Gëtu  ggi, tiit  g 
 
<. Lmemrdn
Lmemrdnhdhms
hdhms ....
.........
......
.....
.........
......
.
<.0
Iespm÷e. .......
Iespm÷e.
...............
..................
...................
...................
....................
................
........
<7
Kdemekme m e mer 


<8
Zm`d hm behvhdh hm e beoeb hm
kbedom hm kdemr
kdemr pdd h÷hb hm dr`beb
dr`beb. .
<.=
Kdemekmeb m msdbems hm kdelmrds . .......
Kdemekmeb mn ssmkd hm kbebrmb
<.1
mnm÷eb. .. ... ...
4:<
4:-<
4:-6
4:9
 
4:-0
4:-0
4  0
<<
<.6
<9
<
<.
<.0
Kdemekmeb hm kdelmrds y rmlndhbrms hm
mebms bhdems.
bhdems. ..........
...................
...................
...................
.................
............
Pmdld h mebrms y dlmems mebms.
mebms. ...
......
......
....
Kde÷kmrs
Kde÷km
rs ......... .........
...............
..........
.............
............
Zbf`÷
Zbf`÷
 sb`m
sb`m nbs  hm nbs
nbs mebms y
rdesarkd÷ee hm nbs pbs hm me
rdesarkd÷
mebms
bms.. 
..
...
.
bnndr hm demekm
demekmeb
eb y smrvb
smrvb hm mdrld
mdrld. ......
@dndezds.. ..........
@dndezds
.................
..............
..............
................
................
...........
.....
4:-0
4:-0
4:07
4:-07
4:-07
4:07
Gëtu  u tätig ........
...................
.............
6.
Lmemrdn. ...................................................................
...................................................................
Mpdkmebs pdd ds prm`ds ..................
....................
.. .
6.0
rmme ..
rmme
..

..
..
.
..
. 
67
6.8 Mdkme h e meb
meb .
.....
......
...
....
....
pm`ds. ........
.................
................
..........
6.= Zrbmhkbs hm nds pm`ds.
pm`d. .......
.................
...................
..................
...................
............
6.1 Zrmsbems m pm`d.
Pmlsrb h pm`ds fhbs
fhbsds
ds  ...................
................... .
6.<
Pmfdzb h mebms
mebms 


.
.

6.6
4:-08
4:08
4:08
4:-08
4:-0=
4:-0=
4:01
4:0<
4:-0<
Dx D
ti xiti .............................. 
4:0<
Dx 
ôgi g  iig
 gugi   xtt  gu
g  g   ...............................
...............................
4:87
Dx G
gi  xtt ...............................
...............................
4:-88
Dx 
Dx 
Augiit  u ..........
..........
iiugi .................................................. ..
4:86
4:-=<
Dx A
gi  qui  xtigi 
u igi ..................................
..................................
4:-10
Dx 
Gigi  it  gtggi 
xtit .
.
4:-1=
Dx F
Ggi   ggi ......................
..................... .
4:11
Dx
giit  tiit ...........
........ ....
4:-19
Dx O
igi ti  qui g
igi
gg   i g 
4:-<7
 C
  ............................
............................
: <8
:
Ëig
4:<=
4:-=
Z]@NIGDGIBEMW HM PMAMPMEGID
ED 4:
Ebrkd pdrd
Mtietbrms Zbrtätms gbed Iegmehibs
Mhigi÷e 0:46
EB BPM? & ueb AZD  hbe`n drd
su usb, suom d dvsbs ikpbtde y rlbs hm besd`indh
nmn. Hibs dvisbs y hmsrlbs hm rmbesd`inhdh dpde me
s nds pu`nigibms qum gbetime dn prmsm hbgukmetb y pumme
megbetm `b mn ëu "visbs ikpbre y hmds hm bsd`inihdh
sd`inih
dh ndgib
ndgibhbs
hbs e s hbgues hm AZ . dk`iée
pumhme b`m sbnigiehb d  b me wd
wdsdsdkm.
G]I NW Y HIB  Nds
eumvdss mhigi
eumvd
mhigibem
bem h s hilbs
hilbs rs, präg
prägtis
tis kmds y
lus ZD (ms g
gr rkds ZD) sm pu`nide me nb gibs hm visi÷e pr
prkdhbs
kdhbs Nd pme mhigi÷e pumhm smr kpzdhd pbr
u mhii÷e pbstrir b pumhm smr mekmehd mrd hm ms gib 
isi prkdb hide nd mkisi÷e hm mekimehds ietmris
vds X.
 X. d ebkd ZD bgdn esis me hb
kbkme,
, me nd mi÷e vetm n hbgukme, oue gbe gunquimrd
hm nds X y mrrd me vi d vmr
vmr qum ms gukm
gukmee smd
nd mhigi÷e vetm  pd hmtmrkiedr si fd sihb memehb pbr
®
dnu
X b mr
gbesunr
mn Wmigib
susigi÷e
s G÷hlbs
dgibnms
hm ehb
(Edbedn
i
Gbhms
®) b d is

G÷hs y Ebrds  me wwd.bhgi. hms  nds
 y mrrdtds, nds päeds  ieabedgi÷e
ieabedgi÷e hm nbs hbguk
hbgukmetbs
metbs k`iée
iegnuyme nd gi÷e h sus ri`ir d ns dts  gd gukme y hm
pdtigidr
pd
tigidr me nd mndbrgi÷e hm nd pxikd
pxikd mhigi.
mhigi.
Ebtd? ]e stmsgb *) hmspués hmn eÿkmrb b nmtrd qum
hmsil d ue pärdb iehgd qum pumhm megbetrdrsm kdtmrd
mxpigdtvb sb`rm m pärrdab me mn Demxb D.
]ed mamrmegid metrm gbrgfmms ( [ d gbeteudg÷e hm ued
smgg÷e b pärdb ehgd kdtmd
kdtmd qum fd shb mxrdhb
mxrdh b hm btrb
hbgukmeb EZD Gbkb ued dyuhd pdd m usudrb, mn tënb
gbkpnmb y nd mhg÷e gbkpnmd hm nbs hbgukmetbs umetm pdrd
bs mxbs mxtdëhb me nds smggbems b`nildtbids hmn hbgukmetb
mstäe meukmdhbs me mn Gdptub  y dqumnbs gbrmspbehmetms
   ¼ h   v  
ede me mn Demxb C. Nbs mxbs mxtrdhbs pumhme mstdr mhitdhbs
pdrd smr gbesistmetms y kdetmem m mstinb y pumhme iegnuir d
mvs÷e hm rmamrmgds emds d pärdab y btrds mamrmegis,
smlÿe msutm dprpdhb. Nds sbnigihms hm ietmprmtdgbems b
mvsbems hmn mx mxtdhb hm`me mevdsm dn gbkité tégegb
mspbesd`nm hm hgukmeb metm.
Wm pumhm megbtrdr ierkdg÷e sb`rm s pu`nigdgibems hm
mrmegd me mn Gptub  y me m Demxb .
kdelumds y `bquinnds dhbsdhds d ue sukiestb ob hm dlmetms
mxietbms).
4.0* Zrb÷sitb. Msd ebkd msä prmpddhd pdrd m usb y lud
hm ds pmsbes megdrldhds hm d smmggi÷e, gbkpd, iesdndgi÷e,
dprb`dg÷e, stdhb, hsmôb y kdetmekimeb hm mxtebms
pbtäms y dmetms mxtetbms gndsm H
40 Nbs rmquistbs hm pbtmgg÷e gbetrd iegmehib hm msd
ebkd sbe hm eddmzd lmemrdn
y eb sm prmtmehm qum d`
a
lume bs rmuistbs
mspmg gbs hm btrds ebrkds EZD pdrd
bgupdgbems
mtmrkedhds.
4.00 Eelub hm nbs pärdbs gbemehbs me nd prmsmem
ebkd hm`m mr etmrpmdhb gbkb ued rmstgg÷e d nds eumvds
tmgebnblds  hispbsigbems dtmdtvds, simkprm y gudehb mn
evmn hm prbmgg÷e smlÿe sm hmsg`m me mn pmsmetm hbgu
kmetb eb sd mhughb y smd dgmptd`nm pdd d dutbrihdh
gbkpmtmem
4.7 ]eihdhm.
4.7. Nds uehdhms hm kmhhd kétrigds hm mstd ebrkd gbrms
pbehme dn stmkd kégb kbhmzdhb, gbebghb gbkb
Wistmkd Iemdgbedn hm ]eihdhms WI)
4.7.44 ds eihdhms sm meukmrde me d Xd`nd .7. gbe bs
gtbrms hm gevmrsi÷e.
Xd`nd 4.7.44 ]eihdhms hm kmhihd kérgds
bk`rm m nd ueid
ir
Knk
K
nldk
Lrdh nu
@d
Wk`bnb
Adbr m bevmie
N
 ldn; .<6= 
 pl
pldd
dd 0=.8 kk
 pi;
pi; :.:= k
  kdd  :.8=8 cl
µ ¿ A - 
 p;
p ; :.:169 `d
kk
k
cl
¿
d
470 Wi u vdnb hm kmhihd, smlÿe sm mxpmsd me msd
ebkd, mstä mluihb pbr ue vnbr mquvdmetm me btrds ueihd
hms, m pkm vdnb kmegibedhb  d smr gbeshmrdhb gbkb mn
vdb mqumrb.
4.7.47 Hm` pmkitirsm qum ue b mquivdmetm hmtmrkiedhb
sm gbeshmm prbxikdhb
4.70 Mn prbgmhikmetb hm gbevmrs÷e pdrd nds uehdhms W
gbesistm me  kutpgdg÷e hm d gdethdh pbr m gtb hm
gbevmrsi÷e y m pbstmibr rmhbehmb hm msuntdhb fdstd mn
eÿkmrb dprbpidhb hm hlitbs sleigdtvbs.
Gdpëunb 0 Zu`gdgibems hm rmamrmegid
dpëub 4 hk ieisrdgi÷e
4.4  nggm. d hspbsigibems hm msd ebrkd sm dpigde d d
smnmggi÷e, iesddg÷e, iespmgg÷e, kdetmekimetb, rmgdld y
pum`d ihrbstäg hm mxtiebrms pbrtätinms
pbrtätinms y dlmems mxtiebrms
gdsm H.
4.4.4 Nbs mquists kmegbedhbs me nd prmsmetm sbe rmquistbs
kekbs.
4.40 Nbs rmqusitbs eb hm`me dpngdsm d sstmkds pdd mxtie
g÷e hm iegmeh iestdndhbs hm kdemrd pm4kdemem, dÿe
hbehm pdms hm dms sstmkds smde pbtäms tdnms gbkb nds
04 Lmemrdndhms Me mstd ebkd sm fdgm mmrmegid d bs
hbgukmetbs, b pdrtms hm tdms hbgukmetbs, meukmdhbs me
mstm gdpëtunb y hm`me smr gbeshmrdhbs pdm hm bs rmquisbs
hm mstm hbgumetb
hbgumetb..
0.0 Zu`nigdgibems ED. Dsbgidgi÷e Edgbed hm Zrbtmggi÷e
gbetd Iegmhibs Edtbed m Zbtmgtbe Dssbgdtibe b
EZD),  dtmykdg Zdr Tuiegy D <8<.
E , G÷hil h Iehbs, mhigi÷e =.
EZD , G÷hil h Xmgblds hn Fhrb mhgi÷e .
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-1
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPÄINMW GBE IEGMEHIBW
EAZD 48,  pdr  Iestdndgi hm Wistmds hm Xu`m Qmtigdn y hm Kdelms mhig÷e 0:1.
EAZD 00, d pd Xequm hm Dd pr rtmggi÷e gbetd
Iegmehibs Zrvdhd mhgie 0:7.
EAZD 7:, G÷hilb hm ëquihbs Ieand`nm y Gbksti`nm mhig÷e
0:=.
EAZD 7:, G÷hilb pr Iestdngibems h Wukieitr h Gbk`usti` p Kt y n h Pe,  :
EAZD 77, d p Dpnigdgibe pr Znvmzgi÷e gbe mn ]sb hm
Kdtmrnms Ieandd`s b bk`usi`nms, mhg÷e 0:1.
Dnkgmedkimet
dkimetbb y Kdeipungi÷e h ZmnZmnEAZD 8:, Ebrd p mn Dnkgme
gunds hm Eitrtb
Eitrt b hm Gmnunb mhg÷e 0:1.
EAZD 8=, Ebd sbm tmggi÷e gbet ghib p N`btb
rbs qm inie Zhugts Tuigbs mhgi÷e 0:=.
EAZD =, d pr mn Hismôb m Iestndgi hm Wistmds hm
B?ebLd Gb`ust`nm pd Zgmsbs h Wbhur  m y Zgmsbs
mndgibdhbs, mhg÷e 047.
Zvmegi÷e
gi÷e h Iegmehib huret WbhdEAZD =@, Ebd dr Zvme
hu Gbtm y Btrs `bs me Gdnimetm, mhg÷ 0:48
EAZD =0, G÷hilb hm istmds hm `ti`nm hm Lds Edtun pdd
gunbs, mhigi÷ 0:1.
EAZD =6, G÷hilb hmn  Niguhb hm Zmt÷nmb
Zmt÷nmb mhg÷e 0:<.
EAZD =9, G÷hil pd Zndetds hm Wmrigib hm Lds Niguhb
Zmt÷nmb, mhigi÷ 0:4=.
hm
EAZD =9D, Ebrd pd nd Zbhu
Zbhuggi÷e
ggi÷e,, Dnkgmekietb y Kdei
Kdei
pundgi÷e hmn Ls Edtudn
pundgi÷e
Edtu dn Nigudhb (LEN)
(LEN),, mhg÷ 0:41
0:41..
EAZD <0, G÷hilb Edgibedn hm Drds h Iegmehib y Wmôdizdgi÷e mhg÷ 0:41.
EAZD <=, :4d pdd n rtggi÷e gbetr Iegmehib h Mquipbs
Mgteigbs Zrghbrs m Htbs p Gbkpthbr mhg÷e 0:<.
EAZD <1, Ebrd pdd  Zbtgi÷e gbet Iegmehib me td`nmgikimetbs hm Xmgbkueiggbem mhigi÷e 0:1
etindgi÷e
÷e  n Zbtmggi÷e
EAZD 91 Ebrd pdr mn Gbetbn hm nd etindgi
gbet Ighib hm pmrims Gbkidnms hm Gbgied mhg÷ 0:4
0:4<.
<.
EAZD 99,
mhig÷e 0:=.G÷hilb
pd Iestndgibe pdr Guihdhb hm nd Wdnuh
EAZD 99@, Erd pdr Iestdndgibems Fipb`ä4gs, mhig÷ 0:4=
0:4=..
EAZD ®  G÷hilb h Wmrhdh Fukde®, mhg÷ 0:4=.
EAZD 4:0, Ebrd pd `ueds,
`ueds, Dsimet
Dsimetbs
bs Z`s y Xmng÷igbs,
Grds y tgtu
t gtu hm `ded, mhigi÷e 0:1
EAZD 44=,  pdd Zbtmggi÷e gbet Iegmhib pb Pdb Näsm
mhig÷e 0:1.
EAZD 40:, d dr vmgi÷e y Gbetbn hm Iegmehib me
Kied hm Gd`÷e mhg÷ 0:4=
EAZD 400, :4d pd Zmegi y Gbetbn hm Iegmehib me Kiemr Kmtänigd/b Kmtänig m tdndgibems hm Zbgdkitb hm Kirnms Ktänigbs, mhg÷ 0:=
EAZD 47:, E:4 pd Wistmds hm esitb sb`m imnms bs y
Wtmdss hm Xdespbtm Amvidib hm Zsdors, mhg÷ 0:4<.
Wtmd
Mhigi÷e 0:46
EAZD 48:, Ebrd sb`r tuhibs Iesbebrdhbs pdr Zrhuggibe
emktblägds y mvisivds, Iestngibes hm huggi Dp`hds
y Nuldrs
Nuldrs h Zbhugi÷e, mhigi÷e 0:7
EAZD =:, Ed pd Wmrhdh gbet Iegmehib y Wmihdh
Fukde m estdngibems hm Dndkimetb hm Deikdn, mhig÷e 0:1.
EAZD 1: Ebr pr mn ]sb h OYgtbs h Nnk tm d ue
Duhimegid mhigi÷ 0:1.
EA , E p  t h Pt,  :.
EAZD 084, Ed p Kmhibs hm rtgi÷e hm Bpmdgibems hm
Gbtggi, Dntmrgi÷e y Hmkbnigi÷e mhg÷e 0:7.
EAZD 7:4, G÷ilb h rhh Fukded gbetr Iegmehib 
@uqs Kmrdetm, hgi÷ 0:47
EAZD 7:0, Ebrd pd Zbtmggi÷e gbetr Iegmehib m Ndegfd d
Kbt¼ mgmdtivds y Gbkmidn mhgi÷ 0:4=.
EAZD 7:7, kd pdd Zbtmggi gbetr Iegmehib pdr Zumbs
Hmptivbs y Dstinns mhgi÷e 0:1.
EAZD 7:<, Ed pdr nd bestuggi÷e y tmggi÷e gbetd Iegm
hib hm 4iednms hm Zumtbs Hm¼tivbs, Kumnms y Mk`ddhmbs
mhgi÷e 0:1
pddd nd Wnvdlr hm Xdequ y etmmh
EAZD 701, Ed pd
pr su Ieb, Nipd b mddgi÷e mhg÷ 0:4=.
76=, d
pdr fëgunbs
, mhg÷e
`nEAZD
 y Gb`uti`n
0:<. Gistd pr Nquihbs ekd
EAZD 8::, G÷hilb h Kdtmrdnms Zmnilbsbs
Zmnilbsbs mhigi÷ 0:41
EAZD 8:7, Ed pdd gdtm hm Dmedv y Wmrigibs hm
k`dtm hm Ieghi
Ieghi  Dmpmts, mhg÷e 0:8.
EAZD 8:<, :4d pr Wvigibs h Wukieistb hm Gb`usti`nm
pr Dmedv mhgi÷e 0:4<
EAZD 8:6, :4 pdd xtietb Zbtäti Kdeudns pd Dmbedvm, mhigi÷ 0:4<.
pr Dmev, mhg÷e 0:1.
EAZD 8:9, Ed sb`m Fdelms pr
EAZD 84:, brd sb`m Kdetmeikimetb hm Dmbedvms mhg÷e
:4=.
EAZD 86,
Ed pdd Fmnumtbs, mhg÷e 0:1.
EAZD 807, d
d pdd Gstrg
Gstrggi÷e
gi÷e y tmggi÷e hm Iestngibe
hm rm`d hm Kbtb hm Dmedvm, mhg÷e 0:1.
Kmtdnms Gbk`usti`nms, mhg÷ 0:4
EAZD 868, E pdr Kmtdnms
0:4=.
=.
EAZD 89=, G÷hilb hm Kdtmrdnms nbsivbs, mhigi÷e 0:7
EAZD 896, kd pd Pmibs Wmbs y Nbt hm Ietmk`b
pr Qmfgunbs h espbtm hm Mpnbsivbs, mhg÷e 0:7.
EAZD =:4D,  pr tmbs hm hh gbet Iegmhb m
Iestndgibems, Witis y Gbkueihdh hm Qivimeh `rgh,
mhg÷e 0:<.
Ebd pr ÿem
ÿemns
ns Qi
Qin
n Zum
Zumet
et y bt
bt Gdtrs
hm Dggb Nikitdhb mhigi÷e 0:<.
Ebr hm Wihdh gbet
gbetr
r Iegm
Iegmehib
ehib pr Qmfgunbs
EAZD =:=, Ebr
Iehust4dn Kbtbhbs, qum iegnuym Higibe hm Xipbs, Äds hm
]sb, r:4gibms, Ketikimetb y Bp gibe mhg÷ 0:47.
EAZD 1==, Ebrd pd Zmgi÷e hm Ieghib y xpnbbe p
Dz mhigi÷ 0:<
EAZD =:0,
Z]@NIGDGIBEMW HM PMAMPMEGID
4:-<
EZD <74, Ebd pd nd Iestdndgi÷e hm Wistmkds Mnmgtr÷eigbs hm
Wmrihdh me td`nikÿtbs, mhig÷e 0:<.
Xmsel deh Kdmrds b DWXK Iemdbed
Iemdbed),
), 4:: @drr Fdr`br
Hrivm,  B. @bx G<::, \mst Gbesfbfbgcme, ZD 49806-09=9.
EZD 6:4, d pdrd Ztmggi÷e gbet Iegmehib m Iestdndgib
e q Kdeipnde Kdtmridn Pdhibdgtivbs, mhgi
mhgi÷e
÷e 0:8.
EZD 6:8, d pd Ztmggi÷e gbet Iegmehib me Z.etds
Lmemdhbrdss hm
Lmemdhbrd
h m Med
Med <éggd gbe Pmdgtbr hm Dd Nilmrd hm Dvdezdhd mhigi÷e 0:=.
DWK H=794, DWK H =79, Zum`d dnidhd pd nd
Gbehugtivihd y Ptivihdh Mgt4gd hm ued K hm Dd Girndetm hm Dntd Zud (Wtdehdrh st o Mggdn Gbehugtivity deh
Pmistivity ba d Anbwiel Filf Zurity \dt  Wdkpnm 0:48.
ED :, E dh e n Hô  te et
Iegmehib me Zndetds Lmhb hm Memd Mngtigd g Pmgtr hm
Dld Ni, mhge 0:4=
0:4=..
EZD 60:, Ebkd pd tmggi÷e gbet Iegmehib m Iestdndgi
e hm Pmgbnmggi÷e y tdkimetb hm Dds Pihudnms mhgi÷e 0:1.
EZ 9:9, G÷hlb pd d rtmggi hmn Zdtrikbeib Guntu
Kmbs, @i`nibtmgds  Ns hm Gunt, mhigi÷e 0:4<
EZD 948, G÷hib pdrd nd tmggi÷e gbet Iegmhib hm Gbestggibs Fst×gds, mhgi÷e 0:=.
EZD 4407, Ghilb pd mn Hmspnimm hm ms hm Drtgib,
mhig÷e 0:48.
ED 40=, G÷ilb pdd nd `gdgi÷e hm Gbfmtms Kbhb y Kbt
 hm Gbfmt hm Dnt Zbtgid mhgi÷e 0:<.
EZD 401, d
d pdrd mn ]sb hm tmgeid
tmg eid armetm d ued D uhimgid Z5kd mhigi÷ 0:1
EZD 484, d pdd emstrugturd hm tmggi gbet
 Zu`nggbes GLD Dsbgdgi÷e hmn Lds Gbkprkhb
(Gbkprmssmh Lds Dssbgdibe b GLD), 48=: Lmbrlm Grtmr
\d, Wuim 4:7, Gfdetnny, QD 0:4=44<66.
GLD 4, Kétbhbs pdrd m`ds hm si÷e hm Giniehs hm Lds
Þkprikihb (mtfbhs Obr msrm tiel Gbkpsmh Lds Gyniehmrs),
0:1
GLD L4:.4, pmggdgi hm hugtb pdrd Eiteb (Gbkkb
hity Wpmgigdtie
Wpmgigdtie ab Ei)
Ei) 0::6.
078 Zu`ggbes ]N ]ehmrwrmrs Nd`brdbrms
777 Zaelsme Pbdh, Ebrf`rbbc, IN 1::10-0:91
eg.,
]N 4:97, d pd Mxtietbs hm Dmt Fdnbmedhbs (Wtde
hdrh Obr Fdnbmedtmh Dlet Airm Mxtieisf)) 499=, rmvsdhd me
0::6
]N 6:7, Ebd pd mn Wmlikimetb me Aägd hm Mxtiet
Zbrtätin Gmtgdhbs pbr Xmgmbs (Wtdehdrh r gtbry Abnnbw]p 
irh Zdr Gtmh Zbrtd`nm
Zbr td`nm Airm Mxtielisfm ) 0:40.
0.7.= Zu`niggbes
]NG.
Nd`brdbrms
hm
Gdedhä,
< ]hmrwrmrs
Pbdh,]ehmrwrimrs'
Xbrbeb, BE KP
7D9, Gdedhd.
7D9,
Iegmehib pd kmtb hm Xms me Ärmds tdnms, Purdn y Wu`ur`deds, mhigi÷e 0:4.
EZD 90, Ed sb` Gdsds Pbhdet, mhig÷e 0:4=.
E/]NW=40, Ebd pd Mxtiets hm Dlmtms Fdnblmedhbs
Kdeudn y bhdet (Wtdehdrh abr Fdnbdtmh Dmet Fdeh deh
nm  Mtiefmrs), 0::=, rdiagdhd
rdiagdhd me 0::
0: :<
E 98, Ebd pdrd Zdqs pd Gdsds Pbhdet y Witibs hm
Gdkpdkmtb, mhigie 0:8.
EZD 400, kd pd nd tdie, Kdetmeikimetb y ]sb hm
nbs Wistmkds hm Gnkeigdgi hm nbs Wmigibs hm Megid mhigi÷e
071 Zu`niggbes /]NG Nds s limetms pu`gdgibems
sbe ebrkds hm drkbezdg÷e `iedgibed hm ]ehmrimrs `
rdbrims eg., 777 Zaelstme Pbdh, Ebrt`rbb, N 1::10-0:91, y
]ehmrwrimrs Nd`brdbrms hm Gdedh, < ]ehmrimrs Pbdh,
brbeb, BE KP 7D9, Gdedhd.
0:41.
EZD 9:, d pd Qmfëgunbs Dut;btb hm @b`s,
mhig÷e 0:41.
ED 9:1, Ebd pd funbs h ;ms pdd _beds td, mhgi÷e 0:41
DEW/]N 6, GDE/]NW==8, tietb hm Dlmetms d @dsm hm
Dd (tmr @dsmh Dt Ai tieisfms ) 0:4
DEW/]N 90, Kdelumrd pdrd Mxiebrms y Dnd Zrmsi÷e
(Wdehdh  Arm xelusmr deh @bbsmr bsm)
DEW/]N =8, GDE/]NG=:7, Ebrd pdrd Mxtietbms hm
EZD 490=,
Iegmehibs, mhg÷eEd
:47. sb @uq Ktikbs pd G;`dtm hm
Hi÷xihb hm Gdbeb (Wtdehd  Gdr`beibxihm rm Mxtieisfmrs),
EZD 4910, bd pdrd mn Guihdhb, ]sb, Igi, Zm`d hm
Auegibedkimetb y Pmmpndzb hm Kdels hm Iegmhib, Dgþn,
@bquinds y Dpdtb hm Kdems h Iegmehib mhigi÷e 0:7.
 = Ghi hm Whdh y Gstggi÷e hm Mhgibs,
DEW/]N 099, GDE/]NG-=:8, :d pdrd Mxtietbms hm
Dlmtms Mxtie Tuigb Wmb (Wtdehdrh  H Gmkigdn rm
ieisfm) 0:40.
DEW/]N 101, GDE/]NG-=:<, :d pdrd Mxtietbrms hm
Dd (Wtdehdh Obr
Obr \dtmr
\d tmr Ai Mxtiefms), 0:0
DEW/]N <4, GDE/]NG-=:6, :4d sb`rm Zbtmegidn hm
Mxtiegi y Gdgdgi÷e hm tietb (Wtdehdh  Pdtie deh rm
tiel ba rm Mxtieifms), 0:7.
DEW/]N 009, GDE/]W=11, Ed pd Mxtietbrs hm
Dlmtms Fdnbgr`bebs Nikpibs (Wtdehdrh /4¼ Fdnbgdbe Gne Det
De t
rm Mxtiem ), 0:8.
mhig÷e 0:4=.
0.7 Btds pu`gdibes.
0.7.4 Zu`ngdgibems DG Dsbgidgi÷e hm Pmgu`rikimetbs hm
nbs Msdhbs ]ehs (Dkmrgde Gbdels Dssbgidbe b DD),
=:: Pfbhm Isnde Dvmeum, , \dsfieltbe, HG 0:::=.
Kdeudn hm ipmetdgi÷e hmn sistmkd hm ihtigdgi÷e hm kdtmrid
n pmnbs SFdzrhbus Kdtmd Imetgdtibe Wystmk ()
Ikpkmetdtibedn Kdeud[, 8¿ mhg÷e.
0.7.0 Zu`ngdgibems DWX. Wbgmhdh etmdgibed hm Zrum
`s y Kdmrdnms hm nbs Msdhbs ]ehbs (Dkmrgde
(Dk mrgde Wbgmty r
0:8
07 < Zu`niggbes ]E Wmrvgb hm gbkmrgdnzdg÷e, vmetd y
hsr`ug÷e
hsr`ug
m ZB
Zu`@bx
Zu`igdgbems
igdgbems
hm ds Edgibems
]eihds (]eimh
Edbes
b÷e
]),
91:, Fmhbe,
QD 0:4<0.
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPÄINMW GBE IEGMEHIBW
4:-6
LFW, Wistmd lnb`dnkmetm drzhb hm gndsgdgi÷e y mtiqumtdhb
hm phugtbs quëigbs (Lnb`dnny Fdbeizmh Wstm ba Gdssgdtibe
dehN`mniel baGfmi
baGfmigd!),
gd!), WX/WL/DG.4:/7:/Pmv. 1, 0:=.
0.76 Zu`nigdgibems hn Lb`imreb hm nbs stdhbs ]ihbs.
Bgied hm Zu`ngdgbms mn Lb`mb hm nbs Mstdhbs ]ehbs
(].W. Lbvmrekmet Z`sfiel
Z`sfiel Bgm), <70 Ebrtf Gdptbn
Wtrmmt, E, \dsfieltb, HG 0:8:4-::
Xëtunb 89, G÷lb m Pmlundgibems Amhmdms, Dpdrtdhb
46:0:9, "Pmquistbs
prd Pmgigdgi÷e
m Gnebs
m Mspmgi
gdgi÷e
(Pmquimkmets
 Pmqudgdtbe
ba Wpmggdtbe
Gyiemrs), 0:=.
Xëtunb 89, G÷lb m Pmlundgibems Ammdms, Dpdrtdhb
46:.07, Kdrgds m Pmgdigdg÷e (Pmqudngdtbe
Kdrciels), 0:=
07.9 Btrds pu`igdgibems Higgibedb h  Nmed dôbnd,
vilmskbtmgmd migi÷, pu`ngdb pbr nd Pmd Dgdmkid Mspd
ôbd (0:8).
kmetbs
bs mxtrdhbs me nds smggibems b`il08 Pmmrmegi d dkmet
tbrids. EAZD <, Ebd pd Wistmds h Mxtegi÷e gbe Dtms
Mxtietbms Tuëigb Wmgb,
Wmgb, migi÷e 0:4<
EAZD 4< D, bd pd Wistmds hm Mxtiegi ge Det tietbms TuigbNëquihb
TuigbNëquihb mhi÷e 0:4<.
EAZD 46, d sb` Dtms Fumgtetm mhigi÷e 0:4<.
mvudgi÷e hm prhugtbs b smrvigibs, qum kdeimem espmgg
ems pmr÷igds h nd prbuggi÷e m nbs mqupbs b kdtmrms
nsdbs, b mvdudbems pmr÷gds hm bs smrvgbs, y qum pbr
kmhb hm istdhb mstd`mgm qum bs mqupbs, kdtmrms b smvi
gbs gukpme gb ebrkds hmsledhds dpbpidds b qum f
sihb mesdydbs y besmrdhbs dptbs pdd ue prbp÷stb mspmgë
gb.
7.0= Hm`m (fn. Iegd ue mquistb b`nldbrb.
Wh).
eigd
ued mgbkmehdgi÷e b dqumb
70.1msHm`mrd
qum
dgbesmod`nm
pmb eb
rmqumrb.
7.0< Ebrd (d) ]ed Ebrkd AZD, guyb tmxtb piegi
pdn gbetmem ÿeigkmem ispbsgbems b`nldtbrds qum mkpmd
nd pdnd`d hm`m pdrd ehgd bs rmqustbs y qum mstä me ue
kdtb lmemrdmetm dhmgudb pdd smr uiizdhd gbkb m
megid b`nldtbrd pbr btd ebkd b g÷lb b pdd su dbpg÷e
gbkb my ds isbsigbems eb b`nildbrds eb sm vde d gbesihm
d pdrm m bs rmquistbs hm ued ebrkd y m`me mstdr eguids
me ue dpéeigm, demxb, ebtd dn pim, ebd erkdtivd b me btbs
kmbs, smlÿe nb mrktb me nbs Kdeudms m mstb m EAZD.
Gudeb sm usd me ue smetb lmeéigb, gbkb me nd dsm
pbgmsb hm mnd`dg÷e m ebkds b dgvdhms hm mnd`brd
g÷e hm ebrkds, m ékieb "ebkds egnuym d tbds ds
ebkds EAD, mtrm mnds G÷hlbs, Ebkds, Zrägtigds Pmg
kmedds y Luëd
77 Hmeigibems lmemrdnms
EAZD =0, G÷hilb h istm h `ti`nm hm ds tun pd
Qmgunbs mg÷e 0:1
774  estutb Edgbe m Ebkds m bs Mstdhbs
]eihbs (Dkmide Edbed Wdedhs esttutm, eg.)
S=0, 0:1
Gdëtunb  Hmgibems
770 Gdrld detibelmndetm eia Gfd). Qm 77.0:,
gfbb m dlud ge gdld detigbelmdem.
7.4 Lmemrdnihdhms Ns megibems gbetmeihds me mstm gdpë
tunb m`me dpnigdsm  bs ékebs usdbs me mstd ebrkd
Hbem nbs tékiebs b mstäe hmeihbs me msm gdptunb e
merb m btb gdpëtun, m`me meism uiizdeb sus slei
gdhbs gbkÿekmetm dgmpdbs hmeb hm gbetmxtb me m gudn
sbe utnzdbs. d mem m gbesuntd pdd nbs silegdhbs usud
kmetm dgmptdbs hm`m sm mn Higgibedib hm n Nmed d¼ôbnd
vilmsibtm mhigi p`gdb pbr d Pmd Dgdhmkid Mspdôbnd
(0:8).
7.0 Hmaiigibems bgidms hm EAD
 *  h). Dgmptd`m pdrd nd dubrhdh
gbkpmtmetm.
   (Dutfbi Fdviel ourishtibe b
DF[. ]ed bldeizdgie, bged b iehivub rmspbesd`m m
fdgm gukpr nbs rmquisitbs hm ue g÷ilb b ebkd, b hm dpb
`d mquipbs, kdtmrdms, ued esddg÷e b ue pbgmikmeb
7.77 Hi÷xihb h g`beb (Gdr`be Hixih) ]e lds iemtm
egbnbrb, ebbr, mnégrigdkmetm eb gbeugtb qum ms ue
kmhb dmgudhb drd mxteluir mlbs gdsm @ y gnsm G.
7.78 Tuëigbs (Gfkigdn)
7.78.4 Tuëk sb (Hr Gfkin) ]e pbnvb gbkpumstb
m pdëgunds uy pmqumds, lmemrdkmem d `dsm hm `igd
`bedtb hm sbib, `gdr`bedtb hm pbtdsib b stb kbeb
dkbeb gbe u dlrmldhb m kdtmrd ptgunhb gbkpm
kmetdb pb e ¼dtdkmetb mspmgidn qum m btbld msistme
gid
d d (dpmnkdzdmeb
gbpdgtdg÷e, rmsstmegd
d nd qum
d`sbgi÷e
fukmd
dlnbkmrdg÷e)
nm d hm
ds
gdrdgtmsigds m ub dprbpdds (4< 0:4<
7.78.0 Tuëk Nëquihb (\t Gfkigdn) Lmemrdkmetm,
ued sbnugi÷e gubsd hm sdms bläeigds b ebrläeg b ued
gbk`iedg÷e hm mstds qum kd ue dlmetm mxtebr.
4< 0:4<
 Mtiqumtdhb (Nd`mnh). Mquipbs b kdtmrms d nbs qum sm
nms fd dfmrb ued mtqumtd, sëk`bnb u btd kdgd qum hmeti
gd ued bldeizdgi÷e qum ms dgmptd`m pdrd d dubrhdh
gbkpmtmetm y qum mtä mndgibedd gbe nd mvdudg÷e m
pbugbs, qum kdetmem ued espmggi÷e pmri÷hgd m nd
pbugg÷e m nbs mqupbs b kdtmrms mtiqumtdhbs y qum, pbr
kmb mn mtiqumtdb m tms mquipbs b kdminms, mn `i
gdetm iehgd m gukpikimetb gbe nds ebks dpbpdh b su
msmkpmôb m ued kdmrd mspmgëgd.
  
   (Gwsh Pgbvry ystk).
70.8* Nistdhb (Nisth) Mquipbs, kdtmrnms b smrvgbs iegui
hbs me ued istd pu`ngd pbr ued bleizdgi÷e qum ms dgmptd
`nm pdrd nd dutbrhd gkpmmetm y qum mstä rmdgbedd gbe nd
gbe ue
kmb
d iespmgg÷e
vsudm
hm
dlmetm rmgupm
rdhb,
gbe
m pdd
hm mtmgtdr
nd prmsmegd
gbetdkedems.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
 lmem ikib (Gnde let). Dlmem mxtetb mnéggd
kmetm eb gbeutb, vbnäi b lsmbsb qum eb hmod rmsub dn
mvpbrdsm.
 isk ghb h guprdgi÷e  quëki sgb (
kin Gwsh Pbr ysk) ]e sistmkd qum mstä gbes
trub m kdemrd qum eb sm etrbuzgde kdtmms mxd
ôbs me m mm qum mstä smeb rmgupmdhb y qum gumetd
4:-9
HMAIEGIBEMW
77.10 Wikd rhb  gupdi÷e h es fdnlmd
(Fdnledh Gnh Pvy Wyk). ]e sistmkd qum
pmrkitm nd rdesamrmegd hm dlmetms fdblmedhbs merm
mxietbrms, gbetmemhbrms hm sukieistrb y gbetmemhbrms hm
rmgld y rmgupmrdg÷e, hm kdemrd qum eelÿe dlmetm fdnb
lmedhb smd ni`rdhb fdgid d dtk÷smrd. Nbs ssmkds gmrrd
hbs hm rmguprdgi÷e hm dlmetms fdnblmedhbs gbe ue
pbmegd hm lbtdkimetb hm d gdpd hm bzbeb (bzbem
hmpnmtel pbtmtd u BHZ) hm :0 b kdybr hm`mrde msdr
nstdhbs pdrd sr usdhbs gbe msm dlmetm Mn gbetmemhbr hm
sukieis¼b,
sukieis
¼b, b h rmgdrld y rmgupmrdgi÷e hm sstmkd timem nd
gdpdghdh hm dtmemr d dlmtm me ue metbb smdhb
fstd qum smd eumvdkmetm utizdhb b hmvumnb d `rigdetm
hmn dlmetm
77.< Giniehrb (Gyi)
77.<n Gi  dnt si÷ (Fif-ssu Gyni
Gehrbs (y drtugfbs) qum gbeimeme e-÷lmeb, dirm
gbkprkihb, i÷xhb hm gdr`beb u btrbs ldsms d ued
prms÷e hm käs hm =:: psi (788< cZd) d <: ¿ A (04¿ G)
77< 0 Gini h `o si (u ni.
Gehrbs qum betimeme ue dlmetm hm mxteg÷e hm mlb
(kmhib), e¼÷lmeb, drm gbkprikihb u btrbs lsms gbkpr
khbs d ued prmsi÷e hm smrvigb hm =:: ps (788< d) b
kmebr d <: ¿A 04 ¿G)
776 HBX Hmpdrdkmetb hm respbrtm hm bs stdhbs
]eihbs (]W Hmprtkmet baXrdespbrtdtbe) (=0, 0:41[
b rmmkp
rmmkpndb
ndb y s sm rmqumr
rmqumrme
me prum`ds
prum`ds fhrbs
fhrbstät
tätgds
gds b ue
kdetmeikmetb emreb.
7741* Mspkd br
brkdhbrd
kdhbrd hm pmnëgun
pmnëgundd (AinkAbkie bdk)
]ed sbnug÷e qum rkdrä ue
uedd pmngund dgubsd sb`rm gbk`ust
gbk`ust
`nms quihbs.
7741* ukd abkdhb h nund dubd (Dquu nk
Abeie Adk b D ]ed sbnugi÷e d `dsm hm tmesbdgtivbs
ubrdhbs käs msd`inzdhbrms hm mspukd qum prbhugme ued
pmgud
dgubsd
nuihd pdrd d suprmsi÷e hm vdpbrms hm
gbk`ustinms
quihbs
77.1.0* ukd ubëei
ëei  abkdhb  nu (Aink
kie Anubie bdk b . ]ed sbugi÷e hm
mspukd ubrbprbtmeigd qum usd tmesbdgtvbs ubrdhbs
pdrd prbhugr ued pmgud dgubsd uhd pdrd nd suprms÷e
hm vdpbrm hm gbk`ust`nms
gbk`ust`nms quihbs
 quihbs
77. < Nëqubs edkd`
edkd`nms
nms hm prbauehhdh dprmgd`nm (dk
kd` Niquih ba Dgid`n t) bs quihbs edkd`ms
hm prbehdh dprmgd`nm sbe dqumnnbs gbe ued prbehhdh
hm käs hm Q8 pldhd (17 kk)
7746 Dlmetms fdblmedhbs be ) Nbs dlme
tms fdblmedbs (ikpibs) d bs qum sm fdgm rmmrmegd me msd
ebrkd sbe h nbs silumems tpbs
776 dnbd`beb
nd`be) etrm
nbs dlmetms
77.9* Zbnvb smgb Hr Zh) Kdtmrdms s÷ihbs me rkd
hm pbvb b lrdeudhb, prmvistbs pdrd mxtielur mlbs gdsm H
hm kmdnms gbk`ust`nms, kmhidetm rkdgi÷e hm gbsds, sb
gdg÷e b d trdvés h  kmhbs hm desamrmegd hm
hm gdnbr
fdbgdr`bdhbs sm (FGAG),
eguyme bs
tipbs hm dlmetms fihrbgbrb
ubrbgdrbedhbs
fihrbubrbgdr`bedhbs
(FAG),
pmrubrbdr`bedhbs (ZAG), ubrbybhbgdr`bedhbs (AIG) y
b¼bs fdnbgdr`bebs qum sbe gbesihmrdhbs dgmptd`ms smlÿe
m prblrdd hm Zbtgds hm Eumvds Dtmdtis Wileigdt
vds (W) hm d Dlmegd hm Zrbtmggi÷e k`metd hm nbs
sdhbs ]hbs (ZD)
  Kbetbrm mnmgtr÷e
mnmgtr÷egb
gb (ei Kbeiwie) ]e
hispbsitvb hm dndrkd nbgd qum iehgd guäehb ue mxtiebr ms
quitdhb hm su u`igdgi÷e
u`igdgi ÷e hmsiledhd
hm siledhd b `me ue kétbhb hm gbku
eigdgi÷e mnmgtr÷eid (trdesksi÷e hm hdtbs) mrm ue mxtebr
hm`ihdkmetm situhb me su uldr y ue hspbsitivb/sistmkd hm
kbetbrmb mmgtr÷igb
77.46.0 dns (Fde) em bs fdnbems sm iegnuyme
`rbkbgnbbhubrbkmtdeb (Fdn÷e 404), `rbkb¼ubrb
kmtdeb (Fd÷e 47:), h`rbkbtm-dnubrbmtdeb (Fd÷e
08:0) y mzgnds hm Fdn÷e 04 y Fd÷e 7:4 (F÷e
04/47:)
77.44 Wbpbrtm (Mtiel @t) Hspbsiivb hm rmtmeg÷e
hismôdhb pdrd mn betdom y sumg÷e smd hm ue kbhmb mspm
gëgb hm mxebr b`rm hvmrsds supmrgms, kmhem d egbr
pbrdgi÷e hm gbrrmds b `dehds qum pumhme smr hmsdtdhds y qum
77.49 Zrum `d fhrbstätgd (Fyhtti Xti Zrum`d hm
prms÷e hm u mxtetbr guyb e ms vmrgdr su rmsistmegd d rbtu
  h
smtde hm kdemrd smlrd
smtde
sml rd d mxietb
7740 Ld`emtm &euif Gd`it) Pmgmptägunb ihmetigd
`nm y ginkmem dggmsi`m qum dn`mrld ue mxiebr y qum mstä
hismôdhb
hismô
dhb pdrd ludrhdr y prbmlmr mquipdkimetbs
mquipdkimetbs gbe¼d
gbe ¼d iegme
hib
dk
dlmetmgbkb
mxietbr
`dsm hm hmn
dldpuetb
qum usd
ued
sdn)
kmtgd]e
dngned
ue dhmprmsbr
hm
gbelmndkimetb
77.4 7 Gbnldhbr &eif Fd) Kmhb pdrd mn kbetdm
77.47
hm ue mxtetb, hismôdhb pdrd kbedr ue kbhmb mspmggb hm
mxietbr sb`rm suprgims vmrtgdms
77.48* Ispmgg
Ispmggi÷
i÷ (tieui Ietibe) ]ed räpihd vmr
gdg÷e hm ue mxtietbr pdrd hmtmrkedr qum msté me su nuldr
hmsl dhb, qum e fd shb dggibedhb ei ehm`ihdkmetm kde
pundhb y qum eb dy hdôbs sgbs mvihmetms e eieled gbeh
gi÷e qum kpihd s egbedkimetb
tieuif
Kdietede) ]e
77.4=* Kdetmek
Kdetmekmetb
metb
mxdkme mxfdusiv hm ue mxietbr guyb prbp÷sitb ms ldrdetzdr
pbr gbkpnmtb qu mn mxiebr egibedrä hm kdemrd mgz y
smlurd y hmtmrkier s fdy
fd y hdôbs sgbs b dlued gbehg÷e qum
ikpmhirä su egedkmb, s ms emgmsdrd dnlued rmpdrdg÷e
770:* Gfbrb hm dlud gbe gdrld detgbelmdem (Nbdh
77.04 Gdsgb hm dgmrb hungm (Kinh Wn nn) bhbs nbs
gdsgbs hm dgmrb, histetbs hm nbs gdsgbs hm dgmrb iebxhd`nm y hm
nbs gsgbs hm dgmrb qum sm usd pdrd ginehrbs
ginehrbs hm dtd prmsi÷e
77.00 Zrmsie su)
 si÷e  viib x
 xieuif
ieuif Wi su) d
prms÷e h bpmrdg÷e
bpmrdg÷e ebrkdn smle b ehgdhb me d pndgd
hm ihmetgdgi÷e b m giehrb hm ue mxietbr
77.00.00 si÷e h u`d  aä`i (Adwy Xt s)
77.00.
 prms÷ iehigdhd me nd pdgd hm hmeigdg÷e, d d qum
ue gdsgb m sbkmthb d prm`d me mn kbkmetb hm su `r
gdg÷e
7707 umlbs hm nëquhbs
nëqu hbs e dkd`nms
dkd`nms prmsurzdhbs (uizh
dkkd`n Nquih Ais) Aumlbs rmsuntdetms hm nquhbs qum
sbe rzdhbs,
rz dhbs, `bk`mdhbs b puvmrzdhbs
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-4:
7.7.08 Pmgdrd (Pmgfdre). Nd rmpbs4gbe b rmmkpndzb hmn
dlmem mxtebr (dk`ée iegnuym mn lds mxpmmem pdrd hmtmr
kiedhbs ipbs hm mxiebrms).
770= Wv (Wmrigiel). Gbessm me
rmgdrld b prum`d fihrsägd
fihrsä gd hm ue mxiebr.
79   (mmnmh Am e f ]e mxtebr
pbräin mquipdhb gbe ue gdrrb y rumhds prmisb pdrd smr -des
pbrdhb dgd mn mlb pbr ued pmrsbed. (Qmr D.=7.0. <)
kdemekimeb
Gdpëtunb 8 Pmquistbs lmemrdnms
7.7.01 X Hmpdr
Hmpdrdkeb
dkeb hm rdespbrm hm Gdedhä (rdes
pb Gddhd) mrirkmem Gbks÷e hm rdespbrm hm
Gdedhä (Gdedhd rdespbr Gbkkissibe b GG) mem ourishg
8.4 Nistdhb y mtiqmtdhb.
mtiqmtdhb.
gi÷eGdedhä
sb`rm bs gniehrb hm dtd y `d prmsi÷e y bs gdrugfbs
me
msdmxgmhmr
ebrkd hm`m
sdhbs
y mtqumtdhbs
y
hm`me
b
bhb mstdr
bhb
bs rmqu
rmqusibs
sibs
hm DEI/]
DEI/]
<gukpr
GDE/
d eh Airm Xtiel ba rm Mxtiei
]NG: Wtdehrh Obr Pdtiel deh
r
fs, y ued hm ds sluimems
sluimem s ebrkds hm hmsmkpmôb dpgd`ms?
7.7.0<* Histgid hm rgbrrihb (Xkvmn Histdem). d hisdegid
rmd d pim hmshm ue peb dsd mn mxiebr käs gmrgdeb qum
gukpm gbe bs rmquisbs pdrd bs rimslbs
7706   (\ml Dlet). ]e gbegmetrdhb
qum d dlrmldrsm d dd rmhugm d tmes÷e supmrgdn y
dukmetd su gdpdgihh hm pmemdg÷e y msgurrkimetb.
S6, :<[
7.8 Hmaeigibems hm mxietbrms.
8.4.* Nbs mxiebrms pbrtäms qum sm usme pdrd gukpir gbe
()
()
)
i
(8)
7.8.4 Mxtetbr bpmrdb pbr gdrtugfb/giniehrb (Gdrtihlm/
Gynie-mdtmh rm  eisfm). ]e mxiebr me m qum mn
lds mxpmmem mstä me e gbememhbr smpddhb hm gbememhbr
hm dkdgmedkimeb hm dlmem.
7.8.0* Mxtietbr eb rmdr`nm (eb dptb pdrd smr rmnnmedhb)
SEbgfdd`nm (Ebannd`n)  MxtielisfO. ]e mxebr
hmsiedhb d smr usdhb ued mz y qum eb imem nd gdpdghdh e
msä prmsb pdrd smr rmgdrldhb y pumsb eumdkmem me smr
gib.
l
77   (Z`nm Aim eisf) ]e ispbs
ib pbräin rbhdem b rdespbrdhb y dggbedhb kdeud
kmem qum gbemem ue dlmem mxtetbr qum pumm smr
mxpusdhb `b prms÷ gbe m prbp÷sitb hm suprikr b mxte
lur ue mlb
7.8.8* Mxtietbr rmgd`nm (dptb pdrd smr rmnnmedhb mgd
d`nm (man`nm)  ieuisfm[ ]e mxiebr gdpdz hm smr
sbkmthb d ue kdemekmeb gbkpnmb b qum iegnuym nd
iespmggi÷e iemd hm rmgipimem hm prms÷e mn rmmkpdzb hm
bhbs nbs
nbs smbs y pmzds
pmzd s kmebrms y d prum`d fihrbsäigd
(mnel
7.8= Mxtetbr dutb mxpmnmetm
Aim eism)
]e mxetbr me m qum mn dlmem mem prms÷e hm dpbr su
gimetm d d mkpmrdurd ebrkd hm bpmrdg÷e pdrd dubmxpu
sdrsm.
7.8.1 Mxtietbr hm prmi÷e dnkdgmedhd (Zrmsurzdhb) (W
sum Ai xeism) ]e mxiebr me m qum tdeb mn
dlmem mxetbr gbkb mn lds mxpmmem msäe me mn kiskb gbem
emhbr y qum iegnuym ue iehgdhbr hm prms÷e b kde÷km¼b.
7.8.< Mxtietbr hm dlud em`unzdhd (\d Kist Ai Mxtieuis
fm) ]e mxiebr qum gbetmem dlud hmsindhd b hmsibeizdhd y
qum mkpnmd ued `bqud qum hmsgdrld m dlmetm me ued ed
pumrzdg÷e
7.8.6 Mxtietbr hm tipb hm dlud (\dpm Aim e ism).
]e mxiebr hm ipb h dd qum gbemem dlmetms d `dsm hm
dld tdms gbkb dlud mspukd rkdhbrd hm pmnëgud (DAAA
AAAZ) degbelmndem gfbrrb hm dlud gbe gdld degbelm
ndetm y prbhugtbs quëkgbs ëquihbs.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
()
(1)
Mxetbrms hm hi÷xhb hm
hm gdr`beb? DEI/]N
DEI/]N 8
G/]G: Wtdehdrh  Gdrbe-Hibxihm Airm Mxt
Mxtiiei
fm
Mxtetbrm
Mxt
etbrmss m qukgb
qukgb smg
smgb?
b? DEI/
DEI/]N
]N 
 GDE/
GDE/
Mxtieifmr
]NG:8 tdhdrh Obr ry Gfmkigdn rm Mxtieifmr
Mxtebrm
Mxte
brmss hm dlud?
dlud? DE
DEI/]
I/]N
N 11
11 GDE/]NG
GDE/]NG:<
:< Wtd
hdrh abr \tmr Airm Mxtiefm
Mxtetbrms hm dn÷e? GD/]NG Wtdhdrh  Fdnblm
edtmh Dt deh deh mmn
mmnh
h rm Mxtieluifm
Mxetbrms hm mspukd rkdhbrd hm pmëgud?
DEI/]N  GDE/]NG8 \tmr @dmh Det Ai Mxtie
ufm
Mxtebrms
Mxteb
rms hm
hm dnbgdr`b
dnbgdr`beb
eb DEI
DEI/]N
/]N  GDE/

tdehdrh  Fdnbgd`be Gnmde Dt Ai Mxti
]NG11
ifm
8.4.0* Gdhd mxtebr hm`m msdr kdgdhb gbe d siluimem
erkdgi÷e?
() Ihme
Ihmetgdgie
tgdgie hm
hm d brlizd
brlizdgi÷e
gi÷e hm
hm sdhb
sdhb y mqum
mqumdhb
dhb
() Gdml
Gdmlbrëd
brëd h prbhugb
prbhugb gbe
gbe iehigdg÷e
iehigdg÷e hmn
hmn tpb hm mxte
mxte
br
() Gdsgdgi÷ hm mxtebr smlÿe nb ieigdb me nd mgg÷e
.
8) Ebrkds m msmkpmôb y mesdybs m mlb gbe nds qum mn
mxtiebr gupnm b mxgmhm
8.4.0.4 Eb hm`m mqumrrsm qum nbs mxetbrms `rgdhbs dems
m  hm memrb hm 1 gukpde gbe 8..
8.0.0  p  u h  h  h
y miqumdh
miqumdhbs
bs gberkm d nb msd`mghb me ]N : Wtdehdrh
b Fnblmedtmh Det rm tieuifmr pdrd gukpr gbe nbs
rmquisbs hm msd ebrkd gudehb smde iesdndhbs espmggbed
hbs y kdemehbs hm dgumrhb gbe nd prmsmem ebrkd.
8.4.7* ]ed brldzdg÷e hm sdhb hm mxiebrms qum sm usme
pdrd gukpnir gbe bs rmqusibs hm msd ebrkd hm`m dpnigdr ue
prblrdkd
prbl
rdkd hm gmrgdgi÷e
gmr gdgi÷e hm mrgmrbs
mr gmrbs pdrd mxetbrms pbräms
qum gukpd b mxmd b msd`mgihb me ]N : Wtdehd br
gt Abn4]p
Abn4]p b irh Zdrt Gmth Zbdnm rm Mxtiuifmr
Mxtiuifmr
8.4.7.4 Eb hm`m rmqumrrsm qum nbs mxebrms `rgdhbs dems
hm  hm memrb hm  gukpde gbe 8..
8.4.7.0 Eb hm`m mqumrrsm qum ds brldeizdgbems hm gmrgd
gi÷e dgrmhidhds br mn Gbesmob hm Ebrkds hm Gdedhä (de
hdrhs Gbueg badedhd) gukpde gbe 8..
8.4.7.7 Nbs dlmems mxiebrms pdrd mlbs gdsm H sdhbs y
mqumdhbs prmsbs pdrd smr keudnkmem dpgdhbs me
mlbs hm kmtdms gbk`us`ms hm`me gukpr gbe bs rmqus
bs pdrd mesdybs hm mlbs mspmgigdhbs me DEI/]N <
GDE/]NG:.
WMNMGGI×E HM MVXEXBPMW ZBPXÄINW
848 Gbehugtivihdh mnégtrig bs mxtietbrms nstdhbs pdrd
mlbs gdsm G eb hm`me gbetmem eielÿe dlmetm qum smd
gbehugbr hm mnmgigihdh.
848. Dhmkäs hm gukpr sdisagbdkmem gbe nbs mquis
tbs hm DEWI/N <4, GDE/NG-=:6, nbs dlmetms d `dsm hm
dl d qum mstée nistdhbs pdd mlbs gdsm G hm`me smr pb`dhbs
hm dgumrhb gbe DXK H =794, Wtdehd Xt Obr Mnmgtgdn Gbehugtivity deh
d eh Pistivt ba d Anbwie Filf Zuty \tr Wdkpn.
8480
¿ A)
mxtiebrms qum
gbetmelde
dlud
gbe
uedNbs
gbehugtvhdh
kdybr
hm .::dlmetms
½W/ gk dd `dsm
0=¿ Ghm(
hm`me sm gbeshrdhbs gbehugbms hm mmgtigihdh y pb nb
tdetb eb hm`me gsigdrsm
gsigdrsm gbkb gnm G.
8.48.7 Nbs päabs 8.4.8. y 8.8.0 hm`me dpnigdsm sbnd
kmetm d mxtiebrm d `dsm hm dlud `igdhbs hmspués hm = hm
dlbsb hm 0::0.
8.0* Ihmetiggi÷ hm nbs gbetmeihbs ]e mxtetb hm`m tmem
ued mtqumtd, r÷tub b mstdrgihb dhbsdhb me mn qum sm ieguyd d
slumem ekd÷e?
(4)
Mn ebk`rm
ebk`rm hn prbhugtb
prbhugtb hm nbs
nbs gbetmehbs,
gbetmehbs, gbkb dpd
dpdmgm
mgm
me nd Zndenn hm hdbs hm smluihdh hm kdtmid (Kdtmid
Wdamy Hdd Wfmmt b K WHW
WHW))
(0) Nsd hm
hm d hmetigd
hmetigdg÷e
g÷e hm kdtmid
kdtmidms
ms pmni
pmnilb
lbsbs
sbs hm
dgumrhb gbe mn Kde
Kdeudn
udn hm imetdgi
im etdgi hm
h m sistmd h m ih
Gdedhä,, Wistmd
tgdgi÷e hm dtmdnms mnisbs (FKIW) Sme Gdedhä

lb`dnmetm
hm gndsgdgi÷e  mtiqtdhb hm  hug
(LFW)[
tbs
quëigbs dbeizdhb
(7) Nstd hm
hm gudquimr
gudquimr kdtmi
kdtmid
d pmnil
pmnilbsb
bsb qum mxgmhd
mxgmhd mn
mn 4:
pb gimetb h bs gbemehbs
( 8) Nstd hm gdh
gdh ueb hm bs prbh
prbhugt
ugtbs
bs quëkigbs
quëkigbs qum
qum mxgmhd
mxgmhd
m =.: pb gmeb hm nbs gbetmeihbs
(=) Ierkdgi÷e dgmgd hm nb qum ms pmnlrbsb sb`m mn dlmem
hm dgumhb gbe nd KWHW
(1) Ebk
Ebk`rm
`rm hggi÷e
hggi÷e pbs
pbs
 y ekmrb
ekmrb hm mnée
mnéeb
b hmn `r`rgdetm b dlmeid hm smrgbs
8.7* Keun hm ietrug
i etruggibems
gibems..
4:-44
(:) Gudnqm
Gudnqm mxtetb
mxtetb qum tmeld
tmeld qum sm emth
emthb
b pdrd
pdrd qum
egibm
(4) Gudnqm mxietbr `igdhb detms hm 9==
(0) Gudnq
Gudnqm
m mxtietbr
mxtietbr gbe
gbe pbtmegid
pbtmegid hm mxtiegi÷e
mxtiegi÷e y gndsgd
gndsgd
gi÷e 8@, 1, 6 40 y 41
(7) Mxte
Mxtetms
tms hm
hm dlud hm prmsi
prmsi÷e
÷e dkdgme
dkdgmedhd
dhd gbe
gbe ggb
ggb hm
`d h hrib (hm detms hm 491)
88 * Nbs mxtetbms hm quëkigb smgb hm prms÷e dnkdgmedhd,
  f
f  `     ,
 , ` 
pumsbs md hm smrgib.
88 Eb m`m dpigdsm nd su`smgg÷e 88 d mxtietbms hm
quëkgb smgb hm prms÷e dkdgmedhd bhdetms.
8.80* Gudumr mxtietbr qum yd eb pumhd smr rmpddhb e
kdetmeihb m dgumhb gbe b msd`mghb me m kdeudn hm
kdemeikmtb hmn a`gdetm sm gbesihmrd b`sbnmtb y hm`m sm
pumsb mrd m smgb.
Gpëtunb = Wmnmggi÷e hm mxtietbrms brtätinms
=.4 Pmquisits l memrnms. d smmgg÷e hm mxietbrms pdd ued
studg÷e hdd hm`m sm hmtmkedhd pbr bs mquistbs dpng
`ms hm nds Wggibems =.0 d =.1 hm EAD B
 B y pbr bs s limetms
gbms?
()
Gdsms m aumlb gbe kb prb`d`iihdh hm pbhugirsm
(0) pbhursm
Hkmesbems
Hkme
sbems hmn mlb gbe kdyb
kdyb pb`d`
pb`d`inhdh
inhdh hm
(7) Pims
Pimslbs
lbs prmsme
prmsmems
ms me mn
mn ämd hbehm
hbehm mn mlb
mlb timem kdyb
kdyb
pb`d`iihdh hm pbhugirsm
( 8) Mqupb mnégrgbs memrlizdhbs me ds prbxkihdhms hmn
mlb
(=) Gbeh
Gbehibe
ibems
ms hm tmkp
tmkpmrdtu
mrdturd
rd dk`i
dk`imet
metmm
(1)) t
(1
trb
rbss 
g
gbr
brms
ms (Q Wmggi÷e F0)
=.4 Nbs mxtetbms pbrtätims hm`me smr iestdndhbs gbkb ued
prikmd nëem hm hmamesd pdrd fdgmr mem d mlbs hm hkme
sbems nktdds, mxgmptb smle b mqumhb me =.=.=.
8.74 Hm`m me¼mdsm d pbpimtdb b d su dlmetm ue kdeud
hm iestuggibems m mxtietbr me mn qum sm hmnme ds iestrug
gibems d`midhds  nds prmgdugibems emgmsdrds pdd d estdnd
, bb, spm  mmb m(bs)
mxtietbr(ms).
=.40 Nd smggi÷e hm nbs mxtietbms eb hm`m hmpmehm hm si mn
mhgb mstä b eb mquipdhb gbe rbgdhbrms dutbkätigbs, sistm
kds hm u`mëd mtigd y hm kdelumrds u brbs mqupbs hm
pbm obs.
870 Mn kdudn m`m fdgm rmamrmegid d mstd ebrkd gbkb ued
metm hm estugg
estuggibems
ibems hmtdnndhd.
hmtdnndhd .
hm dgumhb ge bs emdkimebs mspmggdhbs me =.0.4 d =.0.=.
=0 Aumlbs gnsm D Nbs mlbs gdsm D sbe mlbs me kdtm
rdms gbk`uti`ms bhedibs, tdms gbkb kdhmd, tmd, pdpmn,
gdugfb y kufbs pnästgbs.
8.8 Mxtietbrms b`bmtbs Nbs silumetms ipbs hm mxtetbrms sm
gbeshmde b`sbmbs y hm`me sm pumstbs mrd hm smgib?
() Hm sb
()
sbhd
hdä
ägi
gib
b
(0) Hm mspukd quk
qukigd
igd (mxgmptb
(mxgmptb dlmet
dlmetms
ms rkdh
rkdhbm
bmss hm
pmnëgud)
(7) Hm tmdgbub hm gdr`beb `rbkurb hm kmtnb y gbrb
`bkbkmtdeb (GK)
(8) Hm d l d bpmdhb pb gdtugfb
bpmrdhb
(=) Hm gfbrrb m dlud gbe
gbe gdrld
gdrld detigbelmndem, bpmrdhb
pb gdrtugf
drtugfb
b
(1) Gbe gdsgb m gb`m b dt÷e (mxgmptb dequms hm `bk`d)
uehbs pbr bhdhurd `dehd b rmkdgfms
() Mxtebrms m hi÷xihb hm gd`beb gbe gbmtds kmtänigds
(6) Mxt
Mxtetbr
etbrms
ms m DAAA
DAAA hm tpb hm gdrld
gdrld s÷nhd
s÷nhd (gdrt
(gdrtugfb
ugfb hm
pdpm)
(9)) Mx
(9
Mxt
tet
etbr
brms
ms m dld pmsuzdhd `gdhbs dems hm 49
=.0 Gnsigi÷e hm aumlbs. bs mlbs hm`me smr gdsgdhbs
=00 Aumlbs gnsm @ Nbs aumlbs gndsm  sbe mlbs me ëqu
hbs iedkdnms, ëquhbs gbk`usti`ms, ldsds hmrdh hmn
pmt÷mb dnqtrdems dgmms petus d `sm hm dgmm sbnme
tms ndgds, dngfbms y ldsms iedkd`ms.
=.07 Aumlbs gnm G Nbs mlbs gm G sbe mlbs qum ieb
ugrde mquips mégtgbs memlzdhbs.
=08 Aumlbs gnsm H Nbs mlbs gdsm H sbe mlbs me kmtd
ms gbk`ustims, tdms gbkb kdlemsib, ttdeib, zgbeib, sbhb,
iib y pbdsb.
=0= Aumlbs gnm  Nbs mlbs gdsm C sbe aumlbs me dpdd
tbs hm gbged qum iebnugde kmhibs hm gbgg÷e gbk`ust`nms
(dgmims y ldds mlmdms b dekms)
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-40
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
=.7 Wistmkd hm gndsiaggi÷e
gndsiaggi÷ e hm mxtietbrms.
=.7.4 Nd gdsgdg÷e hm nbs mxtietbrms hm`m gbes4sur me ed
nmd qm ehiqm nd gsm hm amlb pdrd mn gd e mxtetbr fd
kbs¼dhb sm magdz.
s sdnds b ärms hm`me gndsigdrsm hm kdemd lmemrdn gbkb
hm mslb ilmb, m mslb brhiedb b hm mslb mxd.
=.8.4.4 * Pimslb ilmrb. Ns bgpdgibems hm imslb nlmb
sm sdhbs me rimslbs gndsm G, gnsm H b gndsm C melde e
eÿkmrb qm prmgmhd d nd nmtrd hm gndsgdg÷e
hm`me smr gdsagdhds gbkb nldms hbehm nd gdethdh y
gbk`st`ihdh m kdmidms gbk`st`ms gdsm D m edkd
`nms gndsm @ sbe `dods y me ds qm sm pmé qm bs amlbs
mehräe tdsds hm i`mdgi÷e hm gdbr rmndtidkmetm `dds. Me
mstds bgpdgbems nbs rmslbs hm amlb mstäe rmprmsme
rmprmsmetdhbs
tdhbs pb
hhs kk s h kb`s k`s`s
gdsm D y/b nd gdtihdh btd hm kdtmrdnms edkd`ms gdsm @
qm lmemrdnkmetm sm pmé fdyd ms kmebr hm  l (7.6 N) me
gdqmrd hm nds dds b ämds.
=.7.0 Nbs mxiebms hm`me sm smmggibedhbs pdrd d(s)
=.8.4.0*
=.8.
4.0* Pimslb b rhiedrib. ds bgpdgibems hm imslb bhied
=.7.4. Hm`m rmqmrm qm bs mxtietbms gdsigdhbs pdrd sm
sdhbs me rmslbs gdsm D b gndsm @ tmelde e eÿkmb hm gdi
sdhbs
gdgi÷e qm prmgmhd d nd md hm gndsigdg÷e qm iehigd nd
mgdgd hm mxteg÷e mdt b pbtmegidn hm mxtiegi÷e.
=.7.4.0 Eb hm`m rmqmirsm qm bs mxtietbms gndsgdhbs pdrd
gnsm(s) hm rmslbs gbetrd nbs qm sm d d pbtmlm, hm dgmhb
gbe =.7.0 d =.7.0= (Wb`rm rims{
rims{mpm
mpmgëg,
gëg, v Wmggi ==)
r
=.7.0. * Nbs mxtetbrms pdrd pbtmggi÷e gbed rimslbs gdsm D
hm`me sm smnmggibedhs mem bs tpbs qm mstée mspmgëgd
kmem nsdhbs y mtqmdhbs pdrd sb me amlbs gsm D. (W`
mxtiethm
mxtiet
hm dlmet fdn÷ vmr =7.0.1)
=.7.0.0* Nbs mxtetbrms pdd pbtmggi÷e gbetd rimslbs gdsm @
hm`me sm smnmggibedhs mem bs tpbs qm mstée mspmgëgd
kmetm nsdhbs y mtqmdhbs prd sb me mlbs gdsm @. (W`
mxtiethm
mxtiet
hm dlmet fdn÷ vmr =701)
=.7.0.7* Nbs mxtetbrms pdrd pbtmggi÷e gbetd rimslbs gndsm G
hm`me sm smnmggibedhs mem bs tpbs qm mstée mspmgëagd
kmetm nsdhbs y mtiqmdhbs pdrd sb me amlbs gdsm G. (W`
rb hm`me sm gdsagdhds gbkb nldms hbehm d gdetihdh y
gbk`st`ihdh m kdmidms gbk`st`ms gdsm D m edkd
`nms gdsm @ sbe bhmrdhds y me ds qm sm prmé qm nbs aþmlbs
mehäe dsds hm n`mrdg÷e hm gdb kbhmrdhds Mstds bgpd
gibems pmsmede rimslbs hm amlb qm sbnb bgdsibedkmetm
egyme kdtmrids gbk`st`nms gnsm D, käs dä hmn kb`id
rb ebrkdnkmetm prmistb yb nd gdethdh tbtdn hm kdtmidms
endkd`ms gdsm @ qm gddgmrstgdkmetm sm mstkd ms hm
 ld d = ld
ld (76
(76 N d 6.9 ) me gdqmd hm nds sdnds b ämds
=.8.4.7* Pimslb mxtrd. Nds bgpdgibems hm imslb mxd hm`me
smr gndsigdhds gbb ldrms hbehm nd gdethdh y gbk`st`ni
hdh hm kdtmridnm gbk`sti`nms gdsm D sbe dtds b hbehm fdy
=.7.0.8* Nbs mxiebms y dlmems mxtetbrms tnizdhbs pdd nd
prbtmgg÷e gbetrd rimsbs gdsm H hm`me smr hm nbs tpbs mspmgë
gdkmetm nistdhbs y mtqmtdhbs pdd sb gbetrd nbs rimslbs
mspmgëgbs hm nbs kmtdms gbk`si`nms
hm dntds
gdethdhms
hm kdmidms
@
yprmsmegd
me nds qm
sm pmé
qm äpihdkmetm
sm iedkd`nms
hmsbnme gdsm
amlbs
gbe tdsds dds hm i`mdgi÷e hm gdb Mstds bgpdgbems pmsme
de rimslbs hm amlb iebngrdhbs gbe m dkdgmedkmeb
medsdhb, kdepdgi÷e b `rigdg÷e hm gbk`sti`ms gdsm D
y/b nd gdetihdh ttd hm kdtmridms iendkd`nms gdsm @ qm sm
prmé msté pmsmetm ms hm käs hm = ldn (6.9 N) me gdqmrd
hm nds sdds b ämd.
=.7.0.= Nbs mxtetbrms pdrd pbtmggi÷e gbetrd rimslbs gndsm C
=.8.4.8 Nds ämds iktdhds hm kdybr b kmebr rimslb hm`me
hm`me sm smnmggibedhs mem bs tpbs qm mstée mspmgëagd
kmetm istdhbs y mtqmdhbs pdrd sb me amlbs gdsm C
prbtmlmrsm smlÿe md mqmhb.
mxtiethm
mxtiet
hm dlmet fdn÷ vmr puet =701)
=.7.0.1* Mn sb hm mxtetbms hm fd÷e hm`m nktdrsm d dpnigd
gbems hbehm sm emgmsitd e dlmetm ikpb pdrd mxielir e
amlb hm kdemrd magimetm se hdôd bs mqpbs e mn ämd qm
ms pbmlmhb b hhm m sb hm dlmms dmdvbs mld
m pbtmegdn hm lmem e rimslb
rimslb pdd
pdd m pmsben pmsmetm me
m ärmd
=.7.0.1.4 * Nd `gdgie hm mxtiebrms pbtätims qm gbetme
lde dlmetms fdblmedbs hm`m gkpnr gbe ds dhmrtmegds hm
nbs mqstbs hm bnme këeikb pdd mspdgbs gbeedhbs
hmsgribs me ds pndgds m hmetigdgi÷e hm bs mxtetbrms
=.7.0.<* Hm`m gbesihmrdsm mn sb hm mxtietbms rbhdetms pdd
prbtmgg÷e gbetrd msbs me ärmds me ds qm ed mddgi÷e
hm nbs rimslbs hm amlb fdyd ehigdhb nb slimetm?
() Zmsmegid hm ämds hm imslb mmdhb.
(0) Zmsmegid iktdh hm pmrsbed hspbe`nm, y pbr b qm sm
mqimm hm e mtietb qm tmeld nds si limems gddgtm
ëstigs
(d) Dd dz÷e m aob
a ob hm hmsgdld hm dlmetm
(`) Kd
Kdyb
ybrr dgdg
dgdgmm hm d hmsg
hmsgdrl
drldd hm dl
dlmet
metmm
Kdybr
gdpdhdh
hm
gdrld
hm
dlmetm
(g)
=.8 Gndsiagdgi÷e hm nb
nb rimslbs.
=.8.4 Gnsigdg÷e hm bs rimslbs hm ds bgpdgbems.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
=.8.0* Wmnmggi÷e !¿r bgupdgi÷e. Hm`me prbmmrsm mxtetbms
pdrd d prbtmggi÷ tdetb hm nd msgrd hm mhgb gbkb hm
nbs rimslbs hm nd gpdgi÷e mxstmems me tn mstrgtd, ehm
pmehimetmkmetm m d pmsmegid hm gdqimr ssmkd hm spm
s÷ hm mhbs b.
=.8.0.4 Nd prbtmgi÷e mqmihd pdd e mhigib hm`m sm
pbistd pb mxtebms pdd amlbs gdsm D.
=.8.0.0* Nd pbtmggi÷e gbetd bs mslbs hm nd bgpdg÷e hm`m
smr prbistd pb mxiebrms pdd dqmbs pbtmegidms amlbs
gdsm D, @, G, H b  qm pbhëde
pbhëde mstdr
mstdr pmsmems
pmsmems
=.8.0.7 Hm`m pmktrsm qm nbs mxietbms pbistbs pdd nd
prbtmgg÷e hm e mhigib dk`iée smde gbeshmrdhbs pdrd nd
prbtmgg÷e
prbtmgg÷
e hm bgpdgbems
bgpdgbems gbe e pbtmegd
pbtmegd hm amlbs gndsm D.
=.8.0.8 Nbs mhibs gbe e imslb hm d bgpdg÷e smtb d
mlbs gsm @ b gdsm G, b dk`bs, hm`me tmem e gbkpm
kmetb mstäehdr m mxtebrms pdrd amlbs gdsm D pdrd nd
prbtmgg÷e hm mhigb, dhmk hm mxtebrms dhgbedms pdrd
mlbs gdsm @ b gdsm G, b dk`bs.
=.8.0.= Hbehm s mxtetbms tmelde ed gdsigdgi÷e hm käs
hm ed nmtrd (tdms gbkb 0-D0:@G) hm`me msd pmkthbs
pdrd sdtsagm nbs mqisitbs hm d gdsm gbrmspbehimetm d gdhd
nmd.
WMNMGGI×E HM MVXEXBPMW ZBPXÄINW
4:-47
== Wmnmggi÷e pdrd rimslbs mspmgëagbs
==.< Eb m`me iestddrsm mxetbrms hm prbhugtbs quëkgbs
==.4 Aumlbs gndsm @
smgbs kuntpbp÷sitb me ärmds hbehm sm dkdgmede prbhugbs
quëkigbs pdr pisges qum gbetmelde gnbrb b `rbkb
==.44 * Mxtietbrms pdrd mlbs hm ëquihbs iedkd`ms prmsurizdhbs y pbr  prmsurizdhb Zdrd prbtmlmr gbetrd mstbs rims
==.<7
==.
<7 Nbs xetbrms prmvstbs pdrd smr utdhbs hbehm sm
lbs, hm`me usdrm mxtebrms hm quëkgb smgb hm lrde
gdpdgihdh, hm  B n (8.=8 cl) b käs
kä s  gbe ued tdsd hm hmsgdrld
hm n n`/s (:8= cls)
cls) b käs
dkdgmede b usde bxhdems hm`me smr smmggbedhbs m iestdn
hbs `säehbm me ds rmgbkmehdgbems mspmgëgds kmegibed
hds me nd pneid hm hdtbs hm smlurhdh hmn kdtmrd (WHW)
pdrd mn bxihdtm, nds gbehgbems girguehdetms  EAZD 8::
0* Al trkeed  btl bt b
rimslbs, hm`me usdrsm mxtetbrms hm quëkigb smgb hm lrde gdpd
ghdh hm 4: ` (8=8 cl) b käs  gbe ued tdsd hm hmsgdrld hm
n n`/
n`/ss (:8= cl/s)  käs
Nbs mxtebrms
==6
Aumlbs ms
gdsm
hm kmtdms
gbk`usti`ms
b gbetmemhb
gbetmemhbms
hm H
dlmetms
mxtetbrms
mxtetbrms
gdsm H prbvist
gdsm
prbvistbs
bs pdrd d
rbtmgg÷e hm mlbs gdsm H hm`me mstdr nisdhbs  mtiqumtdhbs
pdrd mlbs gdsm H
==.7 Aumlbs gbe `stägubs. Nd smmgg÷e hm ue mxtietbr pdrd
==.64* Nbs dlmetms  mxtietbrms gndsm
gndsm H hm`me smr gbkpdti
mstm tpb hm rimslb hm`m `dsdrsm me ueb hm bs silumetms ëtmks?
() Mxtiet
Mxtietbr
br qum
qum hm mspukd
mspukd supr
suprmsb
msbrd
rd hm
hm vdpbrm
vdpbrmss
(0)* Kÿntipms mxetbrms qum gbetmelde dlmetms eb surmsb
rms hm vdpbr gndsm @ prmvisbs pdrd ued dpngdgi÷e sikuntä
emd
(7) Mxti
Mxtietb
etbrms
rms hm kdbr
kdbr gdpd
gdpdghd
ghdh
h hm  n` (8=8 cl) b käs 
gbe ued tdsd hm hmsgdrld këeikd
këeikd hm n n`/s (:8= cl/s)
cl/s)
==8 Aumlb
Aumlbss hm quihbs iendkd`ms sbu`ms me dd
d (sbvme
tms pbdrms) Eb hm`me usdrsm mxebrms hm tipb hm mspukd
rkdhbrd hm pmnëgund dgubsd (DAAA) ei hm tpb hm mspukd
ubrbprbmëeigd rkdhbrd hm pmëgud (AAAZ) pdrd d prbmg
g÷e hm nëquhbs iendkd`nms sbnu`ms me dlud, tdnms gbkb
dgbfbms, dgmbed, éstmrms, gmtbeds, mtg, d kmebs qum mspmgë
gdkmetm sm igimr rmamrmegd me nd pndgd hm hmetigdg÷e hm
mxetb
==.=* Aumlbs gdm C me kmhibs hm gbggi÷e. bs mxtetbrms
prbvstbs pd nd prbtmgg÷e hm ddrdtbs hm gbgied qum utizde
kmhbs hm gbggi÷ gbk`usti`nms (dgmitms  lrdsds vmlmtdnms b
deikdms) hm`me mstd nstdhbs  mtiqumtdhbs pdrd mlbs gdsm
C
==.=4 Nbs mxebrms gndsm C `rigdhbs hmspués hm  hm
memrb hm 0::0 e hm`me mstdr mquidhbs gbe hispbsitvbs hm
hmsgdrld hmn tipb m vdrd hm mxtmesi÷e (mxtmehmh wdeh-pm)
==.= Nbs mxttbrms estdndhbs mspmgëgdkmetm pdrd d
rbtmggi÷e hm ddrdtbs hm gbged qum utizde kmhibs hm
gbgg÷e gbk`ustms
gbk`ustms (dgm
(dgmms
ms  lrdsds dekdms b vmlmtdms) se
gdsgdg÷e C hmme smr pumstbs mrd hm smrvgb
==.=7* Hbehm  rimslb msté prbmlhb pbr ue sstmkd hm
prbtmggi÷e gbed iegmehibs dutbkätgb, hm`m gbnbgdrsm, me ue
uldr gdrdkmetm visi`nm gmrgdeb d mxtetb, ue nmrmrb qum
ehqum qum hm`m dgtvdrsm mn sstmkd hm prbmgg÷e gberd
egmehib detms hm sd mn mxtietbr
==.1* Aumlbs hm mquipbs mmgtr÷eigbs. Nbs mxtetbrms pdrd d
rbtmggi÷e hm mqupbs mmg÷egbs hmgdhbs hm`me smr smmg
gbedhbs me¼m nb tipbs mspmgëgdkmem nisdhbs  mtiqumtdhbs
drd rimslbs gdsm G (ér =7.07.)
==1.4* Eb hm`m
hm`m e estddrsm
estddrsm mxtietbrms hm prbhugtbs quëki
gbs smgbs pdrd d ptmgg÷e hm mqupbs mmg÷egbs hmgdhbs
==.<*
==.
<* Ärmds qum betimeme bihtms
==.<4 Hm`me etddrsm s÷b mxietbrms hm dlud b hm mspukd
me ärmds hbehm sm dkdgmede prbhugtbs quëkgbs drd sgieds
qum gbetmelde grb b `rbkb
`ms gbe mn ktd mspmgëgb pdrd m qum sm prbvmm prbmggi÷e
=1 Wmmggi÷e pdrd u`igdgbems mspmgagds
=1 * Hbem sm rmqumrd d iestdndgi÷e hm mxtebrms pbrtäti
pbrtäti
ms, hm`me rmsdrsm bs sluimetms hbgukmetbs pdrd nds bgup
gibems hmsgrds me sus rmspmgtivbs dngdegms?
( n ) EAZD , G÷hi hm Ieghbs
(0) EAZD , G÷hi hm eblëds hmnFh÷meb
hmnFh÷meb
(7) EAZD 00
00, d pd Xdequms hm Dld pd Ztmgg
gbetrd egmhb, Zvdhbs
(8) EAZD :, G÷hb hm Nquhbs Idkd`nms y Gbk`ust`nms
Wukest hm
(=) EAZD 7:D, hb pd Iestdndgbe hm Wukest
k`t`n pd Kbt y nnr hm Pdg÷e
(1) EAZD 77
77, Ebd pd Dpngdgþms pbr Zunvmzdg÷e gbe mn
]sb hm Kdtmdn eadkd`nms b Gbk`ust`
(<) EA 8:, Ebd pd mn Dnkdgmedmetb y Kdepundg hm
Zmngus hm Ettb hm nusd
Zrbtmgg÷e gbetrd egmhb pdrd Nd`b(6) EAZD 8=, Ebd sb Zrbtmgg÷e
tbbs qum ]tnd e Zrbhugtbs
Zrbhugtbs Tugbs
(9) EA 4, Ebd pdd mn Hmôb m estdg÷e hm Wtmds hm
BxLds
Bx
Lds Gb`t`nm pdrd Zgbs hm Wbnhdhurd Gb y
Zbgmsb Pmndgbedhbs
4:) EAZD =@, d pd Zrmvg÷e hm Iegmhb huetm
etm
Wbnhdh Gtm y Btrbs `dobs me Gdnmtm
(4) EAZD 0, G÷h hm Wds hm Gbk`ust`nm hm Lds Edtun
pd Qfgunbs
Qfgu nbs
h m Zmtmb
Zmtmb
40) EAZD 6, G÷hb hmn Lds Ngudhb hm
47) EAZD 9, G÷hb pd detds hmWrvgb
hmWrvgb hm Lds Ngudhb hm
Zmtr÷nm
48
4
8) E
AZD
AZ
D =9
=9D, Ebd pd nd Zhugg÷e Dnkdgmedkmetb y
Kdepndg÷ hmn Lds Edtun Ngudhb LEN)
4=)  <0 G÷hb Edgbedn hm D4ds hm egmhb y Wmôdnizd
g÷e
41) EAZD =, bd pd nd tmgg÷ gbet Iegmehb hm Mqu
pbs nmtgbs Zrbgdhbs hm Hdtbs pbr Gbkputdhb

Iegmehb m &td
4<
4
<) EA
EAZD
ZD 1, bd pd nd Zrbtmgg÷ gbet
`nmgketbs hm mgbkuegdgbems
46
46)) EA
EAZD
ZD 1, Ed pd mn Gbetn hm nd etndg y nd t
g÷e gbt gmehb hm Bpgbe G4mrdn hm Gbged
49
49)) EAZD 99, G÷h pd Iestdndgbe pd Guhdhb hm nd
Wdnuh
std ndge Fpb`ä4gd
Fpb`ä4gdss
0:) EAZD 9@, Ebd pd stdndge
hmWhdhFukdd
hdhFukdd
0) EA : G÷hb hmW
00)
0
0) EA
EAZD
ZD :
:0
0, d pdrd `ueds Dsmetbs Z`n y Xmng÷
pgbs drpds y &tgturds hm Km`ed
07) EAZD 4=, d pd Ztmg÷ gbet Iegmehb pbr Pdyb
Näsmr
08) EAZD 0:, bd pd Zvmeg÷e y tn hm Iegmehb m
Keds m Gdr`÷e
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-48
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
EAD 400, Ebd pd Zrmvmegi÷ y Gbetrbn hm Iegmehib me
Kiemrd Kmtänig Kmtänigd m Iestdndgibe hm Zrbgmsdimtb hm Kiems Kmtänigb
(01) EAZD 7:, bd pd Wistmds hm Xräesitb sb Pimnms obs
y Wistmds hm sbrt
 sbrtmm mv
mvidr
idrbb hm soms
(0<) EAZ 48:, bd sb &tuhibs Iesbebrdhbs pdr Zhuggibs Giemdtbgds y m visivds stdndgibe hm hugi÷e Dp/dhs y uld hm huggi÷e
(06) EAZ =:, bd pd hdh gbet Iegmhib y Wm(0=)
(09)
(7:)
(74)
(70)
(77)
(78)
(7=)
(71)
(7<)
(76)
(79)
(8:)
(84)
80))
(80
(87)
(88)
(8=)
(81)
(8<)
(86
(8
6)
(89)
(=:)
(=4)
(=0)
(=7)
(=8)
(==)
(=1)
EAZ
1:,
hdh
Fuk
Fukded
dedEd
m dndgms
pdrd
dndgms
mn ]sb
hm Dnbdk
Dnbdkmeb
hm tbs
mebhmhmNdd
Nd
De kdnms
Dekdnms
d atm d
ued Duhimgid
EAD 070, Eb pdd nd Ztggi÷ hm Pmts
EAZ 084, Ebd pdr Kmhibs hm Zrbtmggi÷ hm Bpmgibems
hm bestggi÷ ntmgi÷e y Hmbnigi÷e
EAD 7:4, G÷hib hm Wmhdh Fukdd gbet Igmhib me
@uqu Kdt
EAZ
EA
Z 7:0, Ed pdrd Zrbtmggi÷e gtrd Iegmhib me
Ndegfds d Kbtbr Pmgrmdtivds y Gbkmrgidn
EAD 7:7, br pd Ztgi gt Iegmehib pd Zumtbs Hrtivbs y Dtims
EAZ 7:<, Ebd pd nd Gbggi÷e y Zrbtmggi÷e gbt
Igmehib hm ridn h mrtbs Hbrtivbs Kumnm y /dgdhms
EAZ 701, bd pd nd Wdnvddrhd hm Xdq y Gtm
emhb pd su Ilrb, Niid b mdrdgi÷e
EAD 76=, Ebd pd gus Gstmd pdrd Nëquihbs
Indkd/nm
Gb/ti/nms
EAZ 8::, yhi
hm Kdtds Zmnisbs
EAZ 8:7, bd pdrd Pgdtm hm Dmedv y Wmigibs hm
Gbk/dtm hm Iegmib
Iegmib me Dmrumrtbs
Dmrum rtbs
EAZ <, Ebd pd Wrvigibs hm Wukierb hm Gbksti/nm pd Dmdvm
EAD 8:6, Ebd pd Mxtietb Zbrttinms Kdud pd
Dmrbedvms
Dmrbedv
ms
EAZ 8:9, Eb sb/r Fderms pd Dmrbedvms
EAZ 8:, Eb sb/r Kdetmikimetb hm Dmedvms
EAD 86, Eb pd Fmnipumrtbs
EAZ 807, Ebd pd Gbestrggi y Ztmggi÷ hm stdnd
gibms hm Zmd m Kbt hm Dmedvms
EAZ 868, Eb pdrd Kmtdn
Kmtdn Gbk/ti/n
Gbk /ti/n
EAD 89=, hi hm Kdtmrids
Kdtmrids nbsivbs
EA 86, E:d pdd Pb s  Nbm hm emdk/ib pd funbs hm espbrtm hm Mxpnbsivbs
EAZ =:, Ed pdrd rtmribs hm Whdh gbetrd Iegmhib me Iestdndgi Witibs y Gbkueihdhm hm Qivimehds ZdZdgdhds
EAZ =:0, Ebd pd em Qidn et y bts Gdtmrs hm Dggb Niitdhb
EAZD =:= Ed hm Wmrihdh gbet Iegmhib pd fëgunbs Ihtdnms Kbtidhbs, qm iegnuym Hmsildgibems hm
bs, Äs hm ]sb, 'esO:4kdgibem, Kdtmeikimetb y
pgibe
EAZD 1==, Ed pd Zmegi÷e hm Iegmhib y Mnbsibms
p Dzu
EAZ <7, Eb pd nd estdndgi÷e hm Wistmkds Mnmgteigbs
hm Whdh me td/gikimetbs
EAZ 6:, b pd Zrbtggi÷ gbet Iegmhib m Istdndgibems qm Keipnde Kdtmidn Pdhibdgtivbs
EAZ 6:8 b pd Ztggi÷ gbetrd Iegmhib me Zdtds
Lmeh:4¼s
s hm Md Mnégtgd
Mné gtgd gbe Pmdgtbr hm Dd Ni
hm Dvdzdhd
6:=, Ed @dsdhd m mn Hmmôb pdrd tmggi÷e
gbet Iegmhib
 dtd Lmemhbrds hm Memd Mnégtrgd
gbe dgtbr hm Dd Nilm
EAZD
Mhigi÷e 0:46
(=<)
(=6)
(=9)
(1:)
(1))
(1
60:, :4d pd Zrbtmggi÷ gbet Iegmhib me tdndgibems hm Pbnmggi÷e y tdkimetb hm Dds Pmsihdn
EAZ 9:9, G÷hilb pdrd nd Ztmggi÷e hn Zdtrikbeib Guntn
mbs, i`nibtmgds y Nuldrms h Guntb
EA 948, G÷hilb pd nd tmggi÷e gbetr gmhib hm Gbestggibems istigds
EAZ 407 G÷hilb pdrd mn Hnimm hm s hm Drtgib
Dr tgib
EA 40=, G÷hi pd nd Adigdgi÷ hm Gbfmts Kbhmnb y
Kbt¼ hm bfmtms hm Dd Zbtmgid

() EAZ
[ ,
Dhimegid
D
himegid
ikd
Ebd pdd mn ]sb hm ted m d ued
(17) EAZ 448, Ed pd Itgturd hm Zrbtmggi÷e gbetr
(18)
(1=)
(1=)
(11)
(1<)
(16)
(19)
(<:)
Iegmehib pd Abkmtb hm Xims m Ärmds
Ärmds Abtdn, Puns y
Wu`ur`dds
EAZ 490 Ebd sb`rm Gdsds Pbhdetm
Pbhdetmss
EA 4
49
9,, d pdrd Zdrqu pdrd dsds Pbhdtms y
Witibs hm Gdpdktb
EAZ 004 Ebd pd nd Iestdndgi÷e Kdetmiimtb y ]sb
hm nbs Wistmk
Wis tmk hm Gbkueigdg÷e hm nbs
nb s vigibs hm mrlmegid
mrlmegid
EA 9:4 Ebrd pd fubs D utbkbt¼ hm @bk`m
EAZ 49:, Ed pd Qmfbs hm @bk`ms pd _beds
Abstdn
EAZ 490= :4d sb`rm @uqu Kdibs pdrd k`dtm hm
Ieghib
EAZD = G÷hilb hm W2hdh y strggi÷
 strggi÷ hm Mhgibs
=.1.0 Me eielÿe gdsb hm`me nbs rmquisitbs hm bs hbgukmebs
kmegbedhbs
me msd ebrkd.me .1.4 sm kmebrms qum dqumnnbs mspmggdhbs
Gdpëtunb  Iestdndgi÷e hm mxtietbr
mxtietbrms
ms pbr tätms
14 Lmemrdnihdhm
14.* Gd etihdh m mxtietbrms Nd gdeihdh këkd hm mxe
tbrms emgmsdribs drd pbtmlm ued prbpimhdh hm`m hmmre
edsm smlÿe sm hmgi`m me msm gdpëb.
14.44 Nd iesdg÷e hm nbs mxebms eb hm`m hmpmehm hm
si mn mhigb msä b eb mquipdhb gbe rbgidhbms dutbkäigbs,
ssmkds hm tu`mrad vmigd y hm kdelumrds u btbs mqupbs hm
prbmggi÷e obs.
1.440 Hm`m pmm  s÷ m mbm b
nms gbe mn e hm `¼iehdr kdybr pbmggi÷e.
1.44.7 Hm`m pmrtsm d esddg÷e hm mxiebrms gbe pbme
gdms hm mxteg÷e kmebms um dqumnbs mspmggdhbs me nd
Xd`nd 1.0..4 y me nd d`nd 1.7.4, smkpm y gudehb eb sm uin
gme pdd gukpigukpi- gbe nbs muisbs këeikbs
këeikbs hm pbmgg÷e
msd`nmghbs me msm gdpënb mxgmpb smlÿe nds kbhgdgbems
hm 1.0.4.7.,
1.0.4.7., 1.0.4.8 y 1.7.4.4..
14.0 Hispbe`inihh hm mxtietbrms Nbs mxebrms pbäms
hm`me kdememrs me gbehigibems bpmrdis y gbkpmdkmem
gdlhbs y hm`me umhd me bs nuldms hmsiledhbs me tbhb
kbkmeb, gudeh eb msée smehb utzdhbs.
1.4.7 ]`igdgi÷e.
1. 4.7.4 Nbs mxietbms hm`me msdr u`gdhbs me uldrms gdrd
kmem vis`nms, hehm smde gkmem dggmsi`ms y mstée ekm
hidtdkmem hispb`nms dem ue mlb
1.4.7.0 Nbs mxietbms
mxietbms hm`me msdr u`igdhbs d nb ndlb hm nbs
mgbrrhbs ebkdms, egusb me nds sdnihds hmshm s histetds
ämds.
IEWXDG×E HM MVIEBPMW ZBPÄNMW
1.477 B`struggibems visudnms.
visudnms.
1.477.4 Nbs mxtetbrms hm`me smr iestdndhbs me u`igdgbems
hbehm mstme visi`ns, mxgmptb b pmrkthb me 1..77.0.
14770* Me sns y me u`gdgibems hbehm ds b`struggbems
vsudnms eb pumhe smr mvtdhds hm`me prbvmmrsm gdtmms u
brbs kmhbs pdrd ehgdr d u`igdgi÷e hm mxtetbr.
14777 Nb
Nbss gdrnms
g drnms u btrbs kmhibs qu
qumm sm usme
usm e pdrd iehigdr
 u`÷e h e h`e  uh e f
prbxikhdh gbe mn mxte
mxtetbr.
tbr.
1477.8 Nbs gdrnms u btrbs kmhibs qum sm usme pdrd ehigdr
d `gdgi÷e hm mxiebr hm`me smr vis`ms hmshm nd vëd hm rmgb
rhb ebrkdn.
1478* Nbs mxtietbrms pbrätms qum eb smde mxtebrms
rbhdetms hm`me iestddrsm uiizdehb gudquimrd hm bs siluime
tms kmhibs?
( n )* Adhbs hm demrd smlurd d ue ldegfb prmvsb pdrd m
mxtebr
(0) Me ue sbpbrtm qum egnuyd gbrrmds b `dehs qum pumhde
smr hmsdtdhds, sukies¼dhb pbr m `rgdem hmn mxietbr
(7) Me ue sbpb
sbpbm
m istdhb
istdhb qum egnuyd
egnuyd gbrrmds
gbrrmds b `deh
`dehds
ds qum
qum
pumhde smr hmsdtdhds dprb`dhb pdrd td prbp÷stb
(8) Me ld`emms
ld`emms dprb`dhbs
dprb`dhbs b mkpbdhbs me eigfbs hm
hm
kurbs
1.478.4 Nbs gbnldhbrms y sbpbrtms eb hm`me smr `rgdhbs me
gdkpb
147= Nbs mxtietbrms rbhdetms hm`me mstdr u`gdhbs me uld
rms hmsiledhbs.
1.471 Nbs mxetbrms esddhbs me vmfgubs b me bds gbeh
gibems hbehm msté suomtbs d hmspdzdimeb hm`me smr estdnd
hbs me sbpbrts hm tpb gbe gbrmds dprb`dhbs
mspmgëgmetm hsmôdhbs pdrd msd dpnigdg÷e
147< Nbs mxttbrms estddhbs me gbehgibems b me u`gd
gibems hbehm msté s4mtbs
s4mtbs d hdbs sgbs (pbr mmkpb? kpdg
tbs `rdgibems gbehgbems dk`imetdnms) hm`me msdr
prbtmlhbs gbetrd
gbetrd dnms
 dnms hdôbs.
1.476 Dnurd hm iesdndgi÷e.
1.476.4 Nbs mxtebrms hm ue pmsb `rutb qum eb mxgmhd hm
8: ` (6.8 cl) h`me estddrsm hm kdemrd qum d pdrtm supm
rbr hmn mxiebr b msté d käs hm = pims (.=7 k) pbr megikd
hmn psb.
14760 Nbs mxtetbrms hm ue pmsb `rutb kdybr hm 8: n`
(68 l) (mxgmtb nbs mxtetbrms hm tipb rbhdetm) hm`me
iestddrsm hm kderd qum d pdrtm supmribr hm mxtietbr eb msté
d käs hm 7» pms (.:< k) pbr megkd
megkd hmn pisb
4:-4=
mtqumtds eb m`me mstdr u`igdhds ei gbnbgdhds me m metm hmn
mxetbr
14797 Nd rmstriggibems hm 1.7.90 eb hm`me dpigdrsm d nds
mtqumtds hm `rgdem briled, d nds miqumds qum sm rmndgi
eme mspmgëgdkmetm gbe nd bpmrdgi÷e hm mxietbr b nd gds
gdg÷e hm mlb e d ds mtqumtds hm gberbn hm ievmetdrb
mspmggds prd msm mxtietbr.
147
1
47 4:* Ldiemtms
1474:4 Ns ld`iemtms qum d`mrlde mxtiebrms eb hm`me
mstdr gmrrdhs gbe nndvm, mxgmptb hbehm nbs mxiebrms mstée
sumtbs d ue usb kdngbsb y nbs ld`iemtms ieguyde ue kmhb
pdrd mn dggms detm ued mkmrlmegid
1474:0 N u`igdg÷e hm nbs mxtetbrms, smlÿe sm hmsgri`m me
1..7.7.0 hm` msdr smôdnzdhd hm kdemrd gdrdkmetm vis`nm.
1.474:7 Ns mxtetbrms kbedhbs me ld`emms b mkpb¼d
hbs me eigfb hm kurbs hm`me mstdr gbnbgdhbs hm kdemrd qum
ds iestruggbems hm egibedkimetb hmn mxtiebr qumhme me mn
metm hm mqipb.
1474:8 Hbehm bs mxiebrms mstäe
ms täe iestdndhbs me ld`iemtms
gmrrdhbs qum mstée mxpumstbs d tmkpmrdurds mnmvdhds bs ld`
emtms hm`me std prbvstbs hm d`mrturds
d`mrturds gbe rmoinds y hrmems.
1474:= Ns ld`emms b eigfbs hm kurbs pdrd mxtiebrms
hm`me mstdr stdndhbs hm kdemrd qum sm gukpde ds dnturds hm
kbetm hmn xtietbr mspmgigdhds me 1..7.6
1..7.6 y 17.60
1474:1 Zdrd kurbs gbe gmrtgdgi÷e hm rmsstmegd dn
mlb, hm`me esddrsm sbdkmem ld`emtms kbetdhbs sb`rm d
supmrgm b d`emtms gbe gmrtgdgi÷e hm rmssmegd d mlb
istdhbs.
1474:1.4 Nds hspbsgbems hm 17.:.1 eb hm`me dpngdrsm
d ds esddgems mxistmems
1474 * Ns mxietbrms eb hm`me smr mxpumsbs
mxpumsbs d mkpmrdtu
rds mrd hm delb hm tmkpmrdurd nsdhb qum sm kumsrd me d
mtqumtd hm mxebr
148 Detiglmndetm
1484 Nbs xtetbrms qum gbetmelde sbndkmetm dlud skpm
148
hm`me mstdr rbmlhbs pdrd tmkpmrdturds de `dds gbkb hm
-8: A (-8: G) kmhidetm mn dlrmldhb hm ue detigbelmdetm qum
¿
¿
msté mspudb me
m e d pndgd hm ihmetgdgi÷e hmn mxtetbr
mxtetbr
1.4.80 Eb m`me uizdrsm sbnugbems hm gnbrurb hm gdgib me
mxetbrms hm dgmrb ebxihd`nm.
14= Wistmk hm keitrm mnmgr÷eig  dndrkd behm sm
iestdm ue stmkd hm kbetbrmb mmgtr÷eigb y dndrkd hm`m
dpigdrsm 1... y 1..=.0.
14767 Me eielÿe gdsb hm`m m mspdgb n`rm mem d pdrtm
ieamribr hm mxtietbr pbrtätin kdeudn y m pisb smr kmebr hm
8 pul. (:0 kk)
14=4 Nd gemx÷e gbe m hspbsitivb hm kbetbrmb mnmgtr÷
eigb hm`m smr gbetieudmetm supmrvisdhd pdrd vmrgdr su ietm
lrhdh.
1479 Qisi`inihdh hm nd mqumtd
14=0 Nd metm hm memrld pdrd m hispbstvb hm kbetbrmb
mnmg÷egb m`m smr supmvisdhd pdrd vmrigdr nd gbeteuhdh
hm d memrld
14794 Nbs mxtibrms hm`me msdr iestddhbs hm kdemrd qum
ds estruggbems hm bpmrdgi÷e hm mxtietbr qumhme me mn metm
hmn mquipb.
10 Iestdndgiems pdrd
pdrd rimsls gndsm D
14790 Nds mtumtds hm bs ssmkds hm hmeigdgi÷e hm
10 Xdkdôb  ggdgi÷e hm mxtietrms pdrd rimsls gndsm D
kdtmrdnms pmnlrbbs FKIW), nds mtiqumtds hmn kdetmeikimetb
hm nbs 1 dôbs nds iqumtds hm nds prum`ds fhrbstätgds u bds
104 Nbs tdkdôbs këekbs hm mxtetbrms pdrd bs lrdhbs hm
rmslbs nsdhs hm`me prbvmmrsm me eg÷e hm b mspmgigdhb
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXXIMW GBEXP
GB EXP EGMEIBW
4:-41
me nd d` 1.0.., mxgmptb smlÿ ds khigdibems hm
1.4.7. y 1.8.
X`nd 1.0.44 kdôb y gbnbgdg÷e hm mtibrms pd rmslbs
gnm D
Grribs
Bupdie
m ril
nlrb
Bupdie
m rimsl
bredrb
Budie
m rmsl
x
K  
K
0-D
0-
8-
 

Ä   ä
::: 
=:: 
::: 
  D
Ä   ä ,=:  ,=: p ,0=: p
 
<= 
<= 
<= 
H 
 ä
  
Z  WI,  ; :. 3   ; .  
E? Z          
M..
0
0
0
0
0

0

1.0.4.0 N gdthh ëeid h mttbr pdr rslbs dsm 
1.0.4.8.4 behm ds sm pbmd mstdgbems hm kdeluds
he pnr b AD 48.
1.0.4.8.0  ug÷ h  sds h kld y nd bn
gdgi÷e hm mxttms hmme sm tdnms qum nds mstdgibms drd
delur b pnge  k h ue xr h pbr khb
1.0.4.= Hbh  ä h ps  ue hgb  r h
dqumnd mspmgiaghd me nd d`nd 1.0.4.4 hm`m pbmmm d
ke  xt¼ hn tddôb këek uh.
1.0.4.1 m`m pmtirsm ukpn ge nbs muistbs h btmg
i÷ b mxttbs h kdy pbt hm xeg simkpm y
gdehb d histdid hm mgbhb sd tdms xtiebrms hm
ybr dkôb b mxgmhd h = s (0.9  y b sm xhd m
m hm is kd pb udh h D.
1.7 Iestdndgbe
Iestdndgbems
ms d rmslbs gndsm @.
1.7.4 Amlbs hm mrrdkms.
1.7.4.4* bs ptegidnms hm
hm mxiegi÷ keibs
keibs h ns mxtiet
rs pdr bs hs h rsb sdhb hm`me mr prbsb hm
dgumhb gbe  msmgigdhb me d d`d .7.4.4.
Xd `nd 1.7.4.4 ddôb
ddôb y gbnbgdg÷e hm mebrms pdrd rmslbs
gndsm @
m`m sm suagimetm pdrd gupr gb nbs mqsitbs m 1.0...4
d 1.4.07.
 pdrd ghd ueb h nbs psbs m ue mhigib hm smr hmtmi
dhd hvhmhb m är hm isb tbtd pbr m är käxid m vd
d sm pbtmlhd br gdd xietb, smlÿ n hmtmkdb me nd
d`dd 1
d`
1.4.
.4. (vrDemxbM.)
1.0.4.0.0 bs mtetbs hm`me std u`dhbs hm bhb qum ds
stdegs hm mgbrrib xkds e mxgmhde   pims
(0.9 ), mmptb smlÿ ds kbhigdgbes hm 10.4.8
1.0.4.0.4  ehh këd h mtbrm pdr msls nsm
1.0.4.0.7 Hhm nd gdtihdh hm mxtirms mqumhd pdd sdts
agr b mstd`nmghb m 1.0.4..0 xgmm d gdethdh gdngudhd
me 0.4., hmm esddrsm mttbrms dhibnms.
1.0.4.7 b h`me sdrsm etbrms käs pmqumôbs qum sé
  a         
u pbgdn h xiei÷e y gsagdg÷e këek h 4- pd
gukpni gb b mqsibs hm 1.0.4.
1.0.4.7.4 Hmm pmkitrsm d iestdndi÷e hm mxtietbrm hm
ker pmeg h tge, uequ e h hsm
m gkpnm b pd hm nbs rmqstbs h nd d`d 1.0..4
mxgmpb slÿ nb rkihb me 1..4.7..4 y 1..4.7...
1.0.4.7.4.4 Hm`m pritism n b h fdstd  mxtts hm
tpb hm dld, gdh  gbe e pbmegdn hm mxtegi÷e  gndsia
gdgi÷ hm -D, d e hm gukpir gbe bs rmuitbs h  xie
tbr ge  pbtdn h mxieg÷e y gdsiagdgi÷e m 0
1.04.7.4.0 m`m pmitrsm mn usb h hbs mxtetbms hm tipb hm
dld hm 0» ldn 9.81 ), d a m gupir gb bs mqusitbs hm
 xttb b pbt h xie÷ y dsdgb h 8D
1.0.4.8 H` r kpndzr fd d kidh hn bkpn
kmtb hm nbs mxttbrs mspmggdbs me d d 1.0. pb
mstdgibms hm kdelumds hm 4 » pul. 76 kk) spdgidhds hm
dm brk pdr sm tzdhs pbr bs bgpdts hm
mhagb.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
p m rmsl
Ztm ed
ed m
mtee këek
Hsded m rmrri
käkd fdsd
fdsd ns merms
pms
k

=@
:
.8
:-@
=:
=.0=

:-@
:
.8
=.0=
0:-@
=:
r
8:-@
:
.8
:@
=:
=0=
E         
        ,
  
            

       o     
   
1.74.4.4 b he srsm hbs b käs xiebms hm kmeb
pbtmegidn hm mxtegie pdd gukpir gb ns msibs m
prbtm÷
mspmgigdhbs
me nd dd 1.7.4., mxgm smlÿ b
pmtb m
1.7..4. y 1.7..4.7.
1.7.4.40 H pktirsm m b h dstd ¼ms mtims m
DAAA b AA h e dpgihdh hm d kmeb  ld (981 N
pdrd gukpni gb ns muistbs pdd imslbs mxd.
1.7.4.4.7 m pkiis mn sb hm hbs mxttbrms hm A b
AA hm e gpgihdh h dn meb .1 ldn ( N) pr gkpi
gb nbs rmqistbs pdd rimslbs bhdbs.
1.7 4.0 m`m pmktrsm d stddg÷e hm mtibms hm kmeb
pbtmegidn hm xtig÷e, hsm'b pd¼ pquôbs rislbs spm
gagb hmtb hm md hm rimsbs lmemrdm, dem b hm`m
gbhrd¼sm q pnm gbe pdrtm h bs rqibs h nd
d`nd 1.7.., d mebs m msté pmkiihb me 1..4.. y
7.4.4
7.4.4
1.7.4.7 Nb mxebms hm`me st `hbs hm ed q d
hsdgds
rmgihb
gdh e nhm
d`d
7.4.käxkds b mxgmhd dqmds mspmgia
7.4.
IEWZMGGI×E, KDEXMEIKMEB Y PMGDPLD
4:-4<
17.48 Hm`m pmrkitirsm gupn gbe bs mqustbs hm pbtmg
gi÷e gbe mxtetbms hm dyb gmtagdgi÷e, smpm y gudehb d
histgd hm rmgbihb fdstd tdms mxtetbrms hm dyb tddôb
eb mxgmhd hm
hm =: pms
pms (4=.0= ).
18* estdndgbems pdrd
pdrd rimsbs gnm G.
170 Nëquihbs iedkd`nms hm prbehihdh dprmgid`m
180 Mn rmqsitb hm 1.84 hm`m egu situdgbems hbehm ue
iegmehb hgtdmetm evbugrm b `me rbhmm mqupbs mnégtr
gbs.
1704 Eb hm`me iestddrsm mxtietbms pbrtätnms gbb nd ÿeigd
prbtmgg÷e gbetrd mslbs pb ëquhbs endd`nms
endd`nms hm prbeh
hdh dpmgid`m hbehm mn ärmd hm d supmagim mxgmhd hm
0
0
4: pms (:.97  ).
17.00* Hbehm n pmsbed memedhb me nd mxtiegbe hm
iegmehbs me bs mslbs pbtmlihbs msté siudhb me ns estnd
gibems y tmeld d gdpdghdh hm mspbehmr hm demrd em
hidtd m ärmd hm d supmragim äxd eb hm`m mxgmhm hm
0: pms (4.61 .
1707 Zdrd rmsbs pb nëquhbs ieandd`ms hm pbaehihdh
dpmgd`m, hm`m rbvmmrsm ue mxtietbr gndsm @ `dsäehbsm me d
mebs 0 uehdhms euéigds hm pbtmegid hm mxtieg÷e gdsm @
pbr pim0 (:.:9 0 ) hm nd supmagm hm nëquhbs edd`ms hm
ämd hm ¼imslb hm dybr hmes÷e.
1708 Hm`m pmritirsm qum sm pbvmde mxtietbrms hm tipb hm
DAAA b AAA, `säehbsm me 4-@ hm pbtmggi
pbtmggi÷e
÷e pbr pm 

(:.:9  ) hm msb. (Wb`  qum ievbnuge nëquihbs ieadkd
`nms sbn`ns  dld, vr =. = 8)
18.4 Hm`me mqumrsm mxtetbms gbe gdsagdgi÷e G hbehm
pumhd d`mr mqupbs mégtigbs memlizdhbs
187 Hm`ih d qum ue mlb ms ue mslb gdsm D b gndsm @, bs
e h e  h ô peh
pehe
e y 
  u`
hbs `säehbs me m imslb gdsm D b gndsm @ detigpdhb.
1= Iestdndgiems pd rimsbs gndsm H.
1=.4  Hm`m pbvmmsm mxtetbrms b dlmetms mxtetbms gbe
gdsiagdgi÷e  pdd ambs qum ievbnugme mtdms gb`ust
`ms.
1=.0 Nbs mxietbrms b dlmetms mxtietbms (mhibs) hm`me mstd
u`igdhbs d e äs hm <= pms (00.9 ) hm hstdegd hm mg
rrhb hmshm m rmslb gnm H. (¾ Wmggi÷e M1)
1=.7* Hm`m pbvmmsm mxtietbrms pbtätims b dlmetms mxte
tbrms (mhb) pdd rmslbs gdsm H me dqumnds ämds hm td`dob
hbehm sm lmmrme pbnvbs msgdds vutds dstds hm mtd b
prbhugtbs hm tddôbs sindms
1=8 Nd htmredgi÷e hmn tddb hm`m dgmrsm `dsäehbsm
me mn mtdn gb`usti`m mspmgëgb, mn tddôb sgb hm sus
 Eb hm`me usdsm hbs b äs mxtebrms hm
hm pbtmegd hm
mxtiegi÷e meb qum eb smde mxtetbms hm tpb hm DAAA b
AAAZ me nuldr hm mxtetbr rmqumrhb pdd m ämd hm rmslb hm
dyb himes÷e.
pdrtëguds, mnpb
ämd
vd d smhmn
gu`mrtd
mgbmehdgbems
rundhds
m qum
`igdetm
mxtietby nds
sb`m
bs hdtbs b`tm
eihbs me ds rum`ds hm gbetrbn.
17.01 Hm`me pmtsm fdstd trms mxtetbms hm tipb hm DAAA
b AAAZ pd gun gbe nbs rmqusitbs smpm
smpm y guhb
guhb d
sud hm nbs pbtmegdnms hm mxtiegi÷e me mbs gdsm @ gupd
b mxgmhd mn vdnbr rmqumrhb pdd
pdd mn ämd hm rmslb hm dyb
himes÷e.
114 * Hm`m prbvmmrsm mxtietbrms gndsm C pdd rmslbs hbehm
fdyd ue pbtegdn hm mlb qum ievbugrm mhbs hm gbgg÷e
gb`usti`ms (dgmitms y lrdsds vmmtms b dednms).
dednms).
17.0< Nds hstdgids hm mgbihb pdrd mxtietbrms pbrtätnms
eb hm`m mxgmhm m =: pims (4=.0= ). ¾rDemxb
11 Iestdndgiems pdrd rimsbs gndsm C
110 Nd histdegid hm rmgbrhb äxid eb hm`m mxgmhm hm
7: pims (9. ) hmshm mn
mn imslb fdstd nbs mxtebms.
170<0 Hm`m gbgdrsm ue mxtetb me ds pbxihdhms hm
ue rmslb hm ded qum msté dggmsi`nm dem d prmsmegid hm ue
11.7 Xbhbs nbs dpdrdtbs hm gbged qum utiigme gb`usti`m
s÷nihb (mstée b eb situdhbs hm`b hm ued gpded) gbe ue
vbume
vbu
me hm = pims7 (:.48  ) b mebr hm`me gbetd gbe dn
mebs ue mxtetb  hm tpb hm dlud istdhb
istdhb gbe ue pb tmegid hm
mxtegi÷e y nigdg÷e 0D b gbe ue mxtietb hm quëgb
ëquhb hm 4. d (1 N) nstdhb pdd mlb gdsm 
mlb sie qum mnb rmprmsmem ue rimslb iehm`hb pdd mn bpmd
hb.
Gdpëtunb < espmggi÷e, kdet
kdetmekimetb
mekimetb y rmgdrd
170<4 Nbs imslbs hispmsbs b dpndmetm smpdrdhbs
hm`me pbtmlmrsm m demd ehvhudn.
17.7 Pms
Pmslbs
lbs hm amb gbe b`stägu
b`stägunbs,
nbs, pbr rdvmhdh/trihikmsibednms y pbr prmsi÷e
< 4  Lmemrdnihdhms
1774 Hbehm sm iestdme b gbbqume mxietbrms pbrtätnms
deudms pdrd imlbs hm mlb gbe b`stägunbs, pb lrdvmhdh/
rihimesibedms  pb pmsi÷e nd histdegid hm rmgbrrhb rmd
fdstd mn rmslb eb hm`m mxgmhmr hm 7: pms (9.4 ) d mebs
qum msté mspmgigdhb hm b¼d demd. (¾ =.14
<4.4 Pmspbesd`nihdh. M pbpimtdb b su dlmetm hmsiledhb
b m bgupt hm ued prbpmhdh
prbpmhdh me nd qum
qum mstäe u`igdhbs bs
bs
mxtetbrms h`m sm rmspbesd`m hm su iespmggi÷e detme
imetb y mgdrld. (m
(m-- <.4
<.4.0
.0))
1770 Hbehm sm estdme b gbnbqume mxetbrms bhdetms hm
ued gdpdghdh hm lmetm hm 40= ` (=1.< cl) b äs pdrd mslbs
mslbs
hm mlb gbe b`stgunbs pbr ldvmhdh¼hmesibedms b pb
prms÷e nd histdegid hm mgbihb rmd dstd mn imslb eb hm`m
mxgmhm hm 4:: ps (7:.= ) d mebs qum msté mspmgigdhb hm
btrd demrd. (Qm 14
< 4.04  Nds pmrsbeds qum nmvde d gd`b mn detmeiimeb y d
mgdld hm nb mxtiebrms hm`me mstd gmtgdhds.
< 4.0 Zmrsbedn
<4.044 Hmm pmitirsm qum ds pmrsbeds qum rmg`de gdpdg
tdg÷e pdd s gmrtgdhds nnmvme d gd`b mn detmeiimeb y d
rmgdld hm nbs mxtibrms gbe nd supmrvis÷e hirmgtd y nd pmsme
gid iemhidtd hm ued pmrsbed gmtigdhd.
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
<0.0* Nd gmrtigg÷e rmqumrm qum nd pmrsbd pdsm u
mxdkme dhkes¼dhb br ud brldizdgi÷ qum smd dgmptd`m
pdrd d dutbrhdh gbkmtmtm.
<0.7 Mn mxdkme h`m `dsdrsm, gbkb këekb, m m gbebg
kimtb hm nbs gdpëtubs y dmxbs hm mstd brkd
<..0.4.8 Mn prbgmhikmeb hm nd mvdnudg÷e hm`m pmrkr qum
ds pmrsbeds utigme d brkd hurdem m mxdkm.
..0..= H` k  huk   p
metrmldr d nds pmrsbes qum pdsme mn mxdkme rmqumrhb me
<4.0..0
<00 Zrbgmhimtbs hm espmggi÷e. d ispmggi÷e pmr÷higd
b m kbitbrmb
kbitbrmb mgr÷igb
mgr÷igb hm bs mxtitbrms
mxtitbrms hm`m ieguir ud
vmrigdg÷ hm dn mbs nbs s limems ëtmks?
() ]`gdgi÷e m mI uldr hmslhb
(0) Qisi`inhdh mn mxtitbr b kmhbs pdrd ehgdr su u`gd
gi÷e
(7)) Dg
(7
Dggm
gmsb
sb d mxt
mxtie
ieb
brr
( 8) Nmgurd hm kde÷km
kde÷kmrb
rb b hgdh
hgdhbr
br me m rdelb hm
bpmrdgi÷e
(=)
(1)
Gdrld hmtm
Gdrld
hmtmr
red
edhd
hd pbr
pbr pmsb
pmsb b sbpms
sbpmsb
b
Gbhigi÷e m bs mukätgbs, rumhds gdrrbs, kdlumrds
y `bqunnds m bs mxtbrms rbhdetms
higd
h
igdhbr
hbr drd
drd mxtietbr
mxtietbrms
ms b rmgdrl
rmgdrld`n
d`nms
ms qum utniz
utnizd
d
iehgdhbrms hm prms÷e gbe punsdhbr hm pum`d
<..0..1 Mn hbgukmeb b gmrgdhb hm`m smr pumstb d hspb
sg÷e gudehb smd rmqurhb pbr nd dutbrihdh gbkpmtmtm
(<)
<.0.0 Nds pmrsbeds um nnmvde d gd`b mn kdetmeikimeb y d
rmgdrld hm bs mxtitbrs hm`m mstdr gdpdgdhds y hm`me mmr
d su hspbsigi÷e mn(ns) gbrrmspbhimetm(s) kdeud(ms) hm
smrvgb hm `rigdem, ds fmrrdkmetds gb-mgds, nbs kdtmrd
ms hm rmgdrld, u`rigdetms y nds pmzds hm rmpumstb hm `r
gdetm b pmzds mspmëgdkmtm istdhds pdrd su usb m
mxtitbms.
<.00. Mn prbpmtdrib b m dlmm hmn pbpmtdrib hm`me hmmr
kidr mn kétbhb hm iespmggi÷ hmn mxtitbr, tdn gbkb iespmg
g÷ kdeud, kbitbrmb mnmg¼÷egb b gudnqumr gbk`edg÷e
hm bs hbs.
<0.7* Eb hm`m rmumrirsm qum nds pmrsbds qum mvd d
gd`b nds ispmggbems mté gmrigdhds.
<..7 Pmmkpndzb hurdetm bs smrvgbs hm kdetmekmetb b
rmgdrld Nbs mxtibrms qum smde pumstbs mrd hm smrvgb pdrd
su kdetmikmtb b rgdrld hm`m smr rmmkpndzhbs pbr u
mxtitbr dhmgudhb pdd m tipb hm rimslb gbe¼d mn gudn sm
prbtmlm, m qum hm`m mmr ue pbtmegd hm mxteg÷e gbkb
këikb mquvdmem
<8 P÷tu
P÷tubs
bs b mtqu
mtqum.
m.
<8.4 Nbs r÷tunbs b mtqumtds prmvstbs pdrd mn rmlstrb hm
ispmggibems kdtmeimtb b rmgdld hm`m msd gbbgdhbs
hm kdemrd tdn qum eb `s¼uye m usb hmn mxeb d gndsigd
gi÷e hm mxtebr i nds mqumtds hmn d`rigdem.
<..8.0 Hm`m pmrkirm qum ds mqumtds qum ehgde m usb b
gdsgdgi÷ hm nbs mxitbrms, b dk`bs, smde gbbgdhds m m
mm hm mxtetbr
<.0 espmgg÷e.
<.0 Agumegid hm d espmggbems
espmggbems..
<.0.4* Nbs mxtebrs hm`m smr ispmggbehbs kdeudn
kmem gudhb smde pustbs ieigidnkmem m smrvigb.
<.0..0* Nbs mxtitbrms y dlmems mxtetbrms gndsm H hm`me smr
ispmggibedhbs, yd smd kdudnkmetm b pbr kmhb hm ue hspb
stvb/sstmk hm kbetbrmb mmg÷eigb, d itmrvdnbs qum b
mxgmhde hm 74 hëds.
<.0I.0 bs mxtebrs y dlmetms mxetbrms gdsm H hm`me smr
ispmggibehbs d kms ud vmz pbr kms gdnmhdrib
<.0..7* Nbs mxtitbrms y dlmems mxtetbrms gndsm H hm`me smr
kdudkmem ispmggibdhbs hdrid b smkdednkmem gudehb
mxistde gbehgbms qu ihiqum d emgmshdh hm iespmggbems
käs rmgumtms.
<.0.8 Nbs mxtietbrms qum sbe mnmg¼÷eigdkmetm kbetbrm
hbs pdrd hmtmrkidr su u`gdg÷e ÿegdkmtm dnms gbkb
dqumnnbs qum sm kbermd pbr kmhib hm u emrruptbr pdrd
ihigdr guähb m mxtetbr ms rmrdhb hm su sbpbrtm b ld`emtm
hm`me smr espmggbbs kdeudnkmm hm dgumrhb gb <00.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
<.0.0.0 GudqumS kétbhb b kétbhbs hm ispmggi÷ hstietbs
hm nd espmggi÷ kdeudn hm`m rmqumrr d dprb`dgi÷e hm d
dutbrihdh gbkpmtmetm.
<.0.0.7* Dhmkäs hm nb mstd`mghb me <00, nbs mxtietbrms
hm`me smr espmgbedhbs visudnkmetm hm dgumrhb gb <0.0.8
si mstäe u`igdhb m hbehm mxstd dlued hm ds s l metms
gbhigibms
( ) Dtd rmg
rmgum
umgid
gid hm ml
mlbs
bs me mn
mn pdsd
pdsdhb
hb
(0)) Pimsl
(0
slb
bs lrd
lrdvs
(7) ]`g
]`gdgibe
dgibems
ms m ds
ds qum
qum nbs mxe
mxebrms
brms mstme
mstme mxp
mxpumst
umstbs
bs d
hdôb kmgägb b sigb
(8) Mxp
Mxpbsg
bsg÷
÷ d tmkpmrd
tmkpmrdturd
turdss debrkd
debrkdms
ms b d dk÷
dk÷sam
samrds
rds
gbrbsivds
<00.8 Hbhm smd rmqumrhb m <0.07, bs slumms prbgmh
kimbs hm ispmg÷e hm`me sukdrsm d dqumnnbs hmsgritbs m
<0.0
Qmgdrr qu
qu ds
ds istruggbe
istruggbems
ms hm bpmrd
bpmrdgi÷
gi÷ me nds
nds pndgds
pndgds
( ) Qmgd
hm hmetgg÷ msm nml`ms y vis`nms me mn  rmtm hmn
mqupb.
(0) Qmr
Qmrgdr
gdr si y smbs hm smlurihdh m ihighbrms hm ke
pundgbe
pundg
be iem`h
i em`hdd rbtbs b td
td
 ms
(7)) Mxd
(7
Mxdke
kedr
dr gb
gb m e
e hm hmmg
hmmgtdr
tdr si
si fdy
fdy hdôb
hdôb sgb
sgb
mvihmtm gbbsi÷e lds b `bquinnds b`s¼uhds
<.00. Zrbgmhkimetb hm spmggi÷e pdrd gbetmemhbrms hm
metms mxtetbrms gnsm H Nd ispmggi÷e pmr÷higd hm bs
gbtmemhbrms hm dlmetms mxtebrms gndsm H qum sm usme pdrd
prbtmlmr gbrd rimslbs gndsm H hm`m iguir d vmrigdg÷ hm dn
kmebs nb silum?
() ]`gdgi÷e m mn uldr hmsldhb
(0) Qis
Qisi`in
i`inhd
hdh
h mn gbtme
gbtmemhb
mhbrr b kmhb
kmhbss pdrd
pdrd ehgd
ehgdrr su
u`gdg÷e
(7)) Dg
(7
Dggm
gmsb
sb d
d gb
gbtm
tmem
emhb
hbrr
(8) Xdpd smndhd
(=) Gdrld hmtmrdh pbr pmsb b sbpmsb
s bpmsb hm gbetmemhbr
gb etmemhbr
(1) Wi hdôbs igbs mvihmms me mn gbmmhbr
<.0.7 Dggbems gbrmgtvds. Gudhb nd iespmgg÷ hm ue mxte
br rmvmnm ud hmgmgid me dn led hm ds gbehgibms kmgib
hds m <.00 b me <0.0.8 hm`m kpnmkmtdrsm dggbems
gbrrmgtivds hm imhdtb
<.07. Mxtetbrm rmgld`ms. Gudehb nd espmggi÷ hm u
mxttbr rmgdrl`nm rmvmnm ued hmgimgd me dnlud hm nds
IEWZMGGI×E, KDEXMEIKMEB Y PMGDPLD
4:-49
gbehgibems kmegbedhds me <.0.0(8) <.00(=) <.00(1) b
<.0.08(4) d <.0.08(7) mn mxiebr hm`m sm sbkmhb d bs
prbgmhkmetbs h kdemeikmetb dpgd`nms.
(0) Dlme
(0)
Dlmem
m mx
mx
e
eb
b
(7) Kmhibs hm mxpsi÷e
(8)
(8
) Gb
Gbeh
ehi
i÷e
÷e s
sg
gdd
<.07.0 Mxtietbr hm prbugtbs qukigbs smgbs eb rmgdrld`nm
Gudehb nd espmg÷e hm ue mxeb hm pbhgtbs quëkigbs
smgbs eb mgdrldnm mvmnm ed hmgimegd me d l ed hm nds
gbehgibems kmegbedhds me <0.0(8), <00(=) <.00(<) b
<.0.08(4) d <.0.08(7) mn mxtietbr hm`m sm rmtidhb pdd qum
     y  ÿ  
pbr mn prbpmdrb b hmvmnb dn `igdem.
<077 Mxtietbr hm dlmetms fdn÷e eb rmgdrl`nm Gudehb d
iespmggi÷e hm ue mxietbr eb rmgdld`nm qum gbemeld e
dlmem fd÷e rmvmm ued hmgimegd me dlued hm ds gbehgib
ems kmegibedhds e <.0.0(8) <.0.0(=) <.0.0(<) b <.0.0.8() d
<.0.08(7) m mxeb hm`m sm pumsb mrd hm smrvgb eb
hm`m sm hmsgdldhb y hm`m sm hmvumb d `igdem d e
vmehmhb hm mqubs gbetrd iegmehb b d ue hsr`uihbr d e
hm pbs`indr nd rmupmrdgi÷e hmn d÷e.
<.744 Nbs xebrms hm`me mstd sombs d kdetmekimeb d
emdnbs qu eb mxgmhde hm 4 dôb d kbkmeb hm nmvrsm d
gd`b d pmd hbsätigd b gdehb smd mspmgëgdkmem eh
gdhb pbr ued hisgmpdegid
hisg mpdegid me d espmgg÷e b ebgd
ebgdgi÷e
gi÷e mnmg
÷eigd
<08 Wstmkd m rmlistrb hm iespmggibems
<700* Wmns b iehigdbrms m kdeipundgibems em`ids Dn
kbkmeb hn kdemeikmetb m smnnb hm smluihdh gbed
kdeipdgibms iehm`hds hm e mxeb mgdld`nm hm`m sm
rmrdhb oddhb hmn pdsdhbr hm `bqumb b d`rmehb m hispbs
vb hm gmrm
<084 Pmlistrbs m
m iespmggibems kdeudnms
<084.4 Hbehm m nnmvme d gd`b iespmggibems kdeudnms bs
rmlstbs hm nds espmggbems kdeudms hm`me rmlsrdsm me e
r÷unb b miqumd dhbsdhb d mxietb hm`m gbesmdsm me
dgfivb ed nsd m vmrigdg÷e hm d iespmgg÷e b `ime un
zdrsm e kébhb mmgr÷eigb.
<084.0 Hbehm sm mvme d gd`b espmggibems kdeudnms
hm`me mlis-dsm n kms y d'b me qm sm nnmv÷ d gd`b nd espmg
gi÷e kdeud y nds ieigdnms hm d pmsbed qum nmvd d gd`b d
iespmggi÷e.
<0847 Mn pmrsedn qm mamgd iespmggibems kdeudnms hm`m
mvd mlisrbs hm bhbs nbs mxietbrms espmggbedhbs metrm
mnnbs bs qum sm `mrd b`smrvdhb qm rmqimme dggbems
gbrmgivds.
<70 Mxdkm mxtmreb deudn hm tbbs nbs mxtietbrms
<704 Gbehigi÷e asigd Hm`m dgmsm ue mxdkme mxmeb
visdn deudn m bhbs bs mxiebrms gbe mn e hm hmmgtdr si fdy
hdôb sigb mvihmem gbrbsi÷e u b`s¼uggi÷e me d `bqunnd
pdrd vmrigd qum msée ds estruggibems hm bpmdg÷e msme
mli`nms y vsnms me mn mem hmn mqupb y qm nd ekdg÷e
hmn FKIW msté y smd nml`m y d e hm hmmrked s hm`m
fdgmrsm ued prum`d hbsäigd b mn mxdkme qm sm nnmvd d
gd`b gdhd 1 dôbs.
<700.4 ]ed vmz gbkpmdhbs nbs prbgmhikimebs hm kdem
ekimeb dpgd`ms hm`m gbnbgdsm ue emvb smnnb hm smlr
hdh gberd kdeipdgibems ehm`hds nstdhb
<700.0 Nb smbs b ehgdhbms hm kdeipdgibems ehm`
hds gbnbgdhb me mxiebrms hm ipb eb rmgd¼ld`nm eb hm`me sm
rmrdhbs.
<707* Aueds, deinnbs m `dsm  dggmsbribs Xbhds nds
ehds deis hm `dsm y dggmsbibs hmskbetd`ms hm`me sm
mrdhbs gb mn e hm pbs`iitdr nbs kiegibsbs mxäkmems
udnms hm b gniehrbs
<080 Pmistrbs m
m iesmggibems mnmgtr÷eigds
<708 Gudhb msée sbkmhbs d tmkpmduds qm msée me
b pb megkd hm ds hm s gmigdg÷e isdhd nbs mxebms hm
prms÷e dkdgmedhd qm rmqimrde ed prum`d hbsäigd d
bs 40 dôbs h`me smr vdgdhbs y sbkmmrsm dn kdemekimeb y
d nbs prbgmhimebs hm mgdld dpngd`nms gbe ued mgumegid
.
<0.80.4 Hbehm m mkpnmde sismkds mnmgtr÷egdmem kbe
<.7.0= Dggibems gbrrmgtivds. Gudhb m mxme mxmb hm
brmdhbs
ds`smrvd
espmggbems
hm`me mvdsm
mlisbs
hm bs
mxiebrmspdrd
qm sm
qum rmqumme
dggibems
gbrmgvs.
e mxti etbr vmm ed hmgi
hmgimegd
megd hm`me kpmkmedsm dggib
ems gbmgvs hm ekmhidb.
<0.800 Nbs rmlsbs hm kbeitbrmb mnmgr÷egb hm`me sm
gbesmdhbs d e hm hmkbsd qum sm fde nmvdhb d gd`b d
kmebs ds nkds 40 espmggbems kmesums.
<.7.7 Mxdkm ietmreb deudn m mtmrkiedbs tipbs hm mxtiet
rms
<084.8 Nbs mlirbs hm ds iespmggbems kdeudnms hm`me sm
gbesmrvdhbs d e hm hmkbs¼d qum sm fde nmvdhb d gd`b d
kmebs ds nkds 40 espmggbems kmesudnms.
<0807 Zdd nbs mxebms mnmgr÷egdkmetm kbeitbrmdhbs
hbehm m mxietb pbvbgd qum sm mkitd ed smôd me ed
eihdh hm gbebn gudhb fdy ued hmgmegid me dlued hm ns
gbehgibems kmegibedhds me <.0.0 sm hm`m nnmvd mlisb me
rkdb hm ebgdgi÷e hm egihmems mmg¼÷eigbs me mn pdemn
hm gbebn.
<7 Kdemeëkimet m ue mxtietbr
<74 Zrbgmëkimebs m kdetmeëkimetb Hbehm smd mqum
rhb me bd smgg÷e hm msd ebkd nbs prbgmhikmebs hm
kdemeikmeb hm`me egnir nbs pbgmhkimebs hmdnndhbs me
mn kde hm smiib hm `rgdetm y e kieugbsb mxdkme hm
bs mmkmetbs `äsigbs hmn mxeb mem mnbs?
(4) Zm
Zmzds
zds kmgä
kmgäigs
igs hm bhb
bhbss bs
bs mxie
mxiebrms
brms
*
<774 Ietmvdnbs m kdetmeëkmeb Nbs mxtietbrms hm`me
smr mxdkedbs ietmdkmetm d emrvdbs qum eb mxgmhde
dqmnbs mspmggdhbs me d Xd`d <.7.7.4.
7.7.4.
*
<770 Gfbrb m dlud gbe gdrld detigbelmndetm Nbs mxetb
mxetb
rms hm pb m prms÷e dnkdgmedhd qum gbemelde e dlmem
hm gbrb m dd gbe gdrld degbelmdem hm`me s
hmskbedhbs dednkmetm y sbkmhbs d ue kdemeikimb
gbkpmtb.
<7704 Hmm pmrkiirsm qum d gdld hm gbrb hm dld gbe
gdld degblmndem sm mgupmm y sm vmvd d utizd¼ simkprm
y gudehb msd
ms d sm sbkmd
sbkm d d ue deäsis
deä sis hm dgumrhb gbe nb msd`nm
gihb me ns ie¼uggbems hm `rigdem hmn mxeb
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW BPXÄXIMW BEXPD EMEIBW
4:-0:
X`nd < 7.7 Kdetmei
Kdetmeiimetb
imetb kmidetm mxä kmems ietmrebs
p hm 
H frr h lu  rl ei
eielt
elt 
lde, h pri nkddh
H lu h q
qu
u h `bk`  qu h
`bk`
`bk
`  ` h
h  gnbrb h
h gngb
H prhuts quëks s prhs pr
rtuf  ihr,   h  hu
H p sg, prhs pr rtugf 
ehr,   h dr hung
H lts fuk
fukdes
des
H lu h pr ke
H AAA (puk kdh h pëun
u)
H AAA (puk urprtëi hr
h pnu)
H prhut quëk s h pr
keh,  sb h r eih`n
H hiih h r`
H quëki nquh
H quëki 
  h pri dnkddh,
dnkddh, 
 h r hun, g h dte hdh
 g h ukii
Imdn pdd
mäkm
mbs (dôs)
4
4
*
(0) Zmrsbed qum mv÷ d gd`b d tdmd
(7) bk`rm hm nd dlmegid qum mv÷ d gd`b d tdmd
<.7.8.0 Gdhd mxtetbr um dyd shb sbkmtihb d ue kdemeikmeb um iegud ue mxdkme etmeb, mxgmptb bs mxtetbrms
hmetigdhbs me .77.7 y <.7.7 hm`m tmem ue gbnd hm vmrigdgi÷e hm smrvigib dnmhmhb hmn gumb hm gbememhb
<7.= Dggibems grrmgtivds Gudehb m kdetmeikmetb hm ue
mxtietbr rmvmm ued hmgimegid hm`me kpnmkmetdsm dggibems
4
=

gbrmgtvs hm emhidtb
         

m mxtietbrms
mx tietbrms Ghd 1 dôbs, bs mxtietbms hm pmsi÷e dkdgmedhd um muimrme ued prum`d fhbstätgd gdhd 0 dôbs
hm`me sm vdgdhbs y sbkmthbs d bs prbgmhkimetbs hm mxäkmems iemrebs y mxmbs dpgd`ms, smÿe sm hmtdnd me m
kdeudn hm smrvigi hmn ad`g
ad`gdem
dem y me msd ebrkd.

<.7.1 Gudehb bs pbgmhikimetbs hm kdetmekimetb dpnigd-
*
=
=
=

H p
dlt
fnldh

,
h prsi nkdh, 
 h r hun
 M u
u      
    
      .
 M       
  
   D 
   
          u
     
<7.700 Gudehb b prbgmhkimetbs hm kdetmekmeb
etmb sm me d gdb hurdetm d prm`d fihrbstäigd b d
rmgdld pmr÷hgd, mn muistb hm  dôb hm`m gbkmezdr d pdi
hm msd amgd.
<.7.7.7* Mxtetbrms bprdbs pbr gdrtugfb b pbr gnierb. 
 x
xb
b h nb xb bp
bphb
hb pb u
ub
b b pb
gehrb hm`m smr iemrdkmem mxdkiedhb deudnkmetm
<7.78 Mxtietbrms m lmetms fukmgtdetms. Nbs mxtetbms hm
dlmetms fukmgtdetms m`me smr hmskbetdhbs deudnkmetm y
sbkmihbs d ue kdetmkimetb gbkpnmtb
<7.7= Mxtietbrms m tdequms m `bk`d Nbs mxtetbrms hm
tdeums hm `bk`d hmme sm etmdkmetm mxkiedhbs deudnkmetm.
<7.71 b hm`m mqmrism m mxdkme ietmb deud pdd
mxtetbrms eb rmgdld`ms mxtetbrms hm hi÷xihb hm gd`beb b
mxtetbrms hm prmsi÷e kdgmedhd mxgmptb pdrd dqumbs mspmggdhbs me <.7.70
<.7.8* Pmlistrb mn
 mn kdtmeikimetb
kdtmeikimetb deudn.
<.7.8.4 Gdhd mxtetb hm`m tmemr dhbsdhb hm kdemrd smlud
`ms sm mvde d g`b hurdetm nds prum`ds fhrbstätgds b mgdlds pmri÷higds m muisib hm nbs 1 dôbs hm`m gbkmezd d
prtrr hm msd amgf
prt
amgf 
<.7.1.0*  mt hm dlmetms hm nbs mxtiebms hm dlmetms
fdn÷e sbdkmem m`m dgmsm kmhidetm mn usb hm ue sistmkd
gmdhb hm rmgupmdgi÷e hm fd÷e istdhb
<.7.1.7 b hm`m rmqumrsm um nbs mxtiebms eb rmgdrld`nms
smde
sbkmtihbsd dpum`ds
ue mxdkme
iemb gdhd
dôbs ysmr
ebpumstbs
hm`me
smr sbkmthbs
ihrbsätigds
pmrb1hm`me
aumd hm smrgb d ue iemrvdb käxkb hm 0 dôbs hmshm d
amgd hm `rigdge
<.7.1.7. bs mxtetbrms hm dlmetms dn÷e eb rmgdrld`nms
hm`me smr mkiedhbs hm dgumhb gbe <.07.7.
<7.18 Dggibems gbrrmgti. Gudehb mn mxdkme ietmb hm
ue mxtetbr mvmm ued hmgmegid hm`me ikpmkmetdrsm dggbems gbmgtivds hm iekmhdb
<7.1=* Mtiqumtd mn mxdkme ietmreb m gdd smis dôbs. Nbs
mxtetbrms qum pdme mn rmuistb dpnigd`nm hm gdhd 1 ôbs hm
<7.1 hm`me mem d erkdg÷e hm kdetmekmeb rmlistrdhd
me ued miumtd urd`nm, d prum`d hm ds gbehigbems gnikätigds hm ue tdkdb kekb hm 0 punl  7» punl. ( kk 
69 kk)
<7.1=.hm d
mtqumtd
hm`m ysm
dhmrihd
dn gdsgb
kmhb
ueeumd
prgmsb
se gdb
hm`me
quitdrsm
tbhds pb
nds
mtiumtds demribs hm bs mxäkmems etmbs hm gdhd 1 dôbs
<71=.0 stds mtqumds hm`me sm hm tpb hm dutbhmstuggi÷e
gudehb sm ietmetm mtidd
mti dd hm ue mxetbr.
<.7.1.=.7 d miqmtd hm mxdkme etmb hm dhd 1 dôbs hm`m
gbkb kekb, hmetgdr nb ilumetm
(4) Kms y dôb me um sm nnmv÷ d d`b m mxdkme ietmb hm
gdhd 1 dôbs
m v÷ d gd`b d tdmd
(0) Zmrsbed qum mv÷
(7) bk`rm hm nd dlmegid um mv÷ d gd`b d tdmd
<8* Zrum`d m gb
gbeugt
eugtiid
iid
 m ue gbuetb m kbetdom m
kdelumrd pdrd i÷xib m gdr`beb. eudkmetm hm`m nmvdsm
ue r÷tunb b mtiqumtd um m kdetmeikimetb d shb mvdhb d
gd`b.
d gd`b ued pum` hm behugtvhdh me tbhbs nbs gbeuetbs hm
kbetdom hm kdelmds pdd h÷xihb
h÷xih b hm gdr`beb.
<.7.8.4.
n r÷tunb b miumtd hm`me hmetigdr gbkb kekb
b
slumetm?
() Kms y dôb me um
um sm nmv÷ d gd`b m kdetmekmetb
kdetmekmetb
<.8.
Nbs beutbs
hm kbedom
hm kdemrds
pdd hi÷xihb
hm
d`beb
um b pdsme
d prum`d
hm behugtvhdh
hm`me
smr mmkpndzdhbs.
 :
IEWZMGGI×E, KDEXMEIKMEB Y PMGDPLD
<80 Pmlistrb hm nds prum`ds hm gbehugtivhdh hm nbs gboue
tbs hm kbetom hm kdelumrds pdrd hi÷xhb hm gd`beb.
<.8.04 Nbs gbeouetbs hm kbetom hm kdelumrds pdrd h÷xhb
hm gd`beb qum dsme ued prum`d hm gbehugthdh hm`me
tmem d eabrkdg÷e b`tmeihd me nd pum`d rmlis¼dhd me ued
mtqumtd hurd`nm,  pum`d hm ds gbehgbems gnkätgds hm ue
tdkdôb këeikb h» pul  7 punl (47 kk  <1 kk)
<800 Nd mtiqutd hm`m sm dhfmrihd d nd kdelumrd pbr
kmhib hm ue pbgsb sie gdbr
<807 Nd mtqumtd hm`m egnui nd siluimetm erkdgi÷e?
(4) Kms y dôb me qum sm nmv÷ d gd`b nd pum`d ehgdhbs
kmhdetm pmbdgibems, tdms gbkb nds qum sm fdgme gbe
ue sdgd`bgdbs kdeudn
0) Ebk`m b eigdms hm nd pmsbed qum fd nmvdhb d gd`b d
prm`d y eb`rm hm d dlmegid qum fd nnmvdhb d gd`b d
prum`d
<= Kdetmeikimetb hm mstdgibems hm kdelumrds Hbehm sm
4:-04
<<0 Pmlundbrms hm prms:e Nbs rmludhbrms hm pmsbe
pbvstbs gbe nbs mxtetbrms hm tpb bhdetm hm`me sm pb`
hbs deudkmtm pdrd vm-gd d prmsi÷e msätgd hm sdnhd y d
tsd hm ub m dgumrhb gbe ds esuggibems hmn `rigdetm
<.<.7 Dggibes gbrrmgtiv Gudehb mn kdetmekimetb hm ued
kdelumd b mlundhbr hm prmsi÷e hm ue mxtebr rmvmnm ued
hmgmegid hm`me kpmkmetdsm dggbems gbrmgtivds hm
ekmhidtb
<.6 Pmgdrld m mxtietbrms y dlmetms mxtietbrms.
<.6.4 Lmemrdnihdhms.
mgdld`nm hm`me smr
<.6.4.4 Xbhs nbs mxtetbrms hm tipb mgdld`nm
rmgdrldhbs mspués hm su usb b gudehb dsë nb iehiqum su
espmggi÷e, detmeikimetb b prum`d fihbsätgd
<.6..0 Guehb sm nnmvd d gd`b d rmgdld hm`m gukpnrsm
gbe nb mstd`mghb me m kdeud hm smvgb hmn `gdetm
(Wb`rm dlts hm rmgdd, vmr <.67.)
iestdme mstdgibems hm kdelumrds pdrd gukpi gbe 104 8
mstds hm`me smr kdetmeihds hm dgumrhb gbe EZD 4910
<.6..7 Nd deihdh hm dlmetm hm rmgdrld hm`m sm vmgdhd
pmsdehb m mieb
<1 Kdetmeikimetb hmn sistmkd hm kbeitbrmb mnmgtr÷igb
<674 Zdrd dqumbs mxietbms qum eb tmelde mn pmsb `rtb
<14 Kbitbrmb nmgtr÷eigb Nbs gbkpbemems hm hispbs
tivb/sistmkd hm kbeibmb hm`me smr pb`dhbs y kdetmeihbs
deudnkmetm hm dumrhb gbe nb mstd`mghb me mn kdeudn hm
kdetmeikmetb nsdhb hmn `igdetm, gbe d iegusi÷e gbkb
këeikb hm bs silimetms ëmks
(4 ) Iespmggi÷e hm sukieisb hm memrld/gdk`b hm `dtmrëds
0) Iespmggi÷e hm smesbr hm b`struggibems
7) Iespmggi÷e hm smesbr hm u`igdgi÷e
8) Iespmggi÷e hm nd ehgdgi÷e hm pms÷e
=) Iespmggi÷e m d gbeieuihdh hm ds gbemxbems (¾r
<.144 y <14.0)
<144 Hm`m prbdsm m gme pbr gimetb hm tbhds ds uehdhms
dn kbkmetb hm n estdndgi÷e ieigdn b nd rmdgmptdg÷e gbe d
vmrigdgi÷e
vmrigdgi÷
e hm  d mgmpg÷e
mgmpg÷e hm nd smôdn m e mn pdem hm gbetbn b
me ued dndrkd bgn
<.14.0 M vmetm br gmeb hm ds ueihdhms hm`me sm pb`d
smôdizdhb m nd pndgd hm ihmetgdgi÷e e me d vännd hm`m
gbbgdsm me m gnehb ued mtiqumtd pmkdemetm me nd qum sm
ehiqum m pmb `utb
<.6.7.0 Nd mtiqumd dlmldhd me nd qum sm ehqum mn pmsb
`utb
hm`m sr hm ue kdtmrdn hurd`m hm ue tpb smes`m d d
pms÷e hm utbhmstrggi÷e Wb`rm mxtietbrms h tipb m dud h
-i÷e dnkdmdd v  6 7.4:
<6477 Eb hm`m rmqumrsm qum tmelde ehgdhb m pmsb bs
mxetbms hm nbs tpbs hm dlud hm tqum hm `bk`d y hm t
gbelmdem d `dsm hm gnburb hm gdngb hm dequm hm `bk`d
<678* Nmlb hm nd mgdrld, hm`m nnmvdrsm d gd`b ued
pum`d hm ld me bs mxietbms hm tipb hm prmsi÷e dkdgm
edhdy dutb mpmnmetms
mpmnmetms 
<67= Me eelÿe gdsb hm`m ue mxieb sm rmgdldhb sie
ued pum`d ihbsätgd s sm fd pdsdhb d amgfd mspmgigdhd
 k  k   k   
ueihdhms smde pbdhs hmetb hm ue pmrëbhb hm = dôbs
< .6.0 Armgumgid hm rmgdrld pdrd hmtmrkiedhbs tipbs hm mxtitbrms
<.1.0
Gudehb
utingme uetdkmetm
gbemnmg÷egb
sstmkds hmhmddrkd
hm
iegmehb
nbssmhspbstvbs
hm kbeitbrmb
mxte
tbms hm`me sm espmggbedhbs y kdetmeihbs hm dgumrhb gbe
EAZD ygbe <1
<604 Hm tdqum hm `bk`d Gdhd 0 kmsms nbs mxtietbrms hm
tpb hm dlud hm tdequm hm `bk`d y hm detgbelmdetm d `dsm
hm gburb h gdgib hm tdequm hm `bk`d hm`me smr mgdrldhbs
gbe pbhugts qukigbs eumvbs b dld, smlÿe gbrmspbehd
<17 Dggibems gbrmgtivd Gudehb m kdetmeikimetb hm ue
<600 Hm dlmetms fukmgtdetms Mn dlmem hm nbs mxtiebms
ssmkd hm kbetbrmb rmvmnm ued hmgmegid hm`me kpmkme
tdrsm dggibems gbrmgtvds hm iekmhidb
<< Kdetmeikimetb hm kdelumrds y rmlundhbrms hm mxtietbrms
rbhdetms
<.<4 Kdelumrds hm mxtietbrms rbhdetms Ns kdelumrds hm
hm dlmetms kmgtdetms hm prmsi÷e dkdgmedhd hm`m smr rmm
pdzdhb deudnkmetm
<6004 Hmm usdrsm sbdkmem m dlmem mspmgigdhb me d
pdgd hm hmeigdg÷e pdd nd rmgdld
<.6.00.0 Hmm pbf`ism m usb hm dlud b hm gudqumr btrb
dhtvb
hmsgdrld hm mxttbrms rbhdetms hm`me sm gbkpnmdkmetm
hmsmebnndhds ymxkedhds
ymxkedhds pdrd hmtmgtdr hdôbs deudnkmem
6  A  A
<.<44* Ns kdlumds hm hmsgdrld hm mxtetbrms rbhdetms
hm`me mstdr merbdhds hm kdemrd qum sm mvitme tbgmhuds y
smd pbs`nm ue äphb hmspnimlum gbebkm d b mstd`nmgihb me
6 Mn lmem pmkmzgndhb hm
hm mxtebrms hm D
D  y Z
hm tpb hm grld hm ëquhbs hm`m smr rmmkpdzdhb d mebs
ued vmz gdhd 7 dbs
ds iestuggbems hn `rigdetm
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-00
<.6.0.7.0 Wbndkmetm m dlmem hm mspukd mspmgigdhb me d
pdgd hm ihmetaigdg÷ hmn mxtietbr hm`m smr usdhb pdd d
rmgdld.
<.6.7.1* Mnked÷e hm nd fukmhdh. drd tbhbs bs tipbs hm
<.6.0.7.7 Eb hm`m rmqumism um mn dlmem hm nbs mxtetbms
<.6.7.<* Hm dlmems fdnblmedhbs. Nbs mxtietbms hm dlmetms
fdnblmedhbs hm`me smr gdldhbs sbndkmetm gbe mn tpb y pmsb
hm dlmem mspmggdhbs me nd pdgd hm hmetigdg÷e.
hmetigdg÷e .
hm DAAA y AAAZ eb prsurzdhbs um mstä suomtb dn deänss hm
dlmetms hm dgumrhb gb ds es¼uggibems hm a`rgdetm gukpd
gbe <.607..
<.6.7* Dlmetms hm rmdld.
<.6.7.4 Wbdkmetm hmme usdrsm dumnbs dlmetms mspmgigdhbs
me d pndgd hm ihmegdgi÷e b nbs dlmetms um fde hmkbsdhb
tmemr muivdmem gbkbsigi÷e uëkgd, gdrdgtmëstigds asgds y
gdpdghdhms pdd d mxtiegi÷e hm amlb
mxtetbrms um eb sme hm dlud, tbhd fukmhdh hm`m smr mik
edhd detms hm d rgdrld.
<.6.7.6 Pmutnzdi÷e hm dlmems fdnblmedhbs.
<.6..6. n   fne   b eb bke
hm`m fdgmsm kmidetm m usb hm ue sstmkd gmrdhb hm mgupm
rdg÷e hm f÷e ntdhb.
<.6.7.6.0 Mn mt hmn dlmetm hm bbs mxebms hm dlmetms
<.6.7.4.4 Hm`m gbeshrdrsm um gukpnme gbe mstbs rmusitbs
fdnblmedhbs sbndmem hm`m fdgmrsm kmhdetm m usb hm ue
sstmkd gmrdhb h rmgupmdg÷e
bs dlmetms mspmgëgdmem nstdhbs pdrd sm utnzdhbs gbe msm
mxtietbr
<.6.7.6.7 Mn mxttb hm`m sm mxdkiedhb ietmdkmetm pdrd
<.6.7.0* Kmznd quëkgbs smbs.
smbs. Nbs uëkigbs smgbs kutiprb
p÷sitb eb hm`me kmzndrsm gbe prbhugtbs uëkgbs smgbs hm
`sm ngdied.
hmtmgtd gbetdkidg÷e b gbbs÷e, b dk`ds.
<.6.7.6.8 Mn dlmtm fdnblmedhb rmtmeihb me m giehb hm
<.6.7.7 Kmznd hm quëkb smb rmkdemetm (Xbpiel Ba.
rmgupmdg÷e hm sstmkd hm`m sm mutinzdhb sbdkmem si eb
sm b`smvd eielud mvhmegid hm gbetdkiedg÷e me mn giiehb
hmn mxtietbr
<.6.7.7.4 Hm`m pmrkitsm um mn uëkgb smgb rmkdemetm hm
ue mxtietbr hmsgdrldh smd rmutiizdhb, simkprm y gudehb fdyd
shb gbkpnmtdkmetm vigdhb pdd hmtmkiedr m tpb dprb
pidhb, d gbetdkiedg÷ y gbehg÷e.
<.6.7.6.= Mn dlmtm fdblmedhb mnikiedhb hm bs mxtietbrms
um kumsrm mvihegd hm gbrrbsi÷e b gbetkiedg÷e etmd
hm`m sm pbgmshb hm dgumrhb gbe b mstd`nmgihb me nds
iesruggbems hm `rigetm hmn mxetbr.
<.6.7.7.0 Gudehb sm fdy hmtmrkiedhb um m uëkgb smgb ms
<.6.7.9* H÷xhb m dr`beb.
hm ipb egbrrmgtb b msä gbetkedhb, eb hm`m smr rmutin
zdhb.
<.6.7.9.4 Nd asm hm pbr hm hi÷xhb hm gd`beb eb hm`m sm
<.6.7.8 Pmutzd÷e h ue dlmem quëkb
quëkb smb.
<.6.7.8.4 Hm`m pmkirsm rmutizdr mn dlmem ukgb smgb,
smkpm y gudehb sm mkpmm ue sstmkd gmrrdhb hm rmgupmd
gi÷e y m dlmetm smd ddgmedhb me ue gbememhbr smnndhb pdd
mvtd d gbetdkiedg÷
<.6.7.8.0 Detms hm sm mutnzdhb, mn ukigb smgb hm`m sm
kieugibsdkmetm vmidhb pdrd hmmkied m tipb dprbpdhb,
d gbetdkiedg÷e y gbhg÷e
<.6.7.8.7 Hbehm fdyd huhds gbe rmspmgtb dn tipb gbetdkied
g÷e b gbeg÷e hm ukgb smgb m pbhugtb ukgb smgb
hm`m smr hmsgddhb.
<.6.7.8.8 Wstmkd mrrdhb hm rmupmrd÷e
rmupmrd÷e hm quëbs smbs.
smbs.
<.6.7.8.8.4 M sismkd m`m mstd gbestuhb hm kdemd um eb
pmrkitd mn ielrmsb hm dmrdms mxdôbs me mn dlmem um mstä
smehb mgupmrdhb.
<.6.7.8.8.0 M sstmkd hm`m gbetdr gbe ue kmhb um pmktd
d iespmggi÷e visudn h dlmetm rmgupmdhb gbe mn e hm hmtmg
td d prmsmegd hm gbedkiedems.
kmebr hm 99.= pb gimetb hm h÷xihb hm gr`beb
<.6.7.9.0 Mn gbeihb hm dlud eb hm`m smr kdybr hm 1: ptms
pbr ki÷e (ppk) pb pmsb d ue pueb hm gbehmesdgi÷e hm
-=0 A (-8< G
¿
º
<.6.7.9.7 Mn gbeteihb hm dgmim eb hm`m mxgmhmr hm 4: ppk
pbr pmsb.
<.6.7.4:* Xpbs m dlud. Nd gdethdh hm dlmem ëuhb hm`m
hmtmrkedsm kmdetm m usb hm ueb hm bs slumetms?
( Kmhigi÷e mxdgtd pb pmsb
 Kmhigi÷e mxdgtd me vbukme
(7) Xu`b gbetrd sb`rmmedhb si sm fu`imrd prbvisb
(8) Kdrgd hm nnedhb me mn gdsgb hmn mxtietbr, si sm fu`imrd
pbvistb
Wbdkmem m dlmetm mspmgigdhb me nd pndgd hm ihmetagd
g÷e hm mxtietb m`m smr usdhb pdrd nd mgdrld.
<.6.7.4:.4 Hm`m mrkitsm um sbdkmem nbs dhitivbs ihmet
gdhbs me nd pndgd hm ihmetgdgi÷e biled smde dlrmldhbs d
mxtetbrms hm tpb hm dlud.
<.6.7.44 Pmunzd÷e hm quëkb nëquhb  dlud em`uzdhd
<.6.7.= Zbnvb smb.
<.6.7.44.4 M uëgb ëuhb y mn dlud em`unzdhd eb hm`me
<.6.7.=.4 Nds gu`mtds b tdk`bms um gbemelde pbnvb smgb
smr munzdhbs
pdrd dpnigdgbems gbe gugfdrd b pnd pdrd usb me amlbs hm
kmdnms hm`me kdetmersm mebs
 mebs y smndhbs gb
gbe
e nd tdpd prbvstd
prbvstd
gbe m gbetmemhb
<.6.7.44.0 W ue mxtietbr hm ukgb nëuihb b dlud em`u
zdhd sm hmsgdrld drgdnkmetm, tbhbs mn uëkgb nëuihb b dlud
em`unizdhd rmkdemetms hm`me sm hmsgdtdhbs.
<.6.7.=.0 Mn pbnvb smg hm`m smr rmmkpdzdhb si sm nb b`smrvd
fukmhmghb. (Qm D. <.6.7)
<.6.7.44.7 M dlmem uëkgb uhb b dlud em`unizdhd hm`m
smr hmsgdtdhb y rmmkpdzdhb me m ietmrvb hm nd prum`d
fihrbstägd.
r
Mhigi÷e 0:46
IEWZMGGI×E, KDEXMEIKMEB Y PMGDPLD
<.6.7.447.4 Wbndkmetm m dlmem mspmgigdhb me nd pndgd hm
hmetigdg÷e hmn xtietbr hm`m sm usdhb pdrd d mgdrld.
<6 Pmgdrld hm lds mxpmnmetm drd mxtietbrms hm prmsi÷e
dnkdgedh.
4:-07
<.68.6.0 Gdd mxebr qum dd sihb mgdldhb hm`m tmemr
ue gbd hm vmrgdgi÷e hm smvigib drmhmhbr hmn gumnnb hmn
gbetmemhb xgmpb
gbetmemhb
xg mpb smlÿe nb hmetigdhb me 48
<.9* Kdektrbs.
<.6.8.4 Wbmet hm`m usdsm etr÷lmeb hm lrdhb ehus¼d
mstäehdr gbe ue pueb hm gbehmesdgi÷e äxb hm -1:¿A
(= ¿ G), hm dgumrhb gbe GLD L4:4, GLD L4:4, Gbkkbhi
Wpmigdtibe ar Ein4"le, pdd pmsurizdr mxtietbrms hm quëgb
<.94 Nbs e÷mbs hm mmpdzb hm`me tmem iehgdhd d
pmsi÷e hm gdld (hm smrvigib) gbrrmgtd.
smgb hm prms÷e
ei÷lmeb
gbb ddgmedhd
mpmnmetm y hm dlmetm fdnblmedhb qum usme
<97 Nbs de÷mbs hm rmmpndzb hm`me sm gbpdti`nms
gbe m dmrn hmn gumrpb hm nd nvund hmn mxtetb
<.6.0 Nbs mxtiebms hm dlmem dblmedhb qum mqumde
drl÷e hm`me sm prmsuizdhbs gbe drl÷e gbe ue puetb hm
gbehmesdg÷e hm 1= ¿A =8¿ G) b mebs
<.6.7 Hm`m pmritirsm m usb hm dim gbpiihb pbvm
emetm hm sstmds gbprmsbms mspmgdms gdpdgms hm metrmldr
dim gbe u puetb hm gbehmesdgi÷e hm 1: ¿A (= ¿ G) b mebs
(vrDemxbo)
<674 Mn sistmkd gbprmsb mspmgd hm`m mstdr mquipdhb
gbe ue sstmd dubätigb hm beitbrmb y ddd pdd ldrdei
ldrdei
zd qum mn puetb m gbehmesdg÷e sm detmeld d b pbr hm`dob
hm 1: ¿A (=
(=  ¿ G e tbhb bmeb
<.68.7.0 Mn dirm gbprhb d tdvés hm dpds hm umhdh
eb hm`m usdrsm pdd prmsuizdg÷e dÿe gudehb dsë msé mstd`m
ghb me nds estugibems hm mxtebms hm dyb detilþmhdh
<.68.7.7 Hm`m pitrsm mn usb hm dim gbprhb sie hispb
sitivbs hm mbgi÷e hm d fumhdh pdrd prmsurizdr mxtietbrms
hm dlud y mxtietbs hm mspud deudnms ÿegdmem
<.68.8* Nbs mxtitbrms gdsm H, hm qugb nquhb, hm dlud
em`uzdhd y hm dmetms dnblmedhbs hm`me vbvmrsm d prmsui
zd sbndmem gbe m tipb hm lds mxpmmetm megbedhb me d
mtiqumtd hm mxtiet
<6= ]e mxtetr mgdrld`m hm tpb hm prms÷e ddgmedhd
hm`m sm pmsuzdhb sbndmetm d nd prms÷e hm gdrld mspmgi
gdhd me nd pdgd hm hmetigdgi÷e hmn mxtetb
<6=4 Mn dhdptdhbr hm pmsurzdg÷e hmn `igdem hm`m
smr gbemgdhb dn beuetb hm bedm hm nd vävund detms hm
q m eb sd psdhb
<.68.=0 Hm`m digdsm ued metm hm prmsbe rmludhd,
gbelurdhd d eb äs hm 0= psi (4<0 cZd) pb megd hm d
pmsi÷e hm bpmdg÷e (hm
(hm smvgb), pdd d pmsurzdg÷e hm bs
mxtetbms
<67 Mn demb utinizdhb pdrd gbelurdr nd metm hm
pmsi÷e rmludhd hm`m smr gdi`rdhb gbe ued armgumegd
ëed deud
<61* Eb hm`m usdrsm ued mem hm pmsbe eb rmludhd
td gbb ue gieh hm etr÷lmeb sie ue mlundhbr hm pmsi÷e
<.68.<* Eb hm`m hdrsm ue mxietb gbemgtdhb dn mlundhbr
hm ued metm hm td prms÷e hudem ue pmëbhb prbbeldhb
hm tmpb
<.68. Pmlistr h rmgrlds
<90 Nbs e÷mtbs hm rmmpdzb hm`me mstd smdzdhbs
p  uh e  le pe e  xe
<.4: Zrbfi`ii÷
Zrbfi`ii÷e
e sb`rm nbs sbs hm ns mxtietbrms y rdsab
rdsabrkdrkdgi÷e h nbs tibs m mxtietbrs
<4:4 Nbs mxtiebrms eb hm`me smr usdhbs pdd eielÿe btrb
pbp÷sitb qu eb smd mn hm mxtelui
mxt elui ue mlb
<.4:.0 Nbs mtiebrms eb hm`me smr trdesdhbs hm ue tipb
t ipb d
bb e bhigdhbs ei dntmdhbs
<4:7 Nbs mxietbms eb hm`me smr desdhbs pdrd m usb
hm ue pb hm dlmem mxtetb hiammetm
<.44
.44** Gbndr hm ktmeikimetb  smrvigi m rrld. Gdhd
mxietb qum fdyd sihb sbmhb d ue detmemetb qum
egnuyd ue xdme etmb b qum fdyd sihb mgdldhb y
rmqumd
rtb
gbuetbhm
hmsmrgb
bedmdmhmhb
hm nd vävud
hm`m
tmem
ue m
gbr
hm hmn
vmigdg÷e
hm gumnnb
hmn gbememh
<44 Mn gbFdr hm`m gbesst me ued sbnd pmzd girgudr hm ue
dtmridn sie ietmrupgbems qum m ue bgb hm ue
tddôb qum b pmrtd qum mn gbeuetb hm betdom hmn gbnndr
sm hmspdgm b`m m gumnb hmn gbetmemhbr, d mebs qum d
väud dyd sihb tbtdnmetm rmtdhd
<40 Mn gbd eb hm`m ietmri me mn egibedmeb hmn
mxieb
<.44.7 Mn gbnd hm vmigdg÷e hm smg hm`m ihmetgdr,
gbb ei nb silumetm?
()
Kms y ôb me qum sm nnmv÷ d gd`b d mgdrld b mxdme
ietmb
(0) Eb
Eb`
` hm d dlmeg
dlmegid
id qum
qum nmvd
nmvd d gd`b nd tmd
tmd
<.44.8 Mxmibem
Mxmibem n bnnd hm
hm mvigi
<.44.8 Eb hm`m rmqumism qum nbs eumvbs mxtetbms qum
rmqumde ud gdld egid me gdpb (tdms gbb bs mxtiet
ms hm dlud pmsurzdhd DAAA AAAZ b quëgb nëquihb) melde
iestddhb ue bnndr hm vmigdg÷e hm smrvigb
<.44.80 Eb hm`m mqumrsm qum nbs mxtetbrms hm lds nigudhb,
dlmetms dbmedhbs y h÷xhb hm gdr`beb qum fde sihb rmgdr
ldhbs se qudr nd vävund tmelde estdndhb ue gbd hm vmi
gdgi÷e hm smvgb hmspués hm nd rmgdrld
<487 Eb hm`m rmqumrirsm qum bs mxebms bpmdhbs pbr
gdrtugb y giiehrb tmelde iestdndhb ue gbndr hm vmrgdgi÷e
hm smvigib
<.68.4 Gdhd mxtiebr hm`m tmem ue r÷tub b mtqumd qum
ehqum m ms y m d me qum sm fzb nd rmgdrld ihmetiqum d
<0 @ndezds Nds `ddezds qum sm usme pdrd mn detmei
meb y mgrld hm bs mxtetbms hm`me tmem nbs iegrmmebs
hm d mgturd  nd prmgis÷e
prmgis ÷e emgmsdibs pdd vmrigdr bs pmsbs hm
d
nmbndd tdrmd
gd`b mn smrvgb y mn eb`m hm nd dlme
gdpmrsbed
qum nnmvbqum
d gd`
d
mqumhbs me bs deudnms hm smigib y me nds pndgds
hmgdld
hmetigdg÷e
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-08
Gdpëtub 6 Zrum`d
Zrum`dss fihrs
fihrstäti
tätigds
gds
6-4 Lmemr
64.4 Nbs rmgipmetms d prmsi÷e qum sm usme gbkb mxtebrms y
nbs gbkpbemems mspgighbs hm bs mxtietbrms hm`me smr
fhrbsätigkmem prbhbs hm gumrhb gbe nb ms`nmgihb me
msm gpëub.
hm n prms÷e hm rum`. Hm`m pmrkirsm n iemrpbg÷e hmn
pueb kmh
kmhii b me¼ ns lrhugbems kmebrms
kmebrms
6.0.4.7 Nbs kekmrbs qum sm usme me ns prum`s hm`me
memr n gpgihh hm iehigr hmn 9: pbr gimeb  4: pbr
gimeb hm  prmsie hm prum`
6.4.0 Nbs ginehrbs y grtugbs qum nnmve s smôizgibems
6.0.4. Nbs kekmtrbs qum sm usme me nbs mquipkimebs
pr s prum`s hm`me smr gn`rhbs gbe ue mgumeg
këek smkmsrn
hmn Hmprkmetb h Xrespbrm hm nbs Mshbs ]ehbs
(.W. HBX) b hmn Hprkmeb hm Xrespbrm hm Gehä
(XG) hm`me smr eumvkmem prb`hbs hm gumrhb gbe s
rmlkmegibems hmn HBX b XG png`nms.
6.0.4= Nbs k÷kmbs kmsrbs b bs hispbsvbs hm
gbkprb`gi÷e hm pmsb kumrb hm`me smr gn`rhbs gbe ue
mgumeg keik eun.
6.4.0 Ns prum` firbsägs
firbsägs hm`me smr nmvhs  g`b pbr
pmrsbes qum msée ggiths me bs prbgmhkimebs hm prum
` hm prms÷e y kmhbs hm prbmggi÷e qum gukpe gbe <.4.0 y
qum gumeme s estgibems, mqupkimebs pr prum`s y
gbe ueb b käs keudms hm smrvigibs hmn `rigem hispbei
`nm(s)
6.0.0 Mqupdkimets pdrd smgdh.
smgdh.
6.4.0..4 M pmrsben um nnmv
n nmv  g`b ns prum`s fhrbsätigs
fhrbsätigs
hm`m msr gmrtghb br ue brlezg÷e gbe ue prblrk
hm gmrtigg÷e gmpm pr n ubrhh gbkpmmetm.
6.4.0..0 Hm`m pmirsm qum me esgbems pr prum`s
fhrbsätigs gbe ue gmriggi÷e HBX eÿkmrb hm ihmeg
fhrbsätigs
g÷e hm rmgniggi÷e rmqunigbe ihmegbe euk`mr b
PE)[ b gbe ue gmrigg÷e
gmrigg÷e XG sm nmvm
n mvm  g`b  trm hm s
prum`s fhrbsägs e qum gumetme gbe ue gmrggi÷e
hgben gbkb égegs me mxebrms, smlÿe sm hmsgri`m me
<.0.
6.4.0..7* Hbehm ns prum`s ihrbstägs sme su`gber
hs gbe ue hm ns iesgibems hmsgris me 6.0.4.4, ue
égeigb me mxiebrms um gukpn gbe b ms`nmgihb me <.0
hm`m nmvr  g`b mn kbeom y hmskbem hm ns vänvus y
gnehrbs, m rmmkpz hm guqumr hm ns pimzs b gbkpb
emetms y tbhbs bs brb r`bs hmn smrvigib hm kemekmeb
hm nbs mxebrms.
6.4.7 ]e prum` hrbsäg smkprm hm`m egnur ue
mxkme vsu eb iemb gbkb mxmreb hm ginehrb.
6.48 N `  ` v  `  
usb hm l u brb uihb gbkpi`nm eb gbkprmsi`m gbkb
kmhb hm 
  prum`.
6.4. Eb hm`me ussm rm ei brbs lsms gbkb ÿeigb kmhib
pr ns prum`s hm prms÷e.
prm s÷e.
6.4..0 Xbhb m irm m`m smr vmemhb ems hm n prum`s
fhrbsätigs,  e hm mvr ue ann vibme y pmilrbs hmn
gnehrb.
6.4.= bs mxebrms gbe gnehrbs b gsgbs hm nukeib qum
sm sbspmgm pumhe mr mxpumsbs  mkpmrturs qum mxgm
he hm 7=: A (4<< G) hm`me smr pumsbs mr hm smrQg y
sbkmtihbss  ue prm`d hrbsätig.
sbkmtihb
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6.0.0 Xbhbs s gnehrbs y prbs fhrbsägkmem
prb`hbs, mxgmp nbs mxebrms hm pb hm lu, hm`me smr
gbkpnmkmem sghbs hmspués hm s prum`s.
6.0.00 N mkprur mkpmh pr mn smghb eb hm`m
mxgmhmr hm =:  (11 G) me mn iemribr hm  grgs.


6.0.7 Mqupdkmets pdrd nds prum`ds hm giniehrs hm dntd
prmsi÷e. Nbs mquipkimebs pr s prum`s ihrbsätigs hm
ginehrbs y grubs hm I prms÷e (smrm HBX 7) hm`me
gukpnr gbe s mspmgiggibems hm GLD G-4, Kmtfbhs Obr Zurm Xtiel Gkpmh Ld Gyniehm.
6.0. Mqupdkmets pdrd nds prum`ds hm giniehrs hm `d
prmsi÷e y gues hm ketdom hm kdelumrds (Mesdy hm nd
prmsi÷e hm prum`d).
6.0.. Nbs gnierbs y gbeuebs hm kbem hm kelumrs
hm`me smr prb`bs hmetrb hm ue hspbsiivb u hm prbmg
gi÷e b gbnbghbs mtrs hm ue msguhb prbmgbr qum pmrk n
b`smrvgi÷e vsu kmers sm megumere `b prms÷e, gbe m
e hm hmtmgr ls, prbu`mregs y brbs hmmgbs pmruhi
gims.
60.0 ]e `b` pr prum`s ihrbsägs, keu b hm
ggibekimeb mgrgb, hm`m tmemr  gpghh hm prbhugir
eb kmebs hmn = pbr gmeb hm  prmsi÷e hm prum` y hm`m
egur vns hm rmmegi÷e y ggmsbribs prbpihbs.
6...7 Hm`m fmr ue gbemxi÷e nmx`m merm  `bk` hm
n prum` y m ginhrb hm  prum`, hm kemr qum sm pbs`nm
mmgtur n prum  rvés hm  `mrur hmn gnehrb, m
sbk`rmrmm hm n prum`, n snh hm kelumr b  `bqui,
smlÿe gbrrmspbeh
gbrrmspbeh.
.
6.7 Armgumegid
6.7. Lmemrdhdms. D emvbs qum eb mxgmhe qumnnbs
mspmgghbs me nd X`n 67., bs mxiebrms hm`me vbvmr  smr
fhrbsätigkme prb`h
prb`hbs.
bs.
6.7.4 N rmpmi÷e hm  prum` fhrbsäg hm`m nnmvrsm 
g`b hmeb hmn b eur hm emrb hm  prum` mspmgi
ghb.
6.0* Mquipdki
Mquipdkimets
mets pdrd nds prum`ds.
prum`ds.
6.7.0 Giehrs y dr
drtugfs.
tugfs.
6.0. Kde÷kmtrs.
6.7.0. Nbs gnerbs hm er÷lmeb, bs gniehrbs hm rl÷e, nbs
gnehrbs hm h÷xb hm gr`beb b bs grugfbs unzhbs pr
m nkgmekimeb hm ls emrm qum sm usme gbkb mxpmnmem
pr mxietbrms rhems y mxiebrms hm hi÷xihb hm gr`beb
6.0.4. Nbs ke÷kmbs qum sm usme me ns prum`s hm`me
msr gmrghbs gbe ue prmgisi÷e hm ´:= pbr gimeb, b
kmbr, hm relb tbtn mn ke÷kmrb
6.0.4.0 Nbs ke÷kmbs qum sm usme me ns prum`s hm`me
memr n gpgihh hm mr mëhbs s hmerb hm  pbr gmetb
Mhigi÷e 0:46
hm`me smr hrbsigmem prb`hbs gh = ôbs.
ZP]M@DW FHPBWXÄXIGDW
X`nd 67.4 Ietmrvdnb
Ietmrvdnbss hm prum`ds fih rbstätig pdrd mxtietbr
mxtietbrms
ms
ipb hm mxtietbr
Ietmrvdnb
hm nd
prum`d
(dôbs)
Hm dl d hm prmsi÷e dnkdgmdhd, hm dlud
m`uizdhd, hm gfbrb hm dlud gb gdrld
=
y/b hm dtigblmndtm
y/b
Hmdgblmdtm
dlmtms ukmgtdms
Hm DAAA (mspukd kdhbrd hm pmngund dgubsd)
Hm AAAZ ( mspukd anubrbpbtmigd
anubrbpbt migd arkdhbrd hm
pmnëgud)
Hm qukgb smgb g gdsgb hm dgmb ibxihd`m
Hm hi÷xihb hm gdbb
Hm qukgb nquh
Hm qukgb smgb, m prmsi÷ dkdgmdhd, gb
gdsgb hm dgmrb hungm, gdsgb hm sbnhdhud hurd
hm `bgm bgdsg hm dnukiib
Hm qukgb smgb, pmrdhbs pb ginhrb b
gdrtugb, gb gsgb hm dgmrb hugm
Hm dlmtms dnblmdhbs
Hm pbnvbs smgbs, h prmsi÷ dnkdgmdhd, bpmdhbs
pb gihb b gugb, gb gdsgb hm dgmrb
hugm
=
=
=
=
=
=
40
40
40
40
4:-0=
68.0 Eb m`m mqumrsm qum nbs mxttbrms b mgdld`nms
qum b smd hm tpb hm dlmtms dnblmdhbs gukpd gb
6.84, pmb h`m smr hmsgdrldhbs y hmsgdrtdhbs hbhm m mxt
tb kumstrm mvhmgds hm d`bndhurds, hdôbs kmgäigbs b
gbrbs÷ dn utb hm ihigd sugimgid.
68.7 Nbs xitbms hm dlmtms d÷ b rmgdld`ms qum
kumstrm mvmgids hm d`bndhuds, hdôbs kmgäigbs b gbr
s÷ d put hm ihgd isugmgd hm`m sm pumstbs amd
h ,    l y   n n
a`rigdtm, d u gbkmrgdtm hm mquipdkimtbs gbtrd igm
hibs b d u hist`uihbr gb m  hm pmkiti nd mgupmrdg÷
hmn d÷.
680* Mxdke hm nd gbehigi÷e hmn
hmn giniehrb.
giniehrb . Hbhm mn gdsgb b
gihb hmn mxttb kumstrm ud b käs hm nds slumtms gbh
gibms, b hm`m smr hbstätgdkmtm pb`dhb, sb qum hm`m
sm d`ntdb b hmstuihb pb m pbpimtdb b smlÿ nds h
gdgbms hm bpmtdb?
(4) * Hbhm mxsd rmpddgibms pbr sbhdhurd b usb hm
gbkpustbs pdrd pdrgdr
(0) Hbhm ds rbsgds hm giihrb msté ldstdhds, gbrrbhds,
rbtds, dlrimtdhds b kmdhds
(7) Hbh
Hbhmm nd gbrbsi
gbrbsi÷
÷ d pbvbg
pbvbgdhb
dhb pgdh
pgdhurds,
urds, gbkb pg
pg
hurs h`b hm ud pndgd hm ihmtigdg÷ hmskbd`m
b mn kbtdom hm nd d`rdzdhmd
d`rdzdhmd hm hmigdgi÷
hmigdgi÷
(8) Hbhm n mx
mxb
b d
d mstdhb mxpum
mxpumsb
sb d u gdbr
gdbr mxgms
mxgmsivb,
ivb,
67.004 Nbs gdrugbs HBX 7M b XG 7MK hm`m msd mxm
tbs hm d mpmtg÷ pmr÷higd hm ds pum`ds hrbstätigds.
d nds ndds
dn mlb
Hbhm
m db usdhb
u dlmtm mxttb hm tpb hm gnburb
hm gdgi m u mxttbr hm dgmrb ibxihd`m
(1) Hbhm  gdsgb ms ud mstrugturd hm gb`m b ndt÷ y msä
uhd mhidm sbnhdhurd `dhd b rmkdgms
(<) Hbhm  pbahhdh hm ud d`bdhud mxgmhm hm 4/:
hm d hkmsi÷ hm kbr tdkdôb hm nd d`bnndhurd si b
mstä m ud sbnhdhud, b mxgmhm hm ¾ punl (1 kk) si d
d`bnndhrd gnuym ud sbnhdhurd
(6)) Hbhm udnquim gbrbs÷ bgd b lmmrd, gbtms, mh
(6
hurds b lbpms d mnikidhb käs hmn 4: pb gimb hmn
mspmsb kkb hm d pdmh hm gnhrb
(9) Hb
Hbhm
hm u mxttbr
mxttbr d
d sihb usdh
usdhb
b pdrd
pdrd gudqui
gudquim
m prbp
prbp
sitb qum b smd mn hm mxtlur u gmhib
677 Gbuetbs h kbetdom hm kdelumrd
kdelumrds
s
6= Zrbgmhikimetbs hm nds prum`ds
6774 Hm`m nnmvsm d gd`b ud prum`d hrbstäigd m bs
6=. Lmemrdnihdhms.
gboutbs
hm kbtm
hm kdlumds
pdrdhm
mxttbrms
mquipdhbs
gb
ud `bquind
m gimrm
m mn mxmkb
nd kdlumrd.
6=.4 M n pum`d ihbsätgd hm u gnhb, nd pmsb
hm`m kdmmsm hurdtm u kkb hm 7: sm l hbs, duqum
b pb u pbhb kmbr qum m rmqumrihb pdrd nd mxpds÷
gbkpmd hm giihrb y pdd gbkpnmtdr mn mxdkm vsud hmn
gihb.
(=)
670.44 Hm`m pktrsm qum bs ginhrbs (mxgmptb dqumbs
gdrldhbs gb hi÷xihb hm gdr`bb) qum gukpd gb 89 GAP
6:.0:9(`) smd ihrbstätigdkmtm prb`dhbs gdhd : dbs, m
uldr hm b rmqumrhb m 6.7.0..
67.00 Nbs gdubs hm ir÷lmb, bs gdrtugbs hm dl÷ y
bs gdtugbs hm i÷xhb hm gdr`bb utinzdhbs gbkb mxpmmtms pdrd mxttbrm pbrtätims kdudnms gb smôdnzdgbms hm
HBX b XG hm`m m hrbstäigdkmtm pb`dhbs b mmkpndzdhbs hm dgumrhb gb nbs rmqustbs hm HB b G.
6770 Hm`m mdrsm d gd`b ds pum`ds ihbsätigds m nds
kd lmds dggmsbrids hm dtd prmsi÷ y `d pms÷ (qum b
smd kdlumrds h hmsgdrld hm dlmm) unizdhs m mxtbrms
bhdtms.
67.77 M tmdb hm ds pum`ds pdrd 6.7.7.4 y 6.7.7.0 hm`m
smr m kiskb qum  mspmggdhb pdd mn mxttbr b gnihb hm
dlmtm hm mxttb¼ m mn qum sm sdnm nd kdlumd.
68 Mxdkme hm ue mxtietbr
68.4 Lmemrdnihdhms Wi, m dlÿ kbkmtb, u mxttbr
kumstrd mvhmgids hm d`bndhurds, hdôbs kmgägbs b gbb
s÷ dn pub hm hgd suagmgid, hm`m id`initdsm b
hm`m mpmsm d rum`d ihbsäigd smtb d ds hispbsgbms
hm 6.8.0
6.8.0 y hm nd Wmgi÷ 6.6.
68.44 Eb hm`m rmqumrsm qum bs tdqums hm `bk`d
gukpd gb 6.8..
6=.0 bhds s vänvuds, pimzds tmds y gbubs hm
kbdms hm d l ms hm`m smr rmtrdhbs y mn mxtbr hm`m
sm vdgdhb dtms hm nds pum`.
6=.40.4 M dl bs mxtitbrms hm prbhugtbs qukigbs smgbs y
pbvbs smgbs (bpmdhbs pb gdtugb), hbhm mn a`rigdm
rmgbkimhd um hmtmrkidhds pmzds itmrs b smd rmtrd
hds, msds pmzs b hm`m sm rmtrd
rmtrdhds
hds
6=.7 M thbs nbs tpbs hm mxtibrms, mxgmptb m bs hm tpb
hm dlud, hm` quidrsm tbhbs bs rdstbs hm dlmms mxtibms
hmn itmrib hm mxtitbr dms hm sm mdhbs gb dlud
6=4.8 Hm` mvdrsm d gd`b u mxdkm sud mb y
mxmb gbknmtb
dtms hm guqum prum`d ihbsätigd.
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-01
6.=.n.8.n bs prbgmhikimetbs hmn mxdme sud hm`me mstd
hm dgumrhb gbe b mstdnmgihb me 6.80
6.=.n.= Xbhds ds prum`ds hm`me nnmvdrsm d gd`b gbe mn usb hm
dhdpdhbms y dggmsbris pdd prum`ds
6.=.0 Giiehrb
Giiehrbs
s hm `d prmsi÷e.
6.=.0.4 Me nds pum`ds fihbstätigds hm bs mxietbms hm
quëigb smgb y hm pbnvb smgb gbe ue gdrtugfb hm lds betdhb
xe
qu
f y  p h 4gfb
m iesmrtdrsm
iesm rtdrsmh
ue tdp÷e
me 
nd d`mrrd
6.=.0.0 Xbhds nds delmds hm`me sm mird
mirdhds
hds hm bs giie
hrbs detms hm ds prum`ds
p rum`ds fihrbstätigds
6.=.0.7 Me tbhbs nbs xtietbms hm prmsie ddgmedhd hm`m
rmtirdrsm nd vävud hm giniehrb y rmmpdzdrsm gbe ue dhdptd
hbr b sb`mmtm pdrd prum`d
6.=.0.8 Me tbhbs nbs mtiebms rbhetms bpmdhbs pb giniehrb
b gdtugfb hm`me rmtirdsm nbs hispbsitivbs hm iib hm
hm prmsie
y mmpdzdrsm gbe ue tdpe detms hm nd pum`d
6.=.0.8. Hm`me dgdtdsm nds mgbmehdgibems hm `rigdetm
6.=.0.= Gudquim hmrdgie hm giniehrb hm`m sm gdusd
6.=.8.= Mn gbeutb hm betdm hm d delumrd hm`m mstd
gbnbgdhb hme¼b hm ued dud prbtmgbd b hispbsiivb guyb
hismôb pmitd nd b`smgie vsud
vsu d hudetm nd prum`d
6.=.8.1 Nd pmsie hm`m dpnigdrsm d ued tdsd hm dumetb tdn
qum sm dgdegm d msie hm prum`d me  ieutb
6.=.8.< Nd pmsie hm pum`d pdrd gbeuebs hm betdom hm
delumrds hm`m smr detmeihd hurdetm ue eib hm
 ieutb
6.=.8.<. Hm`me fdgmrsm b`smrdgibems pdd hmtmgtdr gud
quimr hmdgi b ld imetrds nd delumrd msä pmsuri
zdhd
6.=.8.<.0 d l  hmrdgie b hmspdzdimetb pmdemetm
hm bs dgbpnms hm`m smr gbesihmdhd gbb ued and hm nd
prum`d fihbstätid
6.=.8.6 Nds delumrds qum pdme d pum`d fihrbstätigd hm`me
smr gbpnmdmem smgdhds ietmedmetm
6.=.8.9 Wi sm dpid gdb, d tmpmrdturd eb hm`m mxgmhm hm
=: A (11 G
6.1 Zrmsibems hm rum`d.
pdrd su rmgfdzb
6.1. Giiehrbs hm `d od prmsi÷e.
6.=.0.1 ]ed gdhd hm  prmsie me m demtrb qum iehigd
6.1.. Hm t ipb hm prmsi÷e kdgmedhd. bs mxtietbms hm
ued ld, hm`m sm gusd hm rmgfdzb b hm mpmtigie hm nd
prum`d
ddgmedd hm`me
sm fihrbstäigdmetm
pb`dhbs
d nd
prmsie mspmgigdd
me nd pdgd
hm ihmeigdgie hm
mxtietb
6.=.0.< Nbs giniehbs um pdsde nd pum`d fihrbstäigd hm`me
smr gbpmtdmem smgdhbs iemredkmetm detms hm smr pumstbs
eumvdmetm
eumvdm
etm me smrvigi
6.1.n.n.n Hbehm nd prmsie eb msté mspmgigdhd me nd pndgd hm
ihmetigdgie hmn mxtietb m mxtietbr hm`m smr pb`dhb d nd
prmsie hm ä`igd sie qum sm mxgmhd hm ms vmgms nd prmsie hm
smrvigib hm mxtietr.
6.=.0.6 Wi sm usd dirm gimetm pdd smgd nbs giiehbs nd tmpm
rdrd eb hm`m mxgmhm hm =: ¿ A (11¿ G) me m ietmrib hmn
gdsgb
6.=.7 Giniehrb
Giniehrbs
s hm dntd prm si÷e.
6.=.7.4 Nds pum`ds fhrbstätigds hm bs giiehbs y gdrtugfbs
hm dd prmsie hm`me stdr hm dgumhb gbe bs prbgmhiimebs
hmn XG HBG y gbe GLD G-
6.=.7.0 Nbs giniehbs um pdsde nd pum`d fihrbstäigd hm`me
smr gbpmtdmem smgdhbs iemredmetm detms hm smr pumstbs
eumdmetm me smrigi
6.1..n.0 bs mxiebms qum sm rmquimrd smde hmvumtbs dn
`igdem pdd n rmgdl hm`me smr fihrbstätigdmetm prb`d
hbs sbdmetm pb m `igdetm
6.1.n.0 Hmn t ipb bpmrdhb pbr gdr tugfb. Nbs mxtietbrms hm
prbhugtbs quigs smgbs y hm pbvbs smgbs bpmrdhbs pbr gdru
gfb hm`me sm fihrbstätigdmetm prb`dhbs d su prmsie hm
prum`d hm ä`rigd briliedn smlÿe sm iehigd me nd pdgd hm ihme
igdgie b me nd dgdsd
6.1.0 Ginie hrbs hm dntd prmsi÷e.
6.=.8 Gbeoue
beouetbs
tbs hm kb etdm hm kdelumr
kdelumrds
ds..
6.1.0. Nbs ginierbs HBX 7 7 b 7N qum sm usme gbb
mxtietbrms hm hiihb hm gdr`beb b bs giniehbs hm eitrlmeb
giniehrbs hm drl b giniehbs hm hixihb hm gd`beb qum sm
usme gbe mxtietbms bhdetms hm`me sm pb`dhbs d =/7 hm nd
prmsie hm smrigi mstdpdhd me mn giiehb
6.=.8.4 Nd vävud hm msgdrld hm`m smr rmtirdhd hmn gbueb
hm bedom hm nd delmrd sie quitdr eielueb hm bs dgbpms
hm nd delumrd
6.1.0.0 Nbs mxietbrms hm hixihb hm gd`beb qum melde ued
mspmgigdgie hm giiehrb IGG7 hm`me smr pb`dhbs d 7::: psi
(0:16 KZd)
6.=.8.0 Nd u`igdgie m tbhbs nbs dgbpms hm`m mstd drgdhd
detms hm nd prum`d fihbstätigd
6.1.7 Gbeo
beouet
uetbs
bs m kbetdm hm kdelum
kdelumr.
r.
6.1.7. Nbs gbeetbs hm betdm hm elumrds hm hixihb hm
6.1.7.
6.=.8.7 Nd delumrd hm`m smr gbpmtdmem medhd gbe
dlud detms hm ds prumds
gd`beb qum rmquimde ued prum`d hm prmsie fihbsätigd
hm`me smr pb`dhs
pb`dhs d 0=: psi (619 cZd)
6.=.8.8 Zdrd bs tipbs m quigb smgb y pbvb smgb tbhbs nbs
6.1.7.0 Nbs gbeetbs hm delumds hm hmsgdrl hm pbhugtbs
6.=.7.7 Wi sm usd dirm gimetm pdd smgd nbs giiehbs nd tmpm

¿
rdrd eb hm`m mxgmhm hm =: A (11 G) me m ietmrib hmn
gdsgb
rdsbs hm quigb smb y hm pbnvb smgb hm`me smr rmtirdhbs
detms hm nds pum`ds
quigbs smgbs pbvbs smgbs dlud y dlmems fdblmedhbs qum
rmquimrde ued pm`d hm pmsie fihbsätigd hm`me sm prb`d
hbs d 7:: psi (0:6 cZd) b d nd pmsie hm smrigib nd qum smd
äs td
Mhigi÷e 0:46
4:-0<
DEMVB D
6.17.7 Nds kdelumrds hm `d prmsi÷e dggmsbrids qm sm sme
me mxtetbrms rhdems hm`me smr prb`dhds d 7:: psi
(0:16 cZd).
6.17.8 Nds kdelumrds hm dntd prms÷e dggmsbrds qm sm sme
me mxiebrms rbhdetms hm`me smr prb`dhs d 7::: psi
(0:.16 KZd).
6.<< Pmlstrb hm prum`ds fihrbstätgds.
6.
fihrbs tätgds.
h eqm
p`
h`
6
Ptb
smr
gbesmvdhb
pbrMndl
brldezdg÷e
nmv÷ fhä
d gd`b nd prm`d
fdstd yd smd mn vmgikmetb hm pmrëbhb hm d prm`d b `me
fstd qm m gnerb smd emvdkmetm prb`dhb, nb qm bgrd
prkmrb.
pbr msgrtb dmrgd hm qm mn giiehrb mstä rmgfdzdhb y qm eb
pmhm smr rmizdhb.
66.0 ]e gniehrb rmgfdzdhb eb hm`m smr rmpdrdhb
660 Wmôdnizgi÷e hm
hm mxtietbrms iefd`initdhbs
660.4 Nbs niehrbs rmgfdzdhbs hm`me nmvdr mstdkpdhd d
iesgrpgi÷e "PGFD_DHB me d pdm spmribr, gd`mzd,
fbk`rb b gb gbe e smnnb hm dgmrb
6.60.0 Eeled pmrsbed hm`m qidr b `brrdr d smôdnzdg÷e
hm PGFD_HB
6607 Nd dntrd këekd hm ds mtrds hm`m smr hm  pl.
(7 kk).
6<0* Giiehrbs h `dod prmsi÷e
6<04 Nbs gnerbs hm mxtietbrms hm ipb eb HBX hm `d
prms÷e qm pdsm ed prm`d fihrbstätigd hm`me tmemr d
slmetm ebrkd÷e rmls¼dhd me ed mtqmtd?
(4) Kms y dôb
dôb me qm
qm sm nmv÷ d gd`b d prm`d, ehgdhbs
kmhdetm pmrdgibems, tdms gbkb nds qm sm fdgme gbe
e sdgd`bgdbs kdedn
(0) Zrmsi÷e hm pm`d dpngdhd
(7) Ebk`rm b iigidms hm d pmrsbed qm nnmvb d gd`b d
prm`d y eb`rm hm d dlmegd qm mvd
m vd d gd`b d prm`d
6<0.0 Nd mtqmd hm`m gkpir gbe bs silmems grtmrbs?
(4) Wm
Wmrr hm e
e dkdô
dkdôb
b këekb
këekb hm 0 pl
pl..  7 pl.
(=4 kk  69 kk)
(0) Wm
Wmrr dhfmri
dhfmrihd
hd pbr kmh
kmhb
b hm e prbgm
prbgmsb
sb sie
sie gdbr
gdbr
(7) Db
Dbhms¼
hms¼rm
rm gdehb
gdehb ms rmtrdhd
rmtrdhd hm d gdrgds
gdrgdsdd hmn
hmn ginehrb hm e mxtetbr
(8) stdr fmgfd hm e kdtmridn hrd`nm, d prm`d
prm`d hm nds
gbehgibems gnkätgds, gbe e dhfmsvb smes`m d d
prmsi÷e
0
6<0.7 Dhmkäs hm nd ieabrkdgi÷e
ieab rkdgi÷e kmegibedhd
km egibedhd me 6<0.4, bs
giiehrbs hm mspmgdg÷e HB hm`me msdr miqmdhbs hm
dgmrhb gbe 89 GAP 46:07(g)()
6 <7
<7 Giniehrbs y gdrtugfbs hm dntd
dntd prmsi÷e.
6<7.4 Nbs gierbs b gdrtgfbs qm pdsme nd prm`d fihrbstägd hm`me mvr mstdkpdhb m eÿkmrb hm hmetgdg÷e hm
qime mvd d gd`b d rmpmtig÷e hm nd prm`d, y mn kms y dôb hm
Demxb D Kdtmrdn mxpigdtivb
 Dmxb D eb abd pdtm h nbs uitbs hm tm hbgukmtb h
Z, pm s ignuym ÿigdktm gb p÷sitbs ibrdtivbs. tm
dmxb gbtimm kdtmdn
kdt mdn mxpnigdtivb ukmhb m gbgdgid gb nbs
pä hmn tmtb d pnigd`nms
D44 Kgfs egmehibs tmeme s brilme me e mlb
pmqmôb mn qm pmhm smr mxielhb kmhidem m sb hm mxtetbrms pbrtätinms Wm rmgbkmehd meaätgdkmem ebtgdr dn
gmrpb hm `k`mrbs de prbeb gbkb sm hmtmgd e mlb.
sd ndrkd b hm`mrëd hmkbrdrsm mspmrdehb nbs rmstdhbs hm
d dpigdg÷e m bs mxtietbrms pbrtätims.
Nbs mxtetrms pmhme rmprmsmedr e kpbrtdem smlkmetb
hm gdnqimr prblrd lb`n hm prbtmgg÷e gbetrd egmehb.
We mk`drl, s éxitb hmpmehm hm gkpnikimetb hm nds
slimetms gbhigibems?
() n mxtebr mstä `gdhb hm dgmrhb
dgmrhb gbe
gbe nbs rmqstbs
rmqstbs hmn
Gdpëtn 1 y mstä me pmra
pmramgtds
mgtds gbehigbems hm eg
egbed
bed
kmeb.
(0) n mxtitbr ms hm tpb gbrrmgtb pdrd mn mlb qm pmhd
bgrrr
(7) n ml sm hmtmgtd kmetrds tbhdvëd ms hm hkmesbems
sgimemkmetm pmqmôds pdrd qm mn mxtetbr smd mgdz
(8) n ml ms hmtmgtdhb pbr ed pmrsbed qm msm prmprdhd, hipmstd y gdpdz pdrd mn sb hmn mxieb.
bs sstmds bs msäe gbetmkpdhbs me ds smms
ebrkds EZ
d emvd prm`d smlÿe
sm lÿe bs rmqisibs hmn HB/XG.
6.<.70  mstdkpdhb hm`m mstdr gbnbgdhb sbdkmetm me m
fbk`rb, pdrtm smb gd`mzd, gmb b dennb hm `dsm (hbehm
msté prbvistb) hn giniehrb b hm dgmrhb gbe 89 GP
46:.07(g)().
Md
(4) EZD 
, Ebd pdd ukds hm @dod Kmhid  Dd Md
si÷
(0) EZD 0, d pd Wistmds h xtigi÷ hm Hi÷5hb h
bb
(7) EZD 40D, Ebd pdd Wistmkds h tigi÷ gb Fdn
6.<8 Gbeouetbs hm kbetdm hm kumrds. bs gbeoetbs hm
kbetdom hm kdelmrds qm pdsme ed prm`d fihrbsätgd eb
hm`me rmqmrr rmstrb, mtiqmtdhb ei smôdzdgi÷e.
(8) EZD 7, Ebd pd nd Istdndgi÷
6.6 Pmgfdzb hm mxietbrms
6.64 Eb pdsd nd rum`d b mxdkme Gdehb m gehrb, ggb
b gdrtgfb hm e mxtietbr eb pdsd ed pm`d fihrbstätgd b
eb pdsd e mxdkme visdn smlÿe nb mspmgigdhb me 6.8.0, hm`m
smr rmgfdzdhb b mshb pbr mn prbpmtdrib b pbr mn dlmetm
hm prbpimtdrb.
6.64.4 Gdehb sm rmqimr qm e giehrb smd rmgfdzdhb,
qime nmvd d gd`b d emvd prm`d hm`m ebigdr d prbpimtdrb
47:4
h
Wistmds hm Pbgidhb
rm
(=) EZD 48 Ebd pd nd stdgi÷ h Wistmkds h X`md
Qtigd  hm Kdms
Kdm s
(1)) E
(1
EZ
ZD =
=,, Ebd pdd Wistmkds
Wistmkd s Abs hm Dld unvmzdhd
pd tmggi
tmg gi gbt Igmhibs
(<) E 1, Ebd pd nd Istdndgi÷ h Wistmds hm Pbgidhb
 hm Dld-þukd
Dld-þ ukd  nvmzdhms hm Dld-pukd
(6) EZD <, Ebd pdd Wistmkds h ti
tigib
gib gb Tu
Tuigb
igb W mgb
(9) EZD <D, E/d pd Wtm hm xtigi gb Tuigb
Nëquih
pd
Gbtn
hm Gbkmids
nd Qtindgi
nd bt
(:) EZD
E
t
1, Ebd
gi÷ZD
wt
w
Igmhibs
Igmhibs
hm mnBdgibms
Bdgi
bms
hm Gbgid
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-06
Ztmgi÷e gbet Ieghib
(44) EAD <=:, Ebd sb`rm Wistmks hm Ztmgi÷e
hm Dlu Em`n
(400) EA
(4
EAZ
Z 0::
::4,
4, Eb sbr Wistmks hm Mxtiegibe kmhietm
Dlmetms Niibs
D.4.0 Mn prbpimtdrb u bgpdetm hm ed prbpmhdh m d qm
mste `igdhbs nbs mxtitbrms timem d b`lg÷ hm s ghdhb
y sb me tbhb kbkmetb. Nd(s) pndgd(s) hm ihmegdgi÷e y m
kdd hm iestggibms hm`mrëde smr nmëhbs y gd`dnkmetm
hh p h  p q  pvé v   
mxtitbrms
mxtitb
rms
Zdrd gkpnr gbe msd b`ldg÷, m prbpimdrb  bgpdetm
hm`mrëde prmstdr hm`d dtmeg÷e d d iespmgg÷e, kdtme
kimtb y rmgdrld hm mstm mqpdkmtb pdrd prbmggi÷ gbtrd
igmehb y hm`mre tk` gdpdgtdr d pmrsbdn me m sb
gbrrmgtb hm mxtitbrms m ds hmrmems gdsms hm mlbs qm
pbhrëde bgrir me d prbpmhdh.
M prbpimtdrib  bgpdetm hm`mrde rmgbebgmr nbs rimslbs hm
mlb mxismtms m nd prbpmhdh y pndigdr gbe dtigpdg÷
mxdgtdkmtm q kmhbs y mqpdkmetbs sm d d sdr pdrd
gbk`dtir  mlb. M rbpimtdrib/bgpdtm hm`mrëd ldrdzd
qm tbhbs smpde g÷k dkdr dn gmrpb hm `bk`mrbs y hm`m
rd rmkdrgdr qm dsë sm fdld me bhbs bs mlbs si ikpbrtd
qm tde pmqmôbs smde.
M prbpmhdhms hm dybr tdkdôb, sm hm`mrëd grmdr gdpdg
tdr y 1::.
mtrmedr
d rldhd
smlÿe
bpgibms
hmespmgg÷
stdehdh
EAZD
Ms emgmsd-b
dsiledr
pmrsbd
pdrd d
pmri÷hgd hm gdhd mtitbr Btrbs kmk`rbs hm pmrsbd
pbhrëde mstdr d gdrlb m nd tdrmd hm kdetmemr y rmgdrldr tdnms
mqipdkimetbs m nbs tmrdbs prblrdkdhbs.
D700 Dutbrihd gbkpmtmetm F) d dsm "dtbrhdh
gbkpmtmtm b s dgr÷ikb D sm mkpmd hm kdemrd dkpid
me bs hbgkmbs hm EAZ hdhb qm nds orshiggbms y
dlmgds hm dpr`dgi÷ drëde, gbkb dk`e drëde ss
rmspbsd`ihdhms. Hbehm d pribrhdh ms d smlrhdh pÿ`gd,
d dtbrhdh gbkmtmetm pmhm smr  hmpdrtdkmetb b ih
hb amhmrd mstdd bgd b rmlbdn, dn gbkb  egibedrb
spmrbr hm `bkmrbs3  omam hm `bk`mrbs3  omam hm d
bgid hm prmmei÷e hm iegmhbs, hmpdrtdkmb hm d`b b
hmpdrdkmtb
hm sdh3
 egbedrb
hm dmstddrd
gbstrgg÷e3
ispmgtbr
mnggb3
 btrbs
gb dtbrhdh
 
bs
ems hm bs smlbs d dtbrihdh gbkpmtmtm pmhm smr 
hmpdrdkmtb hm spmgg÷e hm ds gbkpdôëds hm smlrbs, d
bgid hm gmrtigdgbms  btrb rmprmsmetdetm hm d gbkpd
ôëd hm sm  rbs. M kgfds grgstdgds, m hmôb hm d
prbpmhdh b s rprmsmedem hmsldhb dskme m rb hm d
dtbrihdh gbkpmmtm3 m ds iesdndgbems lb`mdtms, m
egbdrib gbkdehdtm b m gibedrb hmpdrdkmtdn
pmhme smr nd dtrhdh gbkpmmtm
D.7.0.8 Nsdhb. Mn kmhb mkpnmdhb pdrd hmtigdr bs mq
pbs istdhbs pmm rdr pdrd gdd br lizdgi÷e ebngrdhd
m nd mddgi÷ m prbhgtbs3 dleds br lezdgibms b rmg
ebgme d bs mqipbs gbkb istdhbs d kmbs qm mst tdk`i
mtqmtdhbs. d dbrihdh gbkpmtmetm hm`mrëd tizdr mn
sstmkd mkpmdh pbr nd brldezdgi÷e rmspbesd`m hm stdhb
pdrd ihmeigdr  prbhgtb isdhb
D.77.7 Hi÷xihb m gdrbeb Mn hi÷xihb hm gd`bb rkd
imnb smgb (eimm gdr`÷egd) gdehb ms n`mrdhb hirmgtd
kmetm me d dsamrd M lds h÷xhb hm gdr`bb ms  » mgms
ks pmsdhb qm mn drm M hi÷xhb hm gdr`beb mxtlm mn
mlb rmhgimh ds gbegmdgibms hm bxëlmb, nd adsm hm
dpbr hm gbk`s`nm b dk`ds me mn drm dstd m petb hbhm
d gbk`sti÷ sm mtimm
bs mxtietbrms pbrätims sb dpdrdtbs qm d d smr peg
pdkmem sdhbs pbr bs bgpdms hm e mhigib b rmd gb
pmlrb hm iegmhb qm mst kiidrizdhbs gbe nd `igdg÷e y
mn egbedkmtb hm mxtitbr kmhdtm gdpdgtdg÷e b mrm
imetb. bs mxttbms pbrttims timm e dnbr prikbrhid
pbr s sb ikmhidtb me pmqmôbs mlbs. Xmme d gde
hdh kitdhd hm dlme mxebr y pbr gbslimetm, ms mgmsd
rb qm sm sm dprbpidhdkmetm pdrd midr m hmspmrhigb hm
dlmetm.
D77.84 Tuëkig smgb ds brkds mrbpmds m IWB eb hise
lm metrm dlmtms mxtitbrms qëkigb smgb y pbb smgb. W
sb hm trkib pnvb sb igym tdetb dn qkgb smgb gbkb dn
pbnb smgb smlÿe sm hmem me mstd brkd.
bs mxetbrms sb hspbsitibs kmgigbs. Emgmsit hm
gihdhb y kdemikmb d itmrdnbs pmri÷hgbs pdrd lrde
zdr qm mste istbs pdrd egbedr hm kdmrd dprbpdhd y
smlrd. ds pmzds y s prbhgtbs qëkigbs itmrebs pmhm
hmtmrbrdrsm gb m trdsgrsb hm timkpb y mgmsitde smr rmmk
pdzdhbs. Wbe rmgpmms d prms÷e, me d kdybrëd hm bs gdsbs,
y pbr mb ms mgmsdr qm smd ¼ddhbs gb kirdkmtb y
kdipndhbs gb ghhb
D.77.9 Zbnvb smg Qmr 7.7.8.4.
D.7.0.4 rb`dhb. Etibd Airm Zrbtmgbe ssbgdtib b
dprm`d, iespmggbed ei gmrtigd istdndgibems, prbgmhkmtbs,
mqipbs  kdmrdnms3 i dprm`d ei mvdÿd d`brdbribs hm
prm`ds. Me d hmtmrkedg÷ hm d dgmptd`iihdh hm ds estdnd
gibems prbgmhkimes, mqipbs b kdtmridms nd dbrihdh
gbkpmtmetm pmhm `dsdr nd dgmptdgi÷ me mn gkpnkimeb hm
ds ebrkds EAZ  brds brkds dprbpidhds. M dsmegid hm
tdnms brkds, td dtrihdh pmhm rmqmrir mhmegid hm d
isdndgi÷e m prbgmhikimeb b m sb dprbpidhbs Nd dbrihdh
gbkpmtmem pmhm, dskskb, rmktrsm d ds prggds hm
isdhb b mtiqmtdhb hm d brleizdgi÷ igdhd d nd mdnd
gi÷ hm prbhgbs y qm mst, pbr gbs mtm m gbehgbems
hm hmmrkedr mn gpikimtb gb nds brkds dprbpidhds
pdrd d prbhggi÷ dgtdn hm nbs drgbs isdhbs.
Mn kbetbrmb mmgr÷igb pmhm smr gbshmrdhb pdd eb b
ks hm nbs rmqisbs hm espmgg÷e kmesdn.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
D.77.80 Tuëkig nquihb W `im nds gdrlds hm gbrrb hm
dld gbe gdrld etgbelmndem y hm dlmem qëkigb ëqb
pmhme gbkprmhmr kdtmrdnms sikndrms ss rkndgbems
pbhrëd ikpbemr prbgmhkmetbs hm kdemikmtb hiamrme
tms.
D.77.4: Kbitbrb mnmgtr÷eigb. ]d rkd hm kbebrmb
mnmgtr÷egb gbsstm m e hspbsitib hm dndrkd bgd pdd h
gdr ghb e mxetbr ms rmrdhb hm s `gdg÷e hmsldhd
M kbitbrmb mnmgr÷igb pmhm tdk`ie smr nnmhb d gd`b
kmhidetm mn sb m e ktbhb hm gbkigdg÷ idnk`rgb b
hm gd`nmdhb hm `b bntm. nlbs hispbstbs pmhm trds
kitir eabrkdg÷ sb`rm rmtrb hm mxttbr, im hm prms÷e
pmsb y prmsmgd m b`omtbs m ds kmhidgbms hm  mxe
br.
D7748 Iespmggie hm ue mxtietb W prbp÷sitb ms ldrdezdr
D7748
hm kdmrd rdzbd`nm qm m mxetbr ms gbkpnmtdkmetm
gdrlhb.
DEMVB D
D7.7.4= Kdetmeikimetb hm ue mxtietb
mxti etbr.
r. Qmr D. <.7..
D7.7.41 Dlmetms brkdhbrms hm pmëgund. DAAA y AAAZ egnu
yme dk`bs tipbs, qum sbe dqumnnbs qum eb mstäe dprb`dhbs pdrd
sbnvmetms pbndrms (nëquhbs edkd`nms sbu`nms me dlud) y
dqumnbs qum mstäe dprb`dhbs pdrd sbnvmems pbdrms
D7.7.41.4 Mspukd brkdhbrd hm pmnëgund dgubsd (DA). Nd
mspukd rkdhd gtÿd gbkb ued `drrmrd ttb pdrd mxgnur
dirm u bxëlmeb gbb pdrd hmsdrbndr ued pmëgud dgubsd sb`rm
nd supmrgim hm gk`ust`nm qum tmem nd gdpdgihdh hm supr
kr d mvbug÷e hm vdpbrms. Nd mspukd prbhugihd gbe ue
gbegmetrdhb hm DAA ms gbkpdi`m gbe quëkgb smgb y, pbr b
tetb, ms dhmgudh pdrd ue usb gbk`edhb gbe quëkigbs smgbs.
D7.7410 Mspukd anubrbrbtmëeigd brkdhbr
brkdhbrdd hm pmëgud
 Dhmkäs m ued gdpd hm mspukd qum mxgnu
mxgnuym
ym d drm,
mstd sbnug÷e pumm hmpbsitr ued pmëgund qum mvid d vdpbr
zdgi÷e sb`rm nd sumrgim hm ue gbk`st`m quihb. Msd sbnu
gi÷e ms gbkpdtinm gbe hmtmedhbs prbhugtbs quëkigbs
smgbs
.7.7.46 Dlmetms fdnblmedhbs. Mn fdn÷e 404 y m fdn÷e 7:4
mstäe iegnuhbs me m "rbtbgbb hm Kbe¼mdn sb`rm susdegds
qum hmsuyme d gdpd hm bzbeb, rkdhb m 1 hm smptimk`rm
hm 496<. Me gukkimetb hm rmlndkmetdgbems edgbednms, nd
prbhugg÷e hm fdbems gms÷ mn  hm memrb hm 4998 Qmr
EAD 0:: pdrd b`tmemr kdybr ebrkdg÷e sb`rm dlmetms
fdbg`bedhbs
edhbs
.7.7.0: Gbrrb m dlud gbe gdrld detigbelmndetm. W `ime s
gdrlds hm gfbrrb hm dlud gbe gdrld deigbelmdetm y dlmetm
quëkgb nëquhb pumhme gbkprmehmr kdtmridnms skndrms, sus
rkundgbems pbrëde kpbemr prbgmhikmebs hm kdetme
kmetb hamrmetms
.7.7.0< Histdegid hm rmgbrrihb. drd rmslbs gndsm D, nd
histdegd hm rmgbXihb ms d histdegid hmshm ue pueb gud
quimrd fsd ue mxtietb drd rmslbs gdsms @, H y C, d hs
gid hm rmgbrrihb s kihm hmshm mn rimslb fdstd ue mxiebr (b
gbememhbr hm dlmetm gndsm H). Nd histegd hm rmgbrrhb sm
vmrä damgtdhd pbr td`qums, u`gdgibems hm vdebs hm pumrtds,
pdsbs, pinds hm dtmridnms dnkdgmedhbs, kdquiedds y btrds
b`suggibems d äestb. Ms kpbrtdetm gbesihmrdr mstds
b`struggibems hm`ihb d qum ued pmrsbed qum vd d `ugdr ue
mxtietbr mehrä qm gdkiedr drmhmhbr hm s b`suggibems, b
gudn nm hmkdehd
h mkdehd tmkpb.
D7.80 Mxtietbr b rmgdrld`m (eb dptb pdrd smr rm
rmnn
nnmedhb)
medhb)
Nbs mxtetbrms eb rmgrld`nms (eb dptbs pdrd smr rmmedhbs)
mstäe smôdzdhbs be nds sluimetms esgrpgbems? "Hmsgdrldr y
mkiedr hmspués hm gudnqumr usb, "Hmsgdrlr y hmvbnvmr dn
`rigdetm hmspué hm gudquimr usb, b gbe ued smôdizdg÷e
sknd Dluebs xtetbrms qum sbe sgdkmetm rmgdrl`ms
mstäe smôdzdhbs gbkb "eb rmgdrld`nms y pbr gbesilumm,
sbe gbesihmrdhbs br mstd ebrkd gbkb mxtetbrms eb rmgdrld
`nms (eb dptbs pdrd
pdrd smr rmmedhbs).
4:-09
D.8.4.4 Nbs xtetbrms pbrätnms hm fdn÷e stdhbs y mtiqumtd
hbs dgtudnketm gukpme gbe mstd ebrkd y fde hmkbs¼dhb
gukpnir gbe bs rmqusitbs hm N :97, Wtdehdabr Fdnblmedth
Dmt Air xiefs, qum tdk`iée ieguym nbs grimribs pdrd
mesdybs hm mlb y gmrigdg÷e. Gbkb rmsuntdhb hm "Zrbtb
gbnb hm Kb¼mdn sb`rm sustdegids qum hmsuyme d gdpd hm
bzbeb, ]N d rmvbgdhb ]N 4:97. Msb
Ms b eb kpnigd
kpnig d qum nbs
mxetbrms qm msäe istdhbs y mtqumtdhbs gberkm d nbs
rmquistbs hm ]N 4:97 eb smde smlurbs pd smr usdhbs gbkb
mxetbrms,
e smde
slegd
qum ]N
b D
rmqumrde
mxteb
rms hm
hm fd÷e
pumstbs
mrd
hm smrvigib.
Nb qum
qum bs
qum
së sleigd
ms qum ]N e dgmpdrä eumvbs hsmôbs hm mxtetbrms hm fd÷e
pdrd mesdybs b nistdhb hm ]N. Wilegd tdk`ée qum eb sm
pmrkitme gd`bs e dgtudnzdgbems hm kbhmnbs qum mstée
dgtudnkmem sdhbs y qum prmkmetm fd`ëde hmkbsdhb
gukpnir gbe N :97.
Wm ms pmrm d nbs `rgdetms hm mxiebrms `rigdr mxtet
rms hm fdn÷e be su dgtud hismôb nistdhb pbr ]N, gbe nd kdrgd
hm nistdhb h ]N fdstd bgtu`rm hm 0:0=. Nbs mxietbrms hm
fd÷e dgudnmetm me usb gbeiedräe smehb nistdhbs hmspués
hm dôb 0:0=  hm`mrëd pmrkitrsm qum smde usdhbs pdrd gukpr
gbe bs rmqistbs hm mstd ebrkd gudehb smde estdndhbs,
iespmggibedhs y kdemeihbs hm dgumrhb gbe nd prmsmem
ebrkd
D.8.4.0 Nds ubrhdhms gbkpmtmems hm`mrëde hmtmrkedr nd
dgmpd`inhd y grmhi`hdh hm d brldeizdgi÷e rmspbesd`nm hm
istdhb b miumtdhb hm nbs mxtetbrms Dskiskb, ds dutbrhd
hms hm`mrëde hmtmrkiedr si nd brlezdg÷e mvd d gd`b ds
prum`ds gupimehb gbe bhbs bs rmqustbs hm nd ebrkd.
Adgtbrms dnms gbkb nd ms¼ugturd hm d brldezdg÷e, sus preg
pnms `itb hm dggi÷e, su rmpudgi÷e y mxpmrimegd gber
kdhd,, su pdrgpdg÷e me mn prbgmsb
kdhd
prb gmsb hm rmhdgg÷e hm ebrkds y
nd mxtmes÷e m sus prblrdkds hm smrvigbs hm smlukmeb, me
su tbdnihdh, m`mrëde smr mvdnudhbs prmvib d qum sm m btbrlum
m hm`hb rmgebgkmeb
 hmeidg÷e hm d brldezdg÷e hm stdhb y mtiqumtdhb
pbhrëd tmemr mn rkdtb hm ue sëk`bnb hm nd brldezdgi÷e. Nd
smôdnizdgi÷e mn tpb hm dlmem hm`mrëd hmetigdr dn mxtetb,
pbr momkpb,
momkpb, "Mxtietb
"Mxtietbrr hm h÷xhb hm gdr`beb, "Mxtetbr hm
quëkgb smg b "Mxtetbr hm dlmem ikpib Nds gmrtgdgib
 h   h` h     h
mlb, tdms gbkb D, @ b G, y mn pbtmegd hm mxteg÷e
sbgdhb. ]e momkpnb hm ued gmrtigdgi÷e hm mxiebr ms 4- =@?G, qum hmled nd gmrtigdg÷e hm ue mlb gndsm D (hm
kdhmrd) gbe ue pbmegidn hm mxtiegibe dsbgidhb hm , smlÿe sm
hmsgr`m me W/]N<44, GDE/]NGW=:6, Wtd
Wtdhdr
hdrhh br Pdtie
Pdtie

deh Xtie b r Mtieufs3 d gmrigdg
gmrigdgi÷e
i÷e hm ue mlb gndsm
@ (hm ëquib endkd`m) gbe ue pbtmegin hm mxteg÷e
sbgdhb hm , smlÿe sm hmsgr`m me DEWI/]N<, GDE/NG
W=:63 y ued gmrtgdgi÷e gbkpdt`nm gbe gndsm G, smle sm
hmsgr`m me DEWI/]N< , GDE/]NG=:6
D7.88 Mxtietbr mgdrldm (dptb pd smr rmmedhb) Mn
mxiebr pumhm sr rmgdrldhb gbe dlmetm y rmstdurdhb d su
gdpdghdh bpmrdid gbkpnmtd smlÿe ds prägigds ebrkdnzdhds
dpnigdhds pbr gbmrgidems y his`uihbrms hm mqupdkmetbs
gberd egmehibs. Nbs mxtetbrms rmgdrld`nms (dptbs pdrd smr
rmnnmedhbs) msäe smôdnzdhbs gbe nd esgripg÷e "Pmgdrldr
iekmhidtdkmem hmspués hm gudquimr usb b gbe ued smôdzd
D.8.4.7 Nds ubrhdhms gbkpmtmems hm`mrëde hmtmrkedr nd
kieugibsihd hmn prblrdkd hm smlukmetb hm dsmlurdkimetb
hm nd gdhdh hm aä`rgd, kpmkmetdhb pbr brldeizdgibems hm
gmrtgdgi÷e m tmrgmbs, rmspbesd`nms hmn stdhb y mtiqumtdhb
hm bs mxtetbrms pbrätinms. Nd ebrkd
ebrkd hm smlukimetb hm
aä`rigd mspmg gdhd iegnuym bs spmgtbs `äsigbs pdrd td hmtmr
kiedgi÷e Nd dpigdg÷e hm nd ebrkd hm smluikmetb hm aä`rgd
ieguym ue dsmlurdkimetb rdzbed`nm dgmrgd hm qum bs mxtet
gi÷e sikd
rms pbrtätms
qum sm vmehme
d pÿ`igb
m kskb
hmsmkpmôb
y gbed`inhdh
mstrugrdn
qumkdetmeme
bs mxtetbrms
qum m
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-7:
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
`rgdetm brilednkmtm prmsmet÷ d nd brldezdg÷e hm nistdhb
y mtqumtdhb pdrd su mvudg÷e
D.8.0 Ns rmlundgibem mhmrdms hm BWFD rmquimrme qum nbs
`rgdetms gbkuequme nd iearkdg÷e sb`rm mn tpb hm quëkigbs qum sm utnzde me e dlmetm qum pumhme smr pmnilrbsbs y mn
evmn hm rimslb. Mstd ebrkdgi÷e mst egnuhd me nd Zndennd
(fbd me vmz hm pdeid) hm hdtbs hm smlurihdh hmn kdtmrdn
(KWHW) grmdhd pdrd gdhd prbhugtb quëkigb b kmzgd hm
h k y  k   q   q
sm dhbsde dn mqupb Dmkäs, ds dutbrhdhms mstdtdms y bgdms
fde prbkuldhb myms  rmlndkmetdgibems sikndrms qum rmqumrme d hmetiagdg÷e h nbs quëkgbs m elrmhimetms pmnilrbsbs
hm nbs dlmetms Nds KHW (WHW2) pdrd bs dlmetms mxtietbrms
mstäe hspbe`ms, prmd sbgituh d nbs gbkmrgdetms b histri`uihbrms hm mquipdkiebs gbrd egmehb b d a`rigdetm hm
nbs mqupdkmebs gberd egmehib
Nd hmetiagdgi÷e hm d iearkdg÷e hmn gbetmeihb pmrktm
hmtmrkiedr m tipb h prbhugtbs quëkgbs qum gbetimem mn
mxtetbr y gbei`uym d rmsbnvmr nds gbkpngdgibems qum sde
hmn usb eb fd`dn hmn dlmem. M Witmkd hm ihmetgdgi÷e hm
kdtmids pmnilb (FKIW) hmsdrrbndhb pb¼ nd Dsbgidgi÷e hm
Pmgu`rikmetbs hm nbs Mstdhbs ]ehbs mkpnmd ue arkdtb hm
¼ms nuldrms gbe ëehgms eukigbs hm  dn 8. M prikmr nul
gbrrmspbehm d prbpmdhms t÷xgds, mn smluehb nuldr ms pdrd
"endkd`nihdh, y mn tmrgmr uldr pdrd "rmdgtvihdh gbe btrbs
prbhugtbs quëkigbs. d kdybrëd hm nbs mxtebrms tmeme ue
ëehgm eukérgb hm  me mn smluehb y tmrgmr nuldr, hm`ihb d
qum sbe eb iedkd`m y rmndtvdkmetm emrtms.
Zumhm b`tmemrsm brkdgi÷e sb`rm mn FKIW me `mn
Kdstmr,
Kdst
mr, Ieg., Gfigdlb, N, b me n d sbgidgi÷e hm Pmgu`rkmetbs
hm nbs Mstdhbs ]eihb hm \dsfeltbe, HG Nd iearkdgi÷e
sb`rm m gbetmehb hm bs mxtietbrms pumhm smr ietmlrdhd hm
dlued kdemrd me d tiqumtd ebrkdzdhd hm bs mxtetbrms b
pumhm smr ieguihd me ed mtqumtd b r÷tub smpdrdhbs
D gbeeudg÷e, sm kums¼d ued smôdnzdg÷e tëpigd hm hmetiagdgi÷e hm nbs gbetmeibs
gbetmei bs hm prbhugtbs quëkigbs?
GBEXEIB?
T]ËKIGB WMGB D@G/FKIW 4/KGD KBWGBQ,
ABWADXB KBEBK×EIGB W]NADXB HM DKBEB
BNB KBNB
KBNB PPEX/BEXEHB
PPEX/B EXEHB DOB
ZPMWI×E
Ebk`rm hmn a`rigdet, hrmgg÷e pbstdn, eÿkmrb hm tméaeb
M kdeudn pumm smr mspmgëgb pdrd mn mxtietbr qum sm
utngm b pumhm d`drgdr hivmrsbs tpbs.
D.8.8.4 Mn rmquisitb hm 8.8 gbbgd d nd ebrkd me nëemd gbe nbs
gdk`bs ebhugihbs me 968 me DEWI/]N 099, GDE/]NGW=:8 Wtdhdrh abr Hy Gfmkigdn Ai Mtifm,
fm, y me DEWI/
]N <4.
() deum. Nd mhig÷e 968 hm ]N 099 rmqumrm qum nbs
mxtietbrms gbe ud gmrtgdg÷e hm 0D b käs dtd b 0:
b kds dntd
dntd mstée
mstée mqupdhbs
mqupdhbs gbe ued kdelum
kdelumrd
rd hm
hm
hmsgdrld. Detms m mstm gdk`b gdsi d tbtdihdh hm nbs
mxtietbrms hm = n (0.7 cl) y kugfbs mxtetbrms hm 4: `
(8= cl) mstd`de mquipdhbs gbe ued `bqunnd od me nd
`bgd hm sdnihd m nd vänd hmn mxtietbr y eb tmeëde
kdelumr. Mstbs mxtebrms, gbe ued gmrtagdgi÷e hm 0D
d 8 y hm 4:@ d 1:@, sbe nbs qum sm usde pdrd gukpir
D.8.7
gbe
bs rmqusitbs
hm estddg÷e
dgtudkmetm
egnuihbs
me
mn Gdpëtunb
1. Zdrd
mn usb dprbpdhb
hm ueb
hm mstbs
mxtietbrms m usudrb hm`m kdememrb me pbsigi÷e vmrti
Mhigi÷e 0:46
gdn dpigdr n prbhugtb quëkigb smgb d nd `dsm hmn amlb y
`drrmehb/bmehb d hmsgdrld hm dhb d dhb. Mn rmquistb hm dlrmldhb hm ued kdelmrd d mstbs mxtetbrms
surlm hm bs mesdybs hm amlb mvdhbs d gd`b gbe priegipidetms pdrbgedhbs pbr ]ehmrwritmrs Nd`brdtbrims
(]N) y pb nd Dsbgidg÷e
Dsbgidg÷e hm
hm Ad`rigdetms
Ad`rigdetms hm
hm Mqupbs
Mqupbs
gbetrd Iegmhibs (Airm Mquipkmet Kdeugturmrs Dss
gidtbe) N smgumegds hm nds ankdgbems hm mstbs mesdybs kumstr qum quimems euegd fd`ëd
fd`ëdee usdhb ue
mxtetbrpdrd
demrbrkmetm
gbe rmgumegd
utzdelrde
dk`ds
kdebs
fdgmr aegibedr
mstbs mxtetbrms,
mn
giehrb hmn mxtibr me ued pbsgi÷e fbrizbetd kimeds
prmsbede  kded y nd pdndegd pdrd d`rir d vävund. D
vmgms fdstd ievimrtme mn mxtietbr
mxtietbr.. Mn rmsutdhb hm tdms
dggbems ms ed hmsgdrld pdrgd hm gbetmeihb hm mxtietbr b pbsi`nmkmetm sbb hm lds mxpmnmm y, pbr gbesilumetm, eb sm pumhm mxteluir mn amlb. Mn dlrmldhb hm
ued kdelurd tdk`ée fdgm qum smd kugfb käs smeginb
hilir d hsgdrld d nd `dsm hm ns ndkds y `drrmr nd
hmsgdrld hm ndhb d ndhb. M rmqustb hm dlrmldr ued
kdelumrd fdgm qum smd käs prb`d`nm qum mn mxtietbr sm
usm me ued bsg÷e vmrtigd Hm fmgfb, ms gds ikpbs`nm
fdgmrnb hm d kdemrd, hdhb qum gbe ued kdeb sm d`rm
d vävund y be d bd kdeb, qum sbstmem nd kdelumrd,
sm hrilm mn gfbrrb hm d hmsgdrld fdgid m mlb. Ms
ikpbrtdetm tmemr me gumetd qum nd kbhiagdgi÷e hm
gdkpb hm e mxtetbr lmemrdnkmetm eb mstä pmrktihd,
hdhb qum phrëd eb fd`mrsm mvdnudhb si nd kbhagdgi÷e
gukpm gbe bs rmquistbs hm nbs mesdybs hm ds ebrkds
]N dpgd`ns
dpgd` ns d mxtetbrms y mn mxtebr pbhrëd eb
e b ueg
edr smlÿe  prmvistb Zbr mnb, ued `bquinnd aod eb pumhm
smr skpmkmetm quitdhd hm ue mxtetbr y rmmkpndzdhd
pbr ued klumrd y ued `bquind.
(0) Xmkb këeib hm hmgdrd Mstm rmqusitb, eguhb me nd
mhg÷e 498 hm ]N <4, rmquimrm hm ued hurdgi÷e
këeikd hm d hmsgdrld hm 47 smluehbs pdrd ue mxtietbr
gbe ued gmtigdg÷e hm 0 b ks ntd Mn rmqusitb hm
tmkpb këekb hm 47 smluehbs am m rmsuntdhb hm ds
rmgbkmehdgibems surlihds hm bs mesdybs hm mlb gbe
priegipdetms kmegbedhbs me D.884(4). Detms hm 968,
gdsi nd tbtdnhdh hm bs mxtietbrms hm quëkigbs smgbs gbe
ued gmrtigdgi÷e hm 0D tmeëde ued hurdg÷e hm nd
hmdld hm sbdm  d : lhb Nb mdb h
amlb gbe riegpidetms hmkbstrdrbe gdrdkmetm qum mn
rmsuntdhb
h ued kdybr
hurdgi÷e hm
hmsgdrld mrde¼b
ued
kdybr
prb`d`nihdh
hm mxteg÷e.
Nd ndkbhiagdgi÷e
hugihd me N <44 mxlëd ue dukmetb hmn =: dn 1: pbr
gmetb me nd hurdg÷e këekd hm nd hmsgld pdrd ue
mxtetbr hm prbhugtbs quëkgbs smgbs gbe ued gmrtiagdg÷e hm 0D. Eb sm pmrktm nd kbhgdg÷e hm mxtetbrms
gbe ued `quid/kdelumrd gbe ued hurdgi÷e hm nd
hmsgdrld hirmetm b käs prbnbeldhd Eb sm fd`rëd
mvdnudhb si tdn kbhigdg÷e gukpm gbe nbs rmqusitbs hm
bs mesdybs m ds ebrkds ]N dpngd`nms d mxtetbrms y m
mxtetbr pbrëd eb aegibedr smlÿe nb prmvstb
(7) Zdhb hm murhdh ]ed kbhagdgi÷e me ns ebrkds
sb`rm mxtetrms, mrm mn ]N 099, rmqumrëd ue käxkb
hm 7: n` (47 E) hm mrzd pdrd quitdr ue pdsdhbr hm
smlurihdh b hm `bqumb hm ue mxtetbr. Mnnb eumvdkmetm
surlm hm bs mesdybs nmvhbs d gd`b gbe pegpdetms me
bs qum dlueds pmrsbeds eb puhimrbe asgdkmetm quitdr
mn pdsdhbr  dggibedr m mxtietbr Nds ebrkds ]N sb`rm
mxtetbrms tdk`ée ieguëde ue rmquisitb hm hismb qum
mstd`mgëd qm m pdsdhbr smd visi`nm hmshm m rmetm hm
4:-74
DEMVB D
(8)
mxtebr, d kmebs qum msté megibedhb me nds estuggibems bpmrdtvs.
Ietrggibems þmrdtiv/Wmôdnzdgi÷e. Nds ebds sb`m
mxtetbrms, metm mns nd bhgdgi÷e ietbhughd me
968 me ]N 099, mxlëde nd iegus÷e hm estruggbems
bpmrdtvs pigtblägds y së`bbs gbhigdhbs me tbhbs
nbs mxtetbrm, mxgmptb me mxtietbms gdsm H y me mxtetbrms bhdetms. Mstbs rmqustbs td`iée sulmrbe hm bs
mesdybs hm mlb gbe piegipidetms, qum bstrdrbe qum
ugfds
pmrsedsdssm es¼uggibems
tbd`de hmdsdhb
tmpb
pdd mmr
y gbpmehr
bpmrdts
msgtds
Me
rmdhdh me s mesdybs gbe pegipdems sm hmsdrbnndrbe
nds estuggbems bpmrdtvds pgtblägds qum mrbe
prb`dhds gb bs bpmrdhbms piegipidetms pdrd vmrgdr
su mgdgd bs hmtnnms hm nd gdetihdh hm esuggbems
pbr pigtblrdd surlme hm pbldd hm bs mesdybs. Nbs
mesdybs hm mlb gbe priegipdetms td`ée de sihb ue
egmetivb pdd fdgmr qum nbs s`bnbs gbhigdhbs me usb
pdrd nds hvmsds gndsms hm mlb mrde äs ietmnli`nms
Nbs eumvbs së`bbs gbhigdhbs pgtblägbs me usb
td`ée me mxilhbs me 4968, dsë gbb ue étbhb
uebrm
ue
brm hm dpngdgi÷e
dpngdgi÷e hm
hm nbs
nbs së`bb
së`bbss D, @y G d mxtetbrms gbe gmtgdgibems sbdmetm D@G b G Mn rmsutdhb
m ue smt urm y gbmrmetm hm së`bnbs aägnmetm
gbpmes`ms qum fgmrbe qum mn usb hmn mxtetbr smd
ugfb äs smegnnb
() Kdeudnms h smrigib
smrigib Nds ebrds sb`rm mxtetbms, metm
mds ]N 099 pbr primrd vmz mxilmbe qum bs `rigdetms hm mxtietbrms gbetdrde gbe ue deudn hm smgb
pdrd sus prbugtbs. Dhmäs nd mhg÷e 4968 hm N 099
rmqumrd qum sm fgmrd rmmrmegd  deun hm smvgb/
detmeimtb me d pndgd hm ihmetgdgi÷e hm mxtetbr
Detms hm 98 bs deudms hm smvig
smvigib
ib eb mr mqumhbs
 Nbs mxttbms `gdhbs pb gbpdôds qum de
gmsdhb su dgtvihd gbmrgdn pumhme smluir me usb s gupnme
gbe nbs mqusitbs hm mstd ebd y sm detimeme hm dgumhb
gbe nb mstd`nmgih me mn deudn hm espmgg÷e y smrgib hmn
`rigdetm Gudeh
Gudehb
b mstbs mxtietbms rmqumrme ued mgdld b
detmeimetb y m dlmetm mxtetbr mqumihb b ns pmzs
emgmsdrids pdrd nd mpdrdg÷e eb mstäe hspbei`nms, bs mxtebms hm`mrde smr pmstb mrd hm smrgb
=7 Wbe mmpbs hm mxtietbms pdrd pbtmgg÷e gbetrd
mslbs gdsm D nbs lumetms?
(4) Hm dld
(0)) Hm dlme
(0
dlmetms
tms d
dblm
blmed
edhbs
hbs (bÿ mxtietr hm tipb
fdnbdhbs, mr =. 7 0. 1.)
() Hm qui
quigb
gb mg
mgb
b ut
utp
pbp÷
bp÷st
stb
b
(8) Hm qu
qu
ig
igb
b nëq
nëqu
uhb
hb
h
dltms
=7 Wbe mmpbs hm mxtietbms pdrd pbtmgg÷e gbetrd
mslbs gsm  bs lumems
(4) Hm mspud
mspud r
rdhbd
dhbd hm pmngund
pmngund dgub
dgubsd
sd ( DA
DAAA)
AA),, s÷b hm
nquihbs
(0) Hm mspud nub
nubbpr
bprbtmë
btmëeg
egdd rd
rdhb
hbdd hm pmëgud
pmëgud
(AAAZ) s÷b hm ëquhbs
() Hm h÷xhb hm gdr`be
gdr`beb,
b, s÷nb hm ëquhbs
(8) Hm qu
qui
igb
gb mg
mgb
b
()) Hm dlm
(
dlmem
emss db
dblm
lmed
edhbs
hbs (bÿ mxtietbr hm tipb hm dtms
fddhbs mr = 7 0 1)
=77 Mn usb m mxtietbms hm quëigb smgb sb`rm mquipbs
mégtgbs memlzhbs y fÿmhbs (gbb pbstms hm smrigibs
lmemrnms emuptbrms hm memld mnégtgbs hm dntb vbntdom y
trdesrdhrms bdhbs pb d nnuvid) pbhëd dldvd bs
pb`nmds hm lds mnégtigds Mn pbhugtb quëigb smgb
gb`edhb gbe d umhdh prbvbgd ued tdymgtbd mnégtgd
qum pumhm hseur nd mgdgd hm nd pbtmgg÷e hm disnd
imetb. Wm mgbimehd quitdr tbhbs nbs rstbs hm pbhugtb
quëgb smgb hm tdnms mquipbs numlb hm d mxtiegi÷e
=7 Nd slumetm edgi÷e gbrrmspbehm d mslbs hm
 H
()
 rmdgi÷e quëgd mem mtnms megmehhbs y hvmrsbs
dlmetms mxtiebrms (merm mnnbs m dl d) pumhm vdridr hm
mxpnbs d iegbesmgumetm, smlÿe, me pdtm  tpb, rd
y gdetid
gdetidh
h hm
h m mtd evbugdhb. Me lmemd bs mslbs
hm ue mlb hm mtdnms sm vme sleigdtivdmet
sleigdtivdmetmm dume
tdhbs gudehb sm dpigde tdms dlmems mxtiebms. Nds
vmetdod y ntdgibems
n tdgibems hm ued
ue d dpnd
d pnd vdrmhdh
vdrmh dh hm dlmetms
mxtietbms hm mlbs hm mtdnms gbmgidmetm hspbe`nms sm hmsg`me me EAZD 868 y me nd Wmgg÷e , Gdptub 9, hm Kdeudn h prb
prbtmgg
tmggi÷e
i÷e gbetd iegmehib hm EAZD.
Hm`më gbesutrsm d Zndennd hm hdtbs hm sm lhdh hmn
dtmid (KWHW) hm mslb gndsm H qum sm mstä prbtmlimehb  d `gdetm hmn mxtieb
(0) Nbs dlmetms y mxtietbms megibedhbs me mstd smggi÷e sbe
hm tpb mspmgidnizdhbs y su usb lmemrdnmetm eguym
tégegd mspmgidms pmgundrms pdrd ue mtd gb`usti`m
me pdrgudr e hmtmiedhb dlmetm eb emgmsdrimem
gbetrbrä b mxtielurä tbhbs nbs mlbs hm mtdnms  l ebs dlmtms dgtÿde mgdzmetm me nbs trd`dbs gbe hivm
sbs mtnms3 btrbs sbe ÿtnms pdrd gb`dtir sbdmetm ue
tipb hm mlb hm mtdms Hm`mëd gbesuntdrsm d nd dutbhdh gbpmtmetm me gdhd gdsb, d e hm hmtmedr d
prbtmgg÷e hmsmdhd pdd m mslb pdtigud evbugdhb
() Hmtmr
Hmtmredhbs
edhbs mtdm
mtdmss gb`usti
gb`usti`nms
`nms mqum
mqumme
me dlmems
dlmems b
tégegd hm mxteg÷e mspmgnms Qmr EAZD 868 prd b`tmem erdgi÷e dhgbedn Me gdsb hm huhd, hm`mëde
gbesutrsm EAZD 868 b nd Lëd hm ptmggi÷ gbet iegmehibs pd kdtmdnms pmnisbs hm EAZ. (EAZD 89 y
EAZD 0 de shb bgmetm quitdhs hm bs G÷hibs
Edgibednms hm eghb pmb nd iebdgi÷e sm hmsgr`m me
nd Lëd hm prbtmggi÷e gbet ieghibs pdrd kdtmridnms pnibsbs
hm EAZ.)
(8) Hm`m dmm mmmd d d mbmhdbm m
`gdtm sb`rm usb y tégegds mspmgdnms prd nd mxte
hm mlbs
hm mtdnms
hvmrsbs mtdms
gb`ust`ms.
() gi÷e
Me hmtm
hmtmedhbs
edhbs
pumhm pbhugism
ue mlb hm
dtd ietmeshdh. Nd leigi÷e ms, lmemrdnmetm msutdhb
hm gmetimetb pbr gg÷e hm d mxpbsigi÷e d d
umhh b hm d mxpbsig÷e prbvmemetm hm ue mlb
bgurh me btrbs dtmrims gb`ust`ms Mn dybr
mslb sm pmsmetd gudehb mstbs mtdms mstäe ehhbs,
edmtm hivhihbs dhurds b ruts
Nds prbpmdhms hm ued dpnd vdrimhdh hm mtms gb`ust`ms y nbs dmetms hispbei`nms pdd nd mxtegi÷e hm mlbs me
mstbs mms sm hm`dtme me EAZD 868 y me mn Kdeudn h pt
gi÷e gbet iemehib hm EAZD.
=7 Mn dlmetm dn÷e ms dtdmet
dtdmetmm mgdz pdrd nd mxteg÷e
hm mlbs y s mvdpbd umlb hm su usb se hmdr msihubs Wie
m`dlb, mn lmetm d÷e mstä ieguihb me nd nstd hmn Zrbtbgbnb
hm Kbetrm hm sustdegids gbetbndhs, hmsdrrbdhb smlÿe mn
Zbldd hm nds Edgibems ]eihds pdd m Kmhb D`metm.
Hbehm btbs dlmetms histetbs hm dn÷e pumhde prbtmlmr sdtisgtbrdmem gbetd mn mslb, hm`mrëde usdsm mstbs me nuldr
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-70
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
hm fdn÷e. Mn usb hm fd÷e hm`mrëd nikitdrsm d nd mxg÷e hm
ue mlb eb pdeigdb3 eb hm`mrëd utnizdrsm fdn÷ pdrd mn
m¼mdkimetb hm rutd hmn pmrsbedn.
D.=.70.1.4 DEW/] 0409, GDE/]NG=11
GDE /]NG=11 Wtdehrhabr Fnbg`be Gde Dlt Arm Mxtief
Mxtiefs3 y GDE/G=0
=0 Wteh
br Fnbeth Det Feh eh \n r
r xteuf,
xteuf, rmqum
rme qum nds pdgds hm imgdgi÷ hm dlmetms fdbgdr`bdhbs
y fdblmed
fdblmedhbs
hbs hmsgri`d bs niemdkmtbs hm smlur
smlurhdh
hdh pdrd
v  v    vp   
gudhb bs dlmetms sm hmsgdrl m mspdgibs gbdhbs. Mn
rmqusitb hm ]N sb`rm bnukm kikb pdrd mspdgbs gbed
hbs sm `dsd me nd mxpbg÷ d dlmtm me dusmegid hm ue mlb
y b ignuym nds gbeshmrdgibems sb`rm bs prbhugtbs hm u
mlb b hm nd hmsgbkpsig÷ hm bs dlmms.
D=.7.0. < bs mxtietbrs rbhdtms mstä hspb`nms m gdpdg
hdhms hm 77 ldn (0= N) pdrd ueihdhms hm mspukd y bsgind
mtrm 7: n` d 7=: n` (7.1 cl d 4=66 cl) pdrd bbs tipbs hm
dlmems. Mstbs mxtietb¼ms tmme d gdpdghdh hm sukieistrdr
tdsds hm uob hm dlmtms käs dntds y u kdybr dngdgm hm
gfbrrb hm dlmm qum bs mxtbrms hm tipb pbräti ebrkdms
Nbs mxtietbrms rbhdems timem nd gdpdgihdh hm nblrdr ue
dukmeb hm nd mgdg me nd mxtig÷ hm mlbs m ärmds hm
rmslb ntb y su ikpbtdgd ms kdybr hbehm d gdhdh hm
pmrsbeds hspbi`ms m kitdhd
D.=.84.4 ds bgupdgbms hm rmslb lmrb pumhm ignur
dlubs mhigibs b fd`itdgbms bgupdhbs gbkb bgds duds
ilmsids, sdbems hm dgbs, ärmds hm gudrbs hm fuéspmhms hm
fbtmms/kbtmnms, mtg. Mstd gdsigdg÷e prmé qum d kdybr
pdrtm hm bs gbemihs sbe yd smd eb gbk`usti`nms b `me
mstäe hspumstbs hm dmrd td qum b ms prb`d`nm qum ue
iegmhb sm prbpdlum räpihdkmetm. Wm eguym pmqumôds
gdthdhms hm kdmrdnms iendkd`ms gdsm @ qum sm utingme
pdrd käquids hupnigdbrds, hmpdrdkmetbs hm drtm mtg smk
prm qum sm kdetmld me gbmemhbrms gmrrdhbs y dnkdgmd
hbs hm kdemrd smlrd
D.=.84.0 ds bgupdgms hm rimslb brhiedrb pumhm gbss
tir m ärmds hm gbkmhrms emlbgibs kmrgdms y hmp÷stbs hm
dkdgmedkmetb rmdgibedhbs ärmds hm `rgdgi÷e nided
bpmrdgibems hm iemstildgi÷e, sdnbems hm mxpbsigi÷e hm dub
k÷ms, drms hm mstdgbdkmeb, dnmrms b ärmds hm smr
gibs hm sbpbrtm hm bgudgbms hm rimslb nlmrb y hmp÷stbs qum
gbetmld kmrgdegds gndsm  b gndsm II smlÿ sm hmem me
EAZD 7
]ed kmrgdgëd gdm I sm hmm me EAZD 7 gbkb ue
prbhugb eb gbk`ustinm qum gukpnm gb ueb hm nbs sluim
tms grmrbs?
(4) Mstä gbnbgdhb hrgtdkmm sb`rm pdmts hm kdhmrd.
(0) Mstä gbnbgdhb me gs hm gdrt÷ gbrruldhb hm ud sbnd
gdpd gbe b sie hisbrms hm gdrid
gdri d hm ue mspmsbr
ÿgb gb b s dmts
(7) Mstä mum
mumb
b gbe pmng
pmngud
ud rmr
rmrägi
ägi b pdp
pdpm
m gbkb
gbkb ued
gdrld uitdrid gbe b s pdmtds
mk`drgdgbems ärmds hm gbgg÷e sdbems hm mxpbsg÷e pdrd nd
mxfi`g÷ hm ue prbhugb hihudn mxf`gbems hm prbhug
tbs me gmtrbs hm gbmg÷, y prbgmsbs hm dkdgmedkimeb y
`rigdg÷e tdnms gbkb pieturd kmrs÷ y rmgu`rkimtb qum
ieguyde d kdudg÷ hm ëquihbs idkd`nms Xdk`ée sm
ieguym m dkdgmdkmetb me hmp÷sitbs b mn dkdgmedkimtb
hurtm mn prbgmb hm kmrgdgëds qum b sm hm gndsm I e
gdsm II.
D8         . 
gudquimr bgupdgi÷e pbhrëd fd`mr ue rmslb prmhbkiedetm, dsë
gbkb ärmds hm rmslbs mspmgdms qum rmquimrd mxttbrms gb
gmrgdgibms qu sm gbrrmspbehd gbe msbs rmslbs. Zbr momk
pnb, me ue fbspit sm de d emgmstdr mxtiebrms gdsm D pdrd ds
fd`idgbms hm ns pdgimems gbrrmhbrms, bgids mtg. pmrb sm
emgmsdräe mxtietbrms gdsm @ me nbs nd`brdtb"bs y hbhm sm
dkdgmeme b keipume dmstésgbs iendkd`nms mxtitbrms
gdsm G me nds sdns hm etmrruptbrms hm mmrld b lmmrdhbrms
mégigbs y mxtiebrms gdsm C me ds gbgieds
D.=.8.0.0 Wi bs mxtiebrms prmstbs pdrd himrmms gdsms hm
mlb sm gbbgd me ue kskb lrupb, su usb prmisb hm`mrëd
mstdr gndrkmtm môdzdhb prd gb`uir m d smmggi÷ hm
mxtebr dprbpidhb dn kbkmeb me qum sm prbhugm ue mlb
Me ud mkmrlmegid sm timhm d tbkdr mn mxtietbr käs gmrgdb
W m mxtietbr eb ms hm tipb gbrrmgtb, nbs usudribs pbhrëde
pbemr me pmnilrb d së kskbs y d nd prbpmhdh qum mstä prbgu
rdehb prbtmlm Wmkprm qum smd pbsi`nm, ms prmamr`nm gbetdr
sbdkmetm gbe dumbs mxebrms qum pumhme smr usdhbs hm
kdmrd smlurd m gudqumr tpb hm mlb m nds kmhdgi
ems.
D.=.=.4.4 bs mlbs hm ldsms prmsurzdhbs y nëquihbs ienkd
`nms prmsurzdhbs sm gbeshmrd u rmslb mspmgd Nbs mxtt
rms gndsm @ qum gmem dlmetms qum b smde quëkgbs smgbs
sb rmndtdkmm imgdgms pdrd msm pb hm rmslb hm`ihb d
nds gdrdgtmrësgds hm gfbrrb y hm nbs dlmetms. M sstmkd utin
zdhb pdrd gmrtgr nd mgdgid hm bs mxtietbrms me mlbs gndsm
@ (nëquihbs indd`nms hm prbhhdh) b ms dpgd`m d mstbs
tpbs hm rmslbs. m fd hmtmrkiedhb qum sm rmquimrm u hsmôb
hm `bquids y ts hm dpigdg÷ hm dlmetms mspmginms pdrd
fdgmr metm d tdms rimslbs
D.=.=.0 ]e m trhikmesbd gdsm @ iebugrd kdtmrdms
gdsm @ m kbikimeb dms gbkb nëquihbs iendkd`nms qum sm
msté mrtimehb, sté nuymehb b lbtmdhb y lmmrdkmtm
ieguym supmrgms mrtgdnms, dsë gbkb ud b käs supmrgms
fbrzbetdms
fbr
zbetdms Nbs gmehibs hm mstd edturdnmzd sm gbesihmrd ue
rimslb mspmgdn. M sismkd uizdhb pdrd gmrtigdr nbs mxtitbrms
pdrd mlbs gdsm @ (nëquhbs iedkd`ms hm prbehihdh) b
ms hrmgdkmtm dpgd`m d mstm ipb hm rimslb. Hm`mrëd gbs
hmrdrsm d stddg÷ hm sistmkds bs hbhm gbrrmspbhd.
D.=.=.7(0) Hbehm sm utinigme kþtpms mxtietbrms, hm`mrëd
mkpnmdrsm ued hmsgdrld skntäemd hmshm ktpms u`gdgi
ems pdrd mnikidr gudquimrd hm bs puetbs gmlbs grmdhbs pbr
ue b`stägub.
]ed kmrgdegëd hm dsm I sm hmm m EA 7 gbkb u
prbhugb b gbk`usti`nm gbnbgdhb me gbms hm stbems hm
kdhmrd gdds hm kdhmrd s÷nhd gdds hm gdrt÷ gbrruldhb hm
gdpds kntipnms b kdmrims hm mk`dm gbk`ust`ms mqud
nmms gbe b se pdmtd.
D.=.=.= Xrdhgbdnkmem bs mxtbrms pdrd kmhibs hm
hm ¼mslb
mx¼d
gbesstir
m
D.=.84.7
nuldrms mes
nbs bgupdgims
qum sm mdgme
trd`bs
hm pbhrëd
gdrpitmr,
rmpdrd
mgmegid
gdk`ib dn usb
hmmmhds
dgmitm mlmtdn
qum rmquimrm
gdmtdhd yd m
tmkprdturds
käs
fde hdhb
brlm d smr
ue
rimslb hm mlb äs lrdm. ds prum`ds fd hmkbs¼dhb qum
gi÷e hm mfgunbs, kdmeikimeb y rmpdrdg÷ hm dmrbdms y
Mhigi÷e 0:46
gbggi÷e (dgmtms y lrdsds mlmtdms b deikdnms) gukpëd gb b
mspmgigdhb m n d`nd 1.744 pdrd rimslbs mx¼d qum rmquim
rm ue mxtietbr hm prbhugtbs qukgbs smgbs hm `gdr`bedb hm
sbhib b `igdr`btb hm pbdsib gb ued gmrgdg÷ këed
hm 8:-@. Nd mbugi÷e hm bs utmesinibs hm gbggi÷e hm dntd
DEMVB D
nbs mxtietbrms hm qukgb ëqihb tipig vdids vmgms nd
gdpdgihdh hm mxtieg÷e hm amlbs hm mhbs gbggi÷e hm 
mxttb hm qëb smgb hm `gdr`bdtb hm sbhb b hm `gdr`b
dtb hm pbtdsb ge d gmagdgi÷ ëeid hm 8-@, nb qm
fd ipnsdhb d grmdgi÷e hm ed emvd gndsigdgi÷e y hm 
mvb prbtbgbnb m prm`ds hm nstdhb. Mn pbtbgbnb hm pm`d
sm iegym me W/]N < GDE/NG=:6
Qmr EAZD 91 pdrd b`tmmr äs dgi÷e Ms mgmsdrib
q n p q  pô     é
me¼medhds m m sb hm mxtbms, gbb d mhihd msmgdn
pdrd nd smlihdh pmsbdn Nbs mxtitbrms gndsm , mqpdhbs
gb hispbstvbs h hmsgdrld hm tipb hm rd mxtmehihd eb hm`m
de tnidsm hm d demrd qm hm4ivm m d ymggi÷ s`s
pmrgd hm dlmetms mxtietbrms hm prbhgbs qigbs ÿmhbs
me mhbs hm gbgi÷e gdmtms. d ymgg÷ s`spmgdn
pbvbgd ed rmdggi÷e tmrbhiäigd gbpdrd`nm d ed mxpnb
si÷e Yd eb sm rgd mxibms gdsm C gbe hispbsivbs hm
vdrd mxtmehhd.
D.=.=.=.7 Nd Aild D.=.==.7(d) y nd lrd D.==.=.7(`) ms
tde m tmxtb mgbmehdhb pdd mn mrmrb hm smdnzdg÷ hm nd
gndsm C. Mn tddb rmgbmhdhb ms < =/ pnl.   pnl.
(98   0<9 )
D.=.=.1 Hbehm sm rmqmrd qm me nds bgpdgbms fdyd mxtie
tbms stddhbs, mtd smggi÷ sm dpngd d ds ämds hbhm msä
`gdhbs bs mqbs mnmgtr÷gbs. Metrm bs mqipbs mnmg÷ei
gbs hmigdhbs sm gyme, deqm b hm demd niitdhd, mqi
mqi
pbs hm mnmgbegdgbems gbptdhbds smrvhbrms, mqpbs
hm b`÷tgd y mqbs hm mpbhggi÷e.
D.=.=.1.4 Nbs rmshbs hm bs qigbs smgbs pb`d`nmmetm
b pbhä smr gbpmtdmetm ei iemhddmem qitdhbs, y
4:-77
dhmäs mn qigb smgb ntipbp÷sitb mxpmsbs d mpmrdt
ds dybms m =:¿ A ( ¿G) b d d fmhdh mndtivd qm
mxgmhd mn =: b gimtb pmhme pbvbgdr gbrbsi÷.
D.==.< Mn pp÷sitb hm gbbgdr mxbms pbtänms me ärmds
hbhm sm dndgmed bxihdetms ms m hm pbvmm d spmsi÷
me nds prmds mtdpds hm amlbs iegipimtms m bs dtmridms
dhydgmtms d ämd hm nbs bxihdtms, b stdhbs me d isd
ärmd Nbs lbs hm dmrdnms bxhdtms lmmrdmetm mxgm
  p    pn
p n n   
tipbs hm mxtitbrms pbtätnms me bxihdetms pbhrd lmemdr d
mdggi÷e qgd qm rmstm m pbtmegidnms gbpmstbs mxpn
sivbs b qm h bd dmrd mxdgm`m nd mmrlmegid, y b hm`m
r mstd pmritihb m mn ärmd hbehm sm dndgmede b sd
bxihdetms.
D.=.=.6.4 Z hm sdrsm brbs dlmetms b nistdhbs, s ms dgmpt
`nm pdrd d dtbrhdh gbpmmetm. Metrm btrbs dlmems b nistd
hbs sm iegy drmd mspmgidmetm smgdhd, hbnbd, gmed hm
sbhb, gnbr hm tib, tdngb nb hm hgi÷e y snigdtb hm
girgbeb  ¼bs dlmtms qm sm gbprm`m smde mgdgms.
Gbesntd EZD 868 sb`rm sb y nidgbms hm mstbs dlmetms y
b¼ds dtmedvds eb stdhds.
D.=.1.4 Hbem sm rmqmrd d stddg÷e hm mxttbrms pbrtäti
nms, hm`me msdsm nbs slimetms hbgmtbs pdd ds bgp
gbms hmsgrs me ss rmspmgtivbs gdgms?
()
()
(7 )
EAZD <, Zrägtigd Pmgbkmehdhd sb/ mggihh tätigd
EAZD 8, ë pd nds  gibe hm Pmgtm y Gbk`dtm h
Iegmhi me Dmedvms
EAZD 1:, Luëd pdrd Bpmdg
Bpmdgibe
ibe h Mmlmegid y hm Wrhdh me
m e rmhibs pd Dutbkbviniskb H tivb
r

,- 4 punl (0<9 kk) 


R:= pnl. (0< kk) tëp
b
DwPEIEL
: punl
(40< kk)
tp
Briaigibs hm :0 punl
(86 kk) häk
(8 nuldrms)
IE GDWM BA DZZDEG AIPM, ]WM
XFIW VXIEL]IWFP DXP IVH
a
W]PWWIBE WYWK FDW @E
DG]DH.
D ZMG]GI×E
ME GDWB H IEGMEHIB H DNLß
DZDPDXB, ]IG W MVXIEXP
HMWZ]ÉW H T] N WIWXMKD IOB HM
W]ZPMWI× D]BKÄGB FDYD WIB
DGIQDHB.
b
b
Ailrd D.=.=.=.7(d)
.1 punl
(98 kk
kk))
Ebds?
Kdmdn? Msrmeb
Msrmeb `ndegb
hm :8 punl (4: kk)
Ikprms÷e kpmsi÷e evmsd 
Abehb hm gbnb rbob ZKW 86
Nmtrds hm :1 punl (87 kk)
kpmsds me `degb pdrd mn
érkeb "dhvmtmegd
mtrds hm :0 pnl (18 kk)
pdd nd ebd hm nd dhvmtm
dhvmtmegd
egd
Msqueds mhbehmdhds
Nmtmb hm smôdnizdg÷e
smôdnizdg÷ e hm gnm C me ielnés y mspdôbn.
 
4:-
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
 pnl. (0<9 kk)♡!
.= punl {0.< kk)p
b
DZPMG]GI×E
= pl
(0< kk)
tëp
riagibs hm 0 pnl
(86 kk)häk
kk)häk
(8 ldrms)
ME GDWB HM IEGMEHIB HM DNLßE
a
DZDPDXB,
WX
 VXIEXBP
VX IEXBP
HMWÉW
HM]XIIG
T]M MN
M NWX
WIWMKD
AIOB HM
W]W×E D]BKÄIGB FDYD WIHB
DGIQDHB.
XXMEXIBE
ME GDW H'IEGMHIM IIT]DE
]E ÉTIKE H GIWWBE ]NIW_
G VIEG]P DPW DQBIP DGIQÉ
N WYWK HVIEGIBE AIV
b
Ailrd D.=.==.7(`)
<1 pnl
(98 kk)
b
bds?
Kdmridn srmeb `ndegb hm
8 pnl { kk)
kprmsi÷e kprms÷e ievmrsd 
Abehb hm gbbr rbob K 86=
mrds hm 1 pnl (87 kk)
ikprmsds me `degb pdrd mn
térkeb "dhvmmegid
mrds hm .0= pl. (1.8 kk)
pdrd nd ebd hm nd dhvmrmegid
sqieds rmhbehmdhds
Nmtrmrb hm smôdnizdgi÷e hm gndsm C me mspdôbn y ardegés
( 8  6=: Zrägtid Pmbkehdh p mgi÷e gb
bs silumem ëtmks damgde nd hs`ug÷e hm bs
mxtetbrms pbrtätms?
( rmd y hspbsge hm ds gbehgbems hm bgupdge hm
mhgb
 khb pregpd pdrd ihmetigdr ds u`gdgibems
hm bs mxtebrms hm`mëd smr nd gbnbgdgi÷e hm nmrmrbs hm smôdi
zdgi÷e hm mxtietb"ms qum mstée mspmgëgdkmetm hismôdhbs pdrd
msm prbp÷stb em nbs momkpbs hm b-bs kmhbs hm hmetigd
g÷e hm ds u`igdbems hm bs mxtebms sm eguyme mgfds
ugms b gbhgdgie hmn kub b gbnuked
D.14.7.8 e sgibems hbehm smd emgmsdrib pbvmm mxtietb
rms hm kdemd tmpbdd ued pägigd dhmgudhd gbesistm me
utidr msdehs prtätinms sb`rm bs qum pumhme esdndsm bs
e  eh pän h`e  hh p
gukp gbe ds duds hm kbetdm rmqumrhds pdd mxtetbrms
((7
0) mvmrihdh
hmn rimlb
ms hm mlbs
mvstds
( 8 trbs hspbstivbs b sistmkds hm pbtmggi÷e
(= istdegids d sm rgbrrihds pdrd dggmhmr d bs mxtetbrms
sikskb hm`mëde tbkdrsm me gbesihmdg÷e nbs siluimetms
gbms
(4 mbgihdh pmvst hm prbpdldgi÷e hm mlb
(4
(0) emeshdh y dsd m lmemrdg÷e hm gdnb
(7) ukb dpbtdhb br bs kdtmidnms me gbk`ust÷e
bs mxtietbrms rbhdetms tmeme dlmetm y dgdegm dhigibednms y
hm`mëde sm tbkdhbs me gbesihmrdg÷e pdrd ämds hbehm sm
emgmsd prbtmgg÷e dhgbed bs mxtietbrms pbtätnms bmgme
d bs bgupdems ue khb pdd dsisr me d mgudg÷e hm ue
mhgb u bgupdgi÷e e ÿnms pdd rmhugr ue mlb si mstm sm
prbhgm me d utd hm mvdgudgi÷e  ms pbsi`nm hm`mrëd
mvdnudsm gdhd pbpmdh pdd hmtmrkied bs mquistbs hm
b hm`mëde iestdndsm gblhbms qum eb mstée
prmvsbs pdd mxetbms Spbr mkpb eb hm`mëd usdsm ue
gblhb pdd ue mxtieb hm = ` (07 cl gbe ue mxtetbr hm
: ` (8= l)[
D.147.< behm ue mxtetbr msé u`gdhb me ue ämd qum nb
fdld susgmpt`nm  hdôbs hm`mëd gbesutdrsm dn pbvmmhbr hmn
mxtebr pdd hmtkedr s sm hspbem hm mquipdkmeb pdrd
kbetdm mspmgdn
mspmg dn  hm ued gu`imrtd pbtmgtbrd
pbtmgtbrd
D.14.7.4: hmks hm smvr pdd dkdgmedkimetb nbs ld`em
tms hm mxtetbrms btmlme d nbs mxtiebms y mvide lbnpms dggi
hmedms d gdvdh hm ld`emtm hm`m sm nb sugimetmkmetm
ldehm gbkb pd dbdr dn mxetb hm kdemd qum mn mxietb
hm`m sm smmggibdhb detms hm nd smnmgg÷e hmn ld`emm e d
smmggi÷e edn h ld`emm hm`mrëd gbesihmdsm qum qumhm ue
mspdgb dhmgudh pdrd qum m mxetbr pumhd sm ginkmem
prbtmgg÷e vilmetms
rmirdhb
(=
(1
Igmehib p ns hm Lmm÷ hm Meml Mnégg y agibe h Gbevm
Gbevmi÷
i÷ hm Gb Himg hm Dnb Qbdo
 90 Luë  Ivsibe h Iegmehbs y Mxnb
e
 48=0 ëd hm Mkimeb hmn mben hmn Wmib hm
@b`m,¼ p  muggi÷
muggi ÷ hm Pimb e d Gbkuihh
D1.44
Mhigi÷e 0:46
D.147.70
)
(
Q 1.4.76 .
D14.7.8(4)
4:-7=
DEMVB D
Nbs d`iemtms hm mxiebrms vmeindhbs hm`mrëde
utnzd vhrib tehb y hm`mëde msd gbesuhbs hm kdemd
qum sm mvim mn ielmsb hm iesmgbs y d dgukudg÷e hm dlud.
Nbs ld`emms hm mxiebms vmeidhbs gbesuhbs hm msd
kdemd mhugme
mhugm e d tmkpmdud
tm kpmdud iemrib käxkd me 4: ¿A d
4=¿A
4=
¿A (=1 ¿Gd
¿Gd 6 .7 ¿G)
¿G) 
D1..74:8
Hmmkiedhbs ld`emms gbe gmgdgi÷e hm
rmsistmegid d ml msäe pmvsbs pdrd sm esdndhbs me kurbs
   
 n .
.  `  gdgi÷e hm msismegd d mlb fdgme qum bhb mn kurb gbe
gmigdgi÷e hm mssmegd d mlb eb gukpd gbe nbs mqusibs, hm kdemrd qm sbdkmetm sbe dpbpdhbs pdrd su iesddg÷e me kubs ge gmrtgdgi÷e hm mssmegd dn mlb nbs
ld`iemtms kbedhbs sb`m nd supmrgim b nbs ld`emms gbe
gmigdgi÷e hm msmegd dn mlb.
D.1..74:1
Hbehm nbs mxibms mstäe u`gdhbs me äm gbe
mkpm duds m
mkpmduds
m
 hm delb
d elb hm 8: ¿Ad
¿A d 40: ¿A (8 ¿Gd 89 ¿G)
hm`mëde bkdsm ds silimems prmgdugbems?
D.1..744
([) Nbs mxebr
mxebrms
ms hm D AAAy AAAZ eb pumhme sm pbtmlhbs
gbed mkpmduds kmebms hm  ¿A (8 ¿G) kmhdem mn
dlmldhb hm ued gdld deigbelmndem hm`hb d qum mb
imehm d hmsu nd mgdgd hmn dlmem mxieb.
(0) Nbs mxetbrms hm dlud sikpm eb hm`mrëde smr pbtmlhbs
gbed mkpduds kmebms hm 8: ¿A (8
(8 ¿G) gbe deigbelmndem m mtnmelgb. Eb hm`mëd usdsm sbugibems
(7 )
hm gnburb hm gdngb me mxiebms hm dgmb iebxhd`nm.
Nbs mxiebms esdndhbs me gbkpdrikimetbs hm kdquiedids bgbbbds hiésm mqupdkmebs hm dutbkbbms gbkpdrkimebs hm kbtbrms hm edvms kdëkds m
iestdndgibems hm prbgmsdkimeb me gdimem pumhme vmsm
mgumemkmm sbkmihbs d mkpmduds kdybrms hm
: ¿A (89 ¿. Nd smnmggi÷e hm mxiebms pdd ämds hm
imslb gbe mkpmduds kdybrms d bs nëkms sdhbs
hm`mrëd fdgmrsm `dsäehbsm me ds rmgbkmehdgibems hm nbs
`rigdetms hm msm mqupb.
Nds gmgdgbems qum sm dpgde me nd Xd`d 1.7.4 

sm `dsde me nd ebkd sb`m mesdybs hm mlb ]N <4 Pdtiel
deh Arm 4tiel ba Arm Mxtieusfms. Mstbs mesdybs hm mlb sm
nnmvde d gd`b me u`mds gudhdhds qum gbetmeme ue nëquihb
endkd`nm. Nbs ëuhbs edkd`nms qum msäe me ds gu`mds
eb mstäe me kbvmeb y me mstbs mlbs eb fdy b`ombs qum
emmde me nd dpngdg÷e hmn dlmem mxieb ]e mlb pb
D1.7.44
hmrdkm pumhm sm pbtmlhb hm dgumrhb gbe b mspmggdhb
me nd d`nd 1.7.4..
Hbehm msm pmsbedn eb msé hspbe`m mn rmslb
hm`mëd smr pbmlhb pb ssmkds bs
D17.00
D1. Nbs mquipb méggbs hm`mëde smr hmsmemlzdhbs de
prbeb gbkb smd bsi`nm d e hm mvd nd rmleigi÷e.
Hbehm mxsde imslbs gdsm H ms ued pägigd fd`tudn
gbnbgdr gdhdhm hm dlmem mxtietbr d ldm gmrgd hm pbtmegdn imslb gm H. Wmle mn ipb hm kmd prmsmem mn dlmem
gndsm H smmggbedhb pdrd d pbmggi÷e hm mslb pbhëd eb
sm ue dlmem mxieb hm mlb sdhb. Me mn gdsb hm nd
prbhuggi÷e hm ii kmdn mn dlmem mnmlhb ms gbrub hm iib,
qum ms kdmrid prikd hm d gmhd mnmg¼bëigd hbehm sm d`rgd
m b kmd. M ub hm gnbrub hm ib me ue mlb hm iib eb
gbetdkiedrä nd gmhd mmgrbëigd hm kdemd qum d gmhd eb
mehëd qum sm medhd y mvmsihd gbe dhinnb mdgdrib.
Hvmsbs dlmems sm H fde hmkbstrdhb sm mgdgms me mlbs
gndsm H mspmgëgs. Wm egnuym ekdgi÷e dhgibed sb`rm
dlmems gnds
gndsmm H me E AZD 868.
D1=.4
M egbdkmeb hm mxebms gdsm H ms kuy h mem
mem
hm egbedmeb hm mxetbrms hm quëkigb smgb gmrigdhbs
pdd mlbs gdsms D @ b G. Hm`mëd dpigdsm m dlmem
dlmem mxiebr
hm ue mxetr gndsm H pdd mvidr d prbpdldgi÷e hm kdmd
kmäigb gbk`usi`m y/b nd suspmesi÷e hm pbhugtb hm kmd
me mn drm nb qum pumhm rmsud me ued mxpnbs÷e kmhidem nd
dpngdgi÷e nm hm dlmem. Nd dpgdgi÷e hm ue dlmem gndsm H
me kmtdnms mgmehihbs pbgurd gberbndr mn mlb y gbe`ui
me nd kdg÷e hm ued grbstd hm ÷xihb qum nikim nd gbk`us÷e.
sb sgbe
bld
kdtmrdn kmgb
gbk`us`nm
m pkmb
dlmem y bmdeb
gu`mehbmn pbsmbrkmem
m
kmd megmeihb me ued dgg÷e hm sbgdg÷e. Ms kpbdem
kmegibed qm nbs mlbs hm kmnms qum evbugrde ldehms
gdeihdhms hm kmtdn käs dnä hm d mdpd egpmem sbe pägigkmetm ikbs`nms hm gbetrbd b mxielur gbe ue dlmem
gndsm H. Me d kdybëd hm bs gsbs mn kmdn gbeteudrä
dhmehb hm kdemd gberbndhd umlb hm nd dpngdgi÷e hm
dlmem fsd qum msé gbkpnmdkmem bxhdhb. Nd dntmdgi÷e
hm nd gbsd hm ÷xhb pumhm msud me ued rmileg÷e y qumkd
d gimb d`im s eb fdy ued gbkpmd mxegi÷e bxhdg÷e hm
kmd b mxgnsi÷e hm bxëlmeb. Nbs mlbs qum evbugd ue
kmd dgdieb émb y kmdms desgbednms gbkmezdäe d
rkd ued bsd hm ÷xihb d kmhihd qum drhme nb qum nkidä d qumkd d gimnb d`imrb se d dpngdgi÷e hm ue dlmem
mxtiebr Nd dpngdgi÷e hm dlud u bbs dlmetms mxietbrms
pumhm msuntd me ued mdgg÷e dhvmrsd nb qum egnuym m
pbtmegidn hm ued mxpbsi÷e. Nbs kmdnms megmehhbs tdk`ée
pumhme d`sb`mr nd fukmhdh hmn gbegrmb b dsb nb qum
`ée kdeimem mn pbmegidn hm ued mxpbsi÷e. Nds ldehms
gdeihdhms h kdmidms kmäigbs gbk`ust`ms ievbugdhds
me ue mlb pumhme kmemsm d Ids mkpmrdurds hudem
dne mkp y vbnvmr d megmehmsm vlbbsdkmetm s sm vme
dmgdhds dems hm d mxegi÷e gbkpnmd hm nbs kdmidms
kmäigbs gb`ust`ms. (¾r D.=7.08)
D.1.=7
Qmr AZD 868 pdrd b`memr ierkdg÷e dhgibedn.
D.1.=8
Qmr AZD 868 pdrd b`memr ierkdg÷e
rkdg÷e dhgibedn.
Mer nbs mmkpbs hm mslbs hbehm sbe emgmsdbs
mxtiebrms gnsm C sm iegnuyme pmb eb hm kdemrd ktdhd
rmihbrds pndegfds hm gbged y fbnds.
D.1.14
Msm gpëunb hmsgri`m ds rmds qum me d espmggi÷e
kdemekimeb y mgdrld hm mxiebrms. Mstbs gtbms sbe hm
ued ikpbrtdegd ehdkmedn pdd lddeizdr mn egibe
kmeb dn kkmeb me qum sm pbhugm ue mlb. M prbgmhikmb pdrd nd iespmgg÷e y kdmekimetb hm bs mxetbrms
vdëd hm kdmrd gbeshmd`nm. Ms emgmsdrb ue gbebgkimeb
këekb pdd mvdr d gd`b ued iespmggi÷e b "äpihd vmigd
g÷e kmesudn d e hm gukpi gbe mn prbgmhkmeb hm
espmggbems
espmggb
ems smlÿe sm hmsgri`m me d Wmggi÷e <.0
< .0
D<.4
Nd pmsbeds qum nnmde d gd`b m kdemeikimetb y
nd mgdld h mxiebms hm`mrëde gukpnir gbe ueb hm nbs
silumems grimbs
D.<.4.0.4
Gdpdgg÷e me aä`gd y gmig
gmigdg÷e
dg÷e pdd mn
m n pb mspmgëgb y dgd hm mxieb pbrtäin qum sm mstä sbkmmehb
dn smvib hm kdemeikimeb
migg÷e
g÷e hm ued
ue d bldezdg÷e dgmpd`nm pdd nd dub(0) Gmig
rihdh gkpmmetm
(7 ) Pmls igmegd b gmgdgi÷e hm ued dubihdh gbkpmtmem msdd b bgd
()
 gmigg÷e gbekd qum ued pmsbed fd gukpihb gbe
rmqusibs msmgëgbs gbkb égeigb me smrvgbs hm kdmei
kmeb hm mtetbms y qum fd b`meihb d gmrgdg÷e. D nbs
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-71
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
ems hm mstd ebrkd, nd gmrtigdg÷e ms m prbgmsb hm ued br l
ezdg÷e qum mktm ue hbgukmetb qum gberkd qum ue sbigi
tdetm fd pdsdhb ued pm`d `dsdhd me bs gdpëtubs y mxbs hm
mstd ebrkd. Nd brldezdgi÷e qum dhkes'd d prum`d mkitm
ue hbgukmetb bgid qum gbesttuym mvhmegid hm qum sm fd
pdsdhb nd prum`d Aiedkmetm m hbgukmetb mkitihb pbr d
breizdg÷e qum dhkeistrd d prum`d hm`m smr dgmptd`nm pdrd
d dutbrhdh gbkpmtmetm. Dlueds dutbrihdhms gbkpmtmetms eb
gbede me brldezdgems mxtmds y mstd`nmgme sus prbpbs
prblrdkds
nbgdnms hm begms÷e hm ngmegds qum eguyme ued
pum`d
<00 Wm gbeshrd qum gukpnme gbe mstm rmqusitb nds
estdndgbems ehus¼dms qum mstd`nmgme sus prbpds estdndgib
ems hm kdetmeikimetb y rmgdrld y qum ikpdrtme gdpdgtdgi÷e d
pmrsbedn qum hmsmkpmôd mstd egbems Me'm nbs momkpbs sm
eguyme estdndgibems hm lmemrdgi÷e hm memrlëd mnéggd,
pmtrbquëkigds y hm tmgbkuegdgibems Zumhm mkpnmdrsm ued
gdrtd mkitihd pbr d lrmegid hm ds estddgbems gbkb hbgu
kmb hm gmrtigdgi÷e
<07 Eb ms nd etmegi÷e qum mstm rmqustb mvitm qum bs
tégeigbs d gdrlb hm sm4-vigib nmvme d gd`b nds espmggibems
<0 Nd mgumegd hm nds espmggbems hm nbs mxtietbrms
hm`mrëd `dsdrsm me nds mgmsihdhms hmn ärmd me nd qum bs mxtie
tbrms mstäe u`igdhbs d espmgg÷e kmesudn rmqumrihd ms d
rmgumegid këeikd
<00 Nds iespmggiems
iesp mggiems me nbs mxtietbrms hm`mrëde nmvdrsm
d gd`b  vmgms pbr d, d etmrvdnbs rmldrms hm eb käs hm 
hëds
<07 Nds iespmggbems hm`mr
hm`mrëde
ëde smr käs mgumetms s
mxstm dnlued hm ds slimetms gbehigibems?
()
()
()
(8)
(=)
(1)
()
(6)
rmgumegid h egmehibs me m pdsdhb
Pmslbs lrdvms
Wusgmpt`nihdh d kdepudgbems iehm`ihds, vdehdnskb
b hd
hdbs
bs etmegibdms
etmegibdms
Xmemr pbs`
pbs`inhd
inhd hm sur, b fd`mr suihb,
sui hb, m b`b hm
mxtietbrms
]`igdg
]`i
gdgbem
bemss qum fdgme
fdgme qum nbs
nbs mxtiet
mxtietbrms
brms smde
smde susgmp
susgmpti
ti
`nms d hdbs kmgigbs
Zbs`i
Zbs
`ih
hdh
dh hm b`'u
b`'uggbe
ggbems
ms visi`
visi`ms
ms b s
sigds
igds
Mxpbsgi
Mxpb
sgi÷e
÷e d tmpmr
tmpmrdtu
dturds
rds deb
debrkdn
rkdnms
ms b d dtk÷sam
dtk÷samrds
rds
gbrrbss
Gdrdgtmrëstigds h nbs mxtietbrms, tdnms gbkb susgmpt`ini
hdh d lds
Dntd
Zbhrëde kmetdrsm iespmggibems ks mgumetms kmhdtm
mn kbetbrmb mnmgtr÷eib hmn mxtietb
mxtietbr
r
<007 Nbs mxtietbrms hm vmfëgubs hm`mrëde smr espmggib
<007
edhbs d gbkmezb hm ue tub b simkprm qum sm usm mn vmfë
gub Nd iespmggi÷e m`mrëd ldrdetzd¼ qum m mxtetbr msté
gdrldhb y istb pdrd smr utinizdhb Nbs mxtietbrms hm gbkpd4ti
kmetbs b gdkibems pumhme hddrsm b vmrsm dgtdhbs
gtdhbs hm
dnlued bd kdemrd h`hb d nd mxpbsigi÷e d ds gbehigibems
gkätgds, d btrbs drtëunbs qum mstée me mn gbkpdrtkmetb y
qum eb mstée dhbs hm kdemrd smlrd y d b'bs adgtbrms
<7 M kdetmeiketb deudn
deudn hm ue mxtietbr rmquimrm hm
bs smrvgbs hm ue téggb gdpdgitdhb y gmrtigdhb qum gumetm
gbe nds fmrrdkmeds drbpidhds, pmzds nistdhds y ue kdeud hm
smrvigib hmn `rgdetm dprbpidhb M kdetmekimetb hm bs
mxtetbrms eb hm`mrëd gbeehirsm gbe d iespmggi÷e, qum ms
ued vmrigdgi÷e räpih hm bs mxtibrms qum sm nnmvd d gd`b d
Mhigi÷e 0:46
kmebs gdhd : ëds Hm`hb d qum nbs prbgmhikmebs hm
kdetmekimetb prkmebrizdhbs pdrd hivmrsbs tipbs y kbhmbs
hm mxtietbrms hmrme, ms emgmsdrib gukpr gbe nbs prbgmhi
kmebs mspmgighbs me nbs kdeudnms hm smrvigibs.
Nd silumetm td ms ue kbhmb hm nbs prbgmhkmetbs hm
kdetmekimetb um hm`mrëde dpnigdrsm pdrd hmtmrked nds
hmgimegds qum rquimrme hm ued dtmegi÷e mspmgidn pdrd rmkm
hdr d gbehigi÷e hm mxtebr gbkb mxtietbr pbrtäti kdeud
h  , h  kh, h k
smgbs y hm dlmetms fdblmedhbs?
() Mxdkiedr
Mxdkiedr vsudnkm
vsudnkmetm
etm m
m mxtiet
mxtietbr
br pdrd
pdrd vmr
vmrgdr
gdr si
prmsmetd dbs rmtirdehb mn mxtietbr hm gb hbr,
sbpbrtm b ld`iemtm y mxdkied4nb vsudnkmetm pdrd vmri
gdr s prmsmetd hdbs, nb qum eguym kde÷kmtrb, d`bnnd
hur me mn giniehrb, gbrbs÷e lmemrd, rbsgds hm
kdelumrds b `bquinnds, kdeds y pdndegds
() Qmrigd
Qmrigdrr qm mn gbl
gbldhb
dhbr
r sbpbrtm b ld`iemtm
ld`iemtm sbe
sbe bs
bs
dhmgudhbs drd m mxtietbr.
() Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm mn gbld
gbldhbr,
hbr, sbpbtm b ld`emtm mstäe d
hbs hm kdemrd smlurd, eb prmsmetde hdbs y mst
kbetdhbs hmgudhdkmetm
(8) Qmrigdr qm ns estruggibems bpmrdtivs kmegibedhds
me nd pndgd hm hmetigdg÷e sbe nmli`ms y mstäe visi`nms
me m met hm mquipb
(=) Gberkdr um m kbhmnb hm mxtetbr eb mstä smtb d smr
rmtrdhb hm kmrgdhb e ms b`sbmtb
(1) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr ns rmlistbs
rmlistbs hm mxtietbr
mxtietbr pdrd hmtmrki
hmtmrkiedr
edr m
m
mxdkme etmb y nbs ietmrvdnbs hm ds prum`s fihrbstäti
gds Mxdkdr kieugibsdkmem m giniehrb pdrd vmrgdr
s prmsmetd d`bndhurds, hd4bs, rmpdrdgibems b gbrrbs÷e
() Qmrigd
Qmrigdrr qm m pdsdh
pdsdhbr
br hm smlurhd
smlurhdh
h egibe
egibedd dprbpd
dprbpd
hmetm y mxdkedr si prmsmetd hdbs b gbrrbsi÷e
quitd4hb  pdsdhbr hm smlurihdh
(6) Qmrigdr qm d kded y ds pddegds eb mste hddhds y
egbede brrmgtdkmetm
(9) Qmrigdr qm m vstdlb hm d vnvund mstä gbrrmgtdmetm
mxtmehhb  eb gbrrbëhb ei hddhb
(:) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qum m
m kde÷kmtrb
kde÷kmtrb b ehigdhb
ehigdhbrr mstäe hmetrb hmn
rdelb bpmrdtvb
() Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm nd prmsi÷e kdebk
kdebké'ig
é'igdd bpmrdtv
bpmrdtvdd gbeghm
gbeghm
gbe b mst`mgihb me nds ies¼uggbems hm d pndgd hm
h
() Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qum m kde÷kmt
kde÷kmtrb
rb gbrrmsp
gbrrmspbehm
behm d tpb hm
hm
dlmetm
() Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm nds rbsgds
rbsgds hm
hm kde÷kmtr
kde÷kmtrb
b sbe gbkpdti`n
gbkpdti`nms
ms
gbe mn kdtrd hm gumrpb hm d vävud
(8) Qmri
Qmrigd
gdrr qm d `bquinnd
`bquinnd b gbuetb
gbuetb hm kbetd
kbetdmm hm d
d
kdelumrd b de`bs, eb prmsmetde b`stuggibems
quitd4hb y mxdedehb nd `bquinnd
( =) Gbe
Gberkdr
rkdr qum d `bqund
`bqund y m gbuetb hm kbetm hm
nd kdelumd sbe nbs gbrrmgtbs pdrd mn kbhmnb hm mxtie
tb
(1) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm
qm d kdelum
kdelumrd
rd y bs dgbpnms
dgbpnms eb mstäe
mstäe gbrtd
gbrtd
hbs, dlrimtdhbs, hddhbs b hmrkdhbs
() Mxdkiedr nds rbsgds y supmrgims ietmreds hmn pumrtb hm
nd vävud drd vmrigdr si prmsmetde silebs hm ld b
gbrrbs÷e, uitdehb d `bquid b gbeuetb hm kbetdm
hm d kd4lumrd y rmestdndehb nd `bqud y gbeouetb hm
kbetdm hm nd kdelumrd hm kdemrd smlurd hmspués hmn
mxdkme
(6) Qmrigdr qm d `dehd hm rmtmegi÷e hm d kdelumrd ms
smlurd y msä dprbpdhdkmetm ustdhd
(9) Zmsdr m mxtetbr y vmrgdr s
s gbeghm gbe mn pmsb
istdhb me  pdgd hm ihmetigdg÷e
4:-7<
DEMVB D
(0:) Pmiestdndr mn pdsdhbr hm deib m estdndr ue eumvb smb
hm smlrihd gbetrd kdeipundgbems iehm`ihds.
(04) Nikpidr nds supmrgims mxpumsds hmn mxebr pdrd mnkiedr tbhb ktmrd mxrdôb.
(00) Pmlstrdr m ktmekimeb me d mtqumtd b r÷tub hmn
mxtietbr.
(07) Qbnvm
Qbnvmrr d gnbgdr mn mxebr me mn gbnldhbr sbpbrtm b
ld`emtm
(499))
Pmiestdr mn pdsdhbr hm deib m iestdndr ue eumvb smb
hm smlrhdh gbe¼d kdeipundgibems iehm`hds.
(0:) ikpir ds supmrgims mxpumsds hmn mxebr pdrd mnkiedr tbb kdtmrid mxtrdôb
(0) Pmlstrdr m kdetmekimeb me nd mtqumtd b r÷tub hm
mxtetr
(00) Qbnvmr d gbnbgd
gbnbgdrr m
m mxtietbr
mxtietbr me m gb
gblhb, sbpbrtm b
l `iemm.
     khn h n hk h
kdetmekimeb qm hm`mrëde dpigdrsm pdrd hmtmrkiedr
hmt mrkiedr ds
hmgimegds qum rqumrme hm ued dmegi÷e mspmgid pdrd rmkmhdr d gbehigi÷e hm mxtebr gbkb mxtietbr pbrtätn kdeudn
dprbpidhb pdrd hxihb hm gdr`beb?
     kh h  hk   gdgibems hmn kdemeikmetb qum fd`itudnkmetm sm dsbgde
gbe mxebrs pbrtätinms kdeudnms hm tipb hm dlud prmsurizdhd
(4) Mxdkiedr
Mxdkiedr isud
isudkmet
kmetmm mn mxtiet
mxtietbr
br pdrd
pdrd vmrgdr
vmrgdr s
prmsmetd hdbs rmtirdehb m mxibr hmn gbldhbr b l `iemtm y mxdedrnb vsudkmetm pdrd vmrigdr si prmsmetd
hdôbs, b qm ieguym d`bdhurds me mn ginehrb, rmpdrdgibems, gbrrbs÷e lmemrdn, rbsgds hm kdelumrds b `bquids, kded y pddegds.
(0) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm
qm m sbpbrtm
sbpbrtm b ld`iem
ld`iemtm
tm sbe nbs dhmgud
dhmgudhbs
hbs
pdrd mn mxtitbr.
(7) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm m sbpbrtm b ld`iemtm msäe odhbs hm
hm
kdemrd smlrd, eb prmsmetde hdôbs y mstäe kbetdhbs
dhmgudhdkmem.
(8) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm ds iestrug
iestruggibems
gibems bpmrdtiv
bpmrdtivds
ds kmegibe
kmegibedhds
dhds
me nd pdgd hm hmetigdg÷e sbe ml`nms y msäe vis`ms
me mn metm hmn mquipb.
(=) Gberkdr um m kbhmb hm mxietbr eb mstä sumtb d smr
rmtirdhb hm kmrgdhb e ms b`sbnmtb
(1) Qmrigdr b rmlistrbs hm mxtietbr
mxtietbr pdrd hmtmrkedr nbs
ietmrvdnbs h nds prum`ds fihrbstätigds.
(<) Qmrigdr qum mn pdsdhbr hm
hm smlurhdh
smlurhdh egibed dprbpidhdkmem y mxdkiedr si prmsme hdôbs b gbrbsi÷e
qutdehb m pdsdhbr hm smlurhdh.
(6) Mxdki
Mxdkiedr
edr  kded
kded y ds pddegd
pddegdss pdrd dsml
dsmlurdr
urdrsm
sm hm
qum eb mstä hdôdhds y egbede gbrrmgtdkmetm.
(9) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qum mn västdlb
västdlb hm
hm nd vävund
vävund mstä gbrmg
gbrmgdkme
dkmem
m
mxtmehhb
mxtmehh
b y eb gbrrbëb ei hdôdhb
(4:) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm nd `bquind
`bquind b gbeu
gbeueb
eb hm kbedm
kbedm hm
hm nd
kdelumrd, b dk`bs, eb prmsmetde b`sruggbems,
qutdehb y xdkiedehb d `bquid.
() b
bk
k m n `bq
`bq  mn b
bb
b hm kbm
kbm hm
d klumr sbe nbs gbrrmgtbs pdrd m kbhmb hm mxtie
() Mxdkidr vsudkm
vsudkmetm
etm mn mxti
mxtietb
etbrr pdrd vmrig
vmrigdr
dr si
prmsmed hdôbs rmtirdehb m mxtietbr hmn gbnldhbr
sbpbrtm b ld`iemm y mxdkiedrb vsudkmem pdrd vmrigdr s rmsmetd hdôbs b qum egnuym kde÷kmtrb, d`bhurds me m giniehrb, rmpdrdgibems, gbrrbs÷e lmemrd,
rbsgs m kdelumrds b `bqunnds, kdeds y pdndgds.
(0) Qmrig
Qmrigr
r qum m gbnldh
gbnldhbr,
br, sbpbrtm
sbpbrtm b ld`ie
ld`iemtm
mtm sbe
sbe nbs
dhmguhbs pdrd mn mxtietbr.
mxtietbr.
(7) Qmrigr qum mn gbldhbr sbpbrtm b l`iemtm msäe dhbs
hm kdmrd smlurd, eb prmsmetde hdôbs y msäe kbetdhbs
dhmguhdkmetm.
(8) Qmrigr qum
qum ds estruggibems bpmrdtivds kmegibedhds
me d ndgd hm ihmetigdg÷e sbe mli`nms y msäe si`ms
me mn metm hmn mquipb.
(=) Gberdr qum mn kbhmb hm mxtetbr eb mstä sumb
s umb d smr
rmrdb hmn kmrgdhb ei ms b`sbnmtb.
(1) Qmrigr nbs rmlstrbs hmn mxtetb
mxtetbrr pdrd hmtmrked nbs
etmrvbs hm ds prum`ds fhrbstägds.
(<) Qmrigr qum mn pdsdhbr hm smlurhdh egibed dprbpidprbpihdkmetm y mxdkedr si prmsmed hdôbs b gbrrbsi÷e
quitdeb mn pdsdhbr hm smlurihdh.
(6) Mxdkid
Mxdkidrr nd kded y nds pdndegds pdrd dsmlurdr
dsmlurdrsm
sm hm
qum e mstäe hdôdhds y auegbe gbrrmgtdkmetm.
(9) Qmri
Qmrigr
gr qum
qum mn västdlb
västdlb hm nd vävund
vävund mstä gbrrmg
gbrrmgdkm
dkmetm
etm
mxtmeihb y eb gbrrbëhb ei hdôdhb
(4:) Qmrigr qum mn kde÷kmtrb b ehgdhbr msäe hmerb hm
rdelb pmrdtvb.
(4) Qmrig
Qmrigrr qum
qum nd prms÷e
prms÷e kdebké
kdebké¼igd
¼igd bpmrdtvd
bpmrdtvd gbeg
gbeghm
hm
gbe nb mstd`nmgihb me ds iesruggbems hm nd pndgd hm
hmetgdgi÷e.
() Qm
Qm
 qm m mm
mm hmn
hmn k÷kmb
k÷kmb bm
bmsb
sbhm
hm 
tpb hm
h m dlmetm dprbpidhb.
tb. gdr qm
(40) Qmri
Qmrigdr
qm nd kdelumr
kdelumrdd y bs dgbpms
dgbpms eb mstäe
mstäe gbrtd
gbrtd
hbs, dlrimtdbs, hdôdhbs b hmrkdhbs.
(47)) Mxd
(47
Mxdi
ied
edrr m pumr
pumrtb
tb hm hmsg
hmsgdr
drl pdrd vmrgdr si prmsme
tde silebs m ld b gbrrbs÷e, qutdehb nd `bquind b
gbeuetb hm kbedm hm nd kdelumrd y rmiesdndehb nd
`bqud y gbeuetb hm kbetdm hm d kdelumrd hm
kdemrd smlrd hmspués hmn mxdkme.
(48) Nmv
Nmvdr
dr d g`b ued prum`
prum`dd hm
hm gbehugvhd
gbehugvhdh
h me mn
gbuetb hm kbedm hm nd kdelumrd
(4=)) Dh
(4=
Dhmr
mrrr nd tiqumtd
tiqumtd hm d prum`d
prum`d hm gbehug
gbehugtv
tvh
hdh
dh d nbs
gbeuetbs m kbetdm hm kdelmrds qum pdsde nd
prum`d hm gbehugtvhdh y rmmkpndzdr ds kdelumrs
qum eb pdse nd prum`d hm gbehugtihdh
(41) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm mn gbuetb
gbuetb hm
hm kbetdm
kbetdm hm
hm smlurh
smlurhdh
dh eb
mstä hdôdhb ei `nbqumdhb.
(4<) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qum nd `dehd
`dehd hm rmm
rmmegi÷
egi÷e
e hm nd kdel
kdelumrd
umrd ms
smlurd y mst dprbpdhdkmetm ustdhd.
(46) Zmsdr mn mxt
mxtetbr
etbr pdrd
pdrd vmrgd
vmrgdrr qum gbiegih
gbiegihmm gbe m
m pmsb
isdhb me  pndgd hm hmetigdg÷e.
(47) Qmrigr
qum dshmn
rbsgds
hmnhm
kde÷kmtrb
gbe m kdtmrdn
gumrpb
nd vänvund. sbe gbkpdti`ms
(48) Qmrigr qum nd `bquid b B'uetb hm kbetm hm nd
kdelmrd, b dk`bs, eb prmsmet b`srugibems,
quitdeb y mxdkedhb d `bquid.
(4=) Gberdr qum nd `bquid y mn gbuetb hm kbedm hm
d kdlumrd sbe bs gbrrmgtbs pdrd m kbhmb hm mxtiebr
(41) Qmri
Qmrigr
gr qum d kdlum
kdlumrd
rd y nbs dgbpms eb
eb mstäe gbrthbs, dlrmtdhbs, hdôdhbs b hmrkdhbs.
(4<) Mxdki
Mxdkidr
dr nds
nds rbsgds
rbsgds y supmrgi
supmrgims
ms ietmds
ietmds hm pumrtb
pumrtb hm
hm
d nvnd pdrd vmrgdr si prmsmetde silebs hm ld b
gbrrbs÷e quitdehb nd `bquinnd b gbuetb hm kbetdm
hm nd delumd y rmestddehb d `bqunnd y gbeuetb hm
kbetdm hm d kdelumrd hm kdemrd smlrd hmspués hm
mxdkme.
(46) Qmrig
Qmrigrr qum
qum d `dehd
`dehd hm rmme
rmmeg÷e
g÷e hm nd kdelu
kdelumrd
mrd ms
smlurd y mstä dprbpdhdkmetm
dprbpdhdkmetm ustdhd.
(49) Zmsdr n mxte
mxtebr
br pd vmrigd
vmrigdrr s gbiegih
gbiegihmm gbe mn pmsb
pmsb
isdhb me nd pndgd hm ihmetigdg÷e
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-76
Pmiestdndr m pddhbr hm deb m estdndr ue emvb smb
hm smlurihdh gb¼d kdeipndgibems iehm`ihs.
(04) Nkpid nds supmrgims mxpumstds hmn mxtetb pdd mnki
ed tbhb kdtmr mxdôb.
(00) Pml
Pmlstr
strdr
dr mn kt
ktmek
mekimet
imetb
b me d mtqmtd
mtqmtd b r÷t
r÷tb
b hmn
mxtietb
(07) Qbvm d gbbgd mn mxtietb
mxtietb me m gbldhb
gbldhb, sbpbrtm
sbpbrtm b
ld`emtm.
(0:)
        h y v
gdgibems hmn kdetmeikmetb qm fd`itdkmetm sm dsbgde
gbe mxtetbrms pbrtätims kdeudms hm quëkigbs smgbs y hm
pbvbs smgbs bpmdhbs br gdrtgb?
(4) Mxdkied
Mxdkied visudkme
visudkmetm
tm mn mxtiet
mxtietb
b pdd
pdd vmigd
vmigd s
pmsmetd hdôbs rmtirdehb m mxtetb hmn gbldhbr,
sbpbtm b ld`ietm y mxdkiedrb vsdkmetm pdd vmri
gdr si prmsmetd ÿbs,
ÿbs, b qum iegym kde÷kmtrb d`bd
hds me mn ginehrb, rmpddgibems, gbrbs÷e lmemd,
bsgds hm kdelms b `bqnds, kdeds y pdndegs.
(0) Qmrigdr qum
qum m gbnldhb, sbpbtm
sbpbtm b ld`iemtm
ld`iemtm sbe nbs
nbs
dhmgudhbs pdd n mxtietb
(7) Qmigdr qum mn gbnldhb, sbpbrtm b ld`emtm mstäe od
hbs hm kmrd smld, eb pmsmetde hdôbs y mstäe
kbetdhbss dhmgu dhdkmetm
kbetdhb
(8) Qmrigdr qm nd esggibems bpmdtivds kmegibedhds
me nd pdgd hm hmetigdgi÷e sbe ml`nms y mstäe vs`ms
me mn metm hmn qupb
(=) Gberkdr qum m
m  kbhmb hm mxtetb
mxtetbrr eb mstä smtb d sm
mtirdhb hmn kmrgdhb e ms b`sbmtb.
(1) Qmigdr nbs rmlisbs hm ds pum`ds fihbstätigds hmn
mxtietb pdd htmrkie bs etmrvdnbs hm nds prm`ds
fihbstätgds.
<) Ievmrtr mn mxtetb y d`ri nd `bqid pdrd dsmlrdrsm hm
qm tbhd prmsi÷ smd n`mrdhd hmn gdsgb.
6) Pmtidr ds pbmggbems hmn gdrtugb y vmrigdr nbs
gbkpbemetms tmldms pdrd hmtmkedr s prmsmetde
hdôbs b gbrrbsie
(9) Hmsmerbsgdr m dtgfb pdrd mxdkedr mn smb. (Pmmk
pdz m gdrtgb s m smnnb mstä pmrrdhb, hdôdhb b
gbrbhb.) Qmigdr qum m smnb eb mstä pmrrdhb, qum
ms m gdrtgb drbpidhb pdd msm mxtietb y qm tmem mn
smnb hmn `igdtm gbrmspbehmetm
:) dd d dpd bmbd pdd ddhb m m db.
(44) Zmsd mn gdtugf me ed `ddezd y vmigd qum m pmsb
(40)
(47)
(48)
(4=)
(41)
(4<)
(46)
mstä hmeb
hm  tbmrdegd mspmggdhd me mn kdeudn hm
smrvgb
hm `gdetm.
Pmtidr d `bqid hm hmsgdrld hm su sbpbtm y mvdetd
d klmrd, bpmehb m smb gbed kdeipndgibems
iehm`ihds.
Fdgmr egibed nd pddegd hm pmrrdgi÷e hmn gdtugb
pdrd vmgd qum egibed dpbpidhdkmetm.
Qmrigdr y nkpidr nd vmetidg÷e hm dnvib hm prmsi÷e me
m mgmptbr hmn drtugb hm dgumrhb gbe m kdeudn hm
smrvgb hmn `igdetm
Pmtidr y mxdkdr nd mkpdqumtdhurd hmn rmgmptbr hmn
gdrtgb Pmmkndzdr nd mkpdqumtdhd si
si mstä qm`d
hizd, mehmgihd pbr gbkprmsi÷e, dlrimtdhd, gbrtdhd b
ntdetm.
ntde
tm.
N`gd nd mkdqmtdhurd hm dgmhb gbe mn kdeudn
hm `igdetm
`igdetm m estdnd.
nbdr nmetdkmtm nd tdpd hm nmedhb pdrd n`mrdr gd
qim prms÷e dtdpdhd y rm iest
iestdr
dr gbe dpmtm kdedn.
Mxdkied d kdlmrd, `bqinnd y dgbpms pdrd vmgd
s fdy hdôbs.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
Fdgmr egbedr d `bqinnd hm hmsgdld pdrd vmgd mn
egbedkim etb dprbpidhb
egbedkimetb
dprbpidhb
Pmtid
nd
puetd
hm
d `bqid hm dgmrhb gbe m kdeud
(0:)
hm smrvigib hmn `rigdetm y vmigd qm mstä estddhd nd
petd dprbpdhd y qum eb mstä hdôdhd. estdd d petd
hm nd `bqnd hm dgmrhb gbe b mstd`nmgihb me mn
kdedn hm `rigdetm
(0) Pmtid nd delmrd hm hmsgdld hm mxtietbr y sml
rdsm
rd
sm hm q nd kdelmrd eb mstä b`suihd.
(49)
() mmkpzdr
Mxdked dsi uetd
tgd (B-rel) hm d kdelmd y
tgd
ms em gmsdrib
gmsdrib
(07) Qmr
Qmrig
igdr
dr qm d gbemxi÷e
gbemxi÷e hm nd kdel
kdelmd
md mstä
mstä nkpid
nkpid y
se hdbs.
(0) Iestdndr d delmd me mn mxtietb
(0=) Pmtid nd tdpd hm nnmedhb y mxdkiedr ds rbsgs y spmr
gims hm dsmetdkimeb pdrd vmrigdr s prmsmee dle
hdôb b gbrbsi÷e
(01) Qmrigdr qm d vmetindgi÷e
vmetindgi ÷e hmn dvb hm prms÷e eb mstä
b`sihd
(0<) Qmri
Qmrigdr
gdr qm
qm m dlmetm
dlmetm mxtietb
mxtietb quk
qukigb
igb smgb ms
ms hm tipb
tipb
gbrmgtb y qm eb fdy kdtmds mxdôds e dltied
kimetb.
(06) Mxdkied y nkpid d tdpd hm medhb, mkpdqmtdhurd m
ehigdhb m dgmrhb gbe mn kdeudn hmn `rigdetm.
(09) N`gd m estddr nd tdpd hm medhb y mkpdqmtdhud
hm dgumhb gbe mn kded hm `gdetm.
(7:) Gbnbgdr d delmrd hm hmsgdrld me s uldr hm kdemrd
smlurd m ietddr
ie tddr m gdrtugfb dpbpidhb.
dpbpidhb.
(7) Qbvm d gnbgdr nd prbtmg
prbtmgg÷e
g÷e hmn gdrtgfb m iestdd
emvbs smns gbed kdeipndgibems iehm`ihds.
(70) Pmlsd m kdetmekimetb me d mtiqumtd b r÷tb hm
mxtietb
(77)) Qb
(77
Qbvm
vm d gnbg
gnbgdr
dr m mxt
mxtiet
ietb
b me m
m gbl hbr, sbpbrtm b
ld`iemtm.
D  Hbehm ntm e smnnb hm smluihdh b e iehigdhbr hm
D
kdepundgbems ihm`hds, pumhm smr mvhmegid hm qum mn mxtie
tbr fd shb sdhb. Wi sm b`smrvd nd antd hm e smnnb gberd kdei
pndgbems ehmihds me e mxtietb eb rmgd l`m, mstm
hm`md smr pmst md hm smrgb.
D ds ehds y deinbs
deinbs hm
hm `dsm hmn mxtietb mkb`ms
sbe dqumnnds pimds qum eb sbe gbnbgdhds gbe dhmsivbs ei
sbhdhds pb m gdetm hm mxtetb
D
ds pmrsbeds
qum nmvde
d gd`bhmbpmrdgbems
hm
kdetmeikimetb
lmemdkmetm
pbvmeme
hbs ldehms
lupbs
(4)
(0)
lmegds hm smvigbs hm kdetmekimetb hm mxtetbms
Zmrsbedn hm smlhdh iehstdn b kdetmekimetb hm`i
hdkmem gddgtdhb
Nbs mxtetbrms hm prbpimhdh hm pmrsbeds pdrtgudrms, gbe
mgmegid, eb m`me bs gihdhbs dpbpidhbs, hm`hb d qum
eb sm pdeigd e pbldkd hm smlikmetb pm÷higb Wm mg
kmehd d tdnms ppimtdribs qm sm kidrigme gbe sus mxtiet
rms, hm kdemd qm hurdetm nds espmggbems pumhde hmtmgtd
dhvmtmegis rmvmdhbrds qum iehiqume nd emgmshdh hm kdetm
ekmeb. Gudeh mstä iehigdhb mn kdetmekmetb, mstm hm`m
rd smr nmvdhb d gd`b pbr pmsbeds gdpdgitdhds gbe m
mqupdkmetb
mqupdkmet
b dp
dprbpdhb.
rbpdhb. (Qmr <.40.0.)
Mn prbp÷sitb h e pbldkd hm kdetmekimetb hm mxtiet
rms, hm`hdkmetm
pndeigdhb
y mmgtdhb, ms kdxikzdr ds
silumetms
prb`d`hdhms
prb`d`h
dhms
4:-79
DEMVB D
() Tum mn mxtietbr egbedrä dhmgudhdkmetm metrm nbs
etmvdnbs h tmkpb mstd`mgihbs pdd mvdudgibems hm
kdetmekimtb me mn mebb dn gud mstä mxpumstb
ue imslb pbtmegdn pdd ds
(0) Tum mn mxtieb eb gbestiturä ue
pmrsbeds qu sm megumetrme me ds ekmhidgbems e pdrd
bs bpmrdhb4-ms b pmsbedn mspbesd`m hm nd mgdrld hm
bs mxtebrm
mxtebrm
Gudnquimrd hm ns pimzds hm rmmkpndzb emgmsdds hm`mrëd smr
` n     
D. <.77.7 Eb ms mgmsdrb vdgdr bs mxtetbrms hm pbhugbs
qukgbs smgbs bprdhbs pbr giehb b gdtugfb pdd vmrgdr
nd gbehg÷e hm
hm  dmetm mxtieb
mxtieb.
.
D. <.78 Dhmkäs m nd mtiqumtd b ÷tub rmqumhbs, hm`mëd
nnmvdrsm ue rmlistr hm dgfivb pmrkdemetm pdrd gdhd mxtetb
Mstm rmlis¼b hm drgfvb hm`mrd egur nd sluimetm ekd
gi÷e, smlÿe gbrmsbe
gbrmsbehd?
hd?
() Amgfd hm kdetmeikmetb y ebk`m hm nd pmrsbed y dlme
gd qum nb fde nnmvdhb d gd`b
(0) Amgfd hm nd ÿntikd rmgdld y ebk`rm hm d pmrsbed y
dlmegid qum d fde mvdhb d gd`b
(7) Amgfd hm rmmtg÷e hm d pum`d fihbstätigd y ebk`m
hm d pmrsbe y dlmegid qum d fd nmvdhb d gd`b
(8) Hmsg4¼ipgi÷e m ds d`bnndhuds qum fde qumhdhb umlb hm
fd`m pdsdh nd prum`d fhrbstätgd
(=) bs
Amgfd
hmnhmketmekmetb
hm 1 dôbs
dôybshmpdd
bs mxtebrms
hm
tpbs
lmetms fdnblmedhbs
prbhugtbs
qukigbs
smgbs hm prmi÷e dnkdgmedhd (Qr <7.1)
Wm rmgbebgm qu ue sstmkd mmgt÷eigb hm g÷hlbs hm `drrd
ms lmemdnkmetm gmptd`m pdrd nd dutbrihdh gbkpmmetm, me
nuldr ued mtqumtd b r÷unb pdrd m rmlisb hmn kdetmeikimetb
Me grguestdegis mspmgidnms, b gudehb mstée vilmetms rmquis
tbs bgdms pumh mgbkmehdsm b mqumirsm erkdg÷e
dhigibedn.
D <.71.0 M fdn÷ mxdëhb hm ue mxtiebr sm gbesmd me ue
ssmkd gmdhb m rmgupmdgi÷e/rmgdld fdstd qum pumhd
hispbemrsm si m d÷e vd d sm eumvdkmetm gdrldhb me ue
mxtietb b s mn f÷e eb sdtisgtbrib vd d sm hmvumnb d ue
`rigdetm pdrd su dprbpdhd mkiedg÷e ]e sistmkd gmrdhb
hm fn  hm upmd/mdl sdhb, mm
() Qsb hm vhb trespdrmetm pdrd kbetbmdr d ikpimzd
hm fdn÷e 0
(0) e kmhib prd hmtmrkied s mn gbemehb hm dld dgmp
td`nm hmn fdne fd sihb mxgmhihb
(7) e kmhib prd m dhb kmgäegb hmn fdn÷e 0 y pdrd
qutdr m dlu mxgmhmetm
D.<8 Nbs guetbs hm kbetdom hm kdelumds pdrd h÷xhb
hm gdr`beb imeme ue ¼mezdhb hm kmdn gbeieub qum sm
gbemgt d gbe k`bs dgbpnms pdrd
gbemgtd
pd rd kieikzd m rimslb hm gfbqum
mstätgb n btvb hm d pum`d hm gbehugtvihdh ms hmtmk
edr qum nd kelumrd ms gbehugbd hmshm mn dgbpnm hm medhd
fdsd m brib hm sdnihd e hispbstvb hm prum`d hm gbehug
tvihdh `äsig gbestd hm ued ietmd gbe ue grguitb d`imrtb y
ue sm hm hbs gd`nms gbe ue gbehugtbr (pezd b sbehd) me gdhd
mxrmkb
 Aud D<8 7 egnuym ued lud pdd m hismôb hm ued
mtqumtd hm pum`d hm gbehugivhdh
0:47
0:48
WBKMXIHB D ZP]M@D HM GBEH]GQIHDH
HMEBKEDG ×E HM HWPI@]GI×E
Nigmegid hm histr. b
Ebk`r hmn mkpnmhb RRRRR
Nig mknmhb rb
0:=
0:1
Mm/Am/KrDrKyOue/un/Dlb/WmpBgEbv/Hig
AL] D.<8
D.<8
Mtiqumtd hm prum`
prum`dd hm gbehugtivhdh
D.<<.4.4 M sluimetm pbgmhikmeb pmrkim m äphb rmtirb
hm nd kdelurd pb pdtm hm ued pmrsbed se qum nd kdelumd
sm rmumzd e sm b`s¼uyd mn nub hm dlmem mxtiebr
mxtiebr
( ) Abkdr ue dzb mstäehd sb`m nbs sbpbrtms hm nd
kdelud Svmr AilurdD.
AilurdD.  <4n()O
(0) Gbetiedr gbe ue ndzb ievmsb sb`m nbs sbpbms hm nd
kdelud, hm kdemrd qum nd kdelmd pm pb hmtäs
hmn dzb SvmrrdD.<<4.(`[
(7) Pmpmir pdsbs () y (0), dntmdehb ndzbs mstäehd m evmr
sbs fdd qum bhd d kdelumrd msté merbnndhd me m
sbpbrtm SQr
SQr
D. <44
<44(()[
Dustdr
mn
mebnndhb
hm
kdemd qum d `bquinnd qumhm me
(8)
pbsb fdgid d`db Svmr r D.  <.4 n(h)O d
kdelud merbnndhd hm mstd kdemrd pumhm smr hmspm
ldhd si qum sm mtumrzd
(=) Gbnbgd d `bqund me mn sbpbrtm gbe d kded fdgid
dhmnde me nd pbsigi÷e gmrdhd SvmrD<.<4n(m)O
Hgfb sistmkd hm mgupmrdg÷e tdk`iée timem ue ssmkd hm
`bk`d dggbedhd pbr kbtb qum pmrkim nd desammegid hmn
fdn÷e d ue mxter b gbetmemhbr hm sukieisb, se d emgms
hdh hm vmetind mn betmemhb rmgmptb pdd mhugi su pms÷e
detms hm qum m fdn÷e smd tdesmhb. Nbs sistmkds gmrdhbs hm
mgupmrdg÷e/rmgld tdk`ée iegnuym
iegnuyme
e nd etdemrd, vänds
vän ds
mludhbrms y hispbsitivbs hm dnivib hm smlurhdh gbe mn e hm
pmrkitir ued dsmrmegd räphd y gbevmemetm hmn fd÷e
0.
D. <.71.= Nds miumt hm`mëde mstd ikprmsds me emlb gbe
ue ehb dzun gnd
AL]PM D.<<.4(d)
dluods hmn
hmn rmo
Ndzb me smetihb gbetrdrib dn hm ds
Mhig÷e 46
4:-:
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
L]P D<<4(m)
AIL]
D.<.<..)
@bquind
@bqui
nd me sbpbrm
D<64 Mer ns edkies leds s` slrihdh pdd
d gdrld s iegn
iegnuye
uye ns sliets?
Nb vmb.
(
slds h q hd nd prs÷e h xie fdyd sh
eidhd ds
d s h etedr td  grp h d änd
 ed
edrr 
 gr ( heg
hegd
d E hpeh
hpeh h s
s
hspsiis iehigdhs h ps÷e pdrd hked si 
geeh4¼ s ege-d `do psi÷e, h`h d  s
hspsiis
hspsii
s phrëde e egied
egied grgdke
(0 ]iizd
]iizdrr kridns
kridns h
h rgdld dhgdhs pdd n
n n
nn
n
edh h e xte d kgnd h dn les dles
xtiers ph gdsdr ed dggi÷e qkgd q
(7
(8
AIL]P D<<.n(g)
Zrbgmhikimetbs hm nd
D <<4n
<4n(d)
(d) y d lrdD<<44
rdD<<44(`)
(`) Gbetieudgi÷
Gbetieudgi÷e
e
 lrd
(=
(1
(
AIL]P D<<n(h)
@bquind me pbsigi÷e fdgid
fdgid d`dob
(6
Mhigi÷e 0:46
pr ed
dgkdg÷e pnlsd h prs÷e e 
geeh4¼

Ms ehdkedn q n ps hn dle sd n spg
gdh  e  pdgd h
h heigdg÷e Mn s`edh
phëd fdg q n xier s tre pilrs  ie
gdz
kpd r y n`rigdr dhgdhdke hs ns gkpee
gkpee
s h sd, d e h d lds hspés h nd rgdld
Qgd n hispst ehigdhr h ps÷e pdd ds l
drs h q s gtrd s d dhgdhd
dhgdhd
 kdyrë
kdyrë h s
s `
`gde
gde
ss rgkeh
rgkehdd  s
s h
er÷le g gk lds xpet pdd ns xies
h prsi÷e dnkdgedhd n ktdr  dos hn ldh
h ps÷e h gdrld d 0= ps (0 cZd pr egkd h d
prsi÷e h sg slÿe  spgigdh e 68=0 s
ide hdôs e n kde÷k y d pérhhd h nd gdi`rd
g÷e (hegid E gegtdr eegd  xer q
d d sr gdldh hg tdke d d
 d et h dd ps÷e
]ed gex÷e higd ge d e h dd ps÷e
phëd gddr nd rrd hn geehr y hdr e si
es E hod eegd e
e xtetr gegdh d lndhr
lndhr
h ed e h dntd ps÷e hrde e ph
preldh ]e rldhr hags phëd gdsdr d
rd h eeh h`ih d nd prsi÷e xgsid
]iizdr  hdpdhr h gdld rgkehdh p  `
gde pdrd id hds e dn led h ds ännds y ss
gkpees
Me d gd
gdld
ld h xtetrs
xtetrs ge
ge e
ets
ts h xpe
xpes
s
spdrdhds, slrdrs h  n gr nedh sä h`
hdke ggdh y dpdh Pkpdd hs s
hspsiis
hspsii
s h slrihdh des h iesdd s gdgfs
h kpd
DEMVB D
4:4
(9) ]tnizdr ÿeigdkmetm nbs dufbs hm lds rmbkmehdhbs
pbr mn `idetm Nds drdtmrësds hm drtufb, tdms
bkb dnv hm prmsi÷e, prbpmhdhms hm pmrrdi÷e,
hmeshdh h nmedhb y bkpdt`hdh hm rbsd msäe
hismôdhds  dprb`dhds pdrd ukpni be rmquistbs
eibedms mspmëbs
(4:) ]tnizdr sms hm smlurhdh dhmudhbs3 btrbs tpbs, tdms
bkb smbs hm kmhhbrms, pbhrëde eb bkpmrsm y dsë eb
ukp b bs rmqusitbs prms-itbs.
hm mxtetb m iehd, tdk`ée, qum pb`d`mkmem smd ue
mxietb eb bpmdvb. Nd fukmhdh pbhëd pbsi`nmkmetm elrm
sdr me ds slmetms behibems?
behibems?
(4) Hmspué hm ued pum`d fhbstäd
(0) udeh sm mstä mvdehb d d`b nd mdrld
(7) udeh nd änvund fd shb rmtirdhd hm iehb
(8) Hbehm m utim dm bkprikhb y ued trdkpd hm fukm
hdh pdrd prmsuzdr nbs tpbs hm mxtietbms qum eb smde hm
dlud
()
(
) bs rmlndbms
rmlndbms utnzdhbs me mxtetbrms rbhdetms sbe
sbe
suomdhbs e pmbs me `rd d nd prmsi÷e bpmrdtivd, y
eb hm`mrëd smr doustdhbs me dkpb.
Ms mxmkhdkmetm
hdkmetm kpbrtdetm qutd bhd m dlud b fukm
hdh hm unumr mxtetb dems hm nd mdld. Nd mxmsvd
fukmhdh me ue mxtetbr hm quëkibs smbs prbvbd qum m
dlmetm sm dlutiem y dlrukm, y sm mvd eunizd`m. Xdk`ée
prbvbd brs÷e me d änvund y me m dsb hmn mxtietb Me
mxetbms hm h÷xihb hm d`beb y hm dlmems fdnblmedhbs, nd
mxmsvd fumhdh bk`iedhd be m dlmetm mxtietbr prbvbd
nd kd÷ hm ähbs mxmkdhdkmem bbsivbs Msbs
äihbs pumhm brrbmr d vävnd
vävnd y m dsb hm mxtetb
D l eb `ridetms mqumme qum sus mxtietbrms
smde hmvumtbs d  aä`rid pdrd su rmdrld
D.<.64.0
Zdd hmrkedr su pmsb `utb tbhb m mxtietbr
hm`mrëd smr pmsdh vdëb. M pmsb hmn dlmetm hm rmdrld mspmi
dhb hm`mrëd sm dlrmldhb d ms d dehdh
D<647
d prm`d hm lds rmqumihd pdd bs tpbs hm
pmsi÷e dkdmedd y hm dutbmxpuns÷e hm`mrëd sm nb sume
tmkmem smes`m bkb pdrd ldretizdr qum mn mxtetbr sm
kdetmeld bpmrdtib hudem d kmebs 4 dôb. Ms emmsdrib
mmkpndzdr tbhbs bs smbs b iehidhbrms hm kdeipundibems
ehm`hds hmspués hm d rmdld.
W m quitd nd vänd hm mxeb hm mlb pdrd nmvdr
d d`b mn sm-ib hm kdetmeikimetb, sm mbkimehd qum m
mxietb smd puldhb be e÷lmeb b drl÷e (smle brms
pbehd) b qu sm dpiqum vdëb me m iehrb hmn mxtetb detms
hm nd mdrld
D <.67
D.<679
D<6478
Me prbpihdhms hbehm nbs mxtietbrms sbe kdetmehbs
pbdlmetms
mn bupdetm
m`mëd
kdetmemrsm
hispbe`m
ue sukestrb
hm
hm rmrld.
Mstbs
dlmetms hm`me
ukpni
be nbs
mqustbs hm <.67
Wm prbud be msd hispbsi÷e kdememr d mmeid hm
dhd ueb hm bs xtietbrms smle fd shb prbhuhb pb mn
`rdetm y sml fd shb mtqumtdhb pb ueb b käs hm nbs
nd`brdtbrbs hm msdybs hm iemehib. Zb momkpnb, m dlmem
mxtetb y nbs dhitibs qum sm usde me nbs hvmsbs tipbs hm mxtie
tbms hm quëkbs smbs vdrëde me su bkpbsii÷e quëkid y me
m dkdôb hm nds drtëuds y, pb beslimetm me ds ddtm
ëstds hm nuob. Gdhd mxtietbr msä hsmôdhb pdrd lddetizdr
ued mimed käikd be nd rkud÷e me prtiun qum sm
unm. Mn dk`b m dlmetm mspmdhb me d pdd hm ihmeti
di÷e hm mxer pbhrëd dmdr ds tdds hm ub, nds drd
tmrëstids hm hmsrld hm d `bqund y nd detihdh hm dlmetm
hspb`m (sml nd md h nd hmshdh)  dndd nd
mtiqumtd hmn d`btbrb
tbrb hm mesdybs.
Hmmrkedhbs dtmidms hm rmdld sm hmmrbrde be mn
desursb hm tmpb, nd mxpbsii÷e d ued mkpmrdturd mxm
sivd y nd mxpbs÷ d  d fukmhdh. Hm`mrëd mvtdsm mn dnkdmed
kimetb hm nbs dlmtms hm mdrld hurdetm drlbs pmrëbhbs.
Nbs pbvbs sms qum sm uime pdd mlbs hm kmtdms
bk`us`ms (dm H) eb hm`mrëde fukmhmmsm, hm`hb d
qum m pbvb eb bhrä nur i`rmkmetm. Dhmkäs, udehb mn
pbnvb smb betmm suimem fukmhdh, pbhë prbvbd ued
mdi÷e pmlrbsd udehb sm dpd d ue mlb hm kmtdnms.
kmt dnms.
D.<.67.0
Nd kmzgnd hm ue quëkib smb kutpbp÷sitb be
quëkibs smbs hm `dsm ddnied pbhrëd hmrir me ued rmdi÷e
quëkid dpdz h hmsdrbnnd pmsibems sumems pdrd nd
bturd hm ue mxtb Nd sustu÷e hm nd rkund÷e brli
ednkmetm mkpnmdd pbr ued rkund÷e hamrmem pbhëd
dusd m kd bedkimetb hmn mxtietbr b hmrvdr me ue
hmsmkpm iem d mstd`nmihb me ns ebrkds.
D.<.67.1
Nd fukmhdh hmetb hm ue mxtetb hm ue tpb qum
eb smd hm dlud rd ue rmslb hm brbs÷e lrdvm pdd m dsb
D.<67<
Nd metm hm hi÷xhb hm d`beb pmamhd pdd
¿ )[,
rmdrld
nbs xtebms
qum prbvimem
hm ue
sukieistb
`d
prms÷e
S7:: ps d ms:¿d
A (0:16
cZd d <.6
pbvisb hm
yd
smd himtdketm b `ime d dvés hm iiehrbs smbs qum sm uti
me bkb u kmhb emrkmhib Eb hm`mrëde usdrsm bevmti
hbms hm fb smb pdrd rmdldr mxtietbrms pbrtäinms hm
h÷xhb hm d`beb.
udehb sm rmdlde mxtetbms hm pmsi÷e dnkdm
edhd, m sb`mehb hmrvd me ued mdrld iedhmudhd.
D.<674:
D.<6.88
Wm rmqumrm qum dnluebs mxtietbrms ndsm H smde
pmsurzdhbs be dl÷e
dl÷e..
M kbvb pbr mn qum eb sm vd d usdr ued mem hm
pmsi÷e eb ldhd sm hm`m d qum mn mxtietbr mem mn pbtmed
hm sm sb`rmprmsuzdhb y pbs`mkmetm, hm rbtd.
D.<681
 mudhbr hmtubb pbhrëd dudr nd rbud hm
betmemhb m`ihb d nd prms÷e mxmsivd.
D.<68<
D.<9
W sm dm emmsdrib rmmkpdzdr mn kde÷kmb hm ue
mxietb dhmäs hm bebmr d pms÷e hm dld, ms kpbrtdem
bebm m tb hm dlmetm mxtietb pdrd
pdrd mn qum ms dhmudhb m
kde÷kmtrb, së bkb mn umrpb hm d vänvund be m qum m
kde÷kmtrb
kde÷kmtr
b s bkpdti`nm. Mstd
M std ebkd÷e lmemrdkmetm msä
hspbe`nm m kdtb hm smôdnzdbems me nd msamrd. Hbehm sm
prbvmd smôdnzdi÷e, m dlmetm mxtietbr sm ehd kmhidetm
iestuibems dnms bkb "]nzdr pbhutbs quëkbs smbs
edkmetm, kmetrds qum d bkpdt`ihdh hmn umrpb hm nd
vänvund sm iehid hm d slumetm kdemd?
(4) Nbs kd÷kmtrbs prmstbs pdd smr utzdhbs be umrpbs
hm vänv hm dukeb b pnäsb sm smôdzde be ued
ëemd sudhd meikd hm d nmtrd hm ÷hilb hm `idem
hmn kd÷km-b.
(0) bs kd÷kmtrbs prmstbs pdd smr utizdhbs be umrpbs
hm vävnds hm dt÷e b pnästib sm smôdnizde be ued ëemd
studhd hm`b hm d mrd ÷hlb hmn `idetm hmn k e
km-b.
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-0
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
(7) Nbs kde÷k
kde÷kmr
mrbs
bs uevmrs
uevmrsdnms
dnms qum
qum pumhme
pumhme smr
smr usdhbs
usdhbs gbe
gumpbs hm vävus hm dukieib ndt÷e b päsgb sm smôd
zde gbe ëemds sidhds megkd y hm`dob hm d mrd g÷hilb
hm `rigdetm  kmhidetm nd dusmegd hm ued ëemd
megikd b hm`db m nd nmrd g÷hilb hmn `gdem.
Wm rmgbkimehd mn us hm ue k÷kmb hm mmkpndzb dpb
pidhb gbe rmspmgtb d delb hm prmsi÷e, dlmetm mxiebr y
gbkpdi`nhdh hmn gupb hm nd vänvud d e hm mvdr b rmhu
  p`k    kk.
D <.44 Wm iesdnd ue gbdr hm vmgdgi÷e hm smvgb pdrd
iehigd qum ue mxiebr fd shb hmsprmsurizdhb qum d vänvund
fd sihb midhd y qum sm fd nnmvdhb d gd`b ue kdemeikimetb
gbkpmb. Mn hsmôb hmn gbnnd hm vmgdgi÷e hm smvgb
dk`iée rmquimm qum nd vänvud smd midhd detms hm qum mn
gbnnd pumhd sm gbbghb me mn mxetbr Mn gbd ms pdd ds
dubihdhms gbkpmtmems ued pum`d vsudn ih÷emd hm qum mn
mxieb fd sihb hmsdrdhb y qum ms dndkmetm pb`d`nm qum sm
fdyd nnmvdhb d gd`b mn demekimeb.
D bhbs bs mxtiebrs sm ms vd d quid d vävud pdrd nnmvdr d
gd`b nds prum`ds fihsäigds y de smr su`smgumemkmem
mgdrldhbs dems hm smr pumsbs eumvdkmem me smrigb. Zdrd
mem vdnhmz, d amgfd um lud me mn gbnd hm vmigdgi÷e hm
smvgb hm`mrëd smr smkpm nd kiskd b käs mgimetm qum nd
amgfd iesgd me nd mtumd hm nd prum`d fhrbstäigd.
Me d
D<.4hm
D<.4
sm smrvigib.
kumsd ued lëd pdd mn hsmôb hm ue
gbnnd
hmAilurd
vmrgdg÷e
--- Hiäkmtrb pdd dousm
dousm hm gmb hmn gnehrb----
nds `ddezds hiddkmem b gbe ued mgumegd kdybr, smlÿe smd
emgmsdb?
Wie edhd sbm d `ddezd "pbemr d gmb d `dndezd dous
dehb su pm-ind b rumhd hm gd`dgi÷e b `b÷e hm drd/
gmb hm kdmd qum d mgud smd gmb. ]ed `dnzd hil
dn hm`md m megmehihd y hmdr qum sm msd`inigm dems
hm fdgmr m usm pdd qum d mgu
mgud
d smd gmrb.
(0) Gbnbgd d(s pmsd(s) hm gberb sb`rm nd `dndezd
(7) Nmmr m pmsb qum sm mlsd me nd `ddezd  s md emgm
sdib dusd d `ddezd
`ddezd lirdehb
lirdehb nd pmrinnd b umhd hm gdn
`rdg÷e pdr kbsd mn pmsb hm nd pmsd hm gbetrbn gbe nd
qum sm msä nnmvdehb d gd`b nd pum`d. D l eds `ddezds
hlidms gmetde gbe ued gddgmrësgd hm gdn`rdg÷e
mnmg-÷eigd be punsdhbr pdrd gdni`rdr mn pmsb hurdem
(4)
ued prum`d.
prum`d.
(8) Pmpmir
Pmpmir mn pb
pbgmh
gmhik
ikme
meb
b hm ds prum
prum`
`ss hbs vmgms
hmspués hm udnqum usm M pmsb qum sm mlsd hm`m
ë sm mxdgkmem m kiskb.
s `ddezds qm eb kumsme msutdhbs rmpmi`ms hme-b
hm ds bnmdegds mspmggdhds me nd `i`bldd hm `gdem
hm`mrëde sm rmpdhds b mmkpndzdhds.
D.640.47 Ms dmpd`nm qum ds pum`ds fihbsägds smde
su`gbetrdtdhds ge pmsbes b iesdndgbems qum mstée ggd
hds pdrd nnmvdr d d`b msd drmd y qum gumeme gbe m mqupd
kimetb mqumih y pmrsbed gdpdgitdhb me pbgmhikmebs y
kmhibs hm pbtmg÷e pdd prum`ds fihrbsäigds. Nd tdrmd hm
nds prum`ds fihbätgd ms sbnmem ued pdm hmn rd`b qum
sm mvd d gd`b. M mxieb hm`m sm hmspmsuzdhb, vdgidhb y
hmsdkdhb, y sm nm hm`m hmskbed d vänvud pdd smr ikpidhd
y rmsdudhd, smlÿe smd emgmsdib.
emg msdib. Kdmidnms gbkb nbs kdeud
nms hm smvigib hm bs `igdems `bmiems hm smigib, pmzds y
nu`rgdems hm`m-de msdr hspbei`nms. Hmspués hm nds prum`ds
fihbsätgds, mn mieb hm`m smr eumvdkmem nnmedhb, vbvmsm
d mesdk`ndr prmsurizdsm y prb`dsm pdd hmmked s
pmsmed ulds Mstds sbe tbhds drmds iegnuihs me bbs smv
gbs hm mxtebr  hm`me smr mvdhds d gd`b pbr ued pmsbed
gdgdhd gbkb égeigb me smrvigibs pdd mxiebrms.
D6.4= Nd iemlihdh msugtur hm nbs giniehbs y gdsgbs hm
Kbhmdhb, m mmvm b mstdkpdhb
 (pmab
(pmabrdr
rdr kms y dôbs smlÿ b rmqumrihb) 
Kdtmid? dukieb b pbimimb
AIL] D.<44
gib
Hismôb h ue gbndr h vriagdgi÷e h srvi-
dukieib sm mhum gudehb msäe mxpumsbs d tmkpmduds qum
mxgmhme hm 7=:¿  (4<< º G). Mss mkpmrdturds pumhme lmem
rdsm gudehb mste mxpumsbs d mlb se eelued mvhmegd
visud b hudem ns bpmdgibems hm rmpeurd me ds qum sm dpn
qum smgdhb me fb'eb.
D6.0 Msd ebrk pmkm ds pum`ds fihbsäigds sbnmem
hm rmgpmems d prms÷e qum sm usme gbkb mxiebrms y gbkp
emems mspmggdbs hm mxiebms
D6.80 ]e
D<40 Nds `dndezds qm sm usme pd pmsd ue mxeb hm ue
pmsb `ub hm 1: n` (0.0 cl) b kmebs hm`mrëde pmkt nmgu
ds hm fdsd :0= n` (.4: cl) ds `ddezds qum sm usme pdrd
pmsd mxiebms y gdrgfbs hm`mrëde pmrkii mgus dgbrhms
gbe ds tbmrdegds ihmeigdhds me nd pndgd hm hmeigdg÷e
hmn mxtetbr b gdugf. Xbhds nds `ddeds hm`mrëde msdr gd
`dhds (pb`dhds) pdr hmmked su mxdgttuh Nd mxdgiuh
hm ds `ddezs hm`më smr gbkpb`dhd d kmebs hdridkmem
kmhidem m usb hm ue b käs pmsds hm gberbn qum melde ue
pmsb vm-igdhb. Mn kébhb hm d pum`d gbesistm me nd gbbgd
gi÷e hm ued pmsd hm pm`d me nd `ddezd y me nd nmgud hm nbs
msutdhbs. Hm`mëd dpigdsm mn sluimetm kébhb pdrd gdi`rdr
M÷ 0:46
mxtb b giniehrb efd`tdhb pumhm smr
hmsuhb sbdkmtm pb su prbpmdrib b smlÿe b ehgdhb
pb mn prbpimdb. Wm mgbkmehd meagdkmem nnmvdr ue
mlsb hm nbs iniehrbs b mxebrms guyd hmsuggi÷e sm
sulimrm.
D6.80(4) Wb`rm sbhdhurd eb mbsd u bb ipb hm sbhd
hud me gsgbs hm dgmb hungm, gbesuntdr d `igdem hm mxte
tb
D6.<4 ]e rmlib hm nds pum`ds hm`mëd egur, gbkb
këeikb, d amgfd hm nd pum`d, eÿkmb hm smim hmn ginehrb b
eÿkmrb hm smm m mxiebr eÿkmb hm kbhmb tdkdôb hmn
giniehb, prmsi÷e m prum`d, rmsundhb hm d iespmggi÷e visud,
hispbsg÷e hm giehrb m egms hm d pmsbed qum m d
gd`b d pum`d. Gbesundr GLD  Kmtfbhs ab Zrsum Xtiel
DEMVB @
4:7
Gbkrsmh Lds Gyniehr, pdrd dggmhmr d ue kbhmnb hm rkud-
Zdrd Gndsm 
rib pdd m rmlistrb hm bs msundhbs hm nds pum`ds
6.<.0 Me nd Alu
Alud
d D sm kumsd ud lud pdd mn
hsmôb hm mqum hm pum`d fihrbsäigd Xbhds ds ikpmsbems hm`mëde smr hm gbbr mlb sb`m u ehb hm gbnb
pndmdhb

A KP
P
Y
Zdd Gdsms , 
O]
ZP]M@D FIHPBWXÄXGD
NQH  G ZP?
KP H HIWXPI]IHP
XÉA H HIWXP]IHP P.
IGGI H HWXPIHP P
ZPW×
H ZP
(ZW)
Zdrd Gdsms  G
4078=1<69:
4078=1<69:
4078=1<69:
 L WZ G Q
AIL] D.6< .0
HIG
Zdd Gdsms  G
Hismôb hm mtiqumtd hm prum`d fihrbtätig.
Zdrd Gndsm  ,
g
emxb @hmWmôdni
Wmôdnizibems
zibems hm
rmgkmehdds
iehigdr
nd .
dhmudgi÷e
nbs mxtietbrms
dgumrhb bepdrd
nd gnm
hm auml
tm demxb
demxb eb aþ kd pdm
pdm hm nbs
n bs ustbs hm mstm hbgukmtb hm EAZD
EAZD
pmrb sm gnuym ÿegkmetm gbe r÷stbs -dtvbs.
-dtvbs.
@. Lemdnhdhm
C Ks  g
Zdrd Gndsm C
@.4 Nds smôdnizdgibms hm`mëd dpgdsm me gdgbkdëds
qum smd hurd`nms y mssmems d d pérhihd hm gbnb (vm Al
@.4.4). Nd ihmidg÷e hm d smpddgi÷e hm gbbrms pdrd ds
smôdzdgbems ms n silumem?
( 4) Nbs b`om
b`ombs
bs gb sëk`bbs
sëk`bbs pgblägbs sb hm
hm gbnb
gbnb
`dgb
() Nbs `bhms hm ehb sb hm gbnbr `ndegb
(7) M hb hm bs sëk`b
sëk`bbs
bs "WË ms hm gbnbr dzu
(8) M ehb hm bs sk`bbs gbe kdrgd hm ëmd hidlbedn
EB ms hm gbb emlrb
(=) Nds nm¼ds hm gndsm hm mlb y tmxb sbe hm gbb emlb
(1) Nd
kdg
kdgd
ëemd
ëemd
hdlbd
hdlb
d pdd
pdd sëk`bnbs
sëk`bnbs gbe bhb
mb
ms dhmh
bbr
bb

ib hm e
Zdrd Gdsm ,
, C
Zdrd Gdsm H
@.0 Nds smôdnzgibems hm`mrëde msd u`gdhds m m mm
hm gdsgb hm mxitb M dkdôb y m rkdb hm`mrëde pbs`id ued aägi nml`hdh
nml` hdh d ud histdgid
histdgid hm 7 pms  k)
k)  Nds
miqumds qum sm umsd me d lud @4 gbmspbehme d
mxebrms qum fd shb pb`dhbs y nsdhbs hm dgumrhb gb ds
ebrkds sb`m mesybs hm mlb ( =.84.7
@.7 Hbehm nds smôdzdgbms sm dpnigde me pdemms hm
kubs, y supmigms skdms, m ds ekmhdgbems hm nbs
mxebrms hm`mrd pbs`id ud ägi ml i`nhdh d ued
ued
hsdgid
hsd
gid hm = pim
pimss ( 1 k
@.0 Wistm
Wistmkd
kd hm smdnizdgibems rmgbkmehdhd
rmgbkmehdhd
Ailurd @.
Wistmkd hm smôdzdgibems rmgbkmehdh
00 ds smôdnizdgibms gb sëk`bnbs m mds gbkb sm fd
@.04 M sismkd hm smôdnzdgbems rmgbkmhdhds ms ue
gbegmpb pigblrägb qum gbk`d bs usbs y mstriggibms hm
mgbkmehdh prmvdkmm, sm kumsd m nd Ail rd @
Gd`m hmsdgd qum nbs mxttbrms dhmgudhbs pdrd käs hm ued
gndsm hm mb mbe ihmegdhbs gb kntpms sëk`bnbs
nbs mxetbrms m ud ÿigd mqumd (Qm Ald @.4.4)
gbnbgdhbs m ud smgumgid fbzbtdn
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
Gbk`usi`nms
D
Nbs mxtetbrms dhmgudhbs pdrd
iegmehibs hm Gndsm D hm`mrëde mstdr
ihmetiigdhbs pb ue triäelb qum
gbemeld nd mtrd "D Wi sm usd gnbr,
mn triäelunb hm`m smr hm gbbr vmhm.*
brhedibs
Nbs mxtetbrms dhmgudhbs pdrd
iegmehibs hm Gndsm @ hm`mrëde mstdr
ihmetiigdhbs pb ue gdhdhb qm
gemeld nd mtrd "@ Wi sm sd gbbr
mn gudhdh hm`m smr hm gnbr rbob*
ieandkd`ms
(6) Gudnqum
Gudnqumrr rmdgg:
rmdgg: qu
qugd
gd dhvms
dhvmsdd prmvsd
prmvsd mem m
dlmem mxtb y nbs kdtmidnms megmehhbs
(9) Gudnqumr equmh sdrid y hm smluhdh bpmrdvd
(mxpbsigi÷ hm nbs bpmrdhbms hurdem s dggibems hm
gbebn hm mlb)
(4) Pmqusitbs hm gbesmvdgi÷e me `umeds gbehigibems y
kdemeikeb pdd mxebrms
.4.0 Nbs mxtietms pbräims msäe hsmôdhbs pdd fdgm

 
y  gbe

gbevmeimems
dÿsik
nd prbpimhdhnk
msä mqupdhd
ssmkdsy
hm pbmggi÷e gb bgidhbrms hm `mrd vmrigdn y hm kdelm
rs, u bbs mquidkmebs bs pdd prbmggi÷e gbed egme
hbs.
.47 ]e mlb lmemd gbehgibems hm mss y mxgdgi÷e
Nbs mxtetbrms dhmgudhbs pdrd
iegmehibs hm Gndsm G hm`mrd mstdr
ihmetiigdhs pb ue gërgn qm
gbemeld nd mtrd "G W sm  sd gbnbr
mn grgb hm`m smr hm gbnbr d*
mégtigbs
Kmtdnms
Nbs mxtietbrms dhmgdhbs pdrd
iegmehibs qum evugrme kmdnms
hm`mrde mstdr ihmetigdhbs pbr ed
mstmnnd hm gegb petds qm gbetmeld
nd
nmtdsmr
H
sm usd
gnbr d msrmnnd
hm`m
hmWigbb
dkdrnb*
*
gbk`us`nms
• Me n n kehdh ÿe ikd h ihetidi÷e
ihetidi ÷e kid
(Zdete dfie ytk  ZKW),  iegny n i
iet?
et?
QMPM - Q i
PBOB - P 490
490
_]  zn g
g
PINB - kdin `
Ailrd @.0.0
nmtrds.
Wmôdnizdgibems
Wmôdni
zdgibems gb e sëk`bnbs me abrkdtb hm
Demxb G Wmnmggi÷e hm mxtetbrms
Mstm demxb eb aþd pdrt hm nbs rmquisitbs hm mstm hbgukmetb hm EAZD,
p  sm iegnuym ÿeigdkmet g p÷sitbs iedtivbs.
r
.n Zregipib
Zregipibss pdrd nd mnmggi÷e
mnmggi÷e hm mxtietbrms.
mxtietbrms.
.4.4 Nd smnmggi÷e hm kmobr mxebr pbrä pdrd ued hmtmr
kedhd sidgi÷e hmpmhm hm bs siluimems gtbms?
(4) Edrdmzd hm s kdmdnms gbk`usti`ms b edkd`nms
qum pbhrëde sm megmehhbs
(0) Zbtmegd ldvmdh (dkdôb, iemesihdh y vmbghdh hm
pbpdldg÷e) hm gudquim mlb rmsudem
(7) Mgdgd hmn mxbr pdrd msm mslb
(8) Adginihdh hm usb hmn mxebr
(=) Zmrsbed hispbe`m pdrd dggbedr mn mxebr y sus dpti
hms sgds y mdggibems mkbgbedms eumegidhds pb
e
tdgi÷e
nd gdpdg
gdpdgtdgi÷
(1) Gbehgibems hm mkpmdd dk`metm y b¼ds gbesihmd
gibems dkbsaégds
pmsmegid
hm vdbms)mspmgidnms (vmetb, gbrrimem hm dirm,
(<) Dhmgudgi÷e hmn xiebr pdrd su mebb
ii÷ :6
emesd Me mss behgbems ms emgmsdb qum nd mnmgg÷e hm
mxiebr gbmgtb m fdld räphdkmem. Nd pmrsbed rmspbesd`m
hm d pndeigdg÷ hm nd pbmggi÷e pumhm gbei`ur d lddei
zd qum d smmgg÷e hm mxebr smd nd gbmgd kmhidem d
dpigdgi÷e hm bs ilumetms pbgmhkimebs
(4) ]`igdg÷e m nbs mxebrms gmgd hm bs imslbs pdd bs
qum sbe dhmudhbs
( 0) ]sb hm mxtibms dhmgudhbs pdrd käs hm ued gdsm hm
mlb
( 7) Gdd smôddgi÷e hm usb pmsb (Qmr Dmxb @.)
(8) Gdpdgidg÷ hm bs mkpnmdhbs me mn usb hm nbs mxebrms
dpbpdhbs
Mn usb hm smônizdgbems gdrdkmetm vsi`ms pdd hmegd
aäginkmem d dmgudgi÷e hm mxebr ms pdtigundkmem
kpbtdem hbeh bs mxtiebms msäe dlupdhbs b hbehm dy
kÿpms rmslbs m mlb prmsmems me ue ämd.
.0 Dhmgudgi÷e m nbs mxtietbrms
mxtietbrms pdrd mn rimslb.
rimslb.
.0. M pkmr dsb prd mvud d smmggi÷e hm ue mxtieb
pdrd nd pbmggi÷ hm ued pbpmhdh ms hmmked nd edtud
mzd hm nbs kdmdnms qum pbhrëde megmehmsm. Dn lebs mxte
tbrms sbe dhmgudbs sbndkmem pdrd ued gndsm hm mlb bbs
pdrd hbs gndsms h mlb y bbs egusb pdrd ms gdsms. Zb
momkpnb ue mxbr hm dlud sikpnm ms dhmgudhb sbdkmem
pdrd mlbs gdsm .
  ub sbb h u b nm
nm   u lb
egipmetm msä himgdkmem mndgbedhb gbe nd gdethdh hm
kdtmidn gbk`us`m
(gbemeihbs
dgd`dhb
etmribr bms dk`bs)
evbnugdhb.
Nd getihdh
hm kdmdnms
gbk`us`ms
d vmgms
hmebkedhd gdl hm umb hm ue mhgb mxprmsdhd gbkb m
prbkmhib hm nids hm kdmridnms gbk`us`nms pbr pm
gudhdhb hm ärmd Gudetb kdyb smd nd gdeihdh hm kdmdnms
kdmdnms
gbk`us`ms,
gbk`us`m
s, kdbr smrä d gdrld hm mlb y kdybr m pbtmegd
rmslb hm mlb drd m qum mn mxebr pbhëd smr usdhb pdrd
gbk`drnb @dsäehbsm me mstm gbegmptb, bs mxiebrms gndsm D
sm dsilede hm dgmrhb gbe nd gdrld hm mlb pbkmhib qum
pbhëd fd`mr me n bgupdgi÷e qum sm vd d pbmlmr.
.0.7 Qrdkmm bhds ds msugrds, dÿe dqum
dqumnds
nds hm
kdtmidnms rmsismems dn umlb b eb gbk`us`ms timeme
gbkpbemems hm gbesugg÷e gbk`us`nms me rkdb hm
dgd`dhbs ietmrib-ms d`qums mg. br gbeslumem pdd d
prbmgg÷e hm migib, sbe hm usb mstäehdr nbs mxebrms
dhmgudhbs pdrd mlbs gndsm D. Hm kdemd sikid me vtudn
kmem bhds ds sdgbems yd smd ue mhigb, ue vmëgub b
ued
mxpbsgi÷e
 d iemkpmrm sm megume¼de kdmdnms
gbk`us`ms
brhiedrbs.
DEMVB G
Xdk`iée ms vmrhdh qum, hbehm fdy kdtmridnms gbk`usti
`nms bhiedbs psmems, pbhëd mxsti d emgmshdh hm mxtie
tbrms dhmgudhbs dd usb me mlbs gdsm @ y gndsm G (pb
momkpnb, me nds äds hm gbkmhbms hm ue rmstdudem, nbs prie
gpdnms kdmdnms gbk`usti`nms pmsmetms sbe kdhmrd, pdpm,
tmd, qum sbe kdtridms gndsm D3 se mk`dlb, me mn ämd hm nd
gbged, m mslb msmegdn sbe bs dgmms hm gbggi÷e gbk`usti
`nms y hm`mëd estdndsm ue mxetbr gdsm C).
G.08
G,=
kn, 
y dnms

lmemB
hm mxterms
gdsm D 
pdd
gu`ri mspdgbs
gbkb
nds fd`itdgbems h pdgmetms, gbmhbms, bgieds, mg., hm`mrëd
d`m mxtebrms dsm @?G hispbei`nms me nbs d`bdtbbs, me
ämds hbehm sm ddgmede b kdeipunde demstésgbs endkd`ms
y me
m e sdnds hm ietmruptbms hm memrlëd b lmemdhbrms mnégtgbs.
mnég tgbs.
Gdhd ued hm nds ämds hm`mëd smr mvdnudhd pdd hmtmrkiedr sus
rmqumrikimebs dgudnms hm mxiebrms, tmeimehb me gumed nd
vdrimhdh hm gbehgbems me msd ämd me pdtigund. Hm`mrëde
estdndrsm mxtietbs gndsm C me nds ärmds hm gbged hbehm sm
usme lrdsds y dgmits hm gbgg÷e
Nbs ëquihs y ldsms endkd`nms gndsm @ lmemdkmetm
dhme me ued b äs hm nds sluimems gegb gbeludgibems
`äsigds?
() Aumlbs pb mrdkms, qum sbe sdgibems gbe gbk`usti
`ms ëquihbs fbzbetdnms eb gbetmeihbs
(0) Aumlbs hm gbk`ust`ms hm pbehhdh, qum sbe
G.01
gbk`usti`nm ëquhbs gbe pbehhdhms hm käs hm ¾
punl. (1.7 k)
(7) Aumlbs gbe `stägubs, qum sbe s4dgibems gbe gbk`usti
`ms qum bmde gbkpnmtdkmem d ue bmtb hm tdkdôb
gbeshmrd`nm
(8) Aumlbs pb ldvmhdh/trihikmesibednms, qum sbe sidgib
ems gbe gbkust`ms qum sm vimrtme, uyme b lbtmde
(=) Aumlbs hm p-msi÷e, qum sbe situdgbems gbe gbk`ust`ms
qum sbe zdhbs, `bk`mdhbs b punvmzdhbs
Gdhd ued hm ds giegb gbelurdgbems hm ileg÷e hm mlbs
gndsm @ pumhme p-msmetd mquistbs hm mxtiegi÷e silegdtivd
a
kmetm hmrmetms qum pumhme  mgd nd smnmggi÷e hm dlmetm
mxetbr y m mqub (fdhwdrm), dsë gbkb d tégegd hm dpigd
g÷e emgmsdrid qu sm mkpmm. ds vddgibems merm ds gbehi
gbems me mspdgis ietmribms y mxmbms pumhme prmsme
gbkpgdgbems dgbednms qum dmgtme mn dgdegm hm nd
hmsgdrld emgmsdri.
ds situdibems hm mlbs pbr hmrdkms gndsm @, me
lmemd, pumhme mr kdemodhds pb nd kdybëd hm mxtietbms
gbe gmtigdgi÷e gndsm @, si sm gbeshmrd m dgdegm hm nd
hmsgdld dpbpdb y m tdkdb emgmsdrib hm d ueihdh sm
gbrmspbehm dhmgdhdkmtm gbe m rimslb hm mlb. d mxtie
g÷e pumhm vmsm dgtdhd pb ds vdridgibems me ds pbpmhd
hms hm gbk`usinm y d vmetidgi÷e b gbehgbems hm vmetb.
d d`nd 1.7.
1.7. egnuym dnlueds rmgbkmehdgbems këeikds
pdd mxtetbms gndsm @ pdd bgupdgbems.
G014
ds studibems hm mlbs hm gbk`usti`nms hm prbe
hhdh b hm prbhihdh dpmgd`nm gndsm @ sbe dqumnbs qum
tmeme pbehhdhms hm gbk`ust`nms ëquhbs hm käs hm Y hm
punldhd (1.7 kk), qum ebrkdkmem bgurrme hmerb hm ämds
gbemeihds tdms gkb rmgpmetms hm rmgbnmggi÷e, bpmdgibems
hm iekmsi÷e me bnvmetms y dequms medhbrms iehustridms.
d smmgg÷e hm ue dlmetm mxtetb y hm mquipb hm`mrëd
G010
dgmrsm
ds pbpmhdhms
mn
ämd
hm`dsäehbs
supmgmmebd
ievbnugrdhd.hmnNdgbk`usi`m
su`smgg÷ey me
1.7.
hmsgri`m bs emdimetbs pdd nd bgupdgibems. Hm`ihb d qum mn
4:=
kétbhb dpigdhb pdd nd gmtgdgi÷e hm mxtietbms gndsm @ sm
`dsd me m ärmd hm supmgm me pms gudhrdhbs hm nbs mgipme
tms pdrd pu`ds qum gbetimeme ue këekb hm  punldhds
(= kk) hm bk`ust`nm fmpdeb, nd gmrtgdg÷e hmn mxtieb
pumhm sm ud mammegid ÿti me nd smnmggi÷e hm ue mxtietb
dprbpidhb pdd ue mlb hm ëquhbs hm prbehihdh. Mstds
situdgbems h mlbs pumhme gbkpngdsm b emesgdrsm si sm
sdpigd gbk`us`m pb d dpigdg÷e iedpbpdhd hm dlmem
mxietbr
ds situdgibems hm mlbs gbe b`stägubs gdsm @
prmsmetde d leds gbesihmdgibems dhgbednms hm dlmetm mxtie
tbr, mqupb y dpngdg÷e Nbs mxtetbrms pbtätims hm mspukd
DAAA y AAAZ tmeme gdpdgihdh pdrd mxtielui y mvitdr d rmilei
g÷e me sitdgibems gbe ëquhbs edkd`nms b¼izbetdms
kmhdetm nd upmsi÷e hm vdpbrms gbk`ust`ms y sbe, mgume
tmkmem, d mb bpgi÷e pdrd sudgbems hm mslb hm mlb
gbe b`stägus gudehb sbndkmetm pbhëd pmvmrsm
pmvmrsm ue puetb hm
dpngdgi÷e dn kbkmeb me qum bgurm ue mlb. bs tipbs hm
dlmems mxtbrms gndsm @ hm supms÷e qum eb smnde b eb
supkme vdbms pumhme, gbe mgumegd, sbndkmetm sm¼ uti
zdhbs sdtisbidkmem gudehb sm dpnigde skutäemdkmetm
hmshm kntnms u`igdgbems pdd mnkiedr gudquim puetb
gimlb mpmsedhb pb ue b`sägunb. bs tpbs mxtietbms hm
dlmetms mspmdms qum eb mvtde nd milegi÷e, gbe dsds hm
nuob hm hmsgdrld hm dlmem käs dds, sugimems pdrd mevb
vmsm mgdzmem dmhmhb hm ue b`omtb tdk`iée pumhme
G017
nbld ued mxeg÷e sdtisgtbrd.  sismkd usdhb pdd nd gmrti
gdgi÷e hm mxtietbms gdsm @ eb ms dpgd`nm d mstbs ipbs hm
situdgbems h mslb hm mlb. d smnmgg÷e hm mxtietbms pdrd
mstbs rimslbs hm`mëd dgmrsm `dsäehbsm me nds mgbkmehdg
ems hmn `rigdetm hmn mquipb
ds s4dgbems hm mlbs pbr ldvmhdh/rihikmes
edms gndsm  pmsmetd gbesihmrdgbems mspmgdnms hm dlmem
mxietbr, mqupb y dpnigdg÷e. Hm`ihb d qum mn gbk`ust`nm
megmehhb msä me kbvkimetb, nbs dlmetms hm mspukd gdsm @
eb pumhme mxtelur mstds sudgbems hm kdemd sdtisgtbid.
Mn pbtmegd tdkdôb hm msbs mlbs mgumetmkmem ehgd
guä ms m kb dlmetm y ds gddgtmësgds emgmsdrids hm ued
hmsgdrld mgdz d dpgdgi÷e hm ue dlmetm mxetbr me nbs
tipbs hm mlbs dnkmetdhbs pbr lrdvmhdh ms, lmemdkmetm,
kmobr bldhd gudehb nd mxeg÷e sm ieigid me m ehb b me m
evm käs `do y umlb sm hmspndzd dgd d`d  sstmkd qum
sm usd pdd gtigdr mxtetbrms gndsm @ eb ms dpnigd`m d msbs
tipbs hm situdbems hm imslb hm mlb d smmgg÷e hm mxtiet
rms pdd mstbs rimslbs hm`mëd fdgmrsm `dsäehbsm me nds mg
kmehdgibems hm `rgdetm hmn mquipb.
G.018
G01 s udgbems hm mlbs gdsm @ pmsmetde gbesihm
gbems mspmgdnms hm dlmem mxteb, mquipb y dpgdgi÷e. Nbs
mxietbrms gdsm @ qum gbetimeme dlmetms qum eb smde pmqumôds
pdrëgunds hm pbhugtbs quëkigbs smgbs s÷ihbs sbe rmdtiv
kmetm iemgdgms me gudnquim tpb hm mlb hm pms÷e gbesi
hmd`nm. Wbe emgmsdribs hsmôbs hm `bquids hm mxtebms y
tdsds hm ub hm hmsgdrld hm dlmem mspmgdnms qum gukpde b
mxgmhde bs uk`dnms hm dpigdg÷e gëtigd këeikbs hm ue
gbk`ust`nm e pdrgundr. d dpngdg÷e hm ue dlmem mxtietb
me stdgbes hm mlbs hm pms÷e ms, lmemdnkmetm, kmb
nbldhd gudehb nd hmsgdrld hm dlmetm sm eymgtd d ue äelub
dprbxikdhb hm mem = lrdhbs y 8= lrdhbs d dvés hm nd
mem hm gk`usi`m y hmspndzdehb nd dkd dgid dumd,
`drrimehb mgdzkmetm d ndkd dgd dmd hmn gbk`usti`m.
Mn sismkd qm sm usd pdrd gmtigd mxietbrms gdsm @ eb ms
dpngd`nm d mstbs tipbs hm situdgbems hm rimslb hm mlb Nd
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-1
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
smnmggi÷e hm mxtetbrs pdrd mstbs rmslbs hm`mrëd fdgmrsm
`dsehbsm me nds rmgbkmehdgibems hmn `rgdetm hmn mqupb.
ZPMGD]GI×E? Eb ms dgbesmod`m ietmetdr mxteluir mstm
tpb hm mlb, d meb qum pumhd dsmlurdrsm, hm demrd rdzb
ed`nm, qum nd metm hm gb`ust`m pumhm smr emrruphd hm
emhdb
G.0< Nds gmrtgdgbms gdsm @ btbrldhds pbr bs d`brdbrbs
hm prum`ds sm `dsde me mlbs hm ëquhbs endd`ms hm
prbehihdh dprmgd`. M eÿmrb qum ds sm hmrv ms ued
ehgdgi÷e dprbxdh hmn pbtmegidn hm mxteg÷e rmdtivb hmn
mxtetbr
06 Nd smmgg÷e hm mxtetbrms gndsm @ qum sm vde d usdr me
mlbs hm nëquihbs edd`nms prmsurizdhbs y ldsms prmsurizd
hbs rmqumrm hm ued gesihmrdg÷e mspmgd Nbs mlbs hm mstd
edturdmzd sbe gbesmrdhbs ue rmslb mspmgid y hm`mrëde
mpnmdrsm sbdmetm mxtetbrms hm quigbs smgbs Btrbs tpbs
hm mxtietbrms gbe gmrtgdg÷e gnm @ sbe rmdtvdmetm em
gdgms me mstbs rimslbs Wm fd hmtmriedhb qum sm rmquimrme
hsmbs hm `bquinds prd quëigbs smgbs y tdsds hm dpngdgi÷e
mspmgdms pdrd fdgmr metm d tdnms rmslbs.
ZPMGD]GI×E Eb ms dgbesmod`m ietmetdr mxteluir mstm
tpb hm iegmehb, d ebs qum pumhd dsmlurdrsm, hm demrd
rdzbed`m qum d mtm hm gb`usti`nm pumhm smr etmrru
phd hm emhdtb
G.09 Mn tddôb y tip hm nbs mxtetbrms gndsm G smmggbedhbs
hm`mrëd `dsdrsm me b sluimetm
(4) Gdrdgmrstigds h d gbestrugg÷e hm bs mquipdmetbs
mnégtrgbs
(0) Lrdhb hm gbetdiedg÷e pbr dlmetm qum pumhm smr bnm
rdhb
(7) Xdd: y mxtme
mxtme÷e
÷e hm bs gbpbemems gndsm D deh
gdsm @ b d`bs qum sbe pdrtm hmn mquipdimeb
(8) Edrdnmzd y gdeihdh hm dmridms gb`ust`nms me ds
prbxihdhms imhidtds pbr mompb bs lrdehms
btbrms y pdemm hm memrlëd gbetmeme ued gbeshmrd`nm
gdethdh hm dtmridms dsndetms gdsm D me gbpdrdgi÷e
gbe mn dtmrid gdsm @ hm ue trdesrdhbr nmedhb gbe
dgmtm)
.4: d  q  fd ffb n dän h nd ddd h
nbs gb`ust`ms prmsmtms y su pbtmegdn lrdvmhdh hm mlb sm
fdgm
ue smr
mshib
hm drd
nbs hvmrsbs
pbstudetms
qum
pbhrëe
prbvisbs
sdtisgmrmxtiebrms
ds emgmsihdhms
hm prbtmg
g÷e gbetrd iegmehb
G.0 bs mlbs hm mtdms gb`ust`nms gndsm H lmemrd
mem evbugrde hvmsds rds hm pbnvbs gb`usti`nms msgd
ds, virutds, dstds hm mtdn b me msdhb nëquihb qum drhme d
tmpmrdrds mxtrmddmetm dtds gbe gdpdghdh hm hmsgb
pbemr dlmetms mxtetbms ebrdms pdrd gdusdr ued rmdggi÷e
ehmsmd`nm Hm`mrëde smnmggibedsm y prbvmmrsm sbndmtm
dlmetms mxtetbrms mspmgëgdmem prb`dhbs y istdhbs pdrd usb
me rmslbs
rmslbs hm
hm mlb hm mdms gb`usti`nms gdsm H me pdrigu
nd ed prbtmgg÷e prbpidhd ms lmemrdnmetm mstd`mghd
dpngdehb nd rmgbmehdgi÷e hm d rmdg÷e rimslb-d-dlmem qum
sm mstd`nmgm me nds prm`ds Nd smnmggi÷e hm mxtiebrms pdrd
mstbs imslbs hm`mrd dgmrsm `dsehbsm me nds rmgbmehdgib
ems hmn `rigdetm hmn mqupb
Mhigi÷e 0:46
G.0 bs aumls hm mhibs hm gbgg÷e gb`ust`ms gdsm C
lmemrdmem iebugrde dpdrdtbs hm gbgied qum gbeimeme
gdetihdhms hm lrdds b dgmtms hm gbgg÷e qum rmprmsmetde pn
tmdimebs mspmgdms me d mxteg÷e y rmileig÷e hm bs rms
lbs Wbdmetm s dlmetms mxtietbrms qum timeme nd gdpdghdh
hm sdpbeigdr y rmdr ued mspmsd gdpd hm mspud pmsdhd hm
tipb hm drld hrdgi÷e sb`rm nd supmrgim gdimetm hm nbs
mhbs hm gbggi÷ phme mn elrmsb hm bxëlmeb, meëde nbs
mhbs hm gbgg÷e y detmeme msbs mlbs mxteluihbs Nbs
mxtetbrms
gndsm fgmr
 nstdhbs
hmbstrdhb
su
gdpdghdh pdrd
metm fde
d msbs
rimslbs hm mgdzmem
gbgieds gbmr
gidms
G.7 Wmnmggi÷e hm mxtiebr gbrmgb.
G.7  smnmggi÷e hm mxietbr gbrrmgtb pdrd d gdsm hm rmslb
hmpmehm hm ue keugbsb deniss hm nds vmedds y hmsvmedds
(me hivmrsds gbehgibems) hm nbs hsiebs tipbs hispbei`ms Nbs
silumems prrds hmsgr`me dnluebs hm bs dspmgtbs qum hm`m
rëde tmemrsm me gumetd
G.70 Mxtietbrms m dlud.
G.70. M tpb s pbpudr ms m mxtetbr hm dlud hm prmsi÷e
ddgmedhd hm 0» ldn 981 N) ]ed gdrdgtmrësigd pbrtdetm
hm mxtietbr hm dud hm prms÷e ddgmedhd ms su gdpdgihdh
pdrd smr hmsgdrldb hm demrd ietmrmem Dluebs bhmnbs
sbe dhmgudhbs dd usb me gbehigbems hm gbelmndmetb
gudehb
gdgi÷e sbe gdrldbs smle sm mspmgigd me d pdgd hm hmeti
G.700 Hdhb qu m mxtetbr hm tdequm hm `b`d hm tipb hm
rdespbrtm deu) eb pumhm smr dggbedhb merds mst
simehb trdsndhdh, sm gbeshmrd qum su usb ms dlb s
gbpnb Wie m`drlb, së prmsmetd dnlueds vmetdds sb`rm nbs
mxtietbrms hm ip hm prmsi÷e ddgmedhd me hmtmriedhds
dpnigdgibems Ms ued mxgmmetm bpgi÷e pdrd usb gbb mxietbr
hm rmsmrvd me bprdgibems hm sbnhdhurd b gbrtm me d prbtmg
gi÷e hm mhigibs m u`gdgibems rmbtds y pdrd smr usdhb me nd
ehustrd hm d bestruggi÷e Zumhm smr gimem nnmedhb
hmshm gudqumr uieistrb hm dlud hm dggmsb gbevmeimem y
rmdivdmetm iib, pumhm usdrsm sie emgmshdh hm prmsurizd
gi÷e y pumhm
pumhm sm g
gmetm
metm detmeihb
detmeihb Me gbehigibem
gbehigibemss hm
gbelmndmetb, pumhme usdsm dhtvbs quigbs qum gbetme
lde ef`hbrms h gbrrbse3 se m`drlb, sm rmgbmehde nbs
dqums hm gb`rm b eb mtigbs hm`ihb d qum eb sm gbrrbme
agmetm
M tdqum
hm `b`d
hm mstinb
bgfnd,
pumhm
smr dsdhdhb
y dggibedhb
d sb
timpb,
ms qum
hmdmetm
dhmgudhb pdrd sb me gb`dtm hm iegmehbs hm dmzds y
dr`usbs.
G.77 Mxtietbrms hm DA  . Nbs mxtebrms hm DAAA
(mspud rdhrd hm pmnëgud dgubsd) y AAAZ mspud nub
bprbtmëeigd rdhbrd hm pmëgud) mse gmrtgdhbs pdrd usb
me mlbs tdetb gdsm D gbb gdsm @ Eb sbe dhmgudhbs pdrd
usb me tmpmrdrds hm gbelmdimetb ]ed vmetdd hm mstm
tipb hm mxtetbr, udehb sm usd me mlbs hm nëquihbs edd
`nms hm prbehidh dprmgid`m gdsm @ ms nd gdpdgihdh hmn
dlmem hm nbtdr sb`rm y smndr d supmrgim hm nquhb, nb qum
gbetr`uym
gbetr
`uym d mvitd ued rmlegi÷e
rmlegi÷e
DEMVB G
G.78 Mxtietbrms m hi÷xihb hm gdr`beb (G:0) Nd priegipdn
vmtdod hm bs mxtitbrms hm GB ms qum m dlmtm b hmd rms
hub hmspués hm s usb. Mstb pumhm smr ue gtbr sleigdtvb
hbehm d prbtmgg÷ ms emgmsdrid pdrd mqupbs mnmg¼÷eigbs
hmigdhbs y gbstbss Bds dpigdgbms tëpgds sb  ärmds hm
prmpdrdgi÷e hm gkihds, d`brdtbrbs y ärmds hm kprmsi÷e b
hupgdgi÷ Nbs mxtetbrms hm hi÷xihb hm gdr`bb mst istd
hbs pdrd usb me mlbs gndsm @ y gdsm G. Hm`hb d qum mn
dlmtm sm hmsgdrl me rkd hm ud u`m hm lds/mvm tmem
0
ue dgdgm rmndtivkmtm gbrtb hm 7 pms d 6 pms (4 k d 0.8 k).
Eb sm rmgbkimh mstm tipb hm mxttbr pdrd usb me mspdgibs
mxtmribrms hbhm prmhbked gbehgibms vmetbsds  pdrd
usb m mspdgibs tmribrms, m uldrms smtbs d mrtms gbrrim
tms hm drm hm`hb d qum m dlmtm pumhm räphmtm hs
pdrsm y mvtdr nd mtiegi÷. Nd gbegmerdg÷e mgmsdrd pdrd nd
mxtiegi÷ hm ue mlb rmhugm d gdehdh hm bxëlmeb (drm)
emgmsdrd pdrd nd smlurihdh fukdd gudehb nd hmsgdrld sm
fdgm me u ärmd (mspdgib) gbdhd
G7= Mxtietbrms m dlmetm
dlmetmss fdnblmedhbs
fdnblmedhbs
G7=4 M mxtibr hm `rbkbgnbrbhinubrbkmtdb (fd÷e
0) timm u dlmem qum ms sikidr d hi÷xihb hm gdr`bb gbe
rmspmgtb d qum ms hmgudhb pdrd istddgi÷ me gkd b y eb
hmd rmsihub. Dlubs kbhmbs hm kdybr tdkdôb hm mxtetbrms
hm fd÷ 0 msäe nistdhbs pdrd usb m mlbs gndsm D ds
gbkb m mlbs ndsm @ y gndsm G M gbkpdrdgi÷ gbe mn
hi÷xihb hm gdr`b `dsäehbsm
mn ms
pmsb
hmn dlmtm
mn
`rbkbgnbrbhinubbkmt
`rbkbgnbrbhinubbkmtdeb
deb (fd÷
(fd÷
me
0)
dn kmbs
m hb`nm
hm mgdz. Gudeh sm hmsgdrld mn dlmetm mstä m d rkd
gbk`dhd hm ue lds/quihb gb dprbxikdhdkmetm hbs vmgms
m dgdgm hm hi÷xihb hm gdr`beb Me gimrtd kmhhd nds gbh
gibems vmetbsds b d mrtms gbrrimtms hm drm pbhr higu
tdr nd mxtigi÷ d dus
dusdr
dr n d räphd hispmrsi÷e hm dlmt
dlmtm
m
G7=0 Nbs dlmms fdbgdr`bdhbs sbe sikdrms d bs dlm
tms fdn÷e gb rmspgtb d qum sb b gbehugtbrms, eb gbrrbsivbs
y sm mvdpbrd hmspués hm su usb si hmdr rmsihub. Nbs kbhmnbs
hm kdybr tdkd: hm mxttbrms hm fdnbgdr`beb mstäe istdhbs
pdrd mlbs gndsm D dsë gbkb pdrd mlbs gndsm @ y gdsm G b
qum nbs fdgm `dstdtm dh
dhmgudhbs
mgudhbs pdrd usb me mlbs hm mquipbs
mmg÷gbs. Me gbkpdrdg÷e gb mn hi÷xihb hm gdr`bb
`dsäehbsm m m msb hm dlmetm, nbs dlmetms fdnbgdr`bdhbs
  k  h` h . h  hl, 
dlmtms mstäe m nd rkd gbk`idhd hm u lds/ëquihb qum
räpihdkmetm
sm mvdpbrd hbs
hm iekmhidtb
hmspuéshm
hm h÷xhb
d hmsgdrld
gbe dprbxikdhdmtm
vmgms mn dngdegm
hm
gdr`bb. M gimrt kmhihd  gbhgbems vmtbsds b ds mr
tms gbrrmtms hm drm pbhrëde higuntdr nd mxtiegi÷ dn gdusdr nd
räpihd hspmrs÷e m dlmem.
G71 Mxtietbrms m qukigbs smgbs
G71.4 Hm`hb d bs hmrmetms hismôbs y d nbs hvmrsbs tipbs
hm dlmtms quëkigs smgbs nd mmggi÷ hmn mxtbr hm quëkigbs
smgbs käs dhmgudhb rmqumrm hm ued kugbsd mvdudg÷e. bs
kbhmnbs pbrtätm timem ue gfbrrb hm hmsgdrld qum vdrëd hm
 pims d 7 pims ( k d 9 k), smlÿ mn tdkdôb hmn mxtietbr
mxtietbr Me
gbkpdrdgi÷ gb bs mxitbrms hm h÷xhb hm gdr`beb b hm
dlmems fdnblmedbs tdk`ié kumstrd u kmbr hmsmkpmôb
m gbehigibems vmtbsds
4:<
kimebs prbamsibedms pdrd rmgdrld. M tpb bpmrdhb pbr
gdrtugfb tmm nd vmedd hm pbhmr smr räphdkmem gdrldhb me
u`igdgibems rmkbtds, sie d mgmsihdh hm mqupdkimtbs mspm
gidms. Dnlues kbhmnbs hm quëkigbs smgbs pumhm mstdr mqu
pdhbs gbe bquds
bquds hm ndrlb dgdegm (dtd vmnbghdh) b
dpnigdhbrms qum sbe hm uthdh me d dpnigdg÷e hm dlmetm me
hmtmrkdhd gbehigibems mspmgdnms hm gbk`dtm hm egmhbs.
G.71.7 Fdy giegb tpbs hm dlmetms mxttbrms qukgbs smgbs
hp`
y tds
h y
 hkh

y h
ds. Mstds vm
hmsvmetdods
hm`mrëde smr
rmvisdhds
pbr nbs
pbtmgdnms
pbtmgdn
ms uudrbs.
uudrb s.
G.718 Nbs dlmtms hm `gdr`bedtb d `dsm hm pbtdsb y hm
urmd-pbtdsb sb prmmr`nms d bs hm `igdr`bdtb hm sbhb
hm`ihb priegpdkmem d sus kdybrms gdpdgihdhms pdrd d mxt
gi÷e hm ml gndsm @ W d gbrrbsi÷ b ms ue gtbr d gbeshm
rdr, mn gbrur hm pbtib tdk`ié pumhm smr guhb me mstm
lrupb W m`drlb mn dlmetm d `dsm hm gnbrurb hm pbtdsb ms
gbrrbsvb y b timem gdrdgtmrëstg mxtbrds mspmgëgds qum
smd supmribms d nds hm nbs dlmetms d `dsm hm `gdr`bedtb hm
pbtdsb.
G.71.= M dlmtm d `dsm hm stb hm dkbeib (kutprbp÷
stb) ms mn ÿegb dlmtm quëkgb smgb dhmgudhb pdrd nd prbtmg
g÷e gndsm D. Dhmkäs hm nd prbtmgg÷e gdsm @ y gdsm G, nbs
rmshubs hm nbs prbhugtbs quëkigbs smgbs kuntiprbp÷stb
gudhb sm hmde m gbtdgtb gbe supmrgims hm kmtd pumhme
prbvbgdrr gbrbsi÷.
prbvbgd
gbrb si÷.
G711 Hbem sm utinizde mxtetbrms hm prbhugtbs quëkigbs
smgbs pdrd ud prbtmgg÷e gndsm G ms kpbrtdm gbeshmrdr
qum mn rmsihb hmn gbrurb hm pbtdsib ms käs gbrrbsivb qum
bbs dlmtm quëkgbs smgbs y qum ms käs hgi quitdr ue
dlmtm kuntirbp÷sitb hm`ihb d qum prkmrb sm hm gudhb
mstä me gbtgtb gbe supmrgims gdimtms y numlb sm mehurmgm,
gudhb sm mëd Gudqumrd hm nbs bbs dlmetms hm prbhugtbs
quëkgbs smgs, hmpmehimhb hm bs rmquistbs hm prbtmggi÷,
pbhrëd hmkbtrdr smr ued bpgi÷e käs pägtgd pdrd ud prbtmg
g÷e gdsm G
G.7<< Mxtietrms rbhtms
G.7
G.7<.4  mmggi÷ hm gudquimr tpb hm mxtibr rbhdm
memrdkmt m dsbgd gbe d rmgbebgihd emgmshdh hm
prbvmmr prbtggi÷ dhgbd pdrd rimslbs mspmgidnms b pdrd
lrdhms
ärmdhm`mrd
hm rimslbs
mxd. Hbehm
sm vde d iestdndr
mxtt>
rms
rbhdtms
gbsihmrdrsm
d kbvinhdh
hmetrb hm
ärmd
m nd qum vde d smr usdhbs.
G7<.0 Zdrd u`igdgbms mxtmribrms, nbs kbhmnbs gbe emukät
G7<.0
gbs hm gdugb b rumhds hm bgfd degfd sbe käs äginms hm
despbrtdr. drd u`igdgibms mribrms ms emgmsdrib qum nbs
vdbs hm pumrtds pdsbs y gbrrmhbrms smde hm ue degfb su
gmtm gbkb drd pmrktir mn ägin pdsb hm mxtietbr. Hm`hb d nd
kdltuh hm mlb m m qum lmmrdnkmetm sm vd d usdr mstm
tpb hm mxtitbr hm`mrd mstdr rmsmvdhb pdrd smr usdhb pbr
bpmrdhbrms qm rmdkmtm fdyd usdhb m mquipb qum fdyde
rmg`ihb stuggibms mspmgdms sb`rm su usb b qum fdyde
usdhb m mqupb me memdkmtbs gbe lb vvb. SQr Ailu
G.7  <.0(`
<.0(`O
G7. 0(d) y u G.7
G710 Nbs mxebrms hm quëkgbs smgbs mstä hispbei`nms me
hbs mstinbs `äsgb? hm prmsi÷e dnkdgmdhd y bpmrdhbs pbr
gdrugfb M tipb m prmsi÷ dkdgmedhd (rmgdrld`nm) ms m hm
kdybr usb y m äs dhmgudhb hbehm sm prmvé u usb em
gumtm y hbehm fy hispbei`m pmrsbd gdnigdhb gbe mqupd-
Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-6
Gbeoutb hm kbdom
hmn gdrb
Gihrb hm ÷lmb
Dmxb H Auegibedkimetb y sb
stm demxb eb k pdrtm hm  rmquiitb hm tm hbgukmetb hm E,
pm m igym ÿeigmetm gbe pp÷itb ieabdtivb.
Kdlumd
Hn Lmemrdihdhs.
H4 Nds pmrsbeds qum v d usd ue mxetbr hm`mde mstdr
kidrizdhds gb bhd nd iekdgi÷e gbetmehd me nd(s)
pdgd(s) hm ihmegdgi÷e hm bs a`igdetms y gbe m kdeud hm
.
pph
k
 
mquimm qum mMbmdhbr
momgutm
hvmrsbs pdsbsh
`äsgbs
me ued
smgumegd hmmkedhd. n hsmôdhbr hm mxtietb, nds dlmegds
hm dpb`dgi÷e mn estddhb y mn mspbesd`nm hm d pdeigdg÷e
hm d prbtmgg÷e umhme ieui sleigdvdkmetm me nd dgi
hdh y prb`d`inihdh hm qum mstbs pdsbs smde nmvdhbs d gd`b hm
kdemrd dprbpidh.
AIL] G.7<0(d)
Hm tipb hm prbhugtbs quëkigbs smgbs,
bpmrdhb pbr giniehrb
Kmhb hm vmn hm dlmm (bpgbdn)
(bpgbdn)
Qänvnd hm hmsgdrld
Gbeoub hm kbdm
hm kdlmrd
Gbub
hm kbdom
h b
Wbpbrtm
hm kdlmd
Qänvnd
hm `bqund
H.4. Nbs mxttbrms vde d smr usdhbs pb ueb b käs hm bs
sluimems lrupbs hm pmrsbeds meukmdhbs me brhme hmsgme
hmem gberkm
rkm d su prb`d`m fd`ihdh?
(4) Gumrpbs hm `bk`mrbs gdpdgtdhbs (kueigipdms b iehus
tdnms)
(0) kp
kpnmdh
nmdhbs
bs gdpdgit
gdpdgitdhb
dhbss b eb gdpdg
gdpdgdh
dhbs
bs (gbkmg
(gbkmgb
b b
iehustd)
7) Zrbpimdrbs pvdhbs eb gdpdgidhbs  vivmehds dutbk÷vnms, mk`ddgibems mtg.)
8) Zÿ`igb me lmemrdn, eb gdpdgitdhb
H40 Hbehm ns mkpmdhbs eb de sihb gdpdgtdhbs pbhëd
hmkbdsm mxgmsdkmem nd pumstd me auegbedkimetb hm bs
mxtbms mn kdmridn hm mxteg÷e pbhrd sm hmspmrhgdhb
hm`ihb d ds kdds tégigds hm dpigdg÷e y pbhrëde tmem qum
usrsm käs mxetrms, b m mlb pbhrëd pbs`nmkmetm, eb smr
mxteluhb.
H.4.7 Eb ms sugimetm qum m rmspbesd`nm hm d pdeigdg÷e
hm d prbtmggi÷e mtmkem m rimslb hm ued u`gdgi÷e b ämd
hmerb hm ue mhgb y umlb smmggbedr m pb y tdkdôb hm
mxtietb dpbpidb pdd mn rimslb. s emgmsdrb qum tmeld me
gumetd bhbs nbs iegbevmemetms qum pbhrëde surlr me d
pumstd me egbmetb hm mxtietb y d higutdh hm dpngdr
dpbpdhdkmetm  dlmetm mxtetb. Hm`mrëd, dhmkäs gbeshm
d quiée, käs pb`d`nmkmm vd d usdr mn mxtietb y hm`mëd
k  lh  f`hh  p q  p
hm`mrëd mem.
H.0 Kétbhbs hm auegibedkimetb hm mxtietbr
H.0. Nbs kéthbs hm uegbedkmetb hm mxtietbrms sm gds
gde hm kdemd äs gbevmemetm dlupdehb bs mxtietbms hm
dgumhb gbe sus kmhibs hm mxpunsi÷e. Giegb hm bs kétbhbs
qum gbkÿekmetm sm mkpmde sbe nbs sluimems
(4 )
0)
(7)
AIL] G.7<0(`)
prmsi÷e dkdgmedhd
Hm tipb hm dlmetms fdblmedhbs, hm
(8)
=)
Mhigi÷e 0:46
Dbmui÷ hbehm bs dlmems tmeme ued prmsi÷e hm
vdpbr sugem d nd tmkpmrdturd ebkd hm bpmrdg÷e
pdrd mxpussm d s kskbs
Ginieh b gtugfb  l, hbehm m ls mxpmnmetm mstä
gbeedhb m ue rmgipmetm d pmsi÷e smpddhb fdstd qum
ue bpmrdhb nb i`md pdd prmsuzdr mn gdsgb hm mxetb¼
Zmi÷ dkdmedhd hbehm m dlmetm mxtib y m mxpm
nmetm sm kdmeme me ue ÿegb gbememhbr
@bk`mb kmgäigb, hbehm m bpmdhbr pbvmm memrld mxpun
sbd pb mhb hm ued `bk`d y mn rmgipmetm qum
gbetmem dn lmem eb mstä prmsurizdhb
pui
kud,
hbehm
m kdtm¼dn ms dpgdhb gbe ued
pdnd
gugde
gu`md
b `dhm
DEMVB H
H.4.0.0 Hivmrsbs kdtmrdnms mxtetbrms hamrmetms sbe depu-
H.0.7.0 Nd brd`nihdh sm vm dagtdhd pbr nbs silumetms gt
ndhbs pbr gdhd ueb hm mstbs mhbs hm mxpus÷e Me d Xd`nd
H.4.0.0 sm meumde mn dlmetm y ds gb`edgbems hm mhbs
hm mxpus÷e qum m usde b fde sihb usdhbs demrbrmem
rms
(4) Zmsb hm mxtetbr
(0) Histdegd hm rmgbrrhb dstd ue pbs`nm mlb
(7) Emgmshdh hm gdrldr d uehdh fdgid drri`d b dgd d`db
pbr msgnmrds
(8) Emgmshdh hm usdr ldetms
(=) Gbelms÷e lmemrdizdhd hm ds esddgibems
(1) Fd`nhhms aësigds hm nbs bpmrdhbrms
H.0.7.7 Me mn gdsb hm mxtietbrms rbhdetms, hm`mrde tmemrsm me
gumetd mn defb hm nbs pdsnnbs y vdebs hm pumrtds y d edturnmzd hm bs pbs y tmrrmebs mxtmrbrms sb`rm bs qum ms emgmsdrib
trsdhdr mn mte
mtebr
br
H.0 Zdsbs `igbs pdrd mn dggibedkimetb hm nbs mxtietbrms.
H.0.4 Nbs slumms sbe nbs pdsbs `äsigbs emgmsdribs pdrd
pbemr ue mxtietbr me egibedmetb?
0)
(()
(7)
(8)
(=)
4:9
P
h  h
  
Wmmgg÷e y dhmgudg÷e
hm ue mxtietbr
rdespbrtm hmn mxtebr fstd m nuldr hm mlb
Dggbedmtb hm mxtetbr
Dpnigdg÷e h dlmetm mxtietbr dn umlb
H.0.0 Pmgbebgikimetb hm ue hispbsitivb gbkb ue mxtietbr.
H.0.8 Dggibedkimetb hmn mxtetbr.
H.0.0. Nds dlmeds hm dprb`dgi÷e rmqumrme ued smôdizd-
H.0.8.4 ]ed vmz qum mn mxtietbr d sihb trdespbrtdhb d sitib
g÷e pmrdemetm me m metm hm nbs mxebrms, me nd qum sm
ehqum su prbp÷stb,
prbp÷stb, gbemeihb y usb.
hm umlb hmmrëd pbemrsm me egbedmetb sie hmbrd bs
mpnmdhbs h`mrëde mstdr iidrzdhbs gbe gudqumrd hm nbs
pdsbs emgmsdibs pdrd dggbedr gudqumr mxtebr Ms me msd
estdegd hbehm nd gdpdgtdg÷e prmvid ms sudmem vdbsd, yd
qum ms pbgb n tmpb hm qum sm hspbem pdrd hmtmemrsm y mmr
nds estruggbems bpmrdtivds qum lurde me nd pndgd hm ihmeti
gdgi÷e.
H.0.0.0 Zbhrëde mr emgmsdrids smôdizdgibems dhigibedms qum
eb smde pdrtm hmn hispbstvb pdrd iehgdr d u`gdgi÷e hm ue
mxetb. Mstds hmmrëde msdr, prmmrmetmmetm, mstdehdrizdhds
me tbhd nd prbpimdh hm demrd qum tbhbs nbs mxtietbrms smde
gimetm "u`gdnms Mstds smôdnizdgibems pbhrëde memr nd
rd hm ugms mné¼igds nm¼mrbs pdemnms hm deuegibs, smôdms
me dturd, pdemnms b rdeods hm gbbr, b ld`iemtms. Zbhrëde msdr
H.0.8.0 Zdr dggbedr ue mxetbr, sm rmquimrm ueb b äs hm
nbs silimetms pdsbs
(4 ) Zbsigi÷e pd mn dggibedkimetb. Nd pbsig÷e prmstd pdrd m
dggbedkmetb lmemrdmem mstä iehigdhd me m mxtietb.
Gudeh d pbsig÷e hm dggbedmetb ms b`vd (td gbb
gudehb ued deb sbstmem m mxtetbr y d btrd deb
sbstime nd `bquind), pumhm bitirsm mstd iebrdgi÷e
(0) Pmti  nbs hispbsitivbs hm strggi÷e b `nbqub Kugbs mxtietbrms eme ue hispbsitvb hm prbtmgg÷e b `nbqumb hm
egbedmetb qum mvitd ue dggibedmeb dgghmetd.
M hispsitivb äs gbÿe ms ue pdsdhbr hm `bqumb b
pdsdhb hm deb qum ms emgmsdrb quitdr detms hm
uegbedmetb. Brbs brdtbs hm tdnms hspbsitivbs sbe
gnips, mds, pddegds b rmstrgtbrms hm de lmrds b `bquids Nd dybrëd hm bs ehgdhbrms hm deipudgibems
gbnbrmdhds hm emrd histietiv mhidetm peturd b gietds
rmnmgdetms.
H.0.0.7 W nbs mxtebrms mstäe u`igdhbs d b ndrlb hm nbs rmgb-
rrihbs hm sdhd erdms hmshm ue ärmd mn pmrsbed umsrd
ued dybr hspbsi÷e pbr ir me su `ÿsqumhd y vbnvmr dn sitb hm
ue umlb.
H.0.7 Xrdespbrm m ue mxtietbr fdstd mn nuldr hmn iegmehib.
H.0.7. ]e mxitbr hm`mrëd msdr betdhb y u`igdhb hm
demrd qum pumh smr gimetm rmtirdhb me ued mmrlmegd
hm umlb y nmvdh d sitb hm umlb de räpihb gbb smd pbsi`nm. Hm`mrëd mstdr ginmetm dggmsi`nm se nd emgmsihdh hm dsndhdrsm b ¼mpdr sb`rm mrgdhmrëds dpidhs dtmridnms b
mqupbs.
X`nd H.4.0.0 Bpmrdgi
Bpmrdgi÷e
÷e hmn mxtietbr gbememegd y kétbhbs hm mxpusi÷e
Kétbhbs hm mxpuns
mxpuns÷e
÷e
Kdtmridnms hm mxteg
mxteg÷e
÷e
Dld y detigbelmdem
Dlmetm umgtdet
DAAA
DA
AA y AA
AAA
A
Gbrrb hm dlud gb
gdrld detigbelmm
Tuëgb smgb
iprbp÷sitb
H÷xhb hm gdr`beb
Tuëgb smgb
Dlmetms dnblmedhbs
bvb smgb (mlbs hm
mtdms
Tuëgb ëquihb
)
Dutbmxps÷e
Gniehr b
gdrtugfb hm lds
Zrms÷e
dnkdgmedhd
@bk`m
kmgä eigb
kmgäeigb
V
V
Zrbp÷e
kdeud
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-=:
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
iehm`ihds (tdnms gbkb prmietbs hm dndk`rm y pbkb) sm
rbkpme udehb m rmtrd m hspbstivb hm rms-÷e. Me
dluebs mxtetbrs, mn hispbsitvb hm rmstri÷e sm hmsme
ldefd udehb d uehdh ms kdepudhd ebrkdkmetm
Eb sm rmqumrm e kmdeskb smpdrdhb. Mstm tipb hm
hispbsitvb hm rmsrii÷e ms mspmidnkmetm dhmudhb pdrd
smr usdhb pbr prbpimtdrbs privdhbs y pbr mn pÿ`nb me
lmemrdn, yd qum ud estrui÷e prmd rdrd vmz ms pbs`m.
(7) Iigib h nd hsgd. Mstb rmquimrm ued b käs dibems
hstetds
bb lrdr
u bprkrb `bk`mdr
ued kdedMstds
b pdded
hm väd,tdms
prmsbedr
ued pdded
dib
ems pumhme prbvdr nd lmemrdi÷e hm ue lds d i`mrd
i÷e hm ue l hmshm ue bememhbr smpdrdhb d
dpmrturd hm ued vävund ebrkdkmetm mrrdhd b d rmd
i÷e hm prmsi÷e hmetrb hm betmemhbr
( 8) Dpnigdgi÷e hn dlm] Mstb kpd hrlir mn brrb hm
dlmetm mxtietbr did m aumlb Nd erkdi÷e hmsrtd
me d pdd hm hmetid÷e
hmeti d÷e timem ebtds hm dsmsbrdkimetb
sb`rm d dpid÷e hm dlmetm me hrmetms tpbs hm
mlbs. Me d Wmi÷e H.7 sm hmsr`me téeds hm dpnid
i÷e mspmëds.
H.0.= Ls mxpmnmetm/Zrmsi÷e.
Kufbs hm b mxtietbrms hmsrtbs me mstm demxb sbe
hm tipb hm prmsi÷e dnkdmedhd u bpmrdhbs pbr drtufb. Hdhb
qum ds drdtmrësds pmrdtivds hm mstbs hbs tpbs sbe skid
H.0.=.n
rms
hm kdemrd
ehmpmehimetmkmtm
lmemrd me bs slumetms
hm dlmetmpärrds
qum sm usm sm hmsr`me
H.0.=.0 Me bs kbhmns hm prms÷e dkdmedhd, m lds mxpm
nmetm y m dlmetm mxtiebr sm dkdmede me ued ÿeid äkdrd y
nd hmsdrld mstä betbdhd pbr ued `bqunnd b vänd hm
mrm.
H.0=.7 Me bs kbhms bpmrdhbs pbr drtufb m lds mxpm
nmetm sm dkdmed me ue drtufb smpdrdhb b pbhrëd smr dkd
medhb me ue nehr hm lds mxpmmetm (kbhmbs rbhdetms)
u`idhb hmetrb b dhymetm d dsb qum betimem m dlmetm
mxtetbr. Mstbs mxtietbms sm dbede i`mrdehb m lds mxpm
nmetm qum mxpusd mn dmetm Me d kdybrëd hm nbs kbhmbs, nd
hmsdrld pumhm smr s`sluimetmkmetm be¼bdhd pbr ued
`bquinnd b vävund hm rrm
hm`mrëd hirlirsm memrdkmetm d nds supmrms me bk`usti÷e
sie ndkd b edemsmetms. d dpndi÷e hm`mrëd eidrsm tde
mrd bkb smd psi`nm hmn mlb. bs mlbs hm dsmetdkmeb
prbehb hm`mrëe smr tbtkmetm mkpdpdhbs y pbhrëd smr
emmsdrib qum sde "hvhihbs pdrd mxteluinbs bkpnmtd
kmetm.
H.8..4 Hm lu hm prmsi÷e
prm si÷e nkmeh. bs mxtetbrms
kdeudms hm mst tipb ebrkdkmetm hispbei`ms timeme ued
i÷e
hh
hm 
h Hdb
0» lnqum
(9.81
mn )
dlmem
 usdhb
ue 
ms dlud hum,
h 
mstm
mxtietbr eb pumh smr estdndhb me ärmds sbkmtihds d tmkpmrd
turds pbr hm`db hm 8: A (8 G) Mstm kskb tpb hm mxtietbr
tdk`e sm `rigd me ue kbhmb hm tpb hm detibelmdem
drldhb be ued bnu÷e dprb`dhd qum prbtmlm me tmkpmrdtu
rds tde `ds bkb 8: A (8: G). Mn mxtietbr pmsd drmhmhbr
hm 7: ` (48 cl) y timem ue ddem hm fbrrb s÷ihb hm dprbxi
kdhdkmetm 7= pms d 8: pims (4:.< k d 4. k) brizbetd
kmetm. Mstm mxietbr pumhm smr dibedhb hm kdemrd
ietmtmetm, dueum me ue usb betieub timem ue timkpb hm
hmsdrld hm dprxkdhdkmetm == smehbs. Nd pdd hm
kdehb sm kdetimem me ued pbs÷e d`dhd pdrd mvtdr ued
hmsdrld dhmedn hurdetm su trdhb. d kdybrëd hm nbs
`rdetms us ue pdsdhbr hm deinb qum hm`m smr ddhb pdrd
rmtirdnb detms hm qum pumhd prmsibedrsm d pdded hm kdehb
Zdd fdmr mstb, s kbr qum m bpmrdhbr bbqum m mxtietbr
me mn sumnb y kmetrds sbstmem sie dprmtdr d kded bk`i
edhd
me pmstnnb)
ued nb)
kdeb,
m kdeb.
pdsdhbrM hm
deind umlb
(b `mrm
pmqumôb
pmstn
be dnm
d btrd
bpmrdhbr
tbkduend
kdelumrd y d `bqui
`b quid
d be ued
ue d kdeb y bprkm nd pdnded hm
hmsdrld be nd btrd. (QrAiluH844)



R  
¿
¿
hmsdrlde d detihdh tbtd hm
kdtmrid mxtietbr me 6 d 4: smlehbs (duequm me dluebs nmvd
7: smluehbs b käs mamtudr d hmsdrld). Ms emmsdrib qum mn
dlmetm smd dpdhb rrmtdkmetm hmshm m prepb, yd qum
rdrd vmz fdy tmkpb pdrd mxpmrikmetdr. Me kufbs mxtetbrms,
d hmsdrld pumhm eidrsm b hmtmemrsm kmhidetm ued vävd
Gudehb dluebs mxtetbrms sm usde me mlbs hm ëquhbs ed
kd`ms, m mlb pbhrë rmruhmmr kbkmetäemdkmetm udehb
m dlmetm ms ednkmem dpndhb.
H.74.0 d kmobr téid hm dpid÷e hm nd hmsdrld hm ue
mxtetbr me ue mlb vrd
v rd smle m tpb hm dlmem mxtetbr.
mxtetbr.
H.8 Grtmrëstis hm abs mxtietbrms.
H.8.4 Hm tipb hm l. Mstbs tpbs hm mxtietbrms euyme
mxtebrms hm dlud detibelmndetm dlmetm fukmtdetm y
brrb hm dlud be drld detbelmdetm bs mxtebrms hm
tpb hm dlud mstäe prepdnkmetm prmvistbs pdrd usb me mlbs
sm D M brrb hm`mrëd smr edkmem hirlhb d d `sm hm
nds nndkds. Hmspués h nd mxte÷e hm s ndks mn brrb
Mhigi÷e 0:46
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-
 
 
X 

 


H.7 Xéggds h dpngd÷.
H.74 Lmemrnihhms.
H.74.4 Kufbs mxtbrms
¿
 

 
 
 
 
AL]PM H.84.4
Mxtietbr hm lu hm prmsi÷e nkmeh.
bs
mxtiebrms kdeudms hm mstm tipb de shb `ridhbs be dpd
ihdhms hm nquih hm  ld d  ldn (7.6 d .8 ) be mrti
dibems hm mxtie÷e hm mlbs hm 4D?4@ d 7?@ Hm`hb d
su nktdhd mdgd mstbs mxtietbrms yd eb sbe rmbebhbs
(nstdhbs) pdrd us me mlbs nm @ Wm fde `ridhb mxtiet
rms rbhtms be dpdhdhms hm ëquihb hm < ldn y 77 ld
(8 N y 4= ) Shebkedibems bkmrdnms hm : ldn y 8: ld
(<  y = )[ y gmrtidibems hm mxtiei÷e hm mlbs hm  B
d :
Mn prbhutb
usdhb
ms ued sbui÷e
sdn bkb
kmtä
nd
dnded
qum b quëkb
sm belmd
d tmkpmrdtrds
tde hm
`dods
hm 8: A (8:
( 8: G)
H.8.0 Hm fbrb hm lu be rl etibelmnetm.
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¿
DEMVB H
Nbs mxtietbrms hm mstm tipb fde
shb `rgdhbs gb gdpdgihdhms hm 4  ldn d = ldn (=.< N d 49 N)N)
gbe gmtigdgbem hm mxiegi÷e hm mlbs hm  d 8D. M tpb
käs gbkÿe ms mn hm 0» ldn (9.81
( 9.81 N), gbe ued gmrtigdgi÷e
÷e hm 0D. Mstbs mxtietbrm tmeme gbetmemhbms gëehigbs hm kmtdn y
kdeds pdd tdsnhb Me dluebs kbhmnbs, d kded pdrd trds
ndhb sm gbk`ed be d kded hm nd `bk`d y me btrbs mstä
dhbsdhdd dn gbetmehbr ]ed `bk`d hm dggibedkimetb kdeud,
dhbsdh
hm pist÷e vmtigd, etmlrdhd, d nd qum sm nm gbemgtd ued `bqunnd
hmy kdelumr
kde
dld
lumrd
sb`m
d hmuemgdg
gdgfb
mlb.
fb gbrtd,
gbNd
`bk`d
p bvmm
pbvmm
msmmhm
me
km
hmprdhb`nm
ddsgmehmetm
d hmsgdld
hmsg
mamgtb,
dld
qum
hmsgdrld
gbb
hmrtd,dlud
tdeb
mkmhb
e ipb
ndhbgdrmrd
dsgmehm
etm
gbkb me d gdrm hmsgmehmem. Gudehb ms nnmvdhb d ue mlb,
m tdequm hm nd `b`d sm gbbgd sb`m mn tmrmeb, y pdd mstd`
nizdr d ueihdh,  bpmdhbr pbem ue pim sb`m ue pmqumôb
sbpbrtm hm mxtmes÷e qum mstä dhbsdhb d nd `dsm Zdd rzdr mn
dld d ¼dvés hm d kdelumrd, m bpmrdhb `bk`md mebegms nd
kded fdgid drid y dgid d`dob. Zdd hmsmkpmôdsm dnrmhm
hbr hm mlb b pdrd dgmgdsm dn mlb d kmhhd qum nds dkds
hmgmgme, ms emgmdrb qum m bpmrdhb hmtmeld m `bk`mb y
nnmvm mn mxtetb d ued eum u`igdgi÷e. Nd mrzd, dngdegm y
hurdgi÷e hmn gbb hmpmehme, me gimtd kmhhd, hm bpmd
hb
Nbs mxtiebrms m tqum hm `bk`d pumhme smr medhbs gbe
dlud sikpnm b gbe gdlds detigbelmndems mgbkmehdhds pbr mn
`igdetm hmn mxtetb. Nd sd gbke u btrbs hmprmsbms hmn
gbeuetb
puetb
kbedom
`bk`d
gbbme
b amgde
m mxiebr,
gdpdgihdh
hdôdeeb hmsmmn
mxiegi÷ehmhmNbsgbelmdkmetb
kbmnbshmhmndgdsgb
hm gb`m
y ebdkmtänigbs
gbrbme tde gmetm gbkb m dgmb y mstäe mgbkmehdhbs
pdd sm usdhbs ouetb gbe dlmetms detgbelmndetms (Qmr Ailurd
H8.47 Hm tdequm hm `bk`d
H.8.4.7.)
4:-=4
mstä hismôdh pdrd sm nnmvdhb me nd mspdnhd hmn bpmrdhb. M
mxetbr hm bgd timem ued lde d`mrurd pdrd su äphb
mnmedhb, ds gbkb ue tb hm dustm fmkétigb qum
qum mvitd qum
elmsme kdtmrids mxdôds y b`struyde nd `bk`d. Mstm hsmôb
pmkitm ue rägtgb mmedhb
mmedhb hmshm metms hm dlud gmgds
tdms gbkb mdequms, ndlbs b drbybs M kbhmnb käs gbke
kmem uinizdhb timem ued `bk`d hm pist÷e hm hb`nm mamgtb,
tpb rbk`÷, gbemgdhd d tdequm pbr ued kdelumd hm
gdugb hm gtd beltuh. Nd hmsgdld sm pbhugm gudehb m
bpmrdhbr
pist÷e dgid
däs y dgid
nd kbedhds
`bk`d
dhmndem.
gbemedk`ds
Brbs
kdebs,
kbhmnbs
kumvm
tmeme
`bk`s
hmsbtmemehb
bkprms÷e
m ndhb
hmmgfb
hmm
tdequm. Nd pms÷e hm mxpunsi÷e sm dgukund gbe dpbxkdh
kmetm 4: kbvikmebs hm nd kded y umlb sm kdetmem
kmhidetm kbvikmetbs hm `bk`mb mebs y skpnms. Nd
hmsgdrld ms gbe¼bndhd gbe d kdeb zqumrhd pb kmhb hm
ued `bqund m gmm bpmdhd pbr pdndegd dhbsdhd d mxtmkb
hm nd kdelumrd. (Qmr Ailurd H. 8.4. 8.)
   
 
A
 
  
Dlud
AIL]PM H4.8
kbgnd
Mxtetbr hm tdequm hm `bk`d hm tb
Nbs mxiebms hm mstm tpb
lmemdkmet msäe hispbei`ms me kbhmnbs pbtätms hm ued
gdpdgihdh hm 4 ld (=.< N) y me kbhmbs bhdetms gbe gdpdg
hdhms hm nëqihb hm 8= ln y 1: ld (4<: N y 006 N). Mstbs mxte
tbrms tmem gmrtgdgibems hm 0, 7: y 8:,
pk.    qu  u  u k
tmesbdgtivb um sm dlrmld d dlud me gdethdhms dprbpdhds
dukmetdr
pdrd
mhugird dtmdkmem
gdrdgtmëstgds ndhmtmesi÷e
pmem¼supmgd
dgi÷e y mxpdes÷e
hmn dlud y(vm
dsë
EZD ). Ns kbhmbs pbtätms sbe hm hsmôb hm prms÷e
dkdgmedhd  sbe dggbedhbs, msmegidnkmem, hm d kskd
kdemd qum bs btbs tpbs hm pmsi÷e dnkdgmedhd Nbs mxte
ms bhdetms sbe bpmrdhbs pb ue gdrugfb hm h÷xhb hm
gd`beb smpdrdhb qum gbeimem mn lds mxpmnmem, qum, gudehb
ms `mdhb, mxpunsd d dlmetm d rdvés hm nd `bqud hm nd
kdelumrd M emgmsdrb qum mstbs mxtetbms smde pbmlihbs hm
nd mxpbsigi÷e d mkpmdtuds pbr hm`dob hm 8:  (8 G).
H8.0 Hm dmetms hm mspukd abrkdhbrd hm pmgud Msbs
mxetbrms msäe pmvisbs pdrd sm usdhbs me mlbs gdsm D y
gndsm @. Me mlbs hm ëquhbs iendkd`ms hm pbehhdh
dprmgd`m, ns kmbrms msntdhbs sm b`meme gudehb nd
hmsgdrld hmsm mn mxtetb sm dgm gberd mn ietmib hm nd pdrmh
dsmrd hm nd gu`d b tdequm, usb pbr megkd hm nd supmrgim
megmehihd pd pmrkti d mxpdes÷e edtud hmn dlmetm hm
bpmrdhbr
eumvb pdrd
sb`rmhmmd
n nëquhb
pbsgibedsm
sugmetmkmem
mstb eb
pumhm dgmsm,
mobs
mlb
pmrkiti
qummegmehihb.
m dlmetmbWgdild
sudvmkmem
sb`rmhmmnd
H8.4= Hm dlmetms fukmgtdetms.

 



 

AILM H8.47
É
Mxtetbr hm tdequm hm `bk`d.
Msm tpb hm mxtietb hm `bk`d sm
usd pegpdkmem pdd mn gbk`dm hm mlbs mxtmbrms hm
d`ustbs y kdnmzds M tdequm tmem ued gdpdghdh hm = ldn
(49 N) y pmsd dpbxikdhmetm =: ` (07 cl) gudehb mstä
nnmeb Wi `ime ms istdhb pb ]N, eb imem ued gmrigdg÷e
hmsledhd. Lmemrkmetm, sm usd dlud skpm gbkb mxtebr
We mk`dlb, pumme usdrsm dlmetms detgbelmdetms, dlmetms
tdequm
fukmgtdetms
pumhmldvdezdhb
umsd
b bbs
gbestruhb
dlmetms
gbemspmgidnms
`rd hmsudvihrb,
`dsm dgmb
hmbdd.
ebxMn
hd`nm,
dgmb
b dt÷e.
Gbkb
ebk`rm
ehigd,
H8.48 Hm tpb kbgind
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 
4:-=0
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
supmrgim megmehihd
megmehihd - eb hm`mrëd hrilrsm
hrilrsm m gfbrrb fdgid mn
nquihb megmehib. Hehm smd pbsi`nm, mn bpmrdhbr hm`mrëd
gdkedr drmhmhbr hm mlb kmetrds hrlm mn gbrrb pdrd
b`tmemr d käxkd gbmrturd hurdem mn pmrëbhb hm hmsgdrld.
Zdrd mlbs me kdtmridms gbk`ust`ms brhedrbs, pumhm
usdrsm mn dlmem pdrd mgu`rr nd supmrgm megmehihd hrmgtd
kmetm Zdrd mlbs br hmrrdkms hm ëquihbs iedkd`ms
pbhrëd fdgmrsm nur m dlmem sb`rm ued supmrgm megmehd
fdgiéehbb rm`btdr hshm mn psb oustb me metm hm ärmd
Xu`b gbetrd
sb`rmmdhb
Wbngi÷
pmkmzgndhd
megmehd Nbs dlmetms hm mspukd rkdhbrd m pmgud eb
sbe mgdgms me ldsms y ëquhbs endkd`ms hm lds `db
prmsi÷e b me mlbs hm lrdsds hm gbggi÷e
H8.04 Hm D   bs mxiebrms hm mstbs tpbs mstäe
lmemrdnkmem hispbems me kbmbs pbrtäims kdeudnms hm
41 ld (1 ) y 0» ldn 9.1
9. 1 ) y me
me kbhmbs rbhdetms gbe ued
gdpdgihdh hm nëquihb hm 77 ld (40= ) Msbs mxtetbrms timeme
gmrigdgibems hm 0D?:@ 7D?0: y 0:D?1 rmspmgtivd
kmetm Mn dlmetm mxtitbr ms ued sbugi÷e hm tmesbdgtvb me
dd qum rkd ued mpukd kmgäegd rkdhbrd hm pmngund
gudehb sm hmsgdrld d ]"dvés hm ued `bqund hm dsprdhbrd hm
dirm Me mlbs gdsm  mn dlmetm
dlmetm dgtÿd gbkb rmlmrdem y
gbkb pmemtrdetm, gbkb dk`bs pdrd rmhugir nds tmkpmrdturds
pbr hm`b hm evmn h ileg÷e Me mlbs gdsm  mn dlmetm
dgÿd gbkb ued `drrmrd pdrd mxguir n drm b dn bxëlmeb hm nd
supmrgim hmn gbk`ust`m
Lrdhbs hm
dlmetms
tdk`ée
sbe dhmgudhbs
pdrd nd
prbtmgg÷e
hm mstbs
nëquhbs
endkd`nms
sbnu`nms
me dlud (sbvmetms
pbdrms) dms gbkb dgbfbms dgmtbed éstmrms gmtbeds y
bbs d dhmgudg÷e hm mstbs mxtietbrms pdrd mlbs hm sbnvme
tms pbndrms hm`mrëd gbsledsm mspmggdkmem me d pndgd hm
hmeigdg÷e Mstbs dlmetms eb sbe dhmgudhbs pdrd usb me
mlbs hm gbk`ust`s prmsurizdhbs b mlbs hm lrdsds hm
gbgg÷e
Wm ieguym eabrkd÷e mspmgëgd sb`rm ds prbpimhdhms y
nkitdgbems hm DAA y AAA me EAZ 4
bs kbhmnbs pbrtätms kdeudms me lrde kmhihd sm dsmkm
de d nbs mxtetbrms h dlud hm prmsi÷e dnkdgmedhd, mxgmpb
pbr bs tpbs mspmgds hm `bqunnds (vmr Alud H8.0.4) bs
tpbs rbhdetms sm dggbede kmhdetm ue giiehrb hm ei¼÷lmeb
smpdrdhb qum gbetmem m lds mxpmnmetm qum gudehb sm ni`mrd
prmsurzd mn gbetmemhr hm dlmetm d hmsgdrl ms gbetrbdhd
pbr ue ipb mspmgidn h `bquid hm dspirdg÷e hm gimrrm me mn
ed hmn gbueb hm betm hm d kdelumrd Mstbs tpbs hm
mxtetbrms pbhrëde sm usdhbs sbdkmetm me u`igdgbems eb
smtds d gbehigbems hm gbelmndkmeb, d kmebs qum sm ikpnm
kmetme kmhihds mspmgdms rmgbkmedhds pbr mn `rgetm
pdrd mvtdr qum mn dlmem sm gbelmnm
H87 Hm tipb hm hi÷ihb hm gdr`beb Mstm ipb hm mxtiebr
mstä pregpdnkmetm prvsb pdrd usb me aumlbs gndsm  y gndsm
G bs mxiebrms hm ÷xhb hm gdr`beb timeme ue dgdegm
nkitdhb y sm vme damgtdhbs pbr ds gbrrimetms hm dirm y m vmeb3
pbr gbesiluimetm ms emgmsdrib qum d dpigdg÷e egdn
gbkimegm rdzbed`nmkmetm gmrgd hm mlb Me bhbs nbs þmlbs,
nd hmsgdrl hm`mrëd hirlirsm d nd `dsm hm nds nndkds d hmsgdrld
hm`mrëd dpnigdrsm d d supmrgm megmehhd, dÿe hmspués hm
fd`mrsm mxteluihb nds ndkds d e hm pmrkitir dlrmldr timkpb
pdrd m mearidkimetb y vtdr ued pbs`nm rmileigi÷e. Mn kébhb
käs gbkÿekmem mkpnmdhb hm dpigdg÷e hm dlmetm me mlbs
hm nëquhbs edkd`m gbemehbs gbesistm me gbkmezdr me mn
`brhm gmrgdeb y hirlir nd hmsgdrld gbe ue kbvikmetb hm
`drihb nmetb, hm ndhb  dhb qum prblrmsd lrdhudnkmetm dgd
nd pdrtm trdsmrd hmn lb Mn brb kétbhb sm ndkd dpngdgi÷e
Mhigi÷e 0:46
@bqnnd pdrd mspkd gb
dsprdg÷ hm drm
ld H8.04
nkdgmedhd
`b sa÷
Mxtietbr hm nëquihb  b A hm prmsi÷e
me dnurd d gbremd hm hmsgdrld sm hrlm me ued pbsg÷e hm
hdld b hmsgmehem (d ue äelunb hm dprbxikdhdkmetm
dprbxikdhdkmetm
8= lrdhbs) dgd n gmerb hm ärmd me leigi÷e Lmemrdkmetm,
d gbremd eb sm umvm gbkb me m brb kétbhb hm`ihb d qum
m gfbrrb hm hmsgdrld elrmsd me m iegmehb hmshm drr`d y sm
mxpehm me tbhds nds hirmggibems sb`rm nd supmrgim megmehihd
drd mlbs pbr hmrrdkms, m kbvikimetb m `drrhb hm ndb d
ndhb pbhrëd drrbdr kmbrms rmsutdhbs
Me mlbs qum ievbnugrde mqupbs mnégrgbs d hmsgdrld
hm`mrëd smr hrilhd d nd metm hm ds nndkds. Ms kpbrtdetm
hmsmemrlzdr nbs mqupbs tde prbetb gbkb smd pbsi`m pdrd
mikedr mn pbtmgi hm rmileg÷e. Mn dlmem h÷xb hm
gdr`beb eb ms dmgudhb pdrd usb me mlbs hm gbk`usti`ms
prmsurzdhbs e m mlbs hm lrdsds hm gbggi÷e.
M dlmem hi÷xhb hm gdr`beb mxtielum hiuymehb d dk÷s
amrd grguehdetm be ue
u e lds iemrm hm kdemrd qum nbs eivmms
hm bxlmeb sm kdtmelde pbr hm`b hm pbrgmem rmqumrihb
p  ku u  u    x e ue
mspdgb eb vmetinhb, td gbkb ued pmqumôd sd drkdrib u
btrd ärmd gbeedd d bgupdg÷e prbbelhd hm msm mspdgib
pumhm nmvdr d nd érihd m d gbegmegid hm`ihb d d hmgime
gd hm bxëlmeb
bxëlmeb
s mxtietbrms kdeudnms hm mstm ipb lmemrkmetm mstäe
hspbe`ms gbe gpdgihdhms hm 0 ` d 0: ` 4 cl d 9 cl)
gbe gmrigdgbes
gmri gdgbes hm mxte
mxteg÷e
g÷e hm egmehibs hm 4@G d 4:
?G bs mxetbrs hm hi÷xihb hm gdr`beb pbhrëde tmemr ue
mamgb ktdhb m mlbs hm dsmedkimetb prbehb me gmrrd
kmebs mégtrigs bs mxtietbrms hm hi÷xihb hm gdr`beb
rbhdetms lmemrdmetm mstäe hspbe`ms me gdpdgihdhms hm
=: n` d 4:: n` (07 cl d = cl) gbe gmrtgdgibems hm mxtiegi÷e
hm iegmehibs hm G d 0:G M h÷xihb hm gdr`beb ms rmtm
ehb `dob su prpd prms÷e me gbehgi÷e hm uihb y d nd
mkpmrdturd dk`metm. M dlmem sm dutbmxpunsd y sm hmsgdrld
pbr mn dggbedkmeb hm ued vävud qum prbvbgd qum mn
h÷xhb hm gdr`bb smd mxpusdhb d dvés hm ued gbmtd me
su adsm hm vdpbr y s÷nihd Zdrd smr dggibedhb m mxietbr sm
kdeimem me pbs÷e vmrtgd, sm odnd hm pusdhbr hm dennb hm
`nbqumb y sm bprim nd pdnegd hm kdehb Me nbs kbhmbs hm
kmebr dkd, h 0 n` d = n` (:9 cl d 0.7 cl), nd gbmd hm
DEMVB H
4:-=7
hmsgdrld sm dhbsd dn gbeouetb hm kbetm hm nd vänvund
kmhidetm ue gbemgtbr hm tu`b hm kmtd/uetd drtigundhd. bs
kbhmnbs käs pmqumôbs mstäe hsmôdhbs pdrd smr dggbedhbs
gbe ued sbnd kdb Me bs kbhmnbs pbätms kdeudms hm
kdybr tdôb, nd gbmtd hm hmsgdrld mstä dhbsdhd me vd¼bs
pims hm d kdelumd anmxi`nm. Mstbs mxtetbrms mquimme mn usb
hm nds "hbs kdes pdrd su aegbedkmetb M timkpb hm
hmsgdrld këeikb pdrd nbs mxtetbrms pbtätnms kdeudnms vdrëd
hm 6 smluehbs d 7: smluehbs, hmpmehmehb hm tdkdôb. Mn
hm msm pb me nuld¼ms eb vmetindhbs, tdnms gbkb pmqumôds
sdds, drkdris b mspdgbs gbeedhbs, nbs bpmrdhbms y bds
pmrsbeds hm`mëde mvitd rmspd¼ mn dlmetm mxtietb b nbs ldsms
lmemrdhbs pr hmsgbkpbsigi÷e érkgd Mstbs dlmetms eb sbe
dhmgudhbs pd usb me amlbs hm gbk`ust`nms pmsurizdhbs e
me mlbs hm ldsds hm gbggi÷e.
käxkb dgdegm m gfbrb hm msgd¼ld ms m  pms d 6 pms
( k d 08 k) SQ luH.87(d)ylurdH8.7`).O
p
p
   hm
` mlb
  hm(:.9
?6),
t
ems hm mxeg÷e
0-@?Gcd 8-D
:-@?G
, y gbkb
kbhm
nbs rbhdetms gbe ued gdpdghdh hm =: ` (16 l) y ued
gmrtgdgi÷e m mxtiegi÷e hm mlb hm
hm 7:-D 1:-@G
G
  W `me m
dlmetm sm rmtmem `b prmsi÷e me ue mstdhb nquhb y sm dubmx
punsd, sm dlmld ued gdrld hm ei÷lmeb hm mmrzb pdd
lddezd u egbedmeb dprbpdhb. Dn dggbedsm, nd
pms÷e hm vpbr pbvbgd qum m dlmetm sm mxpdehd hm kdmd
qum mn gbrr hm hmsgdld gbesistd me ued kmzgd hm vdpb y
lbtds hm quËhb bs dkdôbs käs pmqumôbs tmeme ue gdegm
hm gbb bizbedn hm  pims d = pms (0.< k d 8.1 k) qum eb
sm vm mgtdhb pbr m vimetb gbkb sugmhm gbe m hi÷xhb hm
gdr`beb y m d÷e 7: Zbhrëd sm emgmsdb qum nbs mlbs hm
smetdkme prbehb gndsm D sm hivhhbs pdrd mxtelurnbs
gbkpnmdmm. Me mlbs gndsm @, nd hmsgd¼ld
hmsgd ¼ld sm dpigd
dpi gd gbe ue
kbvkmetb m ndhb d ndhb qum dvdezd ldhudkmetm dgd nd
pdm ¼dsmrd hm amlb. M mxtietb hm`mrd smr egdkmetm
hmsgdldhb hmshm eb kmebs hm 6 pms (08 k) pdd mvtdr sdnp
gdhurds gudeb sm usd me ëquihbs edkd`ms hm prbehhdh
dpmgd`m mrAiH88.4)
AiH88.4)
r
Kdeiod
pdrd
trdsndhb
Zrbhgtb
qëkigb
smgb
Kdelumrd
y `bqnnd
hm hmsgdrld
.R X sia÷
AIL]PM H8.7(d)
tddôb lrdehm
H8.84 @rbkbgnbrbhianubrbkmtdeb (fdn÷e 4044) bs mxtet
rms hm pmse dkdgmedhd hm mstm tpb msäe hispbe`nms me
Mxtietbr hm hi÷xihb hm gdr`beb hm
Kdod
pdd
trdsndhb
Zdndegd hm hmsgdld
Dlmetm
fdnblmedhb
Kdod
pdd
trdsndhb
Kdelmrd y
`bqind hm
l
-  sa÷
AIL]PM H8.4 Mxietbr hm prmsi÷e dnkdgmedhd hm tipb hm
dl metms fdnblmedhbs
AILM H8.7(`)
tddôb pmqumôb.
Mxtietbr hm hi÷xihb hm g`b
g`beb
eb hm
H8.8 Hm tipb h dlmetms fdnblmedhbs bs mxiebms hm
dlmems dnblmedbs, qum egnuyme nbs tipbs tdetb hm d÷e
gbkb hm fdbgdbebs, ms gmrgdhbs pdd usb me mlbs
gndsm @y gndsm G Nbs kbhmnbs hm kdybr tdkdôb tdk`ée msäe
gmragdhbs pdd mlbs gdsm D Me mlbs hm quhbs ieandkd
`nms, nbs kmbrms msutdhbs sm b`imeme gudehb m bpmrdhb usd
nd hmsgdrld hm mebr pdrd mn `drrihb hm ds dkds fdgid
dmrd
sumragim
megmehhd,
prkmrb
nd
hmsgdrldhmme nd
m `bhm
gmgdeb
hmn mlbdpgd4hb
y dvdezdhb
lrdhud
kmetm dgd nd pdtm dsmrd hm mlb, kbvimehb d `bquinnd hm
hmsgdrld medkmm hm dhb d dhb Me m usb hm bs mxetbrms
H8.= Hm quëigbs smgbs bs mxtietbms hm qukgbs smgbs
(`igd`bedb hm sbhib, `igdr`bedtb hm pbtdsb) mstäe pepd
kmetm pmvsbs pdd usb me mlbs gndsm @y gndsm G. bs mxte
tbms hm qëkigbs smgbs (d `dsm hm stb hm dkbeb
kutpbp÷sb) mstäe pmvstbs pdrd usb me mlbs gdsm D,
gndsm @ y gsm G Fdy hbs kétbhbs me nbs qum ue dlmem
dl mem
quëkgb smgb pumhm sm hmsgdrldhb hmshm mn gdsgb hm ue mxte
tb, smlÿe m hismôb `äsigb hmn mxtieb Mnbs sbe m kétbhb
bpmdhb pbr gdtugb/gehb y mn kébhb hm prmsi÷e dnkdgm
edhd. Iehmpmehimetmkmetm hm hsmb hmn mxtetbr, mn kétbhb
hm dpgdgi÷e hmn dlmetm ms `äsgdkmetm mn kskb. bs mxtet
rms
prmsi÷
dkdgmedhd
me gdpdgihdhms
 `hm
d 7:
n` (.=
l d 8 l)msäe
pdrdhispbei`nms
mxtetbrms kdeudms
kdeud
ms y =: n`hmd
0=: ` (= l d 
7=
7= l) pdrd mxtetbrms bhdems. s mxtet
M 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-=
rms bpmrdhbs pbr gdgfb/giniehrb mstäe hispbei`nms me gdpd
ghdhms hm 8 ` d 7: n` (46 cl d 48 cl) pdd mxietbms
kdeudnms y 8= n` d 7: n` (0: l d 4=9 cl) pdd mxtietbms
rbhdetms
Nbs mxiebms hm qëkgbs smgbs tdk`ée mstäe hispbe`ms
me tpbs eb rmgdrld`ms, eb dptbs pdrd smr rmnnmedhbs, qum
gbetmeme mn dlmetm y n ls mxpmnmem me ue ÿegb gbetmemhb
nmedhb me `rigd eb dptb pdd smr rmutnzdhb.  kdybëd hm

 hm


 

q  su



 
gbems
0:-@
yp
kmes
hmsgdldräe
gbetmeihb
me 6
smle
hbs d 0: smluehbs. M nbs mxtetbrms gbe gmrtigdgbems ks
dtds pbhrëd mvdr fdst 7: smluehbs Zb gbesilimetm, hm`ihb
d qum ms msgdsb mn tmkb pdd mxpmrkmetdgi÷e, ms kpbrtdtm
qum m bpmdhbr msté prmpdrdhb pdrd dpngdr m dlmetm hm
kdemd gbrmgd hmsh mn pegpib Xbhbs bs mxtetbrms hm
prbhugbs qukigbs smbs pumhme smr dsdhdhbs y dggbedhbs
sikuntäemdkmem y puhme smr hmsgdldbs hm kdemrd ietmrki
tmetm.  gfbrrb hm hsgdrld tmem ue dngdegm bribetd hm
= pims d 7: pms (= k d 9.0 k), smlÿe mn dkdôb hmn mxtiebr.
Gudehb sm usde me aumlbs mxtmribrms, pumhm nblrdrsm ued
käxikd mgdgid gudehb d hrmgg÷e hmn vimetb prbvimem hmshm
däs hmn bpmdhb SQmr lud H8.=() y ludH8.=`)[
Kde÷kmtrb
t
,R
Zdndegd
hm hmsgdrld
Kdeiod
Wm hispbem hm `bquinnds mspmgidms hm dlb dgdegm hbehm
nds pbtmegnms gehgibems hmn gbk`dtm hm mlb pbhrëde
rmqumr ued hstegid kdybr Msds `bquinnds tdk`ée sbe tims
me mlbs hm ëquhbs b ldsms prmsuidhbs, b hbehm prmhbki
ede vimetbs mts Xbhbs nbs dlmetms quëkgbs smgbs pumhme
smr usdhbs me mn kiskb kbk meb me qum
qum sm msä dpgdehb
dlud eim`d b gfbrb himgtb) Mn usb hm mxtetbrms hm quki
gbs smgbs sb`rm muipbs mégigbs memlidhbs kbodhbs (tdms
gbkb pbstms hm smvgbs lmemrdnms iemuptbrms hm
hm dtb vbtdm
y deskdbrm mkpdpdbs pb uvds) pumhm dlrdvdr bs
prb`mkds hm lds mnéggds.  prbhugtb quëkigb smgb,
gbk`iedhb gbe n fukmhdh lmemd ued dymgtbrid mégtrgd
qum pumhm rmhugr nd mgdgd hm nd prbtmggi÷e hm disdkmeb
disdkmeb
Wm rmgbkimehd qtdr tbhbs bs dstbs hm quëkigb smgb hm tdms
mqupbs numlb hm n mxiegi÷e SAiluH8=g).O
Kde÷kmtb
Kdeod
pdrd
trdsndhb
Zrbhugtb
quëkgb
smgb
pdd
tdsndhb
Xu`b si÷
Zrbhgtb
qukigb
smgb
H8.=4 Mxtietbr
Mxtietbrm
m hm quëkigbs smgbs brhiedribs
brhiedribs (umlbs gdsm
 y gdm  s mxtetbms kdeudms hm mstm tpb
tpb mst hispb
Kdelumrd
y `bqid
hm hmsgdrld

- Xb sa÷
sa÷
AIL]M H8.=(d)
Mtietbr hm prbhugtbs quëkigbs smgbs hm
prmsi÷e dkdgmedhd
Xdpd
Zdndegd hm
pmrbrdgi÷e
Gdugfb
hm lds
Zrbhugtb
qukgb
smgb
X`b hm lds
AIL]PM H8.=(`)
gdrtugfb
M 0:46
L]PM H8.=(g)
H8.=(g)
Mxtietbr hm prbhugtbs quëkigbs smgbs hm
prmsi÷e dkdgmedd gbe `bqud aod
Mxtietbr hm quëkigbs smgbs bpmrdhb pbr
e`nms gbe gmtdgibems hm mxteg÷e hm mlbs hm 4-?G d
1:?G y gbkb bhmbs rbhdetms gbe gmtgdgibems hm mxtie
gi÷e hm mlbs h 6:-?G d 18:-?G. n dlmetm mxtetb qum sm
usd ms ue kdtmridn mspmgidkmetm trdtdhb me kd hm pdtëgu
nds edkmetm hivihihds. em nbs tpbs hm dlmems hispbei`ms
sm eguyme dqumnbs d `dsm hm `igdr`bedb hm sbhib y d `dsm hm
`gd`bedtb hm ptdsb Dleds rkudgibems hm mstbs dlme
ms sbe mspmgidketm trdtdhds pdrd smr rmdtivdkmetm gbkpdti
`nms pdrd usb gb mspukd mspukd kmgäeigd). Zdrd usb me
mlbs hm ëquihb iedkd`ms, m gfbrb hm`mrd smr hilihb d
nd `dsm hm d ndd bs kbrms msutdhbs lmemdkmm sm
b`tmeme gbk`diehb mn `bhm gmgdeb hm umlb y dvdedehb
fdgid d pdm ¼dsmrd hmn mlb kbvmehb d `bqund äpihd
kmetm gbe ue kbvkmeb hm `drrihb hm ndhb d ndhb. Hm`mrëde
tbkdrsm mgduhbs pdrd qum nd hmsgdrld egid eb smd hrilhd
hrmgtdkmetm d  supmrgim megmehihd d ued gbrtd histdegd
dgdegm gmgdeb Skmebs hm = pms d 6 pms .= k d 08 k)[
hm`hb d qum nd dd vmnbgihdh hmn gfbrb pumhm prbvbg sdnpi
gdhuds b hspmsie hm kdtmrid megmehihb b dk`ds
Zdd usb me mlbs hm lrdsds hm gbggi÷e, sm rmgbkimehde
sbdkmetm mxtebrms gbe gmrtigdgbems hm gdsm C
DEMVB H
H8=.0 Mxtietbrms hm qugb mgb kuntiprbp÷itb (aumlb
gnm D, gm @ y ndm G) Nbs mxietbrms hm msm ipb gbeim•
eme ue dlmem d `dsm hm sb kbeb dkbeib. Nbs mxebrms
pbrätinms msäe hipbenms gbe gmragdgbems hm mxegi÷e hm
mlbs hm 4-D d 0:D  :-@?G d 40:-?G,  bs kbhmbs rbhms
imeme gmragdgibms hm mxiegi÷e hm amlbs hm 0:-D d 8:-D 
1?G d 70:-?G. bs dlmems kunprbp÷sb sm usde me mlbs
gnsm  mxdgdkmem hm nd kiskd kdemrd qum bs dlmems
qukgbs smgbs briedribs. Zdrd usb me mlbs gdsm  m dlmem
kuprbpsb mem nds gdrdgmrësgs dhgbedms hm ehrsm
 dhfmrrsm gudeh msä me gbedgtb gbe supmragms gdnimems.
Hm msd kdemrd s dhfmrm d nbs kdtmridms megmehhbs  rkd
ue rmgurkmeb qum sbagd  dsd mn gbkusim hm drm.
Gudehb sm dpgd n dlmem ms ikpbrdem iemedr guir bhds
nds ärmds megmehhds, d ae hm mkedr b kieikzdr d gdeihdh
hm pmqumôds rdss qum pbhrde smr ued pbmegid mem hm
rmileg÷e. M dlmetm me s timem ue msgsb mgb hm mead
kmeb  hmh d sus gdrdgmrsigds hm rmgurikimeb hm
supmragms, eb puhm pmemrdr hmdob hm nd supmragm megme
hihd. Zbr msm kbivb, d mxiegi÷e hm amlbs hm smedkimeb
prbaehb pbhr b nblrdrsm d kmebs qum mn dlmem sm hmsgdr
lum pbr hmdob m d supmrgim b m kdmrd smd hivhhb 
mspdrgihb
4:-==
dlmems pbvs smgbs mspmgidnizdhbs msäe hspbenms pdrd usb
me mn gbkd hm ipbs mspmgagbs hm amlbs hm kmdms Gbe nd
bqund bdkmem dimrd bs kbhmnbs pbrtänms kdeudms
meme ue dngegm hm 1 pms d 6 pms (.6 k d 0.8 k). M kébhb
hm dpigdg÷e hm dlmem hmpmehm hmn pb hm kmd hm nd g
hdh qum msé drhmehb  hm su arkd asgd Me m gdsb hm ue
mlb hm k dd mkpmrdurd, d hmsgdrld ieigidn hmmrd
eigidrsm d ue dgdegm käxikb gbe d bquinnd bdkmem
dimrd. ]ed mz gbesmluihb
gbesmluihb mn gbetrb, nd vänvund hm nd bquinnd
hmmrëd smr prgdkmem gmrdhd pdrd lmemrdr ue nb sudvm 
pmsdhb qum mrkid nblrdr ued gbmrurd gbkpmtd hm kdemrd
smlurd d ue gbrd hisdegid. d bqunnd msä hismôdhd hm
kdemrd qum  bpmrdhbr pumhd dgmnmrdr b rmhugir nd vmbghdh
 amrzd hm n hmsgdrld hm dlmem. Hdhb qum nbs iegmehibs hm
kmdms gbkusims pumhme lmemrdr gbehigibems gbkpmds 
hiaginms me  gbkdm hm iegmehibs, sm dgbesmod sbnigidr d
arigdem erkdg÷e pbrkmebrizdhd sbrm m usb hmn mqupb.
Sm AilurH.81.n(d) y AilurH.1.n(`.O
Zdndegd hm
pmrabrdg÷e
Zdrd usb me iegehibs hm lrdsds hm gbgg÷e, sm rmgbkmehde
sbndkmem mxietbms gbe gmragdgibems hm Gndsm C.
H81
Hm tipb pdrd
hm pbnvb
mgb gndsm
MstbsH mxebrms
 dlmems
msä prmvisbs
usb me amlbs
 kmnms mspmggbs
dpigdehb égegd mspmgidnms  nds rmgbkmehdgbems hmn r
gdem pdrd su usb M dlmem mxiebr pumhm smr dpnigdhb hmshm
ue mxebr b kmdem ued pdnd b pdnd gugdr÷e. Nd égeigd
hm dpnigdr m dlmetm n egmehib vdrd smlÿe m ipb  arkdb
hm dlmem  hm m  gbkusnm. Nd dpgdgi÷e hm dlmem
hmmrd smr hm ue prbaehhdh sugimem gbkb pdrd gurr mn
ärmd hm amlb dhgudhdkmem  lmemrdr ued gdpd hm sbagd
kmeb Zumhme mr emgmsdids dpigdgbems dhgbems pdrd
gurr gudnquimr ueb gdehmem qum pbhr  hmsdrrbnndrsm. Mn
kdmrd hmmrd mdrsm ednmrdhb fsd qum nd kdsd sm dd
me idhb dems hm emedr mnikedrb. Hmmrde bkdrsm rmgdu
hbs pdrd mt d hispmrsi÷e hmn kdmridn megmehihb. bs
amlbs me kmtdnms gbkusnms edkmem hivihhbs b gfddd
hm dnmdgbems hm kmdn ÿkmhd, urgms hm kdquiedrds
kbdhbs gbe dlud b sbums me dld, b sbrm supmrgims kb
hds gbe dlud ms prbdnm qum drhde hm kdemrd räpihd 
vbmd Zumhme iegnusb smr hm ued edurdmzd mxpnbsvd.
Zumhme lmemrdr eb gdbr qum kpihd dgmrgdrsm b suagimem
pdrd ued dprbpidd dpngdgi÷e hmn kmhib mxietbr Hbehm m
kmd megmehhb msä sbrm ued supmrgim gbkustinm mn
amlb hmmrd sm gumb gbe pbvb smgb, pbstmribrkmem
hmmrd mspdrgrs ued gdpd hm pbnvb hm 4 punl. b 0 punl.
(0=.8 kk b = k) me nds gmrgdeds  m kmdn megmehhb gbb
gdhb gbe pdnd me sd gdpd, gbe mn dlrmldhb hm käs pbnvb smgb
smlÿe smd emgmsdri.
Gdtgfb
hm lds
d
r
H814 Mxtietbr hm pbnvb mgb bs mxtiebrms hm pbnvbs smgbs
msäe hispbeims e ue kbhmnb pbrätin kdeud bpmrdhb pbr
gdrugfb hm 7:  (48 cl)  me kbhmnbs rbhdems bpmrdhbs pbr
giniehrb hm 4=:   7=: n (16 cl  =9 cl). Nbs mxtetbrms hm
pbnvbs smgbs hm pms÷e dnkdgmedhd gbe ue dpigdhbr hm vdrd
hm mxmesi÷e mstä hspbems me ue kbhmb hm 7:  (48 cl).
M dlmem mxeb msä gbkpumsb pbr gnburb hm sbhib gbe
dhivbs qum nm prkitme ue rm nuhb pdrd prbvbgdr qum
arkm ued grbsd brm mn amlb Wm dlrmld ue kdmrd tmrkb
pnäsgb pdrd ueir nds pdguds hm gnbrurb hm sbhb me ued
kdsd s÷hd gudeb sm dpnigd me kmnms megmehihbs. Btrbs
AL]PM H1n(d)
gdrtugfb
Kde÷kmtrb
Mxetbr hm pbnvb mgb bpmrdhb pbr
Zdndegd
hm hmsgdrld
deiod
pdd dsndhb
Dpnigdhb
hm vdrd
Zbnvb smgb
@bquinnd
AL]PM H1n(` ietbr hm pbnvb mgb hm prmi÷e dnk
dnkddgmedhd gbe dpnigdhbr hm vdr d
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-=1
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
H8.10 Zbnvb smgb d lrdemn D lrmn, bs dlmetms mxtietbrms
pbnvb smgb mstäe hispb`nms me gu`mtds hm 8: ` y =: ` (46 cl
y 07 l) y me tdk`bms
tdk` bms hm 7=: ` ( =
=9
9 cl)
cl).. Dhmkä s hm dlmetm d
`dsm hm gnbrub hm shib, tdk`iée mstä hispbei`m ue pbnvb
smgb hmebkedhb -. Mstm kdtmrd gbesstm me ue ldtb
ldeudhb, hm ldhb, dn qum sm nm dlrmlde gbkpumstbs qum
gbetmeme srb, b um kmobd su mgdgid pdd nd mxtiegi÷e
hm mlbs. Kime¼ds qu m gnbub hm sbhb pumhm usdrsm me ue
mxtetb hm pbnvb smg b pumhm smr dpigdhb gbe pdd b pdd
gugfdre kdeud, m lmetm L- tmem qum smr dpgdhb me m
mlb gbe d kdeb udehb m - sm dpnigd d ue lb hm
kmtdn, mn gdb hm mb dgm qum nbs gbkpbemetms hm srb
lmemrme vdpbms qum kde ued gdpd sb`m m mlb y mvitde
qum m dim mlum d ktdn megmehihb. M ldtb, d smr ue `ume
gbehugtb hmn gdb, mëd mn kmtd dstd pb hm`dob hmn puetb
hm legi÷e. Gdhd dlmtm mxtietbr mstä nistdhb pdrd usb me bs
mlbs hm kmtdnms gb`usti`nms mspmgëgbs pdd nbs qum d
hmkbstrdhb
hmkbstrd
hb sm dgmpt dnm, smlÿe nb
n b hmtmkiedhb pb evmstild
gbems iehivhudms. Ms ierkdg÷eouetb
rkdg÷eouetb gbe ds niktdgibem
niktdgibemss
hm kétbhb hm dpgdg÷e rmgbkmehdhb, sm hmsgi`m me m
gbetmemhbr hm dlmetm Ms kpbtdetm tmem me gumetd qum bs
dlmetms mxtetbms pbbs smgbs eb hm`mrëde gbeehism gbe
bs dlmetms mxtetbms uëkigbs smgbs. (Qmr H.8.=)
H8< Mxtietbr hm quëkigbs nëquihb Nbs mxtietbrms hm mstm
tpb mstäe hispbei`ms me kbhmnbs pbtätms
pb tätms kdeudnms hm  »
ldn (1 N) y 0 ldn (9.81 N). Mn dlmem mxtietbr pumhm mstdr
gbkpumstb pbr, duequ eb hm kdemd niktdhd, sbugbems hm
dld y dgmtdtb hm pbtdsb, gdr`bedtb hm pbtdsb, gitdtb hm pbtd
sib b ued gbk`edgi÷ hm mstbs pbhugtbs
p bhugtbs quëkigbs (qum sbe
gbehugtbms hm nd mgtigihdh). Mn dlmetm ëquihb lmemrdn
kmetm timem ue pF m 9: b kmebs. Me mlbs gndsm D, m
dlmetm dgtÿd gbkb ue mlmrdetm. Me mlbs gndsm C (mlbs
hm dgmitms hm gbggi÷e), mn dlmetm rkd ued dpd hm mspukd
qum mvtd nd rmileg÷e. M gbetmeihb hm dlud hm dlmetm gbeti
`uym me mn meidkmet y me nd mhugi÷e hm nd tmkpmdtud hm
ds ldsds y dgmitms gdnietms pb hm`dob hm su puetb hm dutbl
eg÷e. M dlmetm, gudehb sm hmsgdrld gbkb ued ed punvmizd
g÷e hmgtdkmetm m bs dpdrdtbs hm gbgied, rmhugm d
pbs`ihdh hm sdnpgduds hm lrdsd gdnimetm y eb prmsmetd ue
imslb hm hmsgdrld pd mn bpmdhbr.
Me nbs ÿtkbs dôs, m hmsdrbb hm mqupdkmetbs hm
gbgg÷e hm dtd mgmeid, gbe dntds tdsds hm metrdhd hm memrlëd
y m usb lmemrdnizdhb m dgmtms vmlmtdms gbe dntds tmkpmrdtu
tmkpmrdtu
ds hm dutbileg÷e  rmkdrgdhb nd emgmshdh hm ue eumvb
mxtetb hm gndsm   mxtetbr hm quëkigb nëquhb aum m
pikm mxtetb gdghb pdrd bs rmqusitbs hm nd eumvd gdsm

Dhmkäs hm bmgmr ed äpihd mxeg÷e hm mlb, sm kd
ued mspmsd gdpd hm msukd pdrd mvitdr d mileg÷e kme¼ds
sm med tdetb m dpddtb gbkb mn dgmtm hm gbggi÷e gdnimetm
Nbs mxtietbrms hm quëkgb ëquhb tdk`ée brmgme ued vis`ni
hdh kmbdhd hudetm m gbk`dtm hm mlb, y dhmkäs keki
zde d kpimzd
kpi mzd pbstmir. ¾ Al H8. <.)
Me 0:6
Zdndegd
hm hmsgdrld
Kdeiod
pdd rdsndhb
Kde÷kmtrb
"-X`b
gbetrd
sb`rmmedb
Wbng÷e
@bquinnd
4u`b sa÷e
AL]PM H8. <
Mxtietbr hm prbhugtbs quëkigbs fÿkmhbs
H8.6 Mxtietbr hm dlud em`unizdhd Nbs mxtetbrms hm mstm tipb
mstäe hispbe`nms me tdôbs hm 0.= ld (9.= N) y .<= ldn
(1.1 N). Xmeme gmrtigdgibems hm 0-?G. M dlmetm sm niktd d
dlud hmstndhd, qm sm hmsgdld me kd hm ued ed punvmrizd
gi÷e.
Dhmkäs
hm sdsm
gbkb sm
ueusde
mxtietbr
hmbs
dlud
mlund bs
mxtietbms
hm dlu
em`unzdhd
hbehm
gbetdkedetms
hm ds metms hm dlud eb mlundh pumhme gdusdr ue hdôb
mxgmsvb dn pmsbdn b d nbs mquipbs Metm ds dpigdgbems tëpi
gds sm eguyme sdnds hm bpmrdgbems, kusmbs y gbmggibems hm
`bs. ¾ A 8.6.)
Kde÷mb
dndegd
hm hmsgdrld
Kdeid
pdrd trdsndhb
X`b gberd
-sb`rmnnmedhb
D tn

Qdrd
hm 
dpgdhbr
.Xu`b s÷e
@bquinnd pdd
em`zdgi÷e 
AL]PM H8.6
Mxtietbr hm ud em`unizdhd
4:-=<
DEMVB M
Demxb M Histri`ugi÷e
stm demxb eb ad pd
pd hm nb uitb hm tm hbgketb hm EAZD,
mrb m ignuy ÿeigdmm gbe r÷b iektvb.
M.n Histri`ugi÷e hm mxtietbrms.
M.nn Nbs mxtietbrms pbtäms sm utizde gbe kdybr mgdgd
gudehb mstäe aäginmetm hspbe`nms me ued gdehdh sugmetm
y gbe ued gdpdgdh mxtietbrd dhmgudhd pdd smr usdhbs pbr
p q é kh   k
M.40 Me mkmrlmegis hm mlbs hbehm sm hmpmehm hm bs
mxebms, lmemrdkmem dnlume mem qum trdsdhdrsm hmshm m
uldr hm mlb pd b`tmem mn hispbsvb y numlb rmlmsd d
mlb detms hm gkmed gbe nds bpmdgbems hm mxtiegi÷e
Mstb nmvd timkp sukdehb d gdetihdh hm smluehbs qum
hmkdehd d hstdgid hm rmgbihb qum gbmvd d b`tmegi÷e
hmn mxteb y su pmstd me egibedkmetb
M.47 D vmgms bs mxtietbrms sm kdetimeme me nds gmrgdeës hm
kdemrd hm`mdh (gbkb sugmhm me nds bpmrdgbems hm sbnhd
hud)3 sie mk`drlb hdhb qum detm mn hmsmegdhmedkimetb hm
ue mlb lmemdmetm eb pumhm pmoulrsm su u`gdg÷e bs
mxbms sbe ge kdybr rmgumegd u`igdhbs msrdtligd
kmetm me tbhds ds ärms
M48 d hsdeg hm rmgbrhb ms d hstdegid mdn qum mn usud
ib hmn mxeb tmehä qum rmgbrm Gbesmgumemkmetm d
hstdegid
hm rmgb4Xihb
sm vmrä pinds
mgtdhd
pb td`qums
u`gdgi÷e
hm
vdebs hm
pumrds pdsinnbs
hm kdmrdms
dnkdgmedhbs
kdqueis mtg
M0 Hspbsigi÷e m ue miagib d mmgvd gbnbgdgi÷e hm bs
mxetbms pumhm mbrdrsm kmhdtm ued mvdudg÷e sigd hm
ärmd qum sm vd d prbtmlm Me lmemrdn nds u`gdgibems mmlihds
hm`mrëde tmem nds si lmems gdrdgtm
gdrdgtmëstgds?
ëstgds?
() me
memr
mr ue
uedd hs
hs¼`
¼`ugi
ugi÷e
÷e ue
uerkm
rkm
(0) Wmr hm gin dggmsi`hdh
(7) Mstd
Mstdrr ni`rms m `bqumbs pbr dnkdgmedkmetb b mquipbs
b dk
dk`b
`bss
(8) Mstdr gmrg
gmrgdd hm nds vëds hm
hm rmgbr
rmgbrihb
ihb ebkdnms
ebkdn ms
(=) Mstdr gmgd hm nds pumds hm medhd y sdhd
(1) Mstdr mxmed hm pbmegidms hdôbs sgbs
(<)) Wm
(<
Wmrr gd
gddk
dkm
mtm
tm vis
vis`nm
`nmss
(6) Mstdr mstd`mihds me egi÷e hm gdhd psb
mqusitbs hm d d`d 10 tdk`ie mspmgigde qum nd hstde
gd hm mgbihb (hstdegd hm tsdhb mdn) hmshm gunqumr
puetb fdstd  mxtietbr käs gmrgdeb eb hm`m mxgmhm hm <=
pms (009 k) Ms emgmsdrib smmggbed mxetbrms qum gukpnde
ttb gbe mn rmqusitb hmn gängunb gbkb gbe nbs mquistbs hm
hstdegd hm mgbrihb pdrd ued gnsm hm bgupdg÷e me pdtigu
dr
M78 Wi m ämd hm pisb hm ue mhigib eb msä b`suihd y ms hm

k

 meh
h <se
pqum

k) 
pbs`m
gbbgd
ue mxtetb
m gmetrb
sm mxgmhd
d
hstdegd hm mgbrihb hm <= pims (009 k) Me msm gdsb d ue
ärmd hm <<: pims 188 k) sm nm pbhrëd dsled ue mxtietbr
hm ued gmtgdgi÷e D dhmgudhd pbr momkpb ued bgupdgi÷e
hm imslb lb pbhëd prbmlmrsm gbe ue mxetb gbe gmti
gdgi÷e 1- (  7::: pms ) Wie mk`drlb hm`hb d qum bs
mhigibs lmerdnkmem meme ue kdtb mgtdel d m ämd
gudhrdhd hm kdyb dkdôb qum pumhm rkdrsm se qum dyd
eelÿe pue d käs hm <= pms 009 k) hm gmetb ms hm
0=: pms :8= k ) qum ms mn ämd hm ue gudhdhb qum sm
esgri`m hmetb hm ue gëgunb hm ue rdhib hm <=  (009 k)
(Qr l M78)
M78)
S4:1 pims (70 k)<
(<=00.pi9 mks :1 pms
X
MVXIE.
MVE
  
,,  
RRR RR     RR
:1 pims (70 k
N
I
AL]PM M78
M7 8 Mxtietbrms gbnbgdbs d ued istdegid m :1
pms (70 k) drd gukpnir gbe d isgid m rmgbrrib m <=
pms 009
00 9 k) y ärmd
ärmd m pisb käxikd
käxikd m 4 4,0=: pims0 4:8= k0)
pbr mxietbr
M7 Histri`ugi÷e hm mxtietbrms m Gndsm D
M74 d d`nd 1.0 hmsg`m bs gitmribs pdd nbs mlbs
gdsm hm Gndsm D hm dgumhb gbe m mslb me nd bgupdg÷e Me
hmtmkiedhbs gdss smlÿe ue deäsis hm d prbtmggi÷e gberd
egmehib hm äm imslbs hm pbgmsbs b gbeludgbems hm
mhigibs mspmgëgs pumhme mqumirsm mxebms gbe gmrtgd
gbems käs dntds Mnb eb sleiigd sie mk`dlb qum pumhde
mxgmhmrsm ds hstdegs hm mgbrrhb käxkds mgbkmehdhds
M.70 Hbehm mn md hm pisb hm ue mhgb ms kmeb hm
7::: pims (0<9 ) hm`mrëd pbvmmsm dn kmebs ue mxtietbr
hmn dôb këekb rmgbkmehdhb
M7= Mn ärmd qum pumhm sm pbtmlihd pbr ue mxtiebr gbe
ued gmrtgd÷e D hmtmkiedhd sm kumsd me nd d`d M7=
Msbs bms sm hmmrkede kuipigdehb mn md hm psb
käxikd pbr ehdh hm D smlÿe sm kumstrd me d d`d 10
pb s hvmds gmtgdgbems D fdsd qum sm mxgmhd ue nbr
hm 0=: pms :8= k )
M77 Mn prikmr dsb pdrd mn gängunb hm nds emgmsihdhms hm
mxetbms gndsm D ms hmtmkiedr nd gndsm hm bgupdg÷e dpb
pdhd (hm
(hm imslb lmb brhiedrb b mxrd) Wmlÿe d gmrtgd
g÷e eukrigd hm gndsm D hmn mxtebr pumhm hmtmkiedsm m
ärmd käxikd qum prbtmlmä Zb mmkpb gdhd mxtietbr gbe
ued gmtgdgi÷ hm 0- prbmlmä ue ämd hm
7::: pms (0<9 k0) me ued bgupdgi÷e hm rmslb bhiedrib y hm
1::: pms (==<  ) me ued bgupdgi÷e hm imslb nilmrb bs
Mhg÷e 6
MVXIEXBPMW
XBPMWZBPXÄXINMWGBEXP
G BEXPEGMEHIBW
4:-=6
Xnd M.7.= Ärmd käxkd me pims gudhrdhbs d smr prbtmlihd
pbr gdhd mxtietb.
Gmrtiagdgi÷e hm
Bgupdgi÷e Bgupdgi÷e
Gndsm D mfii
mfiihd
hd me mn hm rimslb
hm rimslb
mxtietbr
nilmrb
biedrb
4-D
0-D
1,:::
9,:::
440=:
440=:
440=:
440=:
440=:
440=:
7- D
D
1-D
:
0:-
7:-
8:-
7:::
8=::
1:::
9:::
0=:
0=:
0=:
0=:
ZdrEbtdd?u,hdhms=: piWIs 4spgbesm ; :.h:r909d knët prägtgb
0
Bgupdgi÷e
hm rimlb
mxtrd
pn ?
:::
1,:::
::::
0=:
0=:
0=:
SM.7.9[
1<4==::: pmss ¡Mxbrms 8-D-Dpdrd bgpdgb s h  slb v  
Mtebrs  pdrd bgpdgbes h rislb td
db
brhidb
h sl
slb brhi
dgbe
bess h
bgupdg
pdrdd bgup
brmss 4 B-D pdr
Mxttbrm
R.', ; 1 Mx

.
0
M.7.1 Nd gdeihdh hm xtietbrms pdrd mhigibs hm :::: pms
M.7.9 Mn Mmp 4 hmms¼d d u`igdg÷e me nbs nëitms hmn
ämd hm prbtmggi÷e äxid S40=: pms 0 (4:8= 0 ) pmriti
hbs me nd d`nd 1...4 pdd gdhd gdsm h m bgupdg÷e.
bgupdg÷e. Nd i estdnd
estdnd
gi÷e hm mxtietbm gbe gmrtgdgibems äs dtds eb gd`drä d
gdetihdh gdngundh hm mxtietbms hm`hb d qum bs gngunbs sm
`dsde me mn nëtm hm ämd hm pbtmgg÷e äxid hm
40=: pms 0 ([ : 0 pdrd bs mxtetbrms gbe gmtigdgibems
äs dntds.
0
M.74: Nd u`igdgi÷e hm nd gdethdh gdgudhd hm smis mxtiet
rms, d nb drlb h bs mxtmrbms gbb sm mstd me d
Alurd M.7.: eb smrd dgmptd`nm hm`ihb d qm gndrdmetm sm
eelm nd mld hm nd histdegd hm rmgbrihb. Nds ämds
sb`rmdhds ehde "vdgëbs qum mstäe d äs hm = pims
(00.9 ) hm mxtitbr äs gmgdeb Nbs puetbs rmprmsmetde d
nbs mxtetbrms.
d =::::: pims0 (909 k0 d 1,=0  0) sm iehigd me nd Xd`d
M.7.1. Nd td`d sm md`r÷ `dsäehbsm me nbs ggubs rmqumrhbs
me 1.0..04. Zmhme htmriedrsm gdetihdhms mxdgtds mhtm
d etmpbdg÷e me¼m abs tddôbs hm pisbs qum sm umstde me
d td`d b dpigdehb m kétbhb hm gängnb hm 10.0.4.
M.7.< Me nd Xd`nd M.7. sm hvhme ds gdethdhms hm mxtietbms
pbr psb. Nds gdethdhms hm mxtietbms hm`me hmtmriedsm pdd
gdhd eb hm nbs pisbs y eb hm`mrëd mpnmdrsm d d`d M.7.1
pdrd hmtmredr ds gdethdhms hm mxtetbrms `dsäehbsm me bs
pms gudhrdhbs tbtdms hm tbhbs nbs pisbs hm mhgibs hm ÿnti
pms pndetds. Nd d`d M.7.< hmsgi`m ued gbpdrdg÷e hm nds
gdetihdhms
hm
mxtietbrms
pdd
hbs
mhgbs
hm
9:::: pm0(671 0 ).
M
Q
G
¼d
b
n
AL]PM M.7.4: Pmprmsmetdgi÷e msqumkätigd hm mxtietbrms
uigdhbs d nb ndb hm nbs kurbs mxtmribrms hm ue mhiagib hm
8=: pims  4=: pims (47<.0 k  8=.< k).
X`nd M.7. < Gbkpdrdg÷e hm
h m mxtetbrms pdrd mhigibs hm ued
ÿegd pndetd vs. mhigis hm kÿntipnms pndetds.
Xpb hm
mb
ded
egd
Xms
pdeds
M.7.  mmp  msd qm bs äbs qm dpnd bs
Ärmd hm
b`mru
9:,::: pm0
7:::: pm0
  p
0- Nilmrb 7Nilmrb 8DNilmrb
4=
=(=
=
(=
V
7)
:
6
0(7)
9(7  7)
M.7.6 Nbs slimetms mompbs hm histr`gi÷e inustrde nd gdeti
hdh y gbnbgdgi÷e hm mxtietbms hm dgumhb gbe mn tipb hm
bgupdg÷e y nd gmrggi÷e Mn bhmb hm mhgib ms ue mhi
gb hm =: pms =:
=: pms(=.<
pms(=.<  47<.0
47<.0 ) y tmem e ämd hm
0
0
psb hm 1<=:: pims (0<4  ). W `me sm mstrd ueb hm bs
étbhbs hm gbnbgdgi÷ hm mxtietbms pbhrëde fd`msm usdhb
hvmrsds btds `igdgibms gbe rmsntdhbs gbpdd`ms.
ëtms hmn äm hm pbtmggbe dxd 40=: pims0
(:=  0)[ pmrthbs me d Xd`nd 1.0.4.4 pdd m bhmnb hm
mhigib eb hdäe
hdäe gbb rmsntdhb mxtetbrms sgimetms gbb
pd td`ée sdtsgm m rmqistb hm d histdegid hm mgbrhb.
Nbs gängubs dhgbednms qum mpnmde mxtietbms gbe gmtigd
gibems äs `dds däe gbb rmsntdhb ed dyb gdetihdh hm
mxtiebrms. Mn b`mtivb hm nbs gängunbs dhgbednms ms md`bd
ued sbgi÷e mgb÷igd qum sdtisld d gdethdh gdngndhd hm
mxtietbrms mqmihbs imeds sm gpnm gbe m rmquistb hm d
hstdegd hm rmgbrihb.
M.7.40 M mmpn 0 sm dpgd d mxtetbrms gbe ds gmtigdgb
ems ëeds pmitihds me nd Xd`nd 1.0.4. gbe ss ärm hm
prbtmgg÷e eds gbrrmspbehimetms. D mhihd qum dmetd
d gdethdh hm mxtetbrms gbe gmrtigdgbems äs `ds gpni
gbe m rmqistb m nd histdegid hm rmgbrrihb lmemrdmetm sm
tbd mebs p`mätigb. Gbb sm umstrd me d Alud
M.740 nd gbbgdg÷e hm 40 mxtiebrms betdhbs me ds gbu
eds hmn mhgb stsëd tdetb d gdetihdh hm mxtietbms gdng
dhd pdrd ued bgpdg÷e
bgpdg÷e hm mslb nilmb y dhmäs gpnird
g pnird
gbe mn rmquistb h d histdegid hm mgbihb.
Mhigi÷e 0:46
4=9
DEMVB M
X`nd M.71 Gdetihd m mxtietbrms pdrd
pdrd rimslbs m Gndsm D
Är (s0)



8


<
6


0
1::
Psl lr
Dykäs
7
t
:::
,0:


8
7

Psl rer
8
7D
8::

<
=
0
7:::
Psl xtr

1:::
1
:::
:-y
käs nt
,0:






=
8


8

<
<
6






8


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k dhkmeb
bedn, gbesihm himr
qum÷emn Ärmd
D gbe
meemqumue
pmqumôb
k
prmsi
y
hupn
g
dg
÷
mkpdmued quimslbhbsbhi
iadekd`n
mhms. Wmgndsmgbes@hHm`më
md qumd mspmgi
mstd rmdagdsmmpmue
smet
di
b
mxtetbr :@?G b :@?G pdd prbtmlmr mstd ämd.
nds dntmdtids, dygbesi
Zrikhmrb,
pbhrëd
pWbedfbd
 hbs
 hhmrdrhh
bhm
brmmkp
0:quët@meld
?G.dkzdhbWmlueh,
gued
bs pbsmgsguebhi
mnamxtgmx
eidie÷ebrtbbs,hmhmhmgbedquëdkmebs
uedkdghmngmrtb smgb
puet
Dag?dg:kub÷0G.etpbhë
ihmpbp÷s
4d@Gsmtbd
qum

dgi
0
m`mrë
u`pimsgdsm(009tmk)eimeh
med pbtgumetmggd ÷ed 0hiDstdyegid dhishmtdegmgbi
hmgbrr
b hm h<=b
pdr
d
hm
hmgi÷7:e gnpidsmms @b =:qumpmstsm(9.mxt kietbbr4=.prbvmm
0= k) rmqumrihd pdrd d prbtmg
prbvmm
dkdôbs
D gbeiy u`ieudg
eudgdgig÷eemssm hmsgri
kédprbp
tbhbdpdd
hm mxt`iemtbuermskét
hbs? nd smnmggi÷e÷e hm
(4) nGnldmb,siagdbrhmedi
ärmbdbqummxdhmd smrdgumr
ärmd
prbtml
prbt
mlgbehd=.8.4.
gbkb hm imslbslb
e
di
dgumrhb
hb
(0) Hmthbehmmkinbesdmtbsepitbmmss gdhdhbs
e d sm ietbsddnnmdshbshmn(ärmd
äprmdsb hmnhm pimhsb).agb
l
M.7.41 Wmmggi÷e
gbbgdgi÷e hm mxtietbrms pdrd rimslbs gdsm
Mhigi÷e 0:46
4:-14
DEMVB M
(7) Hihr mn äd hm psb pbr m ärmd kdxued qm vd d sm
pbtmlhd pr mxtitb hm dgmhb gb nb mspmgiigdhb m
nd Xd`nd M.7.. Mstb fd`4dnkmtm sm fdgm pdrd gdhd ämd
käxkd pbr mxtb pdd nd gsiigdg÷ hm mslb smmg
gibdhd.
(8) Mkpnmdhb  ms`bzb hmn pisb m m qm sm kmstm bs
krbs, td`qms y kb`inidibs hmtmrkid d kmbr gdi
hdh hm mxtibms qm gkpniä gb d rmlnd hm nd hisd
gid hm mgbhb hm <= pms (00.9 k).
() Wmmggb
Wmmggbd
d d gdthdh
gdthdh hm mxttbm
mxttbmss hmtmrk
hmtmrkdhd
dhd hm
dgmhb gb M.7.1(7) qm msté käs pr÷xkd d, pmb qm
b smd kmr hm d gdtihdh hmtmkidhd hm dgmrhb
gb M7.1() (Ebtd? mstb hgd nd gdhdh këikd hm
mxtitbms y nd gmgdgi÷ hm msbs mxtbrms pdd msm
pisb hmn mhiigb.)
(1) Dostd d gdthdh y/b gmtgdgi÷ pdd dhdptdrsm d d
hispbsg÷ mstdtéligd m mn mhgb?
(d) Nds `igdg
`igdgbms
bms dnm
dnmss hm
hm nbs
nbs mxtit
mxtitbrms
brms pmhm
smnmggidsm `dshbsm m nd hspbsigi÷ mstdté
ligd hmtmkdhd hm dgmrhb gb nd mggi÷ M.0 y
gb d gtihdh tbtd y gmtigdg÷ hmtmidhs
m M.7.1(=).
(`) Hbhm nd gdth
gdthdh
dh hm
hm mxtitb
mxtitbms
ms qm
qm sb
sb mgmsb
mgmsbss
pdd sdtisgmr nd hspbsgi÷ mstdtéligd hm d
mgg÷ M.0 gbgmrhd gb d gdthdh kdyb
hmtmrkidhd m M.7.1(7), pmhm fdgmsm dostms
m d gmgdgi÷ hm nbs mxtitbms pdrd dhdptdsm d
msd gdtihdh.
M.8 Hstri `u÷e hm mxtetbrms ndsm @.
Nbs mslbs gndsm @ brkdms sm hivhm m hbs gdtmlb
rëds lmmdnms hmms gb mspmgtb d bs rmqistbs pdd
mxbrms. ]d ghg÷ sm hd hbhm m mlb b ivbngd
ëqihbs indkd`ns hm pbhhdh dpmgid`m gbkb gbk`s
t`m hmdkdhb b`m d spmgim d`mtd,  mlb qm
vbngd vdpbms qm mkd hm  gbtmmhb b sismkd hm
t`mrëds b  mlb gbtib prbmimm hm  gbmmhb
rbtb.
M.84
M80 Nd btrd gbhig÷ sm hd hbhm m mlb ivbgd ëqi
hbs dkd`ms h prbhhdh dpmgid`nm Shmihd gbkb d
prbhihdh hm nqihb hm käs hm ¾ pnl. (1.7 kk), tdnms
gbkb nbs mlbs m tdqms d`imrtbs hm nëqhbs dkd`nms
gbkÿkmm b`svdhbs m pdtds ihsidms (pb mkpb
tdqms hm ikmi÷ qm sm sd pdrd prbgmsbs hm mg`ri
kimtb, dgd`dhb, trddkmtb b skindms)
M sitdgibms hbhm bs nëqhbs dkd`ms b mstä
m d prbhidh
hidh dpmgid`nm nbs mxtitbms hm`mrëd sm
prbvstbs hm dgmhb gb nb mspmgigdhb m d Xd`d 1.7...
]d vmz hmtmrkihb m ipb hm mslb, m mxttb gndsm @ smmg
gbdhb hm`mrëd mmr d gmtigdg÷ iln b kdyb qm
dqmnd mspmgigdd y mstdr `gdhb hm kdmd qm b sm
mxgmhd nd hstdg hm mgbrihb käxikd.
M.87
Nd d÷ pr nd qm nd histdgid hm mgbhb kdxed
`sigd pdd mxitrms gdsm @ ms hm =: pms (=0= k) m bpbsi
g÷ d nd hstdgid hm <= pms (00.9 k) pdrd mxbrms gdsm D,
ms qm nbs mlbs hm ëqhbs indkd`ms dngdzd s imsi
hdh käxkd gdsi ikmhdtdkmtm. Ms kpmrdvb qm m mxti
br smd mvdhb dn mlb m  mkpb kgfb ks gbrtb qm m
pmethb pdrd  mlb gdsm D, qm ms hm hmsdrbnnb käs
mb.
M8= Dÿ gdh m nd Xd`nd 1.7 sm mspmgigd ds histd
gs hm rmgbrrihb kxkds pdd d gbnbgdgi÷ hm mxtitbms
M.88
gdsm @, hm`rëd dpigdrsm  grmb dbd`m dn mgtivd
kmtm mstd`gmrds. M mxttbr pmhm smr gbnbgdhb käs gmrgd
hmn rmslb qm prbtmlm, fdstd  ptb hbhm m mxtitb
kskb pbhrd vmrsm ivbngdhb m m mlb b m dggmsb dn
mxitbr sm vm higntdhb hm`hb d ds dkds, d gdb b dn
fkb.
Hbh bhd d sdd b ärmd sm gbsihmd qm rmprmsmd
 rmslb gdm @ (td gbkb  tdnnm hm mpdrdg÷ hm dtbk÷
M8.1
)
 kdmrd


 
 
l
dms hm
qm
d hisdgid
hm -dsndhb
käxkd hmshm
gdnqmr ptb fstd m mxttbr käs gmgdb b mxgmhd nds
hstdgds hm mgbihb mspmgigdhs m d d`d 17... Zmhm
istddrsm  mxtbr pdrd pbvmm prbtmgg÷ gb-d hivmrsbs
rimslbs simkm y gdhb b sm mxgmhd ds hstdgids hm mg
rihb.
Zdd mlbs hm nëqihbs indkd`nms hm pbhhdh dpmgid
`m, sm pbvm  mxttb gndsm @ `dsähbsm m hbs ihdhms
kégds hm pbtmgd hm mxtb gndsm @ pbr  pim0
(:.:909 k) m spmrgim hm nëqhb idkd`m pdd mn dqm
hm kdyb tddôb sitdhb hm¼b hm ärmd. s rmqistbs hm d
hstdgd hm mgbihb hm nd Xd`nd 1.7. hm`më dk`é
dpgdsm pd nbgdnzd mxtibms pdd prbtmgg÷ gbrd rms
lbs ptdm3 s mk`rlb mn tipb hm mslb y nd hspbi`iihdh
hmn mxttbr m`mëd smr kgbsdkmtm mvndhbs.
Hbh sm stdm sstmkds hm mxtig÷ gndsm @ bs,
pmhm mdsm d nd hispbsgi÷ hm mxtitbms pbtätinms pdrd
msm ÿigb imlb, pmb b pdd nd msgrd i pdrd bbs rms
lbs mspmgdms i pdd mn msb hm nbs gbtmhbs D vmgms 
tdqm mgmhhb pmhm hmvd m qm dhd hmdkms hm
ëqihbs qm mstä mrd hm dlb hm bs mqpbs bs b mn
mlb pbhëd blidrsm m nds dhydgmgds dn tdqm y b m s
gbtmihb nëhb. Zb gbsilimtm ms dgbsmod`m gbtd gb
mxitbrms pbtätnms hspb`nms, dÿ gdhb nbs rimslbs hm mstm
tipb msté prtmlihbs gb sismkds mxtitbms bs
M8. <
M= Hstri`uge m mxtet brms ndsm
ndsm G
Zdd pbmlm d nbs bpmdhbms hm nbs mxtitbms m sitd
gbms hbhm pbhëd mgbrdrsm gb mqipbs még-gbs mmr
lizdhbs sm mmm mxbrms gb gmtigdgibms gdsm G.
M=4
Gdb m gbd d mmëd q4m dkmd d pmzd hm
 mqpb mgigb, m þmlb gdk`id hm gdägtm d b hm gdsm
M=
D,
gndsm
d  mlb gbk`idhb
D y @, smlÿ
dt
mzd
hm @
bsb gkpbmtms
mnéggbsgdsm
mgmhihbs
y hm d
gdnqim
kdtmidn mghihb
mghihb m ds prbxkhdhms ikmhdtds.
Hmsmlzd bs mqipbs méggbs mkid nd pbsi`ni
hdh hm msls hm hmsgdlds n bpmdhb hm mxtitb si dggi
hmtdkmtm tbkd gbtdgb sgb gb m mqipb b s mn
bpmdhbr nmd gdqim pdm gbhgtbd hm  mxtitb
hmtrb hm d histdgd hm abrkdg÷ hm drgb. M gbrm hm d
mmlëd tdk`ié mnkd d pbs`ihdh hm qm ds gbimms hm
nnd pbblm mn mlb b smd d mtm hm rmlig÷. bs
itmpbrms b ptbms hm gigbs qm gbtd d mmlëd
mnégigd m qipbs mspmgëgbs pmhm mvtd mamgtbs gbdtmd
ms pmnilbsb (gbkb mn sk d tbhb  mhigib hm kÿntipnms
pdtds m d sgrihdh b d imrrpgi÷ hm d mmrlëd mnégtrigd
msmgidn qm dikmd mqpbs hm kdtmikimb hm vihd).
Armgmmkmtm bs mlbs qm ivbgrd  gbkpbmm
mnég-igb sb mdvdkmtm kmbms y, kmhidtm d `mvm
M=7
dpgdgi÷
mxtitb
gsm Gh méggd
pmhm smr mgdzkmm
mxilihbssh
mxilihb
s 
d md
dmd
nd gbtihdh
gbtihd
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-10
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
Nd gdpdgihdh hm nbs xtebrs prbvistbs pdrd gdhd stud
gi÷ h rslb gds G kdybr h`rëd ouzldrs ihivhudnt,
h dgurhb gb bs silets gtbrs?
(4) Xd
Xdd
d
 h
h qui
quib
b nég
négtrg
trgb
b
(0) Gbl
Gblurdg
urdg÷e
÷e hn quipb égtrg
égtrgb
b ( pdtigund
pdtigund nbs
grdetbs h ihdhs) qu ieuyd  nd hstri`ug÷
h dle
(7) Dngdg gdz h gfbrrb hn
hn xtitbr
M.=8
(8) Gdethdh h dmridn h gds D y gds @ ivbugrdhb
Gdhd ub h stbs gtbrs euy  d gdethdh y tipb h
dles gsdribs,  nd tdsd h hsgdrld h dlet hsdhd,
e nd hrdg÷ h nd dpgdgi÷e rdgbedhd y  nbs pbgds
gbrs h hsprhgb.
Zdrd lrdhs eddgbes h dpdrdtbs égtrigbs, hbh
nd gbeuhdh h nd erlëd s hddn, s hsd`n
gbdr gbe quipbs h prbtgg÷e gbetrd igehb bs. M
nuldrs hbh tdns ssts ibs stäe istddhbs, s gbev
ie prbvr d`é xtiebrs pbrtätins gnds G pdrd n
räpihb gb`d h bs lbs htgtdhbs3 b`vdet,  tds
gbhigbes, puh rugirs d gdethdh y n tddôb h stds
uihdhs
M==
M.1 Histri`ugi÷e hm mxietbrms gndsm
gndsm H.
M.1.4 Zdrd rislbs gs H, d hspbi`hdh h xetbrs
pbrtätis spgds (b quipbs quvdts pdrd d gbegi÷
b xtg÷ h gudqur lb qu s hsdrrbn e u tdn
gb`usti`) s h pdrgudr ipbrtdegd. Nbs qupbs xe
rs pdrd tds lbs `rëe stdr u`gdhbs d eb äs h <=
pis (00.9 ) h rsl.
M1.0 M usb hn xetbr igbrrgtb puh estdetäedet
duedr b prbpdldr n lb Gudetdtivd, nd gtihdh
h dl gsdrid erdet s h sl n ärd h nd
suprg h bs ds gb`usti`s qu pbhrëe vrs ievb
nugrdhbs, äs d pbteid lrdvhdh hn lb pbr d eugid
h d gbelurdgi÷e y rd hn tdn. H`ihb d qu bs lbs
e ds pdrtëguds h dlsib sbe äs higins h xtilur
qu bs lbs qu iebugrde gfddrrd h dlesb, nd gde
hdh h dl gsdrd pdrd n db h lbs  eds
pdrtëgunds h dlsib s, gbesguete, dybr. bs
xtitbrs tiqutdhbs pdrd lbs gds H b sb gsdrd
et lud h gdg e bhbs nbs lbs h tdns gb`us
ti`s
Arguett,
xtitbrs
ds lbs
tqutdhbs
pbhrëd
sr
pnilrbsbs
gudhb nbs
usde
e dlubs
h tdns.
D
ebs qu s gbbzg n agtb h dle xtetbr pdrd n
dn  gbesihrdgi, nbs sdybs h`rëde dgrs gb
dtrds rprstdbs
M.< Histri`ugi÷e hm mxtietbrms gndsm C drd lbs h lrss
h gbgg÷ sbdt s rgbiehd xtitbrs gs C. d
histdegid h rgbrhb äxid s h 7: ps (9.4= ), sle s
he  1.1.0.
Demx b A Wmnmggi÷ hm mquip
mquipbs
bs hm mxtiegi÷e
mxtiegi÷e hm aumlbs
aumlbs
rmsihmegidnms
ud vviehd (vvhds uedidrs y `inidrs y e uehd
hs h vviehd sudhds htrb h srugurds utdrs)
gb n prbp÷sb  supiir b xtilur ue lb.
lb.
A4.0 Mxtietbr rsihmegidn pdrd prbp÷sitbs mspmgidnms. ]
xttbr hisôdhb, prb`dhb y isdhb pdrd u tpb h rslb 
pdrtgundr,, sl nb spggd
pdrtgundr
spg gdhb
hb  su
s u qud.
0 Nemdkimetbs pdrd mstrugturds kutiakidrms Nds hspb
sgbs h st dxb s dpnigd d nd sngg÷, stddgi÷e y
detitb  xtitbrs pdrd vviehds uiindrs y
`iadindrs y uidhs h vivihd studhds h¼b h strugu
rs udr. M xtetbr stä prvistb gbb ud prird
nëed h hasd pdrd dgr are d lbs h hiesbes
nitdhds. Mstbs upbs sb gsdribs, d gudhb nd vihd
b uehdh fd`itdgbed
fd`itdgbed sté prblihd pbr ue sstd h rbgid
hbrs dutbätigb, pbr ue sistd h ddrd h lb b h
fub, b pbr d`s3 pbr hgtbrs h fub h stdg÷e igd
b pbr bb sist b h suprs÷e b hggi÷ h lb
lb Nds
rgbehdgbes gbedhds e  prse sbe ëids.
Hphhb h s gbehgbs xistts  gdhd uehdh h
vivhd, pbhrd sr dgbesd`ns xetbrs dhgbds b
xttbrs h ued gdpdgihdh dybr
Zdd b`ter äs irdg÷e sb`r sists h rbgidhbrs
dutbätgbs pdd vhds, vr EAD 7H y EAD 7P. drd
b`tr äs edg÷e sb`r sstds h dndrd h igehb
b h fub, b d`bs, y sb`r
sb`r hgtbrs h ub h
h stdg÷
igd, vr  <0
M prbp÷sitb h st dxb s hsgr`ir d nbs prbpitdrbs y
bgupdets h vvihds uinidrs y vivihds `iadnid¼s y
uihdhs h vvihd studhds htrb h strugturds u
nidrs bs nedetbs pdrd nd sngg÷, usb, estddg÷e y
detb h xtitbrs
.7 Pmquisitbs lmmrdnms. d sggi÷ h u xtietbr pdd usb
e vihds h`mrd fdgrs gbprhehb nd gdpdghdh h
u xtetbr (b s grtigdg÷) y nbs pbtgidns rislbs h
lbs prses e nd vvehd. Hphiehb h nds gbhigi
es xists e gdhd uehdh h vivhd, pbhrëd sr dgbs
od`ns xebr
xebrs
s dhigibed
dhigibedns
ns b xtetbrs h ued gdpdghdh
dybr.
s suts sb rgbehdgbs ëeds pdrd gdhd
eiv h pisb?
() ] egb xet
xetbr
br gb
gb grtigd
grtigdg÷
g÷ 0-?4
0-?4@G
@G b dyb
dybrr
(0) ] xebr gb
gb grgdgi÷ 0D b dybr
dybr y ue sluehb
sluehb
xietbr gb grtgdg÷e 4:-@G b dybr
.7.4 Pmsihmegidns. bs xtetbrs iestddhbs e d vivhd
h`rëd gupr gb bs rqustbs h d Wggi÷ 8.4 b gb ds
rgbehdgbes
rgbehdgb
es h A8.4.
7.0 Lms dembs H`rëd prbvrs ue xtitbr gbe ud
grgdgi÷ 0-D?  :@?G b dybr pdrd prbtlr u ldrdo dexb
qu sté h`db h d vviehd b gbegtdhb d nd vvhd pbr u
urb gb.
7.7 Ldrdoms eb emxbs.
Mstm demxb b abd pdrt hm nbs rmquitbs hm mstm
mstm hbgukmtb hm EAZD,
EAZD,
p  sm ignuym ÿigdkmt gb p÷sitbs idtivbs.
.7.7.4 Hbeh s prbvd, bs xtitbrs pdrd ldrs eb
dexbss h`rëde er ud grgdgi÷e
dexb
grgdg i÷e h 0-?@?G b dyb.
  Hmeig
meigibems.
ibems.
7.70 H`ihb d vbue h nëquihbs edd`s brd
4.4 Mxtie
Mxtietbr
pdrd usbs lmemrdnms.
] xtitbr
lb
qu tbr
drmsihmeidn
sihb pgëgdt
evstldhb,
prb`dhbhy
nisdhb pdrd sr usdhb ÿegde , y e bs drhhbrs h,
et
prsts
 ldrs
(dqunnbs
nëquihbs h
dsbgdhbs
gb
dutb÷vis,
gbrthbrds
h gésph,
`drrhbrs
iv, td
rs, tg.), h`rë spgëgdt istdndrs, pdd prbtgg÷e,
r
Mhigi÷e 0:46
DEMVB A
ue mxtiebr hm kdybr tkôb qum quén qum gukpm gbe s
rmgbkmehgbems
rmgbkmehgbe
ms ëeiks.
A8 Xipbs hm mxtietbrms.
A8.4 Wm rmgbkmhe bs siluimetms tpbs hm mxtetbrms pr
smr iesthbs y usdhbs me vvmehs kirms y uehhms f`
tgbems?
([) Hm quëkigbs smgbs
(0)
(7)
( 8)
(=)
 l,
l, AA
AA AAAZ
AAAZ 
l
l
  l
l f
ftetm
Hm h÷x
h÷xhb
hb m gr`beb
Mxtetbr
Mxt
etbr rmsim
rmsimegin
egin pr
pr usbs
usbs lmemrn
lmemrnms
ms
Mxtetbr
Mxtet
br rmsimegin
rmsimeg in pr prbp÷sitbs mspmginms
A8.0 Nbs sluimetms tipbs hm mxtiebrms sm gbeshmre b`sbnm
tbs y hm`mrëe smr umstbs mr hm smrvigib y rmmkpnzhbs
() Wbh-ägihb
() Hm mspuk uëkig (mxgmptb lmetms rkhbrms hm pmë
gu)
(7) Hm tmtrgnbrrb hm gr`beb `rbkurb hm kmtb y gbrb
`rbkbkmteb (K)
( 8) Hm lu
lu bpmrhb
bpmrhb pbr
pbr gr
grtug
tugfb
fb
)
Hm
gfbrrb
m
lu
gbe
grl
etgbelmem, bpmrhb
=
(
pbrr gdreigf
pb
Hm gsgb hm gb`rm b t÷e (mxgmptb tequms hm `bk`)
uehbs pbr snhhur `neh b rmkgfms
(<) Mxtetbrms ge gmrtiggi÷e etmrbr  49== y smônizhbs
gbkb -4 G me  pg hm hmetigg÷e
(6) Mxtet
Mxtetbrms
brms e ist
isthbs
hbs ei mtiqu
mtiqumth
mthbs
bs
)
1)
(1
A.= Dpigdgi÷e p
p rimslbs mspmgëagbs.
=.4 umlbs hm kmhibs hm gbggi÷e gbk`usti`nms
gbk`usti`nms bs mlbs
hm kmhibs hm gbg÷e gbk`us`nms rmquimrme mn usb hm mxte
tbrms qum mxteluiräe m mlb hmshm ue histegi smlur se
prbvbgr snpghrs hm ns lrss megmehihs e pmrktr n
rmileg÷e hm mb. Mstb pumhm nblrrsm gbe ue mxtietbr rms
hmeg pr prb÷stbs mspmgms pr mlbs hm lrss me
vvmehs
vvm
ehs b pb
pbrr u uehh mxtetbr utb
utbkätig
kätig isth pr
prbtmgg÷e hm ems hbkéstigbs ]e mxtetbr hm quëkgb smgb
 eb ms m qum hm`mrë mmlirsm hm`hb  n pbs`ihh hm
rmileg÷e. Btrbs lmetms pumhme tmemr ue mgg kih.
   l, AAA y AAA h  
hurs pmnilrbss m ns lrs megmehihs y qum m mlb sm
prbplum.
HQMPXMEID Eb ietmetm nmvetr ue srtée u bn qum
gbemele lrs megmehh. r mvtr nmsbems pmrsbems y
pr mvtr n prblg÷e hm mlb gbk` m mlb me mn
nulr. imrrm n ametm hm gbr e prbetb gbkb sm smlurb
fgmrb  e hm mir ue rmleg÷e
A.=.0 umlbs hm mquipbs mmgtr÷igbs Hbehm sm prbvme nbs
mxtietbrms pr prmgg÷e hm mqupbs mmgtr÷egbs hmnighbs
tms gbkb tmmvisrms gbkpuhbrs y msérmbs hm`mrëe tmemr
ue gmrtigg÷e -@ b kybr y hm`mrëe smr hm h÷xhb hm
gr`beb b hm lmetms fnblmehbs.
A.=.7 ]e ueh mxtietbr utbkätg rmsihmeg mstä hsm
ôh y isth pr n prbtmgg÷e hm ue rimslb mspmgëgb. m`m
rë utinzrsm sbkmetm hm gumrhb gbe b ms`nmghb me s
mspmgiggbems hm `rigetm.
A.=.8
 me
vbnukme
ëquihbsnëquhbs
ek`nms
ebrk
kmetmHm`ihb
prmsmetms
lroms hm
(qumnnbs
sbghbs
gbe
utbk÷vms, gbrthbrs hm géspmh `rrmhbrs hm eimvm nnm-
4:-17
rms mtg.), hmmrë mspmgëgkmem iestnrsm, pr prbtmggbe
ue mxtiebr m kybr tkôb qum qué qum gukpnm gbe s
rmgbkmehgems këeiks.
A.1 Nemdkmetbs pdrd muipbs mxtietbrms.
keikds Hm`mrë prbvmmrsm ue
këeikb hm ue mxtetbr pbrät gbe ue gmrtiggi÷e këek
hm -4:-@ y qum gukpn gbe ns rmgbkmehgibems lmemrnms
hm  Wmggi÷ 4 pbr gh evm hm pisb hm ue uehh hm
vivmeh gbe ue histeg hm rmgbrrhb käxik hm : pms
(4 k) fst mn mqupb.
A.14 Mspmg
Mspmgiagdgibems
iagdgibems
10 Istddi÷e
A.10.4 tm hm estr gunqumr mquipb mxtietbr, m prbpm
trb/rmshmem hm`mrë nmmr y gbkprmehmr ns iestruggibems hm
iestngi÷e y usb, me¼m ms ns niktgibems, prmgugbems y
hvmrtmegis hmsgrs me mn mquipb y me mn keun pr m
prbpmrib.
10.0 Nbs mxtietbrms pbrtäinms hm`mrëe smr esnhbs hm n
sluimetm kmr
(4) Me ue nlr ggms`nm, se `bqumbs pbr nkgmekmebs
y mquips y gmrg hm s sihs hm ns ss qum gumeme
gbe ue rut hm msgpm
() Hm kmr qum n prm supmrbr hmn mxtietbr msté  eb
käs hm = pims (4.= k) pbr megik hm pisb y  eb kmebs
hm 8 pl (.1 k) pbr megk hmn pisb3 hm`mrë smr
ägn hm gez y qutr y hm`mrë mstr gbnbghb hbehm
eb pum smr hôhb
(7) Wb`rm gb
gblhbrms b me bs sbpbrms sukesrhbs pbr m
`rgtm kbethbs me l`emtms b gbbghbs sb`rm
equms
(8) bn
bnbg
bgbs
bs hm kemr
kemr qum ns
ns estruggibe
estruggibems
ms hm bpmrg
bpmrg÷e
÷e
hmn mxtbr qumhme me mn mem hm mqupb
A.17 Zrmgduibems hm smlurihdh. r n smlurhh pmrsbe,
hm`mrëde brsm s siluimetms prmgugibems me n u`igg÷e y
usb hm ue mxietbr
(4)  kyrë hm bs mlbs lmemre prbhugtbs hm gbk`us
i÷e t÷igbs pbr hmsgbkpbsig÷e, y nluebs ktmrms
pumhme lmemrr lsms hm n tbxghh. Nbs mlbs
pumhme k`ée gbesukr m bxëlmeb hispbei`nm b lmem
rr mxpsgbems pmilrbskmem t  gnbr pbr gbevmg
g÷e
rrhhb.
bhbs
pumhme amgtr
m
lrhbb n
gun pumhm
smr mstbs
smlurbgtbrms
prbxkrsm
ue mlb
gbe ue qupb mxtiebr
()  hmsrl hm mxtietbrms pbrtätinm
pbrtätinmss sb`rm mlb
mlbss hm
lrss m gbggi÷e hmshm ue hstegi hmksihb gbr
pumhm rbvbgr snpighurs hm  lrs b gmtm megmeh
hbs y rbplr mn egmehib.  hstegi rmgbkmehh
pr m ggbekimetb hm nbs mxtiebrms pbrätms sm
ehg me
m e n mtqumt. (QmrA=.4)
(7) Eb hm`mrëe
hm`mrëe estn
estnrsm
rsm mxtebrm
mxtebrmss pbrtäim
pbrtäimss me  hy
hy
gmegis  ulr hm ue pbtmegin rmslb hm egmehib, pmrb
së hm`me mstr ggms`nms pr m gbk`m hm rimslb.
(8) s mtumts hm nbs mxtetbrms hm lmetms fnblmehbs
gbetmee erkgi÷e tn gbkb mn vbukme këekb hm
ue s qum pumhm smr prbtmlih hm kemr prbpih y
smlur. uehb sm use mstbs mxtiebrms, fy qum mvtr
rmspir m lmem hmsgrlhb b nbs lsms prbhugihbs pbr
 hmsgkpbsigi÷e térkig hm lmem. Mvgur y vmer
mn ärm iekmhitkmetm hmspués hmn usb.
(=) M usb m ueb b käs mxiebrms hm h÷xhb hm gr`beb me
ue mspdgb eb vmetinhb pumhm hinur mn sukestrb hm
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-1
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
bxëlmeb Nd bgupdgbe prbnbeldhd hm dms mspdgibs
pmhm nnmvdr d  pérhihd hm d gbegimegd hm`ihb d nd
hmgimegd hm bxlmeb
1
( ) Nbs mxtebrms e gndsgdhbs pdrd nbs rimslbs hm gndsm G
rmprmsmet e 4-mslb hm hmsgdld s sm sde me mlbs
qm evbngrde mipbs mnég-gbs memlizdhbs.
(<) Nbs mxiebms hm qëkigbs smgbs, gdehb sm sd me ed
pmqmôd ärmd eb vmetdhd, pmhme mhgi nd visi`nihdh
hrdem e pmrëbb hm fdsd vdbs kiebs
emgmshdh hm e demekimeb  smvigb ekmhdb hmn mxte
tb
Wi sm gbesmrve nëqihbs edkd`nms skindms me gb`mrizbs
pdd dbk÷vinms pdgdkmem d`imrbs dk`ée hm`mëd
pbvmmsm e mxieb m mstm ipb
A.<.0.=. Nbs kbmbs hm mxiebrms hmsmgfd`ms  eb mgdld
1.8 Zrbgmhikimetbs pbstmribrms dn usb hm ue mxtietb. Zdrd
<0.= Wi d iespggi÷e hm e kbhmnb hm mxebr hmsmgfd`nm
b eb rmgdld`n
rmgdld`nmm mvmnd dnled
dnled hmgmegd
hmgmegd sigd
sigd,, d gbkb
hdôbs, gbrbsi÷e nmgrd hm pms÷e `d, pmzs ndetms
`bqnd b`srid, esggibems bpmdvds ml`nms, sb
pmvib b smnbs gbd
gbd kdepdgbems iehm`ihs rbbs, mn mxte
tb hm`mëd smr mmkpdzdhb
`nms meme ggbs m vhd ÿ käxikbs mspmggdhbs  hm`mëde
sm rmmkpdzdhbs me m pdzb kmegibedhb me nd pdgd hm hme
gdg÷e
nd sml¼hdh pmsbed y m dpbpidhb egbedkmeb,
egbedkmeb, ms msme
gidn smli ds iesggiems qm lde me nd mqmtd hmn mxte
b  qm sm hmsgi`me me mn kded Xdk`iée ms msmegd qm
ed vmz qm m mxtetb fd sihb sdhb, smd mnmedhb b mmkpd
zdhb hm ekmhdb Dÿe si sbndkmem sm fd ni`mdhb ed
pmqmôd gdehdh hm dlmem, mn mxieb pmhm pmhm nd
pms÷e mkdemetm
 <7 Kdetmekimb y smrigib.
 < esmggi÷e, kdetmkmetb y smrgi b hm mquibs mxietbrms rmsihmegidnms.
gbs pdrd mxerms mgdrld`ms qm hm`me mvsm d gd`b
hmspés hm gdhd sb d mgmegd hm kdemekimeb emb
 hm ds pm`ds fhrbstäigds sm mspmgigd me mn kdedn hmn
pbpmdib  me n Xd`nd A<70
A.<.4 Lmemrdnihdhms.
smgg÷e
sm mmrm d d iespmgg÷e, kmeikimetb
<.4.4
smrvigibMsd
hm mxebrms
mx
ebrms
 < 4.0 Mn bgpdetm b rbpimdrib hm d vvmehd ms mspbesd`nm
<7.4 Mn kdemikmeb  smrvigib hm nbs mxetbrms hm`mëd
sm nnmvdhbs d gd` pbr gbkpdôëds hm smvigbs pdrd mxiebms
qm gmeme gbe nds dpbpdhds fmrrdkmeds, kdmidnms hm
mgdrld, `gdms, esggibems hm smvigb hm `gdem 
pimzds hm rmmkpdzb
<7.0 Nds iesruggibems hm `rigdetm mspmggde nbs sm
Xd`nd .<.7.0 umegid hm kdetmeikimetb ietmreb y rum`ds
fihrbstätig hm mtitbrms
hm lddeizd qm d ispmgg÷e, kdemekimetb  smrgb hm
nbs mxiebms sm nnmvme d gd`b hm nd kdemrd hm`hd  pb pmrsb
eds gbkpmmems
<.0 espmggibems.
A.<.0.4 Ns iespmggbms hm`mrëde sm nnmvdhds d gd`b gdehb
m mxebr ms egidkem pmsb me smvgb  pbsmibrkmem
d iemrvdbs hm dprbxkdhdkmem 7: hëds s iespmggbems
hm`mrëde nnmvdrsm d gdb hm dgmrhb gbe b msd`nmghb me mn
kdedn hmn pbpimt qm sm memld gbe mn mxtetbr
<.0.0 Nbs pbgmhikmebs hm iespmggi÷e hm`mrëe iegnr
ed vmigdgi÷e hm, dn mebs, nb simem?
() Mn mqpb mstä m mn nldr hmsledhb  ss ies¼ggbems
bpmrdvd
bpmr
dvdss msäe v is`nms me mn mem
(0 ) Mn dggmsb d mxieb eb msä b`srihb
(7 ) Nds iesggbems hm bpmdgi÷e sbe ml`nms
(8) Eeleb hm nbs mnnbs b iehigdhbms hm kdepndgbems
ehm`hds msäe bbs, ade b emgmside smr mmkpdzd
hbs
(=) Nbs kde÷kmbs b hispbsvbs ehigdhbrms, si sm fde
prbvsb, msäe me nd pbsigi÷e b delb bpmdvb
(1) Eb fd mvhmegd hm gbrrbs÷e ei hdôbs sgbs
A. <.0.7 Wi d iespmgg÷e hm mxieb mvmd dled hm nds hm
gimegds kmegibedhds e A<00()  A<00(0), mn bgpdem b
pbpmdb hm d vivmehd hm`mrëde kpnmkmetd dggbems
gbrmgivds ekmhdd Nds hmgmegds kmegibedhds me
A<00(7) d <00(1) iehigde d emgmshdh hm e kdeme
kimeb  smigb ekmdb
 <0.8 Wi d iespmggi÷e hm e kbhmnb hm mxieb mgdrld`nm
mvmd dled
hmgmgd
sigd, ndetms,
d gbkb`bqind
hdôbs, b`sihd
gbrbs÷e,
nmgrd
hm pms÷e
`dod, pimzds
iesggbems bpmdtvs inmli`ms, sb pmvib b smbs gberd
kdeipdgibems iehm`hds bbs, dms hmgimegds ehigde nd
Xb hm mxbr
Ietmrvdnb hm
kdetmeikimetb
ietmreb (dôbs)
Iemrvdb hm
rum`ds

rum`ds
fhrbsägds (dôbs)
Hm qëkigbs smgbs*
1
0
Hm dld, , 
=
=
digblmndem
Hm dlmems fdblmedhbs
1
0
Hm hi÷ihb hm gdrbb
=
=
*bs mxtiebrms hm quëkigbs smgbs eb mgdld`nms eb mquimme ed
iespmggi÷e ietmd gdhd 1 dôbs, pmb hm`mëde sm pmstbs md hm
smvigib 40 dôbs hmsués hm d gfd hm `gdgi÷e.
bs mtebms hm lmems fdblmedhbs eb mgdld`ms eb mquimme
ed
smbs
pmstbs
md hm
smigb sm
0
dôbsespmggi÷e
hmspés hmetmed,
d amgfdpmb
hm hm`mde
`rigdgi÷e
metbms
hm`mëde
hmvumtbs d `igdem b d dlmem hmsiledhb hm `rigdem pdd d
mgpmdgi÷e hmn dlem fdnblmedhb
6 Pmgbkmehdgiems lmemrdnms
lmemrdnms
64 Mxietbrms
A.64.4 Nbs mxbms hm`mrëde kdememrsm me gbehgbems
bpmdivds  gbknmdkmetm gdldhbs  hm`mrëde pmrkdemgmr
me nbs ldrms hmledhbs me tbhb kbkmeb gdehb eb msée
smehb tiizdhbs
A.6.4.0 Eb sm mbkmehd mn sb hm mxiebms hm mlb hm
tpb hm ievmsi÷e y hm`mëde smr pmstbs md hm smrvigib
60
Kdeudn
Kde
udnprbpmtdrb
hmn rbimtdrib.
Mn `rgdem
memld
kded
hm
hm bs mqipbs
nisdhbs, me
m qm e
sm
iegme ns iestrggbems  prmgdgbems emgmsdrids pdrd nd
 :6
DEMVB L
iestdndgi÷e, egbedkmetb, iespmggi÷e, kdetmekmetb y
mkiedgi÷e b rmgdrld hm(bs) mxtiebr(ms). M kdeudn fdgm
mamrmegid d mstd brkd smlÿe gbrrmspbehd, gbkb ued metm
hm iesuggbems htdnndhds M kdeud hm`mrëd smr dtmedkmetm
nmëhb y kdetmeb me ue uld gbevmemem pdd tuds
gbesutds.
A6.7 Zriegipibs hm nd xtiegi÷e h lb. Kugfbs egmehibs
sbe pmqumbs me u bilme y pumhme sm mxteluhbs kmhdetm
 Wmhhm`mëd

pä
 pqô
f h
ds
etgd
d gumpb
hm `bk`mrbs
dek
pbetb
gbkb sm hmmgtd e mlb Mstd dndkd eb hm`mëd hmkbrdrsm
mspmrdehb bs mstdhbs hm nd dpgdg÷e hm mqupbs mxtebrms
mshmegidnms
Nbs mxtetbms bttnms pumhme mprmsmetdr ue ikpbtdetm
smlkmeb hm gudnuimr prblrdkd hm prbtmggi÷e gbe¼d iegme
hib rmsihmeg W sm egd ue mlb me nd mshmegid, ds pmrsb
eds hm`mëde sdnir hm d vmehd y ndkd d gumrpb hm
`bk`mrbs3 y mgié hmspués hm`mëd usdsm ue mxtebr Hm`m
ëde gukprsm nd siluimetms rmlnds gudehb sm gbk`dtm ue
mlb rmsihmegd be ue mxtietbr?
( 4) Kdetéeldsm gmg
gmgdd hm
hm ued pumrtd qum pumhd sm usdhd
gbkb rutd hm msgdpm
(0) Dlgfmsm. Mtm
Mtm msprd
msprdrr m
m fukb gdnim
gdnimetm,
etm, vdpbrms
vdpbrms b
mkddgibem me d kdybr kmhihd pbs`nm dsë gbkb dlme
tms mxtetbm
(7) ]sm mn mquib mxtitbr dprbpidhb Wi m iegmehb eb sm
mxtelum rhdkmetm sdld hm mhgb gmrdehb d(s)
pumrtd(s) qum vd dtrdvmsdehb Eb m d elmsd me mn
mhgb
A6.8 Pspbsd`inhdh. M
bgupdetm/pbpimtdib hm nd
vvmehd imem d bldgi÷e hm guihd y usd m mxtetbr me tbhb
kbkmeb Nd(s) dgd(s) hm ihmetgdgi÷e y mn kdeudn hm
iestruggbems hm`mrëde smr nmëhbs y tbtdkmem gbkpmehihbs
pb tbhds nds pmrseds qum sm prmvmd vde d usdr bs mquipbs Mn
kdeudn hm esugibems hm`mëd smr gbesmvdhb me ue nuld
smlub y pmri÷hgdmetm rmvsdhb
Nd pmsmegid hm ue mxetb me ued vvmehd eb vdnm nd pmed
s m pbpmtdib e ms hispumstb d fdgmr nb siluimetm
( 4) Gbkprmehm- g÷kb usdr m hispbstvb
hispbstvb dpbpidhmetm
dpbpidhmetm
() Iesu d b kmk`bs hm d kd qum pbhrde tmemr
qum usdb
(7) Kdetmemr y mgdrld m mxtietb hm dgumrhb gbe nb mstd
`mghb me s esuggibems hm `rigdem M bgupdetm/
prbpimtdrib m d vvmehd hm`mrëd dsmlusm hm qum
tbhbs smpde ÷kb ndkd d gumpb hm `bk`mbs y hm`m
rëde fdgmrnb me bhb mlb se kpbtd b pmqumb qum
smd
Nbs bgupdetms/bpimtdbs hm vvimehds hm`mëde mgbebgmr
nbs rmslbs hm mb prmsmems me sus prbpmhdhms y pndegdr
pb detgpdhb mxdgtdkmetm g÷kb, y gbe qué, vd d smr gbk`d
tihb ue egmehib s kpbdetm qum bs prbpimtdribs smpde qum
nbs mxtiebms hm bs tdkdbs kmegibedhbs imeme ue tmkpb
hm hmsgdrld hm sbdkmetm 6 smluehbs d 1: smluehbs me mn usb
mamgtivb, eb pumh pmrhmrsm imkpb hmtmrkiedehb gu ms nd
kmobr kdemd hm usdr m hispbstvb Nd es¼ugg÷e sb`rm mn
usb hm nbs mxiebms tdk`ée pumhm b`tmemrsm hmn pmsbedn hmn
gumrpb hm `bk`mbs nbgdn
4:-1=
Dexb L Gdsiagdgi÷e y sistkd h grtiagdgi÷e h xtietbrs
Msm demxb eb a>Orkd pdtm hm s rmquis
rmquisitbs
itbs hm tm hbgumeb hm EZD,
pmb sm ignuym ÿeigdmetm gbe pp÷sitbs ibkdtivbs.
L. Lerdnhdhs Nbs mxtetbms pbttnms sm gndsig
smlÿe su usb me hmtmkedhds gdsms hm mlbs y mste gmrtgd
hbs pbr d`rdtbibs hm pum`ds pdd ued mgdgid mxtebd
mndtvd d ued mkpmrdturd hm <: ¿ A (04¿ G). Mstb sm `dsd me nd
gndsigdgi÷e m mlbs y me bs pbtmegidnms hm mxtegi÷e, smlÿe
b mtmrkedb me mesdybs hm egmeb
L.44 Nd gnsigdgi÷e y sistmkd hm gmtgdgi÷e hmsgtbs me
mstd ebkd m nd hm ehmrwtms Nd`bdbms eg y ehmrw
tmrs Nd`brdtbms hm Gdedh y sm `dsd me nd mxiegi÷e hm mlbs
pndeigdhbs m hmmrkiedhds hikmesbems y hmsgripg÷e, hm nd
sluimetm kdmd?
() gdi÷e gndsm  Kdhmd
(0) gdi gndm @. Aumlbs hm fmptdeb hm ued pbeh
hdh hm  punl (=4 kk) me mgpimetms gudhrdhbs
(7) gdi gndsm  We mesdyb hm mlb sm mquimme
mesdybs mspmgdms pdrd lddetzdr nd smlurihdh hm bpmrd
hb hmn mxtieb
( 8) Gmgdi÷e gndsm H Mesdybs mspmgidnms me mlbs hm kmtd
ms gbkust`nms mspmgëgbs
(=) gdi÷e gndsm C Mesdybs mspmgidms me dpdrdtbs hm
gbged um usde kmhibs hm gbggi÷e gbk`usi`ms (ldsds
y dgmim vmlmtdms b dekdms)
L.40 Nd gndsigdg÷e y gmrtigdg÷e sm ehgde me d miqumd
dhbsdhd dn mxtietb
L.0 Mokpnb e mxieb gbe ued gmtigdg÷e gdsigdg÷e
y pbmeg h mxteg÷e 80:@G kpdm d sluimet
sluimetmm ie
kdgi÷e
() Hm`më mxtielr dpbxkdhdkmetm hbs vmgms ue mlb
gndsm D gbkb ue mxtietb gbe ued gmigdg÷e y pbtme
gidn hm mxtiegi÷e 0D 0» ld (981 N) hm d l d
(0) Hm`më mxteluir
mxteluir dprbxkdhdkmtm vmem
vmem vmgms ue
mlb m Gndsm @ gbkb ue mxtetbr gbe ued gmigdg÷e
@
(7) Ms dhmgdhb pdrd usb me mqupbs mégtigbs memrlizdhbs
Dgtudkmm, nbs nd`brdtbribs gndsigde mxietbms pdrd usb
me mlbs gndm  gbe ds slumetms gmgdgbems   7
D, 8D 1D, D, 0:, 7:D y 8D Gbe vilmegd d pdrtr hm 4
hm ueib hm 4919, bs mxtetbrms gndsigdhbs pdd usb me mlbs
gndsm @ timem ds s l imetms gmigdgbems @, 0@, =@ 4@,
0:@ 7:@, 8@ 1:@, 6:, 0:@ 1:@ 08:@, 70:@, 86: y
18:@ ds gmtgdgibems hm D d : y hm  d 0@, egu
svm, sm `dsde me mesdybs hm mlbs me ietmribms gmrtgdgbems
hm, b pbr megikd hm 0: y 7: sm `dsde me mesdybs hm mlbs
me mxtmbms
Zdrd mls gdsm @, hm`mrëd mgbebgmrsm qum nd hikmes÷e
hm mlb qum pumhm smr mxtieluihb pbr ue mxiebr me pdtgu
ndr ms mdgbedhd gbe mn lrdhb hm metmedkmetb y mxpmrime
gid hmn bpmdhb drd mxtiebms gdsigdhbs pdd usb me
mlbs gdsm , eb sm usd ue ekmb, yd qum nbs mlbs gdsm G
sbe msmegdmetm mlbs gndsm  b gndsm @ qum evbugrde
gd`nmdhbs y muipbs mnég¼gbs memlzdhbs Gudehb eb sm mst
hmsgdldehb hm ue mxtebr, bs dlmems d `dsm hm dl d sbe
gbehugbms,
gbehugb
ms, y nd dlupdgi÷e hm dlmetms pb
pbsmrib
smrib d d
 d hmsgdrld
pbhrëd pmsmetdr iequmtuhms pb imslbs dhigibednms M
tdkdb hm nbs himrmems mxtetbrms dhmgudhbs iestdndhbs hm`m
ëd sm pbpbgbed dn tdkdb y mxtmes÷e hm bs gbkpbemetms
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-11
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
gdsm D b gdsm @, b k`bs hmn rimslb mégtrigb qum sm msä
prbmlimehb.
Zdrd mxtiebrms gdsigdhbs pdrd usb me mlbs gdsm
g dsm H eb sm
sm
mkpmd ue eÿkmrb. N rmdtivd mgdgid hm mstbs mxebrms pdrd
usb me mlbs hm kmdnms gbk`usti`ms mspmgëgbs sm hmtdnd me
d pndgd hm hmeigdge hm mxtebr
Nbs mxebrms qu
qumm se
s e mgdgms me käs hm ued gndsm hm mlb
meme gdsigdgbems y gmrgdgibems hm kÿpnms nmrds y
eÿkmrbs-nmrds
Demxb F Gbehigibems hm nd smnmggi÷e
Mstm demxb eb abd
abd pdrt
pdrt hm nbs rmquitbs hm mstm hbgukmetb hm EAZD,
EAZD,
p sm iegnuym ÿeigdkmt
ÿe igdkmt g be pr÷sitbs iedtivbs.
F.4 Gbehigibems sigs qum ieanuyme me nd
nd smnmggi÷e. Gudehb
sm smmggibed ue mxiebr hm`mrëde gbesihmrdrsm ds siluimems
gbehgibems sigds?
4)
(0)
sb `utb Me d smgg÷e hm ue mxebr hm`mrëd memrsm
me gumed nd fd`ihdh sigd hm usudrib Gudehb mn rmslb
mxgmhm d gdpdgidh hm ue mxietbr pbrätin kdeudn hm`m
rëd gbeshmrdrsm  usb hm mxebrms rbhdetms b sismkds
obs (mr Wmggi÷e 4 [)
Gbi÷e Me nd iesdndg÷e hm dluebs mxebrms, mxsm d
pbs`ihdh hm qm mn mxiebr msé mxpumstb d ued dtk÷s
amrd
Hehm
msm smddprbpidhd
m gdsb, hm`mrëd
gbeshm
rdrsmgbrrbsivd
prbvmmr ue
prbmggi÷e
d nbs mxiebrms
dsë mxpumsbs b rbvmmr mxebrms qum smde dhmgudhbs
pdrd usb me msds gbehgbems
7) Pdggi÷e h dlmet Me d smmggi÷e hm ue mxeb, hm`mrëd
gbeshmrdrsm nd psi`hdh hm rmdggibems dhvmrsds gbed
kedgi÷e u brb mamgbs hm ue dlmem mxietbr me bs
prbgmsbs hm `gdgi÷e me bs mqupbs b me dk`bs
hm`mrëd smr gbesmrdhd me nd smnmgg÷e hm ue mxebr
(8) ietb rbhdet Hbehm sm usde mxebrms rbhdetms
hm`mrëd gbesihmrrsm nd kbvihdh hm mxebr hmerb hm
ärmd me d qum sm d d uz dr
dr Zdrd u`gdgibems
u`gdgibems mxmrbrms
sm hm`mrëd gbesimrdr mn usb hm hismôbs dprbpdhbs hm
rumhds gbe emuätigbs hm gdugb b hm rumhds degfs
smlÿe m mrrmeb Zdrd u`gdgibems emrbrms nbs vdebs hm
pumrts y pdsms hm`mrëde smr hm ue ddôb sugmem
gbkb pdrd pmrkiir mn ägin
ägi n pdsb hmn mxieb
(=) Qimtb y gbmtms h dirm Wi m rimslb mstä smtb d vimebs b
gbXmems hm dirm, hm`mrëd gbesihmrdrsm m usb hm mxtietb
rms y dlmems qum pumhde sb`rmnnmvdr msds gbehigibems
gbehigibems
)
Hispbei`inihdh
Hispbei`inihd
h
hm
mdn
Hm`mrëd
gbeshmrdrsm
nd gdehdh
1
(
hm pmrsbes hspei`ms qum pumhde usdr bs mxebrms
m lrdhb hm gdpddg÷e rmgi`hd y nd gdpdgihdh sgd hm
nbs bpmrdhbrms
F.0 Gbehigibems hm sdnuh y smlurihdh qum ieanuyme me nd smnmggi÷e Gudehb sm smnmgbed ue mxebr hm`mrëde gbesihmrdrsm
bs rimslbs pdrd d sduh y d sm lrihdh ievbugrdhbs me su
kdemeikimeb y usb smlÿe sm hmsgr`m me bs siluimems ëmks
4) Zdrd mspdg
mspdgbs
bs gbee
gbeedhbs,
dhbs, hm`mrë
hm`mrëde
de gbesih
gbesihmrdr
mrdrsm,
sm, merm
merm
btrds nds silumms kmhihds? miqums hm prmgdugi÷e
hmsdgdhs me m mxeb nmrmrbs hm dhvmrmegid me bs
puebs hm elrmsb pbs`ihdh hm dpigdg÷e rmkbd
`bqunnds hm mxibrms hm dngdegm mxrd drlb vmedgi÷e
mspmgid prbvise hm dpdrdbs hm rmsprdgi÷e y brbs
mquipbs
prbmgbrms pmrsbedms y d dhmgudhd gdpdgd
gi÷e hmn pmrsbedn
0)
W `ime bs xieb
xiebrms
rms hm dlme
dlmems
ms fdnblmedh
fdnblmedhbs
bs gbetime
gbetimeme
me
dlmems guybs vdpbrms imeme ued `d bxigihdh sus
prbhugbs m hmsgbkpbsgi÷e pumhme smr pmlrbsbs
Gudehb sm sde msbs mxebrms me uldrms eb vmeidhbs
dms gbkb mqumôds sdnds rkdribs vmfëgunbs kbbrizd
hbs u brbs mspdgbs gbeedhbs nbs bpmrdhbrms y b¼ds
pmrsbeds hmmrëde mvdr rmspirdr bs ldsms lmemrdhbs pbr
nd hmsgbkpsigi÷e érkgd hm dlmem.
(7) Nbs mxtieb
mxtiebms
ms hm
hm hi÷xihb
hi÷xihb hm gdr`b
gdr`beb
eb gbem
gbememe
eme ue
dlmem mxtbr qum eb pmrkrä kdememr d vd
gudehb sm sd me ued gbegmerdg÷e sugmetm gbkb
pdrd mxtielr ue mlb M usb hm msm ipb hm mxtiebr
me ue mspdgib eb vmedhb pumhm hnuir mn sukieisrb hm
bxëlmeb N bgupdgi÷e prbnbeldhd hm nms mspdgbs
pumhm nmvd d d pérhhd hm d gbegmegid hm`hb d d
hmgmegid m bxëlme
bxëlmeb
b
) bs mxebms eb gmrgdhbs pdrd rmslbs gndsm G pbr
8)
8
mmkpb hm dld degbelmdem, gbrrb hm d ld gbe
gdrld degelmdem DAA AAA dlmetm ukmgtdem y
mspukd) rmrmsmede ue rmslb hm hmsgdrld s sm usde me
mlbs qum ivbnugre mqupbs mégrigbs memrlizdhbs
=) Gudehb sm sde me ued pmqumôd ärmd eb vmedhd bs
mxtebrms h quëkgbs smgbs pumhme rmhugir nd vis`iihdh
hurdem ue pmrëbhb hm dsd vdribs kieubs Mn quëkigb
smgb hmsgdrldhb me ue md dk`iée pumhm b`sruir bs
nrbs hm nbs ssmkds hm kpimzd hm drm
1) gbemeld
Eb hm`
hm`mrëd
mrëd
usdrsm
usdr
sm ue hm
mxebr
mxe
br hm
hm me
quëk
quëkgb
gb smgb
smgb qum
qum
qum
gkpumsbs
dkbeb
bxihdems
gbemel gnbrb d rmdggi÷e merm m bxihdem y s sdnms
hm dkbeb umhm prbhu
prbhugir
gir m n gbkpumsb mxpnbsivb rg
rurb hm erlmeb (EG7)
<) Eb hm`mrëd usdrsm mxebrms hm dlmems dblmedhb me
mlbs qum evbugrme bxihdems yd qum pumhme rmdgg
edr gbe mn bihdem
(6) Nd kdybrëd
kdybrëd m nbs
nbs mlbs
mlbs lmemrde
lmemrde prbhu
prbhugbs
gbs hm
hm gbk`us
gbk`us
÷e ÷xgbs pbr hmsgbkpbsg÷e, y d l ebs kdmridnms, dn
drhmr pumhme lmemrdr ldsms hm dd bxghdh Nbs mlbs
dk`iée gbesukme mn bxëlmeb hspbe`m b lmemrde
mxpbsigibem pmnilrbsdkmetm ds dn gdnbr pbr gbevmgg÷e
b rdhidgi÷e bhbs msbs gtbrms pumhme dmgtdr
dmgtdr m lrdhb
dn gudn pumm smr smlurb dprbxkdrsm d ue mlb gbe
mxtebrms
 d`d F0 msukm ds gdrdgmrësigds hm nbs mxebrms y
pumhm
dhd
megmrtigdgibems
d smmggi÷e hm
mxiebrms
hm
dgumrhbusdrsm
gbe mgbb
Gpëunb
= Nds
kmegibedh
kmegibedhs
s sbe
dqumnds vilmems d kbkmeb me qum sm mnd`br÷ msd ebrkd.
Hm`mrëde gbesudrsm bs sdhbs dgdnms pdrd gbebgmr nds
gmrtigdgbems dgtudzdhds
Mhigi÷e 0:46
4:-1<
DEMVB F
X`nd F.0 Gdrdgtmrëstigds h nbs xtietbrs
mem mxtietbr
Dlud
Kébhb hm
auegbedkimetb
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
b `bk`d
@bk`d
@bk`d
Dld dlmetm f kmgetm)
Gdpdgihdh
Dngdegm
fbrizbetd hn
gfbrrb
Wë
Wë
4
0D
 ld
ld
= ld
7: d : pms
7: d: pms
0 kie
0 d 7 kie
Wë
7
D
0 ldn
7: d : pms
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
77 n rhdetm)
Dud em`uizdhd
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
DAAA, AAAZ
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Gniehb hm eir÷lmeb
rbhutb qëkib smb
rmlndr `idr`betb hm
sbhib)
Wë
Wë
I kie
Eb
0D
=: pms
7 kie
Eb
0:-D
4.66 d 0.= dn
4.
= d40 pims
=: d 6: s
Wë
0?G
0» ldn
1N
77 ldn
0: d 0= pms
0: d 0= pms
7: pms
=: s
=: s
4 kie
Wë
Wë
Wë
7?0: d :@
0-D?@
0D?1:@
Hm dutbmxpnsi÷e
Hm dutbmxpnsi÷e
0 d = n`
4: d = `
7 d 6 pms
7 d 6 pms
6 d 7: s
6 d 7: s
Eb
Eb
4 d =@G
0 d4@?G
Hm
Hm dutbmxpnsi÷e
dutbmxpnsi÷e
n` n`
=: d0:n::
bhdem)
6 pms
77 dd4:
pims
4:
7: ss
4: dd 7:
Eb
Eb
GG
4:4:@
d 0:@
Zrmsi÷e dkdmedhd
4 d 0n`
= d 6 pms
6 d 0 s
Eb
0 d4:@?G
G  fb b rms÷e
rms÷e
dnkdmedhd
dnkdmed
hd
Gdrfb b rms÷e
dnkdmedhd
dnkdmed
hd
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Gniehb hm
ei ÷meb b
prmsi÷e
dnkdmedhd
0µ d = n`
= d 0: pms
6 d 0= s
Eb
= d 0:@G
1 d 7: n`
= d 0: pims
4: d 0= s
Eb
4: d41:-@?
d41:-@?G
=: n` rbhdetm)
<= d 7=: n`
bhdem)
0: pms
= d = pms
7= s
0: d := s
Eb
Eb
41:-@?G
: d 70:-@?G
Gdrfb b rms÷e
dnkdmedhd
dnkdmed
hd
0 d=4`
= d40 pims
6 d : s
Eb
= d 7:@?G
Gdrfb b rms÷e
dnkdmedhd
dnkdm
edhd
Gdrfb b rms÷e
dnkdmedhd
dnkdmed
hd
G  fb b rms÷e
rms÷e
dnkdmedhd
dnkdmed
hd
Gniehb hm
ei ÷lmeb b
prmsi÷e
dnkdmedhd
= d4:4`
= d 0: pims
6 d 0: s
Eb
4: d 6:@G
41 d7:
d7:`
: d 0: pms
6 d 0= s
Eb
: d40:@
d40:@G
6 d =: n`
bhdem)
40= d 74=4`
bhdem)
0: pms
7: d 7= s
Eb
40: d41:-@?
d41:-@?G
= d = pms
7: d 6: s
Eb
6: d 1:-@?G
r
r
r
rbhutb qëkib smb
kunipb÷s
kunip
b÷stb
tb// DG
astb hm dkbei)
0:
7=
7=
7=
pms
pms
pms
pms
7: s
kie
kie
0 ki
kie
e
0kie
Wë
0-
4:D
7:-D
D
r
rbhutb qëkib smb
ÿrpurdd C `idr`edtb hm
ÿrpur
pbtdsib)
ª
: s
I kie
Zrmsi÷e
Zrmsi
÷e dnkdmedhd
dnkdmedhd

Gdsgdgbems
]Nb]NG
7: d : pms
pm s
7: d : pms
0 ldn
0= ldn rbhdetm)
= ldn rbhdetm)
1: ln rbhdetm)
H÷xihb hm dr`beb
¿
1N
0» ldn
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
Gfbrb hm dlud be drld
detbelmntm
det
belmntm
Ztmggi÷e
Xmkpb
rmqumri hd pbr
rmqumri
dprbxkdhb hm hm`dob hm 8: A
hmsgdrld
(8¿ 
Wë
Wë
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
4 d = n`
= d40 pims
6 d : s
Eb
4 d 7y0 d4:
@G
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
b drtufb
Zrmsi÷e dkdmedhd
b drtufb
Zrmsi÷e dnkdmedhd
b drtufb
0  d 9 n`
= d40 pi
pims
ms
6 d = s
Eb
9 d 4 < n`
= d 0: pims
4: d 0= s
Eb
4< d 7: `
= d 0: pims
4: d 0= s
Eb
 d y I B d :
:
@G
0 d 0:D
0:Dy4: d 6:
@G
7 d0:
d0:y
y7:
7: d
40:@?G
(Gbetiÿd)
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-16
MVXIEXBP M W BP XÄXINMW GBEXP EGMEIBW
X`nd F.0
Gbetieudi÷e
metm mxtetbr
Kétbhb hm
auegibedkmeb
s 
 

f
f


 
l 
s
dpdghdh
=  =
=
()
0=  7=
7=
(
ngdegm
brizbedn hmn
gbrrb
s

s
Zrbtmggi÷e
mkpb
rmqumrhd pbr
prbxikdhb hm hm`b hm 8¿A
(8 G)
hmgdrd

=  7= s
¿
Gndsiagdgibems
]Nb]NG ª
=  = s
7 
ss

 7D y 


0  D y 
@?
 µ d 9 
=  0s
0s
  s
s

 0?G
9 d < 
=  0s
0s
 = s

0 7-G
G
 d 7
7

=  s
s
 0= s

d 

=  7=
7=

()
=  = s
0 =s
= s

 0G
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
7

0 l
. 9   
0  7
7
=»  9 
7  00
  s
   s
  0 s
  s
s
  s
s
9  = s
   s
7ss
7
7=  = s
=  = s
  s
s
  s
s
  = s
  s







C
s 
s 
=
=
=
 ()
7= s
0  7= s
7ss
7
7  s


s 
  
s
s

s 
9  = 
7  0 s
  s
s

9  


! s
!
 00 s

s 
 .   =
=

  7= s
9  7
7 s

dnkdgmedhd
 ë s
(  s)
(
f
f  s

rf  s

f
f  s



 
r 
s
dndedhd
 
 
 fÿ
F   (
(

)
s  f 0/7
(


)
)
s
H   f
C
C
 ?
?
= ?
 ?
D??
?

  0 
?
?
D-G
G
7?
? 0

 ?
?
D
    


 
  D
@?
 s WI
WI; <3 ;
;  c3
c 3  ; 7
7== 
   
  
 
    ÿ    (] 
ªs s ss
ss  s s
 s ss  vs s ss s s  ss  
s
s s
s I,
I , 777 s ,
 , Efc,
Efc, N 
 9,
-9,  ws' Ns
Ns  Gä, < ws P, 
,, BE, P 7,
G.
s s      s
 s äs  v  s
s
 G
s s
s s  
 s
s ss  s  s    v  s 
Mhigi÷e 0:46
419
DEN'T I
hds me hbs prtm s Nd prkmd Xd`nd   (d) gbrmspbehm
gbrmspb ehm d nds
pimzds kmgäeigds (gbkpbemetms y gbetmemhbms)
gbetmemhbms ) gbkuems d d
kdybrd hm  bs mxtietbrms Nd smlehd dd   ) gbrms
pbehm d dlmtms mxtietbrms y kmhibs mxpmmetms m egnuym ed
hmsg-pg÷e m nbs prb`nmkds pmgunidrms d gdhd dlmem
Demxb I Zrbgmhikimetbs hm kdetmeikimetb
stm demxb eb ad pdm hm nb uitb hm mtm hbgketb hm EAZD,
mrb m iegnuym ÿeigdmtm gbe r÷itb ierkdtivb.
4 Nistds hm vmrigdgi÷e
vmrigdgi÷e hmn kdetmeikimetb. Zbr kbtivbs hm
prdgigihdh, nds silumetms nistds hm vmrgdg÷e mstäe brldezd
X`nd 4 (d) Nistd m vmriagdgi÷e hm pimzds kmgäeig
Giehrb/Gdgb
Dggi÷e gbrmgd
0.
Af   f  f  a
G

0.
7.
Hô    
7.
8
=
8
=
.
<
H  o
H  
6.
G   
   S   
a 
P ô ë    
D é     
 
Hô        
W      a 
          
  o
    
       
  o
Q   
H  
6
H  o
n
 
n
0
G   
0.
n
.
<.
Zndgd hm ihmegdgi÷e
ihmegdgi÷e
n
0
7.
8.
@bunnd b gbemd
H  ô   
D q
P  ë    
Dô 
r
<.
Gbeouetb hm kbedm hm kdelumrd
Hô    
D  o    ë
P ô ë    
     
W  é    
G: ÿ
B   
Af   f

sh h suhdh/h
suhdh/h nd
Hô    
4
0
7.
8.
=.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtivd
   E?   
 q q     
I          
/

/       
Dgg÷e gbrmgtid
n.
0.
7.
8.

0
7.
8.
=.
P

P
P
Dgg÷e gbrmgtid
P
P
P
P    
P
0
.
0.
n
0
7.
8.
=
.
A
Kd÷kmb b hpbib ehgdhb hm pmi÷e
    a   
Q    
H   
G
G       
Qd        
  
Q   
<.
Td   
W      
  
n.
P
0.
P
1.
÷ d

Dgg÷e gbrmgtivd
H    
H    
H'   
H        
   
H     
H   
<.
H 
n
0.
7.
8.
=.
r
r


<.
4.
0.
n.
Qä nd hm giehb
giehb b gdgb
     o  
 ô  

P   ô 

   

äud hm gmrm hm `bqund
    o   
ô   
n.
0.
n
Dgg÷e gbrmgtivd
H       

H  
Dgg÷ gbrmgtd
P    
(Getiÿd)
Mhig÷e 0:46
4: - < :
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
X`nd 4. (d)
Gbeteudi÷e
0
Giiehrb/Gdsgb
Zuetd hm `bquid b pdsm hm hmsgdrld tdpbedhbs,
tdpbedhbs,
hmrkdhbs b gbrr
gbrrbëhbs
bëhbs
0
Nikpidr b rmmpndzdr
n.
Kmgdskb hm pmabrdgi÷e
Zdde gd väsl
Zddegd
vä sl b oued hm sm
smhbr
hbr hm pmrrdgi÷e
pmrrdgi÷e
hdôdhbs ddhbs b dbrdhbs
n.
Pmmpndzdr
0.
Z    
Z
 k  
Pbsgds hdôdhds
hd ôdhds (gbrr
(gbrrbëhds
bëhds rbsgdhb gruzdhb
gruzdhb b hmsldsdhds)
0.
Pk
Pmmkpndzdr
7.
Dgg÷e gbr mgid
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
7.
=
1
Gdrgfb
Gd
rgfb hm l/mxpmnmetm
Gbrrbsi÷e
Hisgb
His
gb hm smb hôdhb (damgdhb gbrdhb b gbrrbëhb)
gbrrbëhb)
Pbsgds hdôdhds
hdôd hds (gbrbëhds rbsgdhb gruzdhb b hmsldsdhds)
Wmôdizdgibems
Wmôdizd
gibems m pmsb
pm sb ml`nms
Gdrugfb hm ld iedprbp
iedprbpidhb
idhb
Wmnb hm gdrugb iedprbpidhb
=
1

0
Ginehbs hm lds
Amgfd hm pm` fihrbstätgd
fihrbstätgd b amgfd hm `rigdg÷e
`rigdg÷e
Gbrrbsi÷e

0
n.
0
7
8.
7.
8.
=

0.
7
8.

0.
7
8

0
Gbehgi÷e hm  pieturd
Zrmsmegd hm rm dgibems Ssbhdhurd (`dehd hurd eb
mrbsd mtg)
Pbsgds hdôdhds
hdôdhd s (gb
(gbrrbëhds,
rrbëhds, rbsgdhb gruzdhb
gruzdhb b hmsldsdhds)
r
Xd hm nnmedhb
Gbrrbëhd dlrimtdhd b rbd
Pbsgds hdôdhds
hd ôdhds (gb
(gbrrbëhds,
rrbëhds, rbsgdhb gruzdhb b hmsldsdhds)
Hbs me nd supmrgm hm smndhb (kmdhd, hmrkdhd b
gbrrbëhd)
Pded u brigi hm vmeidg÷e b`sruihbs
Gnie hb/gdgdsd eb mg
mgld`m
ld`m
Gbrrbsi÷e
Hisgb hm smb hôdhb (dmgdhb gbrdhb b gbrrbëhb)
Pbsgds hdôdhds
hdôdhd s (gbr
(gbrrbëhds,
rbëhds, rbsgdhb gruzdhb
gruzdhb b hmsldsdhds)
Wmôdizdgibems
Wmôdizdgi
bems m pmsb b amgfd imlims
Gdrb y umh
Gdrrb gbrrbëhb
gbrrbëhb d`bn dhb b bb
Pumhds hdôdhd (rdhb hb`dhb
hb`dhb b rbb
rbb ie b mom d`bdhb
emkäigb sub prmsi÷e dod rbhdkimeb ddsgdhb)

0.
7.
8.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtid
Pmmkpndzd r gb gdrugfb hm lds mxpmme
Pmmkpndzdr
mxpmmem
m gbrmgb
gbrmgb
Pmmkpndzdr gb gdrugfb hm lds mxpmmem gbrmgb
Pmmkpndzdr gb gdrugfb hm ls mxpmmetm gbrmgb
Pmmkpndzdr gb gdrugfb hm ls mxpmmem gbrmgtb
Pmmkpndzdr gb gdrugfb hm ls mxpmmem gbrmgb
Pmmkpndzdr gb gdrugfb hm lds mxpmmem gbrmgb
8.
Dgg÷e
Dgg÷
e gbrmgtvd
Wbkmmr d ued umvd prum`d, si mrd emgmsdrib
Nmr d gd`b prum`d fihrbstägd y vbvmr d dpigdr dgd`dhb, b
hmsgddr
Qbvmr d dpgd dgd`dhb
Hdr hm `d
=
Hdr hm `d
7.
.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
Pmmkpndzdr
Pmmkpndzdr
Nikpidr rmpdrdr y nmr d gd`b prum`d
prum`d pdrd hmmggi÷e
hmmggi÷e hm lds
b rmmkpdzd
rmmkpdzd
Nikpidr
.
0
7
8.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtid
Hmsprmsurzdr y hmsgdrtdr
Hmsprmsurzdr y hmsgdrtdr
Hmsprmsurzdr y hmsgdrtdr
Hmsprmsurzdr y hmsgdrtdr

0
Dgg÷e gbrmgtid
Pmpdrdr b rmmpndzdr
Nikpidr rmpdrdr y u`rigdr b rmmkpdzdr
.
0
7
Kdeod pdd dsdhb

0
7
n.
0
7
Dldrrdhmrd hm ded rbd
Kded rbtd
Wmdhbr
Wmdh
br gbrrbhb dsgdhb
d sgdhb b hmsldsdhb
Iehigdhbms b smbs gbed kdeiundgibems iehm`hds
Pbbs b netm
Iehigdhbr
Iehigdh
br hm dd hm nmedhb gbrbëhb b iebpmrdivb
iebpmrdivb
Iehigdhbr hm dd hm nmedhb dggibedhb
0
@bk`d kdeud
@bk`d gbrrbëh, ddsgdhd b hdôdhd
Dousm iedprbpihb hm umrgd hm mkpdumdhurd


0
7
n.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
7.
Hdr hm `d giihrb b gbesutdr d a`rigdem sb`m d rmpdrdgi÷e
Pmmkpndzdr
Nikpidr b rmmpndzdr

0.
7.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
Qmigdr Xd`d .n (`) sbrm dggibems mspmgëgds
Pmpdrdr nikpi b mmkpdzd
Hmsprmsurzdr ehdh vmrigd gbemeihb vbvmr d nmedr
n.
0.
0.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
Pmpdrdr y n`rid b mmkpdzd
usdr
Wmnbs gbe alds

Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
Hmsprmsurzdr
Hmsprms
urzdr y rmmkpdzdr vävund b pmzd gmerd
Wmnnbs hm mpdqumtdhus y ues ÷gds("B Piel)
Hdhbs (gb
(gbrdbs,
rdbs, dlrm
dlrmdhbs
dhbs b hmslstdhbs)
Adtdems
Adtde
ms
Dôbsbs b mrbsbdhbs (mehurmgihbs pbr gbkprms÷e
gbkprms÷e

0.
7.
Pmmkpndzdr y rigd
Pmmkpndzdr y rigd
Pmmkpndzdr y rigd
.
Qäud hm pmsurizdgi÷e
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
r
 älims dlrimdhbs)
bpbrtms y sbstmems gbldetms
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
(Gtÿd
Mhigi÷e 0:46
4:-<4
DEN'T 4
X`nd .4 (d)
Gbeteudi÷e
Gehrb/Gdsgb
Dgg÷e gbrmgd

0
7.
8.
=.
Gbrrbëhbs, hmsldstdhbs b hb`ndhbs
Dousm sumb b ddsgdhb
Xbib b pmb hmslsdhb sumtb, gbrrbëhb b adetm
bms gbrmds b drdehmnds hmsldstdhbs
Hm tib ierbidhb

0.
7.
8.
=
Pmd  vbmr d digdr dgd`dhb, b mmkzdr
Dustd gb rkmzd b mmkndzdr
Drmdr b mmkdzdr
Pmmkdzr
Pmmkdzr
.
0.
Xu`b hm l y sia÷e b `b hm tbkd
Gbrrbëhb `bdhb dlrimdhb b rbtb
u`b `bqmdhb b d`mrurds me m tu`b
.
0.
Pmmkdzr
Nikid b rmmkdzdr
.
0.
Hspbsb hm dnb hm smlurhdh
Gbrrbëhb  hddhb
Pbb dggiedhb b bedhb
n.
0.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
Hmsrmsurzdr  mmkdzd
Hmsrmsurzdr  mmkdzd
4.
Pmludhbms hm prms÷e
Gbehig÷e mxtmd? hdôdhbs b gbrrbëhbs
n.
0.
7
8.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtivd
Hisbsib hm dnib hm rmsi÷e (gbrrbëhb tdbedhb
d`bdhb, gbe lds, rbtb b aetm)
Brgib hm dib hm sbk`mrmtm rbtmgtbr (gied dtdetm b
dd`rm hm smnb rbtb b tdem)
Xbib hm rmdi÷e (dhb hm `bqumb dem)
7
Dgg÷e gbrmgtvd
Wi msä hddhb, rmmkndzdr mludhb3 si msä gbrbëhb, ikidr
rmludhr b rmmkdzd
Hmsgbemgr rmludhbr hm d mem hm rms÷e rmmkdzdr
hisbsb hm diib hm rms÷e b rmmkdzdr rmlundhbr
Pmmkdr rmludhbr
8.
Pmmkdr rmudhbr
0.
X`nd 4 (`) Nstd hm vmriagdg÷e hmn kdetmikimetb hm dlmetms  kmhibs mxpmnmets
Dgg÷e gbrmgd
DyA
4.
0
7
8.
=.
1
<
Amgfd hm rmgdrld megihd
Eimms hm nmehb iedrbidhb
Gbehgi÷e hm dlmetm (mrgdr si fd smhikmetbs)
Eim hm nmedb iedrbidhb (br msb u b`smrgi÷e)
Gbehgi÷e hm dlmetm (rmsmegd hm rmgiitdhbs u b ds
kdtmids mxdôds)
Zrmsi÷e kdebérigd iedrbidhd
Iehigdhbr hm deiudgibems iehm`ihds rbtb b ndem
r
4
7
.
=.
Qdgidr, kdr  rmgdldr
Qdgidr, kdr  rmgdldr
Qdgidr, kdr  rmgdldr
Qdgidr  rmgrldr gbe sbugi÷e eum
Qdgidr  rmgrldr gbe sbugi÷e eum
1
<
Qbnm d rmsuizdr
r msuizdr  nmdr d gd`b rum`d hm hmtmgg÷e hm lds
lds
Nmr d gdb rum`d hm hmtmgg÷e hm lds rmmkdzdr iehigdhbr
0.
Hm dutbmxpuns÷e
4
Zmsb edrbidhb
H ÷ xh
xhb
b hm gdrbeb
4
Dgg÷e gbrmgtd
Pmgdrldr fdstd dgdezdr m msb dbidhb
0
Iehigdhbr hm deiudgibems iehm`ihds rbtb b anem
0.
Nmr
d gdb
rum`d hm hmmgg÷
hmmgg÷e
rmgdldr
 mmkd
smb e hm lds  msd dk`iée

0.
7.
Fd÷e 47:4 rbkbn
rbkbnubrb
ubrbkmdeb
kmdeb
Hisgb hm smb m giehrb mrardhb
Zmsb edrbihb
Iehigdhbr hm deiudgibems iehm`ihds rbtb b anem
4
0.
7.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtd
Pmmkdzd gdrgdsd
Pmmkdzd gdrgdsd b hmbmr dn a`rigdetm drd rmmedhb
Mdkiedr hsgb hm smb hm giiehb, mmkdzd smb
n
0.
d÷e 40/47:4
40/4 7:4 gbkdhbs
Zmsb iedrbihb
Iehigdhbr hm deiudgibems iehm`ihds rbtb b nde m
n.
0.
Dgg÷e gbrmgtd
Hmbmr d `rigdem (Qmr <.0.7.7)
Hmbmr d `rigdem (Qm <0.77.)
Hm dggbedkmeb kdeud
4
0.
4.
0.
7.
@bk`mb kgäegb hm dlud y gfbrb hm dld gbe gdrld
degbelmndem
Eim hm nmedb iedrbidhb
@bk`d hmamgtbsd
Gumd hm pbnb smgb
Eim hm nmedb iedrbidhb
Gbehgi÷e hm dlmetm (gbetdkedgi÷e b dlutiedkimetb)
Zdd gugfdr÷e adetm
Dgg÷e gbrmgtd
4
0.
Pmnmed fdtd m eim drbidhb
Nkidr, rmrd  u`igd,
u`igd, b rmmkndzd
4.
Pmnmed
Hmsgdrdr  rmmkdzd
Pmmkdzd
Dgg÷e gbmgtd
0.
7.
(Gbetieÿd)
Mhig÷e 0:46
4:-<0
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
X`nd 4. (`)
Getieuge
Dggi÷e gbrrmgtivd
DAyZ
A
Giniehrb b gdrtugfb hm lds
.
0.
7.
8.
=.
Hm tipb hm prbhgtbs quëkigbs
quëkigbs smgbs y hm pbnvbs smgbs
Eivmn hm gdrld b pmsb iedprbpidhb
Gbehigi÷e
Gbeh
igi÷e hmn dlmetm
dl metm (gbedkie
(gbedkiedg÷e
dg÷e dlnuedkimeb b
dlmem iegbrmg)
Gdrugb
(d) Hgb
H gb hm mnnb prdhb
(`) Zmb edprbpidb
(g) Iehgdhbr hm keipundgibem iehm`ihd rbb b ndem
(h) Wmnnb hm gdrugfb iedprbp
iedprbpidhb
idhb
Giniehrb hm ld gbe kde÷kmb
(d) Zrm÷e `dod
(`) Wmnb gberd kdpundgibem iehm`
iehm`ihd
ihd rbb b nde m
Giniehrb hm ld ie de÷kmb
(d) Zrm÷e `dod (gb
(gbnbgdr
nbgdr kde÷kmrb  kmhir prmi÷e)
4.
0
Dggi÷e gbrrmgtivd
Pmnnmedr dd emn hm gdrld b pmb gbrrmgb
Qdgidr  rmgdldr gbe dlmem
dlme m eumvb
7
(d) Pmmkpndzdr drugb
(`) Pmmkpndzd drugb
(g) Mxd
Mxdiedr
iedr hgb hm mnnb,
 mnnb, rmmkpndzdr
rmmkpndzdr
(h) Pmmkpndzdr
Pmm kpndzdr mnnb hm gdr ugb
8.
(d) Pmmkpndzr  mgdrldr giniehrb
(`) Nmr d gd` prum`d hm hmmgg÷e hm ld rmmkpndzdr
=.
(d) Nnmvdr d gd` pum`d hm hmtmggi÷e
hmtmggi÷e hm ld
ld (
(  m `d
rmmkpdzd b mgdrldr giniehb)
(`) Kmh
Kmhrr prmi÷ nnmdr
nnm dr d gd`b pm`d
pm`d hm hmmggi÷e
hmmggi÷ e hm ld
rmmkpdzd mnb
(`) Wmnb gberd kdpundgibem
kdpundgibem iehm`ihd rbb b ndem
Hm prmsi÷e dkdgmedhd

0
4
Fdne 404/47:4 gbk`iedhbs
Dpb pdr
pdrdd m rmnme
rmnmedhb
dhb
(d) Dlmem mxiebr edprb
edprbpidhb
pidhb
(`) Zrmi÷e kdebkérigd
kdebkérigd iedprbpidhd
(g) Wmnnb gbed kdipundgbem ehm`ihd rbb b nde m
Mxiebr eb rmgdrldm
rmgdrldm gbe iehigdhbr
iehigdhbr hm prmi÷e
prmi ÷e
(d) Zrm
Zrm÷e
÷e `dod
(`) Wmnb
W mnb gbetrd kdipudgibem
kdipudgibem iehm`ihd rbb b ndem
Hm tipb hm prbhgtbs quëkigbs smgbs y hm pbnvbs smgbs
Pmgdrld`nm
(d) Zmb hmn mxiebr
mxie br edprbpidhb
Dggi÷e gbrrmgtivd

(d) Hmb
Hmbnvmr
nvmr dn `rigdem
`rigdem (Qmr 0.7.7.)
(`) Hmvbnvmr dn `rigdem Qm .0.7.7.)
(g) Mxdkiedr mxiebr nnmr d gd`b prum`d hm hmmg gi÷e hm
ld rmmkpnddr mnb gberd kdepundgibem
kdepundgibem iehm`ihd
0
(d) Hmb
Hmbnvmr
nvmr dn `rigdem
`rigdem (Qmr <0.7.7.)
(`) Hmvbnvmr dn `rigdem Qm .0.7.7.)
Dggi÷e gbrrmgtivd
n.
(d) Nnmdr d gd` prum`d hm hmmggi÷e hm ld  rmnnmedr dd mn
pmb gbmgb
(`) Qbvm d prmizd  nmvdr d gd`b prm`d hm hmmgg÷e hm
ld
(g) Nnmvdr d gd`b
gd`b prum`d hm hmmggi÷e
hmm ggi÷e hm ld vmrigdr pmb 
rmmkpdzd mnb
(`) Zrmi÷e kdebkérigd iedprbpidhd
iedprbpidhd
(g) Wmnnb gbed kdipundgbem ehm`ihd
eh m`ihd rbb b nde m
0.
7.
8.
Gdrgdd hmmgd`nm gbe iehigdhbr hm prmi÷e
(d) Hgb hm mnnb
mnnb prd
prdhb
hb
(`) Zrmi÷e `dod
0.
(g) Wmnnbhmmgd`nm
gbed kdipundgbem
rbb b ndem
Gdrgdd
 ie iehigdhbr
ie
iehigdhbrehm`ihd
hm pmi÷e
(d) Hgb hm mnnb pr
prdhb
dhb
(`) Zmb `db
(g) Wmnnb gbed kdipundg
kdipundgbem
bem ehm`ihd b b nde m
m
Mxiebr eb rmgdrldm gbe iehgdhbr hm prmi÷e
(d) Zrm÷
Zrm÷e
e `do
`dodd
(`) Wmnb gberd kdpundgibem iehm`i
iehm`ihd
hd rbb b nde
nde m
7
(d) Hmprmizd  hmgddr
(`) Hmprmuiz  hmgdrd
(g) Hmprmri
Hmprmrizd
zd  hmgddr
(d) Hmprm
Hmprmrizd
rizd  hmgd
hmgdr
r
(`) Hmprmuriz  hmgdrd
(g) Hmprmr
Hmprmrizd
izd  hmgddr
hmgddr
8
(d)) Hmprmizd  hmgddr
(d
(`) Hmprmuizdr  hmgdrd
n
Hm tipb h prbhugtbs quëkigbs fÿkmhbs
fÿkmhbs
Eivmn hm nmedhb iepbpdhb (pbr pmb u b`mrgi÷e)
n.
0
Zrm i÷e kdebkérid iedprpidhd
0
7.
Wmnnb gbed kdeipdgbem iehm`ihd rbb b andem
7.

letmss hm tib dnbl medhbs
letm
Wmnnb gberd kdepndgibem iehm`ihd rbb b ndem
n
0.
Zrmi÷e kde
kdebkéid
bkéid iedprbp
iedprbpidhd
idhd
0
Dggi÷e gbrrmgtivd
Qdgidr  rmgdldr gbe dlmem eumvb pdrd gbrrmlir pmb me nd nëemd
hm nnmedhb
Qbnmr
Qb
nmr d prmurr  nnmdr d gd`b prum`d hm hmmggi÷e hm l b
gbendr  rigdem
Qmriigdr eivmn h nnmedhb rmgdrldr  mrd rmqum rih
rihb
b rmmpndzdr
mnnb gbed keipundgbem iehm`ihd
Dggi÷e gbrrmgtivd
Qmrigdr eimn  rmi÷e mgdrldr
mgd rldr i mrd rmqumrhb rmmkpndzdr
mnnbbnmr
gbedd eipundgbem
eipundgbe
m iehm`ihd
Zmdr
pmurizdr  nnmr
d gd`b pum`d hm hmmggi÷e hm
ld b gbeundr d `rigdem
(Getieÿd)
Mhigi÷e 0:46
DEMVB
X`nd 4 (`)
4:-<7
O
Gbetieue
Dggi÷e gbrrmgvd
DAyAZ
7.
Z 





7.
     

      
 t
.
E  

 



 (
( 
  




.
P          
  
.
.
Qg  mgl gb lmtm mb
7.
bhig÷ hmn lmtm  m tgblmntm b gbb hm l
  



Z
Z

 




 




7.
.
W t
t  

    


.
Q            
  
 
         
d y gfbrrb hm dd gbe gdrld tgbendet
.44 Kugf hm ds mgbkmehdgbems m nd Xd`nd .4 (d) y hm d
Xd`d .4(`
(`)) eb sb dpngd`nms d b s kbhmbs hm
h m mxietbms msmgfd`ms. Gudnquim hisgmpdegd me m kdetmeikmetb m bs
kbmbs msmgfdms lmemrdnkmetm ikpbem d emgmsihd hm
mmkpdzb hmn mxeb. M pmrsbedn rmspbesd`nm hmn smgb
hm`mrëd gbesuntdr nds estruggibems hmsgitds me nd pndgd hm
ihmetagdgi÷e y mn kdeud hm prbpimtdrb pdrd dggmhm d bs
iemdkimetbs.
.4.0 Nbs kbmb hm mxtietbrms hm dlmetm fd÷e hmsmgfd`nms
qum mquimrme rmkpdzb eb vde d smr hmspmsuizdhbs seb
hmvumntbs dn a`gdem b dlmegid rmspbesd`nm hm smvigib pdrd
smr hmsmgfdbs h kdemrd dpbpdd b rmgupmrdr m dlmetm
mxtietb.
bhds nds dggibms gbrmgtvds m`me smr nmvdhds d gd`b hm
dgumrhb gbe b msd`mghb me m kdeudn hm smrvigib hmn `gdetm.
Demxb O Mspmgiagdgi÷e tëigd hm mquipbs gbe gdpdgihdh pdrd
lmemrdr dirm smgb
tm demxb eb abrd pdrm hm nbs ruisitbs hm mstm hbgukeb hm EAZD,
pm sm ignuym ÿeigmtm gb  ÷sitbs ie-dtivbs.
ie-dtivbs.
r
O .4 Ietrbhuggi÷e d mgg÷e O.0 ms ue momkpb m ued mspmg-
gdg÷e hm mquips gbe
g be gdpdgd pdrd
pdrd lmemrdr dm smgb.
O0 Momkpb. Mn ÷hunb gbkpmsbr/smgdhb hm`m smr ued
ueihd pdqumtm
pdqumtm m ue hsmôb vmrigd
vmr igd ( gbkprmsbr megikd m
kbtbr) gbe gmdimetb gbkpnmtb, mesdk`ndhd y prb`dhd me
a`rigd. Hm`m ebrpb ue kpusb hm gbkpmsb ue
sstmkd hm puiagg÷e gbe¼bnms, tu`mëds m ietmrgbemxi÷e y
gd`mdhb. M dgdem hm sukiestb m`m egur nb sluimetm?
(4) Gpsb M `nbqum gbkpmsbr m`m smr hm kÿntpnms
mdpds, meaidb pb drm, nu`igdhb pbr dgmitm y gmrtagdhb pdd aegbedkmeb gbeieub d =::: ps
(88<= cd gbe ued tdsd
tds d m gdrld hm  RR pgk
(pms gÿ`igb pb kieutb)[. M gärtm hm`m mstd tbtdnkmetm megmrrdb gbe rbdkmebs m `bnds sb`rmhkmesibedhbs me dhd mx¼mkb. Nds vdrids hm gbemxi÷e hm`me
utnzd rbhdmetbs hm dlds me dk`bs mxtrmkbs. Nbs
pstbems hmme smr hm dnukieib b hm fmrb aehb y
m`me egbbd debs m pistbems me tbds s mtdps.
bs giehrb m`me sm¼ m fmrb aehihb. Hm`me utinzdrsm vävund m dvb m ietmmedhbrms iehiviudnkmetm
kbetdbs hspués m gdd mtdpd hm gbkprmsi÷e. M
Dgg÷e gbrrgtvd
pbstmedhbr hm`m mstdr hismôdhb pdd sukstrdr dim
ed d ed tmkpmdud qum eb mxgmd 0: A (4 G) pbr
megkd hm nd tmkpmdtud dk`metm. M vbndetm hmn
gbkprmsb hm`m egbpbrdr ue vmetidhb hm merdkmeb hm dtd vmnbgihdh pdd d käxkd hispdg÷e hmn
gdb m`m sukestdsm ue sistmkd dubkäigb hm
hrmedom hm gbehmesdhb gbkb mquipb msäehdr me tbhbs
nbs sistmds.
(0) Wistmd m smgdhb Mn sistmkd hm`m tmem ued hispbsig÷e hm
kÿntps gäkdds, gdd ued hm mds gbestud hm dmgi÷e  dnukeb gbe ued rmsistmegid d nd tmes÷e hm
6,::: si (=<0,06= cd) y hismôdhd
hism ôdhd pdd ued prmsi÷e
prmsi÷e hm
td`db hm =::: ps (8,8<= cd) gbe ue gtbr m smluhdh m 8 d . Nd prikmrd gäkdd m`m sm ue smp dhbr
kmgäeib pdd mnkied dgmitm y dld. ds gäkdrds su`slimem m`me uiizd gdrtugfbs hm rmmkpdzb pdd
dhmkäs miked d fukmhd y m pb hm dgmtm. Mn
sistmkd hm smgdb hm`m pbgmsd S
S  p (pims gÿ`
gbs)[ dms hm qum m gdrtugfb smd mmkpdzdhb. Mn dim
sukieis¼db hm`m mem ue pueb m rbgëb m 1: A
(=. G) b kmebs.
() etn/Istmtdgi÷. Mn kbub gbkpmsbr hm`m
egbrpd ue pdemn hm kde÷kmbs qum ieguyd nb
simem kde÷kmtrbs m hmsgdd mem mtdpds y aednms
kde÷kmbs hm dgmim nu`gdem (bem gbrmspbed)
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r
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gbetdh
y nuz m
kde÷kmtbs
mmefbrdrib
mstdr mebs
hmmegmehb.
ëqub Mn Xbbs
sstmkdnbshm
gbetbn
hm`m mtd gbkpumsb pbr tbhbs nbs hspbsiivbs pdd
kbetb!mdr m aegbedkimetb hm gbkpmsb b qum
eguym mn drdegdhbr hmn kbtbr gbe hmtmgtbrms hm sb`rmgdld m emruptbrms qum dpdlume mn gbkprmsb me gdsb
hm dntd mkpmrdturd b `dod prmsi÷e m dgmm (gbkprms
ms u`gdhbs d prmsi÷e). Hm`m pbvmmrsm ue pmsbsdtb
hm dim qum megimed y dpdlum dbkäigdkmetm mn
gbkprmsb pdd kdetmemr ued pms÷e dhmgudhd hmn
sistmkd d ueihdh m`m msd gbkpmd gbe ue sstmkd
hm kbeitbmb hm gdtugfb qum gbk`em detb m kbet
mb hm nd fukmd gbkb m dpdldhb pbldkdhb. Mn
kbetb! hm fukmdh vmrgd d gdndh mn drm gbeteudkmetm  mstä gdi`rdb pdd ehgd guäeb sm fd dngdezdhb u pueb hm rbgëb m 1: A (=.4 G). Gudehb sm
hmtmgtd fukmdh sm megimem ued nuz hm gbbr dkdrinnb
dkdrinnb y
m mkprizdhbr hilitd gbkimezd d uegbed. Hmspués hm
ue pmhb hm 4 d 0 fbds, sm dpdld y sm megimem ued nuz
hm gbnb! bb.[
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Mhig÷e 0:46
MVXIEXBPMW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
EGMEHIBW
4:-<8
EAZD 90, Lud p Ievmstildgibe hm Iegmehib y Mnbsibems
mhg÷e 0:<
Demxb C Pmamrmegi ieabrkdtivds
n Zu`n
Zu`nigdgibem
igdgibemss hm rmamrmegi
rmam rmegid
d Wm fdgm rmamrmegd d nbs
hbgukmetbs b pdrtms hm éstbs meukmrdhbs me m prmsmetm
demxb me ds smggibems ierkdtvds hm mstd ebrkd y eb rkde
pdrtm hm bs rmqusits hm mstm hbgukmeb, d kmebs qum
tdk`iée mstée meukmrhbs me m Gdpëtunb 0 pbr b¼ds rdzbems.
nn Zu`igdibems E Edtbed Airm Zrbmgtibe Dssbgd
,  @k c, T,  :419-<8<4.
EAZD , Ebrd pd pukds hm @dod Kmhi y Dntd Mdesi÷e,
mhig÷e 0:1.
EAZD 0, Ebr p Wistds Mxtiet hm Hi÷xihb hm Gdr`beb,
mhig÷e 0:=.
EAZD 0D, d d Wistmds Mxtietb g Fn 7,
mhig÷e 0:=.
EAZD =0, Lëd hm Met4dkitb hmn Zmbedn hmn Wvigib hm
@bk`mrbs pd nd mhuggi÷e hm imslbs me nd bkueihdh, mhg÷e
0:=.
EAZD 0::, kd sb Wistmds Mxtiet:4
 hm Iegmehib kmhidetm
Dtms Nipibs, migi÷e 0:=.
  te et e p t pn, : n B.
Kdeudn hm ptmgi÷e gbetrd iegmehib,
iegme hib, 0: mhigi÷e, 0::6.
¿
n.0 Btrds pu`idgibems.
n.0. Zu`igdgiems DG. Dsbgdg÷e hm Pmgu`rkime tbs hm
nbs Mstdhbs ]eihs (Dmrigde Gbde Dssbgdtibe b DGD),
=:: Pbhm Isnde Dvmeum, , \dseltbe, HG 0:::=
EAZD 7, d pd nd Iestndgi÷e hm Wistmds hm Pbgihbs,
mhig÷e 0:1.
Kdeudn hm ikpnmtg
ikpnmtgi
i hmn sistmd
sist md hm ihmetgdgi
ihmetgdgi hm kdtd
 pmnisbs SFddrhs Kdtmrid Ihtgdtibe Wystmk (FKIW)
pnmkmttiben eun[  mhigi÷e.
EAZD 7H, Ebd prd nd Iestdndgi÷e hm stds hm Pbgidhbrms
me Qivimehds ]eiadkid y @dkinds y me Qivimehds Zrma`4g
hds, mhgi÷e 0:1.
n.0.0 Zu`igdgiems GLD. sbgidg÷e hmn Lds Gbkprikhb
(Gbkprmssmh Ld Dssbgidbe b GLD), =: Lmbrlm Gdrtmr
\d, Wum :7, Gdetiny, QD 0:=-<66
EAZD 7P, d prd n Iestndgi÷e h  Wtmkds hm Pbgidhbrms
me Bgupdgi ih egdn hm fdstd Gudtb Zisbs hm Dnturd Iegu
GLD G-, Kétbbs prd Zm`ds hm i÷
i÷ hm Giniebs hm Lds
kprikihb Kmtf
Kmtf b Zs mstiel Gbp4mh Lds Gyniehmrs),
ssivm,
ivm, mhg÷e 0:1.
EAZD , bd pd  Iestdndgi hm Wistmds hm X`m2 Qmti
gdn y hm Kdemrs, mhig÷e 0:1
0:1.
C..0.7 Zu`igdgi
Zu`igdgiems
ems ]N ]ehmrwrtmrs Nd`brdbrims eg.,
777 Zelsme Pbdh, Ebrtf`rbb, I 1::10-0:91.
EAZD =, Ebd pdd Wtmds bs hm D Zunvizdhd pd
tmggi gtrd Iegmehi, mhigi÷e 0:<.
]N :97, d pdd Mxtiets h Dlmet Fdnbedhbs (Wtd
hdh br Fnbedm Det Airm Mxtieisf¼), 99=, rmvisdhd me
EAZD 1, :d pdr n Iestndgi÷e hm Wistds hm Pbgih:4 hm
Ddpukd y D  hm Ddpukd, mhg÷e 0:=.
0::6.
r
EAZD <, Ed prd Wistmds tiet:4 hm Tuëkigbs Wmgbs,
mhig÷e 0:<.
EAZD <D, Ebd p Wtmkds Mxtiet
 hm Tuëkigb Nquihb,
mhig÷e 0:<.
EAZD 6, rd sb`4- Dtms Fumgtetm mhg÷e 0:<.
EAZ <?, G÷hilb Egibedn hm Dds h  Aumlb y Wmôdzdgi
Wmôdzdgi,,
mhig÷e 0:1.
EAZD <<, Zgtigd Pmgbkmehdhd sb- mgtgihd
mgtgihdhh tätigd,
mhig÷e 0:.
EAZD 91, Ebd pd mn Gbetn hm n etindgi÷e y nd tmggi÷e
gbet Ighib hm Bpmibems Gbk idnms hm Gbgied, mhg÷e 0:<.
r
ëdd pd s Bpmgibems hm P
Pgdtm
gdtm y Gbk`dtm hm
EAZD :0, ë
Iegmehib me Dmbedvms, migi÷e 0:7.
EAZD 6, Ebd pd Kmtdn Gbk`ti`n, mhg÷e 0:=.
¿
n0 Zu`igdgiems ]G ]ehmrwritmrs' Nd`brdbrims hm
Gdedhä, < ]ehmrritmrs Pbdh, Xbrbetb, BE KP 7D9, Gdedhd.
GE/]G-W=, Ebd pd Mxtiet- hm Dlmtms Fdnblmedhbs
Kdeun y Pbhdt (Wtdhrh br Fnbdtmh Dlmet Fdeh deh
\mmnmh rm
rm Mxtiefm), 0::=, rdtgdhd me 0::<.
n.0.= Zu`igdgiems ]/]G. ds sluimetms pu`igdgbems
sbe ebrkds hm drbeizdgi÷e `edgbed hm ]ehmwrtmrs `
rdtbrms Ieg., 777 elstme Pbdh, Ebrtf`rbb, IN 1::10-0:91, y
]ehmrtmrs
Ndbrdbrims
hm Gdedh < ]ehmrwrtmrs Pbdh,
brbeb,
BE K
7D9, Gdedhd.
DEWI/]N 099, GDE/]G-=:, Ebd pd Mxtietb-
 hm
Tigbs gbs Wtdhdrh
Wtdhdrh 
r  Gfmigdn r Mxtiefm), 0:0.
EWI/]N <, GDE/]NG-W=:6, Ebd prd G¼tgdgi÷e y
Mesdybs hm mlb h Mxtietbs (Wtdehd O:4 Pdtiel deh  Xstiel
ba  Mxtief ), 0:7.
r
EWI/]N 00, GDE/]NG-W=11, d pd Mxtiet:4
 hm
Dtms Fnbgdbebs Niibs Wtdehd
Wtdehd
 O4
O4 Fdnbgbe Gnmde
Gnmde Dlmet
Ai4- Mxtiefm ), 0:.
EAZD 1:, Lu pdr Bpmdgibe hm Mkmrgid y hm W hdh
me Zrmhibs pdr
pd r Dutbkbvnkb 
 tivb, mhg÷e 0:.
C.0 Pmamrmegi ibrkdtivds. (Pmsmrvdhb)
EAZD <=:, bd sb4 Wtmkds hm Ztmggi÷e gbet Ieghib hm
Dd `unzh
`unzhd,
d, mhig÷e 0:=.
C.7 Pmamrmegi
Pmamrmegi
  adlkmebs mxrdëhbs me ds smggibems ieabr
kdtivds (Pmsmrvdb)
l

EAZD 6=:, Zgtigd gbkmehdhd p Ztmggi÷e gt Iegmehib
pd Zndetds hm Lmemgi÷e hm Memd Mgtrigd y tdgibm
tdgibmss hm
v i h  Gbrmetm irtd hm Dntb Qbntdom, mhigi÷e 0:=.

Mhigi÷e 0:46
ËEGM
4-<=
Ëehigm
© dgibedn Arm Zbtmtbe Dssbidtbe. Xbhbs nbs Hrmfbs Pmsmrvdhbs
Nbs hmrmfb
hmrmf b hm
hm dutbr me mstm
mstm ëehim sbe smpddhbs y histe
histetbs
tbs hm nbs hmrmfs
hmrmf s hm db me m hbkmetb qm ehmxde
e hmxde Nds
pvisibe s h bzd÷e hvuldhds
pvisibes
hvuldhds pdd
pdd  hbukeb eb sbe dpd`s
dpd`s d st ëehi  st ëehi eb puh
puh  sr prbhu
ihb tbtdnkme b me pdrtm pb eee kmhb se m mxpmsb pmrkisb ms¼tb hm AZD
Hmegbems . 7
-D-
H   (X Hi)
Dkieisrdgi÷e,
Dkie
isrdgi÷e, . I
 7.7.0 77.0
, , 
 .0 .
.00
] 7
Hsr`ug÷e  M
   
,
, M0
  , M!
    @ M8
    G, M.


    , M 1
    C M
  
  G , M.7
K  
 ,, M.7.
W        , M
71
lmetm fukmgtde m (\mttel Dlme)
Dlme )
 70
7066
lmetm kpb (Gnmde lmet)
 7
lmetms fdblmedhbs
fdbl medhbs (Fdblmedtm
(Fd blmedtm Dlmets)
Dlmets )
76
76,, 77
776
6
F (F)
 7.7.6
F (F)
 7760
H÷xb m gdrbeb (Gr`be Hbxm)
 7.7.7, 7.7.7
DEWI
HB
7.
 77.6
Dprb`db (
(prvm)
prvm)
 7, 7.0

Dutbrd gbkpmmetm
gbkpm metm (Dutf bry FdvelOursgtbe b DF)


 70 7.0.0
7.0. 0
MoO
O
-G
Gdrld detgbelmdetm (etmmzm Gfdrm)
pukd brkdbrd m pmëgud (Ak-Abrkel Abdk)
 70
Gdsgb m dgmrb gm (K Wmm Wfm)


70
Gfbrrb m dlud gbe gdrld degbelmdem (Nbdm Wrmdk Gfdrlm)
 70:, 77.0:
7 7.0:
Gerb (Gyemr)
G    (F- G)
 
G    (w )
 7.7..0
 7.
Gdsgdg÷e y smkd m gmrgdg÷e m mxebrms
-M
pmggdg÷e  ëpgd m mqupbs gbe gddgd pdrd lmemrdr drm
drm
smb 
 7.7.177.1
M     (
(

   )
 77.10 77 10
M a    ( -
  
)
)
, 77.1, 771
Mqumdb Ndmm)
 707
xtetbr dutb mxp
mxpmmetm
mmetm (Wma-xpmel A rm xtelusfmr)
 7.8.
 L
Mo, L0
L
L

L .
xtetbr m dld em`uzdd (dtmr Kst A xtelusfmr)
 78
xtetbr m prs÷e dkdgmedd (Zrmsurzdb) (WtbrmZrmssurm
A xtelusfmr)
xtelus fmr)
Gbldbr (xtelsfmr Fdelmr)
 78.1
 77
Gbegbems m d smmgg÷e  F
G      a
a  
, F0
G   a   , F.!
xtetbr m tp m dlud
dlu d (dmr-pm Arm xe l sfmr)
 78.6
Mxtetbr eb rmgdrld`m (eb dpb pdrd smr rmmedb)
SEermgfdrlmd`m ( Ebermd`m) Arm xelusfmr 
 780, 780
-H-
Hm`m (Wfd)
 7
Hm`mrëd (Wfbu)
 71
xtetbr bpmrdb pbr gdrtugfb/ gerb (GdrrlmGyemr
Bmrdm Am xelusfmr)
 78.
xtetbr pbrä (Zbrt
(Zbrtd`m
d`m Arm x lusfmr)
lusfmr)
 78.7
 
MVXIEXBPW ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
4:-<1
Mxtietbr rmgdrld`nm (dptb drd smr rmnnmedhb) SPmgfdrmd`m
Pmnnd`m)
Pmnn
d`m) Airm Mxtielusfmr[
Hmeitibe, 7.88 D788
Mxtietbr rbhetm (\fmmmh Airm Mxteluisfmr)
Hmeitibe 789
-A-
Aumlbs hm ëquihbs ieadkd`nms rmsurizdhbs (Zrmssurizmh
Andkkd`n Nquih Airms)
Hmeitibe 7707
Auegibekimetb  usb, Deemx H
Gddtmrëstids hm ns mxtibms H.8
Hm dlmems hm spukd rkdhbrd
 rkdhbrd hm pmnëud H.80
Hm DA y Z, H80
Hm quëkibs smgbs, H8=
Mxtietbrms hm quëkib smb kuntprp÷stb (aþmlbs ndsm
 ndsm @y dsm G), H8=0
Mxtiebrms hm quëkibs smbs brhiedrbs (mlbs ndsm @y
ndsm G H.8=
Hm tipb hm dlmms fdblmedhbs H.88
@bkbbrbhinubrbkmtdeb fd÷e 4044) H.88n
Hm tipb hm dlud H8.4
Hm dlmems ukmdetms, H84.=
Hm dlud hm rmsi÷e dnkdmedhd H.84
Hm fbrb hm dlud be drld detibelmndm H840
Hm tdequm m `bk`d, H87
Hm tipb kbfind,
kb find, H.848
Hm pb hm hi÷xihb hm dr`beb H87
Hm tipb hm pbvs smbs H8.1
Mxetbr hm bnvb smb, H81.
Zbvb smb d lrdemn, H.810
Mxtietbr hm dlud em`unizdhd H86
Mxtiebr hm quibs ëquihb H8<
Lmemrdnhdhms, H
Kétbhbs hm eibedkmetb hmn mxetbr, H40
Zdsbs `äsbs pdd  dibedkimetb hm nbs mxtietbrms H.0
Dibedkmb hmn mxtietb H.0.8
Lds mxpmnmem/rmsi÷e, H0=
Pmbebikime hm ue hspbsivb bkb ue mxietbr, H00
         
Xéeids hm dpnd÷e H7
Lmemrdnhdhms, H7.4
-
Ld`iemtm Mxteluisfm Gd`iemt)
Hmeitibe 7740
.S.
Iesmggi÷e (Mxeluismr Iesmtibe)
Hmeitibe, 7748 7748
Iesmggi÷e kdetmeikmetb  rmr
rmrld
ld Gfd p
p
<
@dndeds <.40 D<.0
Gbndr hm kdememetby
kdememetby smrviib hm rmdrld
rmdrld <.44 D<44
Lmemdnhdhms <4 D<
Zmrsbed <.40
Pmmkpndb hurem nbs smrviibs hm kdetmeikimetb b
rmld, <47
Pmspbesd`nihd, < 4
P÷tubs b mtiumtds, <48
Iespmi÷e, <0
Dibemss brmtivds <07
Dibem
< 07
Mxtetbr m dlmems fdn÷e eb rmdrld`nm <077
Mxtetbr m prbhubs quëkibs smbs eb
rmdld`nm <070
Mxtetbrm rmdld`nms <07.
rmumeid h nds iespmibems,
ies pmibems, < 0.4
0.4
bbs  ÷ <
bbs
Zrbmhikmeb hm iespmi÷e pdd bememhbrms hm
dlmetms mxtietbrms
mxtietbrms ndsm H, <0=
Wistmkd hm rmlistrb hm iespmbems <.08
Pmlstbs m iespmibems mnmt÷eids, <080
Pmlstbs m iespmibems kdeudnms <08.
Kdetmeikimetb m msdibems hm kdelumds <=
Kdetmeikimebb m kdelumds y rmlu dhbrms hm mxiebrms
Kdetmeikime
mxiebr ms
rbhd ms <<
Dibems brmtivds, <<.7
Kdelumrds h mxtiebrms rbhdems <<.n
Pmlundhbrms m pmsi÷e <<.0
Kdetmeikimeb m ue mxtieb, <7
Dibemss brmtivds, <7.=
Dibem
Mxdkme mxtmeb deudn hm tbhbs nbs mxtiebrms <7.0
Dibemss brrmtivds <70=
Dibem
<7 0=
Gbehii÷
sid,hm<70
uehds,
dinnbs
`dm y dmsbribs <707 D.<70.7
Wmnnbs b ihidhbrms hm kdeipundibems
iehm`ihds, <7.0.0, D<7.00
Mxdkme ietmb deudn hm hmtmrkiedhbs tipbs hm
mxtetbrms, <77
Gfbrrb h dlud be dld detibelmdetm, <.770
Mxtetbrm hm dlmetms fukmtdetms <778
Mxtetbrm
Mxte
tbrm hm tdequms hm `bk`d, <77=
Mxtetbrm bpmrdhbs pbr drtufb b pbr inehrb, <77.7
D.<777
Ietmrvdbs hm kdemeikmetb <77.4 D<7.7.
Mxdkme imb hm dhd smis dôbs hm hmtmrkiedhbs tpbs hm
mxtetbrms, <7.1
Dibemss brrmtvds <718
Dibem
Mtiqumtd mn mxdkme iemb hm dhd smis dôbs <71= D
<71=
Zrbmhikimbs
hm kdemeikmeb
<74,D<7.8
D< 7
Pmlstb
hmn detmeikimeb
deudn, <78,
Kdetmeikimetb mn sistmkd hm kbebmb mnmt÷eb, <.1
Dibems bmtivds, <17
Kbeitbrmb mntr÷eib, <1
Kde÷kmbs <9 D.<.9
Zrbf`i÷e sb`rm nbs usbs hm nbs
n bs mxtibrmsy rdesrkdi÷e hm
nbs tipbs hm mxtiebrms <.4:
Zrum`d hm behtivihdh
behtivihdh hm ue buetb hm kbetdom hm
kdeumrd pdrd hi÷xihb hm dr`beb, <8 D.<8
Pmdld hm mxtietbrms y dlmems mxtibrms <6
Dlmems hm rdrld,
rdrld , <67  <67
Hm dlmets
dlmets fdnblmedhbs,
fdnblmed hbs, <.67<, D<67<
Hi÷xihb m d`beb, <.67.9, D.<67.9
Mikiedie hm nd fukmhdh <.671 D<671
Kmznd h qukb smb rmkdemetm Xbppiel
B <677
Kmznd qëkbs smbs <670, D<670
Mhigi÷e 0:46
ËEHGM
Zbnvb smgb, <.6.7.=
Putnizdg÷e h dles fdnbledhbs, <67.6
Putizdg÷e h qëkgb nëquhb y dld
e`undhd, <6744
Putnizdg÷e h ue dlet qkigb sgb <.6.7.8
Wstmkd grrhb h rgpdg÷e h qëkgbs
sgbs < .6.7.8.8
.6.7.8.8
Xpb s h dld .6.7.4: D..6.7
D..6.7.4:
.4:
4:-<<
Mspkd rbprbëegd arkdhbrd h pnëgund (AAAZ), D.
7.7.410
Mspkd arkdhbrd h pnëgud dgubsd (DAAA), D.7.7.41.4
Mxtetb eb rgdrld`n (eb dptb pdr sr rnedhb), D.7.8.0
Mxtb rdrld` (dptb pdr sr rnnedhb), D.7.8.8
espgg÷e h e xtetbr D. 7.7
7.7 .48
Nstdhb D..0.8
Kdeeikeb
Kde
eikeb h
h  e
 e xtiebr, D.774=
r
A rgegd h
rgdrld drd
htrkedhbs tipbs h
xtebs
<.6.0htrkedhbs
H D y A, <6.07
H dls fukgtdets
fukgtdets <.6.00
H tdeu h `bk`d <.6.0.4
Lerdhdhs <.6.4, D<.6.4
Pgdrld h lds xpnet pdd xetbrs h prs÷e
dnkdgedhd < .6.8
Plstrb h rgd
rgdrlds
rlds,, <6.86
Iestdndgi÷e hm mxietbrms pbrtätinms, Gfdp 1
Lerdnhdh
Lerdnhd
h 1.4
Detigbelde
Detig
belde,
, 1n .8
Gdehdh  xtebrs 14., D.1n.
Hispbe`nidh h xebs, 1.4.0
Wstkd h kbetbrb ngtr÷egb y dndrkd 14.=
]`gdg÷e 1.4.7
Dnr  estddg÷e, 147.6
Ld`ets, 1.4.7. D.1.4.7.4
D.1.4.7.4
B`strggbes vsudns 1.4.7.7
Qs`dh h d tiqtd 1.4.7.9
Iestddgbes drd rslbs gnds G, 1.8, D1.8
Iestddgbes drd rslbs gnds D, 1.0
Xdkdôb y bnbgdg÷e h xebrs pdrd rslbs gnds D, 1.0.4
Iestddgbes drd rslbs gnds @ 1.7
lbs h hrrdks 1.74
Nquhbs adkd`ns h prbehihdh dprgd`n 1.7.0
Pslbs h alb gbe b`stägnbs, pbr lrvhdh/
thikesbeds y pbr prsi÷e 1.7.7
Iestddgbes
Iestddgbe
s drd rslbs gnds H, 1.=
Iestddgbes drd rslbs gnds C 1.1
.!.
Nistdhb (]stmh)
Hebe 7..8 D.7.0.8
Nëquihbs ienkd`ms hm prbauehihdh dprmgid`m (Andkkd`nm
Niquihs ba Dpprmgid`nm Hmptf)
Hebe 7..<
-K
etmeieÿmetb (xteluisfm detmedegm)
Hebe 7..= D774=
dtmridn mxpnigdtvb Deex D
Dlets rkdhbrs h pnëgud D.7.7.41
Dlets fdnbedhbs, D.7746
Dprb`dhb, D04
Dubhdh gbpte (DFO) D7.0.0
Gfbrb h dld gb e gdrld detg
detgbeln
belnd
d D.7.7.0:
Histdegid
Histdeg
id h rmgbrrhb, D.77.0<
Hi÷xhb h gdr`beb Gdr`be Hb xh, D7.7.7
Kbrb
÷b D77 
Zbnvb
sgb 
D.7.7.9
Tuëkgb nëuihb D.778.0
Tuëkgb sb, D7.7.84
beitbrmb mnmtr÷eigb (Mnmgtrbeig beitbiel)
Hetbe 7.74:, D.7.74:
-E
Ebrkd (Wtdehh)
Hetbe 70<
..
Zbnvb smgb
smgb ( Hry Zbwhmr)
Hetbe 7.7.9, D.7.7.9
Zrmsi÷e (Zmssrm)
Hetbe 7700
Zrs÷e
h r`d
h a`rgd (Adgtb st Zrssur)
Hete,
7.7.00.0
Zrs÷e h rvgb Mxeluisfr Wrvg Zrss)
Hete 7700.
Zrbgmhikimetb hm kdetmeikimetb Deex 
stds h vagdg
vagdg÷e
÷e hn kdeekb, .4
Zrum`d fihrbsttigd (Fhrbstdtig Xmstiel)
Hetbe 7749
Zrum` fihrbsägds, Gfdp. 6
Mqpdkbs pdrd nds pr`ds 6.0, D.60
Mqpdebs pdd ns pr`ds h gnehrbs h dnd
ps÷e 6.07
Mqpdebs pdd ns pr`ds h gnehrbs h `d prs÷e
y gbeoebs
gbeoebs h kbetdo h kdelds (Mesdyb
( Mesdyb
h nd ps÷e h pr`d), 6.0.8
qp   ..
Kde÷ktbs, 6.04
Mxdke h e xetb, 6.8
Mxdke h d gbehg÷e hn gehrb, 6.8.0 D.6.8.0
Lerdhdhs 6.8.
6.8.
Argegd 67
Gniehrs
Gniehr
s y gdgfbs,
gdgfbs, 6.70
Gbeuebs h kbet h kdeluds, 6.7.7
Lerhdhs 6.7.
Lerd 6
Lerd
Zrsbes hm pu`d, 61
Gniehrs h dntd prs÷e, 6.1.0
Gniehrs h `dod prs÷e 6.1.
H tpb h ps÷e dnkdgedhd 6144
Hn tpb bprdhb pb gdrtgfb 6140
Gbeuebs h kbd h kdeluds, 6.1.7
Zbghkibs h nds pr`ds 6.=
Gniehrs
Gniehr
s h dntd prs÷e
prs ÷e 6.=7
Gniehrs h `dod prs÷e 6.=.0
 
MVXIEXBPW ZBPXÄXINMW
ZBPXÄXINMW GBEXPD EGMEHIBW
4:-<6
Gbeouebs hm kbetdm hm delumrds, 6.=.
Lmemrdihdhms, 6=n
Pmgfdz hm mxtetrms, 66
E pdsd d prum`d  mxdme, 66.n
66. n
Wmôdzdgi÷e hm mtetbrms efddhbs, 6.60
Pmlstrb hm prumds fhrbstätigds, 6<
Gehrs hm d prms÷e, 6.<.0, D.6<0
Geh
G
ehss y gdtgfs hm dd prmsi÷e, 6.7
6.7
 h  h
h  el, . <
Pmlstrbs, 6<.4, D.6<n
Zu`igdgibems hm rmamr megid, Gfd
Gfdp.
p. 0
Lmemrdihdhms, 0.4
Btrds puigdgem, 07
Btrds puigdgems, 07.9
Zunigdgbems GD, 07.n
Zuigdgems WXK, 070
Zuigdgems LD, 077
Zuigdgems hmn Lbmb hm
h m nbs Mstdhbs ] ehs, 076
Zunigdgbems N, 0.7
Zunigdgbems N/NG, 0.7.1
Zuigdgems NG, 07=
Zuigdgems E, 07.<
Zuigdgems EAZ, 0.0
Pmamrmegds d dlmebs mxtdëhbs me ds smggbems
nildtrds, 0
-T
Tuëkigbs (Gfmkigdn)
Hmetbe, 7.7.
Tuëg Nëquihb (\t Gfmgd)
Hmetbe, 7780, D.770
Tugb smgb (Hry Gfmgd)
Hmetbe, 7.7.8.4, D.77..n
-P
Pmgdrld (Pmgfdrliel)
Hmiete, 7.7.0
Pmamrmegids ieabrkdivds Deemx C
Zuigdgems hm ramrmegd, C.
Btrds punigdgems, C4.0
Zuigdges
 .0.
.0.
Zunigdgbes DGD,
GLD, C.
C.n0.0
Zuigdgbes N, Cn.0.7
Cn.0.7
Zuigdges NG, C.40.
Zuigdgbes N/NG, C.n0.=
Zuigdgbems D, C.4.
Pmamrmegds d dlmes mxtdëhbs me ds smggbems
ervds (Pmsmdhb), C7
Pmamrmegds erdtvds (Pmsmrvdh), C0
Pmqusitbs lmemrdms fdp 
Mtetbrms sbmts, .
Ihmegdgi÷e hm ns gbetmehs, 0, D.0
Nstdhb y mtqumtdh, .4
Gbehugvihdh négigd, .4
Kdeudn hm estruggbems, .7, D7
-WWmnmggi÷e hm mqupbs m mxegi÷e hm aumlbs rmsihmegidms, Deem A
Dpgdg÷e pdd mslbs mspmgëgbs, =
umlbs hm mqpbs mmg¼÷egbs, A=.0
A=.0
umlbs hm hs hm ggg÷e
ggg÷e gbustms,
gbust ms, A=4
Hmegems, n
Mxtietbr rmsimegd pdd prp÷sibs mspmgdms, 4.0
Mxtietbr rmsimegd pdd usbs lmemrdms, 44
Iespmgg÷e,
Iespmgg
÷e, dmemetb y smrvgi hm mqups mxtetbrms
rmshmegidms,  <
Lhh
Lh
h A <
Iespmggems <.0
Kdetmemeb y smrvigb, <7
Niemdmebs pdrd mquipbs mxtbrms, 1
Mspmggdgms ëeds, 1.
Iestddg÷e, 1.0
Zrmgdugiems hm smlurhdh, 17
Zrbgmhmebs
Zrbgmhme
bs pstmbrms d
d  usb hm ue mxtbr,
mx tbr, 1.
Nemdmebs pdrd mstugtuds uidrms,
uidrms, 0
Pmgbmehdgbes
Pmgbmehdgb
es lmemrdms, 6
Mxtietbrms, .4
Kdeud hm prpmtdrb, 60
Zriegpbs hm d meg÷e hm mlb, 6.7
Pmspbesddh, 6.
Pmqustbs lmemrms,
lmemrms, 7
rdms demxs,
demxs , 7.0
Ldrdms e dmbs, 77
Pmshmegdm, 74
Xpbs hm mte-ms, A
Wmnmggi÷e hm mxetbrms Deemx G
Dhmgudg÷e hm s mxetbrms pdrd m rmslb, G.0
Zriegpbs pdrd n smmggi÷e hm mtetbrms, G.
Wmmgg
Wmm
gg÷e
÷e hm metbr gbrrmgt, G7
Mxtibrms hm DA
D A y AZ,
AZ, G77
Mxtietbrms hm dlmems fdblmedhbs, G7=
Mxtietbrms hm dlud, G70
Mxtietbrms hm h÷h hm gdrbeb (GB
( GB 0, G7
Mtibrms hm quëgbs smgbs, G7.1
Mxtietbrms rbdetms,
rbdetms, G.7.<
Wmnmggi÷e hm mxtietbrms pbrtätinms, Gfdp. =
Gndsgdg÷e hm mls =0
umlbs gdsm , =.04
umlbs gdsm @,
@ , =.00
umlbs gdm , =0 7
umls gdsm , =0
umlbs gdsm , =.0=
Gdsigdg÷e hm s rmslbs, =.
Wmmgg÷e pb gupdg÷e, =.0, D.=0
Pmqustbs lmemms, =.4
Wmnmgg÷e pdd rmslbs mspmgëgbs, =.=
umlbs gdsm H hm mdms gustms, ==.6
umlbs gdsm  me mhs hm gbgg÷e, =.==, D==.=
umlbs gdsm @, =.=.4
Mtietbrm pdrd aumlbs hm quihb
Mtietbrm
 quihbss endd m
mss
prmsuzdhbs y pbr lds prmsurizdh,
prmsurizdh, ==.4., D.
==nnn
==n
umlbs ge b stägubs, ==.7
umlbs hm mqpbs mmgt÷egbs,
mmgt÷egbs, =.=.1, D.=.=1
umlbs hm ëquhbs
ienddnms
sbums me dlud (sbvmetms
bdrms),
=.=.
 :
ËEHIGM
4:-<9
Aumlbs trihikmesibednms =.=.0, D=.=.0
Ärmds qum gbetimeme bxidems, ==.< D==<
Wnggi÷e pdr `igdgibes spgaigds =.1
Wistkd m gsigdgi÷e  xtetbrs, =7
Wismkd gmrdb m rmgmrdgi÷e
rmgmrd gi÷e m dlmetms
dlmetms fdnblmedbs
(Fnbledtm Gnbs Pgbvmy Wystk)
Hmeitie, 771.0
Wistmkd gmrdb m rmgmrdgi÷e m ëkigb smgb (Hry
Gfmkigdn Gnbsm Pmgbm Wystmk)
Hmeitie
Hmeiti
e 7714
Wmrviib (Wmrviiel)
Hmeiibe, 70=
Wmôdizdib
Wmôdizdi
bms
ms rmgbkmhdhds pdrd ihidr nd dhmudi÷ hm nbs
mxitbrms hm dumrhb b nd
nd ndsm hm aumlb, Deemx @
Wbpbrm (Mxiuisfmr @rdcm)
Heitbe, 7744
Le 6
Wistmkd
Wistm
kd m s môdizdgibems mgbkmedds @0
Wismk d mrrdhb m upmrd
upmrdi÷
i÷ (Gbs mh Pmb
Pmbvmry
vmry Wysmk)
Heiibe, 71
-X-
XG
Heitibe, 7701