Name ______________________ Date ________________ Period ____ AP BIOLOGY UNIT TWO REVIEW GUIDE Cell Structure and Function: Match each description with the organelle in the right column. Answer choices may be used more than once. ______ 1. A membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened sacs A. ribosomes B. mitochondrion whose functions include the correct C. lysosomes folding and chemical modification D. chloroplasts of newly synthesized proteins and E. Golgi complex the packaging for protein trafficking F. vacuole G. smooth ER ______ 2. A membrane-bound sac that H. rough ER plays multiple roles in plant cells such as the storage of water, starch, pigments, and poisons and the maintenance of turgor pressure ______ 3. This organelle has a double membrane—the outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds that increase surface area for ATP synthesis ______ 4. This organelle plays a role in detoxification of substances and lipid synthesis ______ 5. Specialized organelles that have a double outer membrane and are found in photosynthetic algae and plants. ______ 6. These organelles make proteins ______ 7. This organelle compartmentalizes the cell ______ 8. These organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes which can be used for digestion of cellular parts, recycling of a cell’s organic materials, and programmed cell death (apoptosis) ______ 9. The double membrane in this organelle provides compartments for different metabolic reactions ______ 10. This organelle is covered with ribosomes Cell Size: 11. Identify the characteristic of a cell that affects its ability to obtain necessary resources, eliminate waste products, acquire or dissipate thermal energy, and exchange chemicals and energy with the environment. ___________________________________ #12 - #15 Complete the statements with the correct terms: 12. Smaller cells typically have a _____________ (higher or lower?) surface area-to-volume ratio with _____________ (more or less?) efficient exchange of materials with the environment. 13. As cells increase their volume, the surface area ______________ (increases or decreases) and the demand for internal resources ________________ (increases or decreases). 14. As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio _______________________ (increases or decreases?) affecting the rate of heat exchange with the environment. 15. Membrane folds can _______________ (increase or decrease?) the surface area of a cell. 16. Identify two examples of specific cell types in organisms that show a high surface area-to-volume ratio, which help the cells carry out their function of rapid absorption. A. B. 17. Identify three examples of organisms that use their body surfaces to obtain gases from the environment. A. B. C. 18. Identify the structure that allows fish to exchange gases with their environments. ___________________ 19. Identify the structure in human lungs that allows for the exchange of gases with the environment. ___________________ Plasma Membranes: 20. Draw a representation of a typical plasma membrane that includes these structures: phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, cholesterol, and glycolipids and glycoproteins. 21. Identify on your representation each of the structures listed in #20. 22. Describe the function(s) of each of the following membrane components: A. phospholipids B. membrane proteins C. cholesterol D. glycolipids and glycoproteins 23. Draw a representation of a phospholipid and identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. 24. Explain the reason for the orientation of phospholipids in a plasma membrane. 25. Describe the term “selectively permeable.” 26. Explain why the cell membrane is selectively permeable. 27. Describe the function of the cell membrane. 28. Explain the term “fluid mosaic model.” Membrane Permeability: 29. Describe the type of molecules that can freely pass across the cell membrane and identify three specific examples. A. B. C. 30. Describe the type of molecules that must use a carrier/transport protein to move across the cell membrane and identify one example. 31. Describe the function of aquaporins. 32. Identify the type of substance that uses a channel protein to enter or exit a cell. 33. Explain the differences between the structures and functions of a cell membrane and cell wall. 34. Identify four examples of organisms that possess cell walls. A. B. C. D. Membrane Permeability, Membrane Transport, Facilitated Diffusion, & Mechanisms of Transport: 35. Identify the type of cellular transport that imports materials into cells and exports waste products. 36. Identify the main differences between passive and active transport using a T-chart. Passive Transport Active Transport_____________ A. B. C. 37. Identify the three types of passive transport and identify an example of a substance that undergoes each type of passive transport. A. Example: B. Example: C. Example: 38. Identify the differences between diffusion and facilitated diffusion. A. B. 39. Identify the two main types of active transport. A. B. 40. Describe the biological importance of molecular active transport in organisms. 41. Identify the two types of bulk transport. A. B. 42. Explain how bulk transport differs from passive transport. 43. Describe the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis. 44. Identify the three types of endocytosis. A. B. C. 45. Describe the difference between receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis. 46. Describe the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis. 47. Describe the structure and function of a vesicle. Tonicity & Osmoregulation: 48. Describe what a concentration gradient is and explain how a gradient drives the movement of molecules across a cell membrane. 49. Describe the function of a cell membrane. 50. Identify the three types of solutions that can impact the movement of water into or out of cells. Describe the characteristics of each solution. A. B. C. 51. Explain why water moves by osmosis into or out of cells. 52. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Use the representations above to determine the type of solution present in each beaker. Beaker A: Beaker B: Beaker C: 53. Make a claim about the concentration of sugar in each of the beakers above, based on the contents of the bag and the appearance of each bag. A. The solution in beaker A must contain a percentage of sugar that is ____________ (more than, less than, or equal to 25%). B. The solution in beaker B must contain a percentage of sugar that is ____________ (more than, less than, or equal to 25%). C. The solution in beaker C must contain a percentage of sugar that is ____________ (more than, less than, or equal to 25%). 54. Support each of your claims above using evidence from the representation in #52. Beaker A: Beaker B: Beaker C: 55. Describe why animal cells lyse, but plant cells do not. 56. Describe why animal cells crenate, but plant cells plasmolyze. 57. Identify the tonicity of the water that freshwater fish and Paramecium are exposed to in their habitats and describe the problem that it presents to these organisms. 58. Explain how a Paramecium solves the problem presented by the water it lives in. 59. Identify the tonicity of the water that saltwater fish are exposed to in their habitats and describe the problem that it presents to these organisms. 60. Explain how a saltwater fish solves the problem presented by the water it lives in. 61. Explain how water potential values can be used to predict the movement of water into or out of a cell. 62. Calculate the water potential of a .2 M sucrose solution in an open beaker at 22o Celsius. Show all calculations. Compartmentalization and Origins of Compartmentalization: 64. Describe the physical difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organelles. 65. Explain how internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles can contribute to increased efficiency of cellular functions. 66. Explain endosymbiosis and describe ten types of evidence that support it. 67. Explain how ADH works in the human body to regulate water balance.
