Protein synthesis प्रथिनाांच्या थनथमिती &
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.
Dr. Anupma Harshal W. (Ph.D)
CONSULTANT (Science Communication and Public Engagement)
Manav- Human Atlas Initiative, IISER, Pune
Team MANAV. https://manav.gov.in/
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Carbon facts
ACTIVITY-
प्रयोग
• वनस्पती व प्राणी याां च्यापासून प्रत्यक्ष अिवा अप्रत्यक्षपणे थमळणाऱ्या सांयुगाां ना सेंथिय सांयुगे
म्हणतात, तसेच
• खथनजाां पासून थमळणारी सांयुगे ही असेंथिय सांयुगे म्हणून ओळखली जातात. आपले आनुवाां थिक
गु णधमि एका थपढीकडून
• दु सऱ्या थपढीकडे सांक्रथमत करणारे पेिीतील DNA व RNA याां मध्येदेखील कार्िन हा एक प्रमुख
घटक आहे .
ACTIVITY-
प्रयोग
ELEMENT- घटक
जर एक घन, िव थकांवा वायू फक्त एकापासून र्नलेला असेल
अणूचा प्रकार आपण म्हणतो की तो एक घटक आहे .
च्या साठी उदाहरणािि, लोखांडापासून र्नलेल्या टर ायपॉडचा थवचार करा .
Compounds- सांयुगे
• सांयुगे घटकाां पेक्षा थिन्न असतात.
• ते थवथवध अणू असतात.
• येिे काही उदाहरणे आहे त CO2, H2O
Questions to be discussed
with students?
चचाि करताना थवचारण्याचेप्रश्न:
१. कार्िनर्ि , हायडरोजन, क्लोरीन
२. इ. मलू िव्ाां च्या जागा िोधा.
२. त्याां ची इलेक्ट्रॉथनक सांरचना काय असेल?
३. त्यावरून आपल्याला त्याां ची सांयजा ुु िोधनू
काढता येईल का? किी?
DNA
What is DNA?
• Within the structure of DNA is the information
for life—the complete instructions for
manufacturing all the proteins for an
organism.
• An organic compound made up of repeating
subunits, nucleotides, in two long chains.
• A molecule of life (nucleic acid)
• Shaped like a spiral staircase called the
double helix.
• Primary function is to store & transmit
genetic info to cells to make proteins.
DNA:
THE DOUBLE HELIX
Steps of ladder are bases
(A, T, G, C)
Sides of ladder are sugar &
phosphate
Both sides held together by
hydrogen bonds
The structure of nucleotides
• DNA is a polymer made of repeating
subunits called nucleotides.
Nitrogenous
base
Phosphate
group
Sugar (deoxyribose)
• Nucleotides have three parts: a simple
sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base.
5’ and 3’ ENDS
Each Side is ANTIPARALLEL
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Genes
Portions of DNA are
called genes.
DNA is tightly wound
into chromosomes
and located in the
nucleus of cells.
DNA cannot leave
the nucleus.
Segments of
DNA
DNA is DOUBLE
STRANDED(2 sides)
Nitrogen Bases
Adenine (A)
• Purines
Contains 2 rings of C & N
Guanine (G)
A or G
Cytosine (C)
• Pyrimidines
Contains 1 ring of C & N
Thymine (T)
T or C
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Genes
Portions of DNA are
called genes.
DNA is tightly wound
into chromosomes
and located in the
nucleus of cells.
DNA cannot leave
the nucleus.
Segments of
DNA
DNA is DOUBLE
STRANDED(2 sides)
Figure 13.6d
RNA – Ribonucleic acid
• RNA like DNA, is
a nucleic acid.
RNA structure
differs from DNA
structure in three
ways.
• First, RNA is single stranded—it
looks like one-half of a zipper —
whereas DNA is double stranded.
RNA
• The sugar in
RNA is ribose;
DNA’s sugar is
deoxyribose.
Ribose
RNA
• Both DNA and RNA contain four
nitrogenous bases, but rather than
thymine, RNA contains a similar base
called uracil (U).
• Uracil forms
a base pair
with
adenine in
RNA, just as
Uracil
Hydrogen bonds
thymine
Adenine
does in
DNA.
RNA
• DNA provides workers with the instructions
for making the proteins, and workers build
the proteins.
• The workers for protein synthesis are RNA
molecules.
• They take from DNA the instructions on how
the protein should be assembled, then—
amino acid by amino acid—they assemble the
protein.
• RNA is a disposable copy of DNA.
RNA
• Both DNA and RNA contain four
nitrogenous bases, but rather than
thymine, RNA contains a similar base
called uracil (U).
• Uracil forms
a base pair
with
adenine in
RNA, just as
Uracil
Hydrogen bonds
thymine
Adenine
does in
DNA.
RNA
• DNA provides workers with the instructions
for making the proteins, and workers build
the proteins.
• The workers for protein synthesis are RNA
molecules.
• They take from DNA the instructions on how
the protein should be assembled, then—
amino acid by amino acid—they assemble the
protein.
• RNA is a disposable copy of DNA.
RNA
• There are three types of RNA that help build
proteins.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA), brings instructions
from DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s factory
floor, the cytoplasm.
• On the factory floor, mRNA moves to the
assembly line, a ribosome.
• The ribosome, made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to
assemble the amino acids in the correct order.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the supplier. Transfer
RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be
assembled into a protein.
Transcription
• In the nucleus, enzymes make an RNA copy
of a portion of a DNA strand in a process
called transcription.
• The main difference between transcription
and DNA replication is that transcription
results in the formation of one singlestranded RNA molecule rather than a
double-stranded DNA molecule.
Genetic Code
•THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
•TTH EFA TCA TAT TET HER ATX
•TEF ATC ATA TET HER ATX
Original DNA
T-G-A – C-T-G – A-T-C – C-C-G
A-C-U – G-A-C – U-A-G – G-G-C
mRNA strand
Three Main Types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Carries
copies of instructions for the assembly
of amino acids into proteins from DNA
to the rest of the cell (serve as
“messenger”)
Three Main Types of RNA
2.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Makes up
the major part of ribosomes, which is
where proteins are made.
Ribosomal
RNA
Three Main Types of RNA
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - Transfers
amino acids to ribosomes during
protein synthesis
PROTEINS
Proteins are made up of a chain of amino acids.
 Proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate
chemical reactions.

2 STEPS TO MAKE A PROTEIN
1.
Transcription

2.
DNA → RNA
Translation

RNA → Protein (Chain of
amino acids)


When transcription needs to take place, DNA
must provide the code in order to create an
mRNA strand.
mRNA will be able to leave the nucleus and now
it has the code transcribed inside it’s base pairs!
Practice:
DNA strand:
Matching DNA strand:
mRNA:

TTA ACG GGT CTA
AAT TGC CCA GAT
UUA ACG GGU CUA
6A BO
1.
6A
BIO
2.
11/06
6A
BIO
10/06
3.
6A BIO
10-04
4.
6B
BIO
5.
6A
BIO
11/04
6.
6B
BIO
D
11/06
7.
Which of the following must take place before
mRNA can be formed from the DNA strand
inside the nucleus?
6A
BIO
8. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The nitrogen bases that make up the DNA nucleotides of
plants are much different than the bases found in
animals.
B. The more closely related two organisms are, the more
alike the order of their DNA nucleotides will be.
C. Changes in genes do not effect any of the traits in an
individual.
D. A given sequence of bases can result in a number of
different amino acids.
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