CODE OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS
Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (e), Article 11, of R.A. No. 7836, otherwise known as the
Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994 and paragraph (a), section 6, P.D. No. 223,
as amended, the Board for Professional Teachers hereby adopt the Code of Ethics for
Professional Teachers.
Preamble
Teachers are duly licensed professionals who possesses dignity and reputation with high moral
values as well as technical and professional competence in the practice of their noble profession,
and they strictly adhere to, observe, and practice this set of ethical and moral principles,
standards, and values.
Article I: Scope and Limitations
Section 1. The Philippine Constitution provides that all educational institution shall offer quality
education for all competent teachers. Committed to its full realization, the provision of this Code
shall apply, therefore, to all teachers in schools in the Philippines.
Section 2. This Code covers all public and private school teachers in all educational institutions
at the preschool, primary, elementary, and secondary levels whether academic, vocational,
special, technical, or non-formal. The term “teacher” shall include industrial arts or vocational
teachers and all other persons performing supervisory and /or administrative functions in all
school at the aforesaid levels, whether on full time or part-time basis.
Article II: The Teacher and the State
Section 1. The schools are the nurseries of the future citizens of the state; each teacher is a
trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is under obligation to transmit to
learners such heritage as well as to elevate national morality, promote national pride, cultivate
love of country, instill allegiance to the constitution and for all duly constituted authorities, and
promote obedience to the laws of the state.
Section 2. Every teacher or school official shall actively help carry out the declared policies of
the state, and shall take an oath to this effect.
Section 3. In the interest of the State and of the Filipino people as much as of his own, every
teacher shall be physically, mentally and morally fit.
Section 4. Every teacher shall possess and actualize a full commitment and devotion to duty.
Section 5. A teacher shall not engage in the promotion of any political, religious, or other
partisan interest, and shall not, directly or indirectly, solicit, require, collect, or receive any
money or service or other valuable material from any person or entity for such purposes.
Section 6. Every teacher shall vote and shall exercise all other constitutional rights and
responsibility.
Section 7. A teacher shall not use his position or official authority or influence to coerce any
other person to follow any political course of action.
Section 8. Every teacher shall enjoy academic freedom and shall have privilege of expounding
the product of his researches and investigations; provided that, if the results are inimical to the
declared policies of the State, they shall be brought to the proper authorities for appropriate
remedial action.
Article III: The Teacher and the Community
Section 1. A teacher is a facilitator of learning and of the development of the youth; he shall,
therefore, render the best service by providing an environment conducive to such learning and
growth.
Section 2. Every teacher shall provide leadership and initiative to actively participate in
community movements for moral, social, educational, economic and civic betterment.
Section 3. Every teacher shall merit reasonable social recognition for which purpose he shall
behave with honor and dignity at all times and refrain from such activities as gambling, smoking,
drunkenness, and other excesses, much less illicit relations.
Section 4. Every teacher shall live for and with the community and shall, therefore, study and
understand local customs and traditions in order to have sympathetic attitude, therefore, refrain
from disparaging the community.
Section 5. Every teacher shall help the school keep the people in the community informed about
the school’s work and accomplishments as well as its needs and problems.
Section 6. Every teacher is intellectual leader in the community, especially in the barangay, and
shall welcome the opportunity to provide such leadership when needed, to extend counseling
services, as appropriate, and to actively be involved in matters affecting the welfare of the
people.
Section 7. Every teacher shall maintain harmonious and pleasant personal and official relations
with other professionals, with government officials, and with the people, individually or
collectively.
Section 8. A teacher posses freedom to attend church and worships as appropriate, but shall not
use his positions and influence to proselyte others.
Article IV: A Teacher and the Profession
Section 1. Every teacher shall actively insure that teaching is the noblest profession, and shall
manifest genuine enthusiasm and pride in teaching as a noble calling.
Section 2. Every teacher shall uphold the highest possible standards of quality education, shall
make the best preparations for the career of teaching, and shall be at his best at all times and in
the practice of his profession.
Section 3. Every teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional Education (CPE)
program of the Professional Regulation Commission, and shall pursue such other studies as will
improve his efficiency, enhance the prestige of the profession, and strengthen his competence,
virtues, and productivity in order to be nationally and internationally competitive.
Section 4. Every teacher shall help, if duly authorized, to seek support from the school, but shall
not make improper misrepresentations through personal advertisements and other questionable
means.
Section 5. Every teacher shall use the teaching profession in a manner that makes it dignified
means for earning a descent living.
Article V: The Teachers and the Profession
Section 1. Teachers shall, at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, mutual
confidence, and faith in one another, self-sacrifice for the common good, and full cooperation
with colleagues. When the best interest of the learners, the school, or the profession is at stake in
any controversy, teachers shall support one another.
Section 2. A teacher is not entitled to claim credit or work not of his own, and shall give due
credit for the work of others which he may use.
Section 3. Before leaving his position, a teacher shall organize for whoever assumes the position
such records and other data as are necessary to carry on the work.
Section 4. A teacher shall hold inviolate all confidential information concerning associates and
the school, and shall not divulge to anyone documents which has not been officially released, or
remove records from files without permission.
Section 5. It shall be the responsibility of every teacher to seek correctives for what may appear
to be an unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associate. However, this may be done only
if there is incontrovertible evidence for such conduct.
Section 6. A teacher may submit to the proper authorities any justifiable criticism against an
associate, preferably in writing, without violating the right of the individual concerned.
Section 7. A teacher may apply for a vacant position for which he is qualified; provided that he
respects the system of selection on the basis of merit and competence; provided, further, that all
qualified candidates are given the opportunity to be considered.
Article VI: The Teacher and Higher Authorities in the Profession
Section 1. Every teacher shall make it his duty to make an honest effort to understand and
support the legitimate policies of the school and the administration regardless of personal feeling
or private opinion and shall faithfully carry them out.
Section 2. A teacher shall not make any false accusations or charges against superiors, especially
under anonymity. However, if there are valid charges, he should present such under oath to
competent authority.
Section 3. A teacher shall transact all official business through channels except when special
conditions warrant a different procedure, such as when special conditions are advocated but are
opposed by immediate superiors, in which case, the teacher shall appeal directly to the
appropriate higher authority.
Section 4. Every teacher, individually or as part of a group, has a right to seek redress against
injustice to the administration and to extent possible, shall raise grievances within acceptable
democratic possesses. In doing so, they shall avoid jeopardizing the interest and the welfare of
learners whose right to learn must be respected.
Section 5. Every teacher has a right to invoke the principle that appointments, promotions, and
transfer of teachers are made only on the basis of merit and needed in the interest of the service.
Section 6. A teacher who accepts a position assumes a contractual obligation to live up to his
contract, assuming full knowledge of employment terms and conditions.
Article VII: School Officials, Teachers, and Other Personnel
Section 1. All school officials shall at all times show professional courtesy, helpfulness and
sympathy towards teachers and other personnel, such practices being standards of effective
school supervision, dignified administration, responsible leadership and enlightened directions.
Section 2. School officials, teachers, and other school personnel shall consider it their
cooperative responsibility to formulate policies or introduce important changes in the system at
all levels.
Section 3. School officials shall encourage and attend the professional growth of all teachers
under them such as recommending them for promotion, giving them due recognition for
meritorious performance, and allowing them to participate in conferences in training programs.
Section 4. No school officials shall dismiss or recommend for dismissal a teacher or other
subordinates except for cause.
Section 5. School authorities concern shall ensure that public school teachers are employed in
accordance with pertinent civil service rules, and private school teachers are issued contracts
specifying the terms and conditions of their work; provided that they are given, if qualified,
subsequent permanent tenure, in accordance with existing laws.
Article VIII: The Teachers and Learners
Section 1. A teacher has a right and duty to determine the academic marks and the promotions of
learners in the subject or grades he handles, provided that such determination shall be in
accordance with generally accepted procedures of evaluation and measurement. In case of any
complaint, teachers concerned shall immediately take appropriate actions, observing due process.
Section 2. A teacher shall recognize that the interest and welfare of learners are of first and
foremost concern, and shall deal justifiably and impartially with each of them.
Section 3. Under no circumstance shall a teacher be prejudiced or discriminate against a learner.
Section 4. A teacher shall not accept favors or gifts from learners, their parents or others in their
behalf in exchange for requested concessions, especially if undeserved.
Section 5. A teacher shall not accept, directly or indirectly, any remuneration from tutorials other
what is authorized for such service.
Section 6. A teacher shall base the evaluation of the learner’s work only in merit and quality of
academic performance.
Section 7. In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop between teacher
and learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost professional discretion to avoid scandal, gossip and
preferential treatment of the learner.
Section 8. A teacher shall not inflict corporal punishment on offending learners nor make
deductions from their scholastic ratings as a punishment for acts which are clearly not
manifestation of poor scholarship.
Section 9. A teacher shall ensure that conditions contribute to the maximum development of
learners are adequate, and shall extend needed assistance in preventing or solving learner’s
problems and difficulties.
Article IX: The Teachers and Parents
Section 1. Every teacher shall establish and maintain cordial relations with parents, and shall
conduct himself to merit their confidence and respect.
Section 2. Every teacher shall inform parents, through proper authorities, of the progress and
deficiencies of learner under him, exercising utmost candor and tact in pointing out the learner's
deficiencies and in seeking parent’s cooperation for the proper guidance and improvement of the
learners.
Section 3. A teacher shall hear parent’s complaints with sympathy and understanding, and shall
discourage unfair criticism.
Article X: The Teacher and Business
Section 1. A teacher has the right to engage, directly or indirectly, in legitimate income
generation; provided that it does not relate to or adversely affect his work as a teacher.
Section 2. A teacher shall maintain a good reputation with respect to the financial matters such as
in the settlement of his debts and loans in arranging satisfactorily his private financial affairs.
Section 3. No teacher shall act, directly or indirectly, as agent of, or be financially interested in,
any commercial venture which furnish textbooks and other school commodities in the purchase
and disposal of which he can exercise official influence, except only when his assignment is
inherently, related to such purchase and disposal; provided they shall be in accordance with the
existing regulations; provided, further, that members of duly recognized teachers cooperatives
may participate in the distribution and sale of such commodities.
Article XI: The Teacher as a Person
Section 1. A teacher is, above all, a human being endowed with life for which it is the highest
obligation to live with dignity at all times whether in school, in the home, or elsewhere.
Section 2. A teacher shall place premium upon self-discipline as the primary principle of
personal behavior in all relationships with others and in all situations.
Section 3. A teacher shall maintain at all times a dignified personality which could serve as a
model worthy of emulation by learners, peers and all others.
Section 4. A teacher shall always recognize the Almighty God as guide of his own destiny and of
the destinies of men and nations.
Article XII: Disciplinary Actions
Section 1. Any violation of any provision of this code shall be sufficient ground for the
imposition against the erring teacher of the disciplinary action consisting of revocation of his
Certification of Registration and License as a Professional Teacher, suspension from the practice
of teaching profession, or reprimand or cancellation of his temporary/special permit under causes
specified in Sec. 23, Article III or R.A. No. 7836, and under Rule 31, Article VIII, of the Rules
and Regulations Implementing R.A. 7836.
Article XIII: Effectivity
Section 1. This Code shall take effect upon approval by the Professional Regulation Commission
and after sixty (60) days following its publication in the Official Gazette or any newspaper of
general circulation, whichever is earlier.
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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A September 29, 1972
AUTHORIZING THE UNDERTAKING OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS, PROVIDING FOR THE MECHANICS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND
FINANCING THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me
by the Constitution as Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and
pursuant to Proclamation No. 1081 dated September 21, 1972, and General Order No. 1 dated
September 22, 1972, do hereby decree, order and make as part of the law of the land the
following measures:
Section 1. Title. - This Decree shall be known as the "Educational Development Decree of
1972."
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared to be the policy of the government to
ensure, within the context of a free and democratic system maximum contribution of the
educational system to the attainment of the following national development goals:
(a) To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social
progress;
(b) To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and
enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and
(c) To strengthen national consciousness and promote desirable cultural values in a
changing world.
Section 3. Statement of Objectives. - To this end, the educational system aims to:
(a) Provide for a broad general education that will assist each individual, in the peculiar
ecology of his own society, to (1) attain his potential as a human being; (2) enhance the
range and quality of individual and group participation in the basic functions of society;
and (3) acquire the essential educational foundation for his development into a productive
and versatile citizen:
(b) Train the nation's manpower in the middle level skill required for national
development;
(c) Develop the high-level professions that will provide leadership for the nation, advance
knowledge through research, and apply new knowledge for improving the quality of
human life; and
(d) Respond effectively to changing needs and conditions of the nation through a system
of educational planning and evaluation.
Section 4. Guiding Principles of the Ten-Year Program. - In order to lay the foundation and to
advance the attainment of these objectives, a ten-year national education development program
shall be formulated based on the following:
(a) Improvement of curricular programs and quality of instruction of all levels by way of
upgrading physical faculties, adoption of cost-saving instructional technology, and
training and re-training of teachers and administrators;
(b) Upgrading of academic standards through accreditation schemes, admissions testing
and guidance counselling;
(c) Democratization of access to educational opportunities through the provision of
financial assistance to deserving students, skills training programs for out-of-school
youth and continuing education program for non-literate adults;
(d) Restructuring of higher education to become more responsive to national
development needs through a planned system of incentives and assistance to both public
and private colleges and universities and synchronization of curricular programs, staffing
patterns and institutional development activities;
(e) Expansion of existing programs and establishment of new ones designed to train
middle-level technical and agricultural manpower; and
(f) Instituting reform in the educational financing system to facilitate the shift of funding
responsibility for elementary and secondary education from the national to the local
government, thereby increasing government participation in higher education.
Section 5. Educational Development Projects. - The above-stated objectives shall be attained
through the undertaking of the following educational development projects:
(a) Management study of the Department of Education and Culture and institution of
administrative improvements therein;
(b) Establishment and/or operation or improvement of secondary schools which may
include provision for extension services, facilities and equipment to allow the use of
expanded and improved curriculum;
(c) Establishment and/or operation, upgrading or improvement of technical institutes,
skills training centers, and other non-formal training programs and projects for the out-ofschool youth and the unemployed in collaboration with the programs of the National
Manpower and Youth Council;
(d) Curriculum and staff development including mathematics and science teaching;
(e) Expansion of agricultural secondary and higher education programs and extension
activities which may include radio broadcasting and rural training services, and the
provision of facilities therefor including seed capital and revolving funds;
(f) Design, utilization and improvement of instructional technology and
development/production of textbooks and other instructional materials; and
(g) Assistance and incentives, including loans and grants, toward the planned
development and improvement of programs and facilities in both public and private
universities, colleges and schools.
In addition, other educational development projects necessary pursuant to the objectives of this
Decree are likewise to be undertaken: Provided, That for such projects to qualify under this
Decree, the same must be consistent with the principles enunciated in Section 4 hereof,
supported by sufficient studies, data and plans of operation and implementation, endorsed by the
National Board of Education to, and approved by an Education Special Committee, hereinafter
provided, to form part of the educational development program.
Section 6. Working Arrangements. - For the attainment of the objectives of this Decree, an
Education Special Committee, composed of the Secretary of Education and Culture as Chairman
and the Secretary of Finance and the Commissioner of the Budget as members, if hereby created
which shall:
(a) Approve and evaluate the specific projects, endorsed to it by the National Board of
Education, to be financed out of the resources provided for in this Decree; and
(b) Administer the Educational Institutions Development Fund as hereinafter provided,
except that the resources accruing into the Fund shall be managed by reputable fund
managers or financial institutions.
The National Board of Education, as reorganized pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1 dated
September 24, 1972, shall, in addition to its functions, perform the following:
(a) Formulate education objectives and policies consistent with those enunciated in
Section 2 hereof; and
(b) Provide policy guidelines in the administration of the assistance and incentive
programs provided for in Section 5(g) hereof, which shall include a system of educational
priorities consistent with national, regional and/or local requirements for education and
skills training, and such other procedures and requirements as will ensure the continual
upgrading of the quality of education, the rationalization and institutional growth, and the
democratization of access to education.
In the discharge of its functions, the National Board of Education shall be assisted by an office of
planning and research known as Planning Service in the Department of Education and Culture.
A project unit to be known as the Educational Development Projects Implementing Task Force is
hereby established under the Office of the Secretary of Education and Culture to be headed by a
Director and be composed of technical staff members and such consultants as are necessary. Its
functions are:
(a) To supervise and implement foreign-assisted development projects; and
(b) To implement such other development projects as may be assigned to it by the
Secretary of Education and Culture.
Where the project involves an office, agency or instrumentality of the government other than the
Department of Education and Culture, appropriate working arrangements shall be established by
the Educational Department Projects Implementing Task Force and the office, agency or
instrumentality concerned, including the turn over of the project upon its completion to such
office, agency or instrumentality to be integrated with and be part of the regular activities
thereof.
Section 7. Authority to Borrow. - The President of the Philippines, in behalf of the Republic of
the Philippines, may contract loans, credits or indebtedness with any foreign source or lender,
under such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon, any provision of law, including
Republic Act Numbered Forty-eight hundred and sixty as amended by Republic Act Numbered
Sixty-one hundred and forty-two, Act Numbered Forty-two hundred and thirty nine,
Commonwealth Act Numbered one hundred thirty-eight, Commonwealth Act Numbered Five
Hundred forty-one, Republic Act Numbered Nine hundred twelve, Republic Act Numbered
Fifty-one hundred eighty-three, and other related laws to the contrary notwithstanding, for a total
amount not exceeding one hundred million United States dollars or the equivalent thereof in
other currencies, as may be necessary to meet the direct and indirect foreign exchange
requirements of the projects authorized under this Decree, to cover the costs of feasibility
studies, equipment, machineries, supplies, construction, installation and related services of any
such projects: Provided, That the loans, credit or indebtedness authorized herein shall be incurred
on terms of payment of not less that ten (10) years.
Section 8. Utilization of Proceeds. - The proceeds of such loans, credits or indebtedness, as well
as the appropriations under Section 9 hereof, shall be used exclusively for financing the
educational development projects authorized under this Decree: Provided, That for the purpose
of ensuring continued assistance to the planned development and improvement of programs and
facilities in both public and private universities, colleges and schools, there is hereby authorized
to be established an Educational Institutions Development Fund in an amount of not less that ten
million pesos ( 10,000,000), Philippine currency, annually for a period of ten (10) years. The said
Fund shall be administered as a separate fund, and lending or relending operations to private
universities, colleges and schools shall be subject to the rules and regulations to be promulgated
by the National Board of Education with the approval of the Secretary of Finance.
Cities, provinces and municipalities may undertake educational development projects pursuant to
the objectives of this Decree and are hereby authorized to avail themselves of proceeds of loans,
credits or indebtedness herein authorized as well as the appropriations under Section 9 hereof
and receive financial assistance subject to such conditions as may be provided for and/or
promulgated by the National Board of Education pursuant to this Decree.
Section 9. Appropriations. - In addition to the proceeds of the loans, credits or indebtedness
mentioned in Section 7 hereof, there is hereby appropriated for the projects authorized herein the
sum of five hundred million pesos (P500,000,000) out of the funds in the National Treasury not
otherwise appropriated which shall be programmed and released in the following manner: fifty
million pesos (P50,000,000) for Fiscal Year 1972-73 and fifty million pesos (P50,000,000)
annually thereafter until June thirty, nineteen hundred eighty-two: Provided, That
notwithstanding the said schedule, releases in a given year shall be adjusted in accordance with
the actual requirements of the projects being implemented during the fiscal year: Provided,
further, That should there be any surplus in the annual appropriations herein provided, the same
shall accrue to the Educational Special Account herein created in the General Fund which shall
be made available to finance the projects during the subsequent fiscal years.
Section 10. Creation of Educational Special Account. - There is hereby established in the
National Treasury an Educational Special Account to meet the appropriations herein provided,
which shall be constituted from the following sources:
(a) Proceeds form bond issues as provided for under Section 11 of this Decree;
(b) Twenty million pesos (P20,000,000) annually from the share of the National
Government in the Special Education Fund under Republic Act Numbered Fifty-four
hundred forty-seven as provided in Section 12 hereof;
(c) Fifteen million pesos (P15,000,000) from the Special Science Fund for Fiscal Year
1972-73, and fifty percentum (50%), annually thereafter until June 30, 1982, of the total
annual receipts from the taxes provided for under Republic Act Numbered Fifty-four
hundred and forty-eight, as provided in Section 13 hereof;
(d) Future savings of the Department of Education and Culture that may result from the
implementation of reforms consequent to management study, as provided in Section 14
hereof; and
(e) Augmentations from the General Funds which are hereby authorized in cases where
the above sources are not sufficient to cover expenditures required in any year, as
provided in Section 15 of this Act.
The Department of Education and Culture is hereby authorized to receive and spend or utilize
donations and/or bequests made in pursuance of the purposes and for projects enunciated in this
Decree which donations and/or bequests shall be exempt from the payment of gift taxes.
Section 11. Bond Issues. - The Secretary of Finance may issue and sell bonds not exceeding
twenty million pesos annually under the authority of Republic Act Numbered Four thousand
eight hundred sixty-one, any provision of law to the contrary, notwithstanding.
Section 12. Portions of the Special Education Fund. - Any provision of law to the contrary
notwithstanding, effective July 1, 1972, until June 30, 1982, twenty million pesos (P20,000,000)
of the annual share of the National Government from the Special Education Fund provided for
under Republic Act Numbered Fifty-four hundred and forty-seven shall accrue to the
Educational Special Account herein provided. Thereafter, the said share shall accrue to the
General Fund.
In this connection, the shares of the local governments from the said Fund may be used by them
to finance such projects as may be established in their locality under the authority of this Decree
regardless of any restriction imposed thereon.
Section 13. Portion of Special Science Fund. - Any provision of law to the contrary
notwithstanding, effective upon approval of this Decree, fifteen million pesos (P15,000,000) of
the Special Science Fund established under Republic Act Numbered fifty-four-hundred and
forty-eight as amended as hereby transferred to the Educational Special Account herein
provided. Starting July 1,1972, until June 30, 1982, fifty per centum (50%) of the total
collections from the taxes imposed under Republic Act Numbered fifty-four hundred and fortyeight as amended shall accrued to the Educational Special Account. Thereafter, said portion shall
accrue to the General Fund.
Section 14. Future Savings. - Such amount of savings resulting from the implementation of
reforms consequent to the management study authorized under Section 5 as may be necessary to
prosecute the projects under this Decree shall accrue to the Educational Special Account.
Section 15. Augmentation from General Fund. - In cases where funds from sources specified in
Section 10 (a), (b), (c) and (d) are not sufficient to meet the requirements in any fiscal year, such
amounts as are necessary to meet such requirements are hereby appropriated out of the funds in
the General Funds not otherwise appropriated, and transferred to the Educational Special
Account.
Section 16. Tax Exemption. - The loans, credits or indebtedness incurred pursuant to this Decree,
the payment of the principal, interests and other charges thereon, the earnings of the fund created
under Section 8, as well as the importation of articles, materials, equipment, machineries and
supplies, including all building materials by the Department of Education and Culture or other
offices, agencies or instrumentalities of the government and by private or chartered entities
authorized by Education Special Committee to undertake the projects authorized in this Act shall
be exempt from all taxes, duties, fees, imposts, other charges and restrictions, including import
restrictions, imposed by the Republic of the Philippines or any of its agencies or political
subdivisions. The Secretary of Finance shall promulgate rules and regulations necessary for the
purpose.
Section 17. Additional Appropriations. - There is hereby authorized to be appropriated, out of
any funds in the National Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be necessary to
pay the principal, interests and other charges on the loans, credits or indebtedness incurred under
the authority of this Decree as and when they become due.
Section 18. Repealing Clause. - All laws, executive orders, rules or regulations or parts thereof
which are inconsistent with this Decree are hereby repealed and/or modified accordingly.
Section 19. Effectivity. - This Decree shall take effect immediately.
Done in the City of Manila, this 29th day of September, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen
hundred and seventy two.