Step pyramid Pyramids Red Pyramid True Pyramid The Great Pyramid Sphynx Architecture Abu Ghurab Obelisk Temples Step Pyramid Djoser Great Pyramid Khufu Rulers Old Kingdom Mydum Pyramid Bent Pyramid Snefru Red Pyramid 2650 BCE - 2150 BCE Imhotep Architects Hemiunu Sesostris II Rulers 2040 BCE - 1640 BCE Middle Kingdom Time of great literature United Upper and Narmer/Menes Early Dynastic Period Karnak Lower Egypt 3000 BCE - 2150 BCE Architecture Dendera Temple Capital at Memphis First Female Ruler 2150 BCE - 2040 BCE Hatshepsut Changed gender First Intermediate Reverted to regional Period leadership Last true pharoah Drought led to famine Nefertari - wife Ramses II 1640 BCE - 1550 BCE Rulers Abu Simbel Second Intermediate Hyksos Period Discovered in 1922 King Tut Enemies/threats Nubians Changed capital Kushites created monotheistic religion Akhenaten Assyrians Ancient Egypt Images destroyed after death Persians New Kingdom Alexander the Great Obelisks Invaders Temple of Seti Greeks Cleopatra III Architecture Romans Late New Kingdom Luxor Temple Libyans 1550 BCE - 1070 BCE 1070 BCE - 332 BCE Massive military expansion Polytheistic Nile River Valley Religion NE Africa Location Pharaohs seen as god Mummification Extended from Syria to 24-hour day Sudan Math/Astronomy Ceremonial Decorative Measurement math Hieroglyphics Written on monuments Writing Written on papyrus paper Hieratic Official script Papyrus Paper Ink Ox-drawn plough Shadoof toothpaste Police wigs makeup clocks 365-day solar calendar Inventions Cubit