EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON CRIMINOLOGY INTERNSHIP PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY A Case Study Presented to Faculty of the College of Criminology In Partial Fulfillment to the Practicum Program Of Bachelor of Science in Criminology by: JOLINA BENTE NAILA MACARIMBANG JHOANN MATUNHAY JANUARY 2022 ABSTRACT Since the COVID-19 pandemic arrived has changed the world be an understatement. Daily living mental well-being, and experience. Specially in the Philippines adjust to it order to survive. All institution is Force to stop operating for all students to prioritizes their health and safety. Each government around the world agreed to continue our education by adapting the adaptable learning. So that here to continue the education of every student online. It takes a while for all the students to adapt and cope to the new normal education. The criminology program in the Philippines has a lot of hands-on activities. Especially the graduating criminology students. But it’s also cancelled because of COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers want to know on how the criminology interns on Misamis University Ozamis City their strategies and mechanism on the adaptable learning during COVID-19 pandemic. In this study will be conducted through online since all the researchers are prohibited to gather data and information personally. Based on their data gathered, the criminology interns also having a hard time to adjust the adaptable learning. Facing difficulties mainly on the internet connectivity, and financially, as we faced these difficulties every day. The criminology interns always find a way to cooperate to our online classes. Time management it also a big factor to the respondents since we do multi- tasking to save and be efficient of our time. Despite of all these difficulties, the criminology interns are more excited and motivated to continue studying to reach the main goal which is to be registered criminologist. Key words: Internship; criminology student; education; pandemic; difficulty; intern; online; learning INTRODUCTON COVID-19 pandemic has altered the planet is an understatement. Mental wellbeing and experience daily. Adapt to it, especially in the Philippines, to survive. All institutions are required to shut down for all students’ health and safety to be prioritized. Every government in the world has committed to keep our education going by adopting adaptable learning. So that any student can continue their education online, we’ve created this page. It takes some time for all the pupils to adjust to the new normal of education. In the Philippines, the criminology program includes a lot of hands-on exercises. Especially the criminology students who are about to graduate. However, it has been canceled because to the COVID-19 epidemic. The researchers want to know on how the criminology interns on Misamis University Ozamis City their strategies and mechanism on the adaptable learning during COVID-19 pandemic. In this study will be conducted through online since all the researchers are prohibited to gather data and information personally. Based on their data gathered, the criminology interns also having a hard time to adjust the adaptable learning. Facing difficulties mainly on the internet connectivity, and financially, as we faced these difficulties every day. The criminology interns always find a way to cooperate to our online classes. Time management it also a big factor to the respondents since we do multi- tasking to save and be efficient of our time. Despite of all these difficulties, the criminology interns are more excited and motivated to continue studying to reach the main goal which is to be registered criminologist. The researchers seek to know how criminology interns at Misamis University in Ozamis City used adaptable learning strategies and mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Because all researchers are barred from collecting data and information personally, this study will be done entirely online. The criminology interns, based on their data, are also having difficulty adapting to the flexible learning. We’ve been having problems with internet access and finances, and we’ve been dealing with these issues daily. The criminology interns are always willing to work with us in our online classes. Despite these challenges, criminology interns are more enthused and inspired to continue studying to achieve their primary objective of becoming a registered criminologist. The pandemic of COVID-19 has disrupted the whole world. It was evolved in China and now spreading globally. The COVID-19 is a pandemic health crisis which is affecting the economic growth of the country. This pandemic COVID-19 has resulted in disruptions in the normal daily life. Countries are taking various measures to control the spread of COVID-19. To promote the social distancing, government of India has declared lockdown in whole country. Due to the pandemic, all school, colleges, and universities are declared to be closed. This is disrupting the whole education system. Policy makers are facing many problems in making the policy related to the education system. Teaching is taking place from offline to online. Due to this transformation in teaching methodology, students, teachers, and parents are facing many problems. (Tarkar, 2020). Today, people are struggling with a pandemic COVID-19, which was first seen in Wuhan, China. COVID-19, like other pandemics, affected many people in a very short time after it appeared and caused many people to die. (Akat, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic affects people psychologically because the spread of it continues, death rates increase day by day, life comes to a halt and its control time is unpredictable. Like the traumatic experiences that have caused many psychological problems on humans throughout history, COVID-19 will have a negative psychological effect on every person. (Karatas, 2020). Closure of schools and the psychological impact on children and adolescents’ health, resulting from staying at home for several weeks with uncertain perspectives for the near future, is a crucial issue. (The worst consequences of this temporary shutdown are experienced by the most vulnerable children who already rely on school for educational, nutritional, and health needs due to their socioeconomic disadvantages or disabilities (Colao, 2020). In addition to the possible lack of parental support at home, major inequalities arise in the access to digital learning resources. With the aim of ensuring continuity, inclusion, and equity for all students, the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) has launched the Global Education Coalition, calling for coordinated and innovative actions to support students through remote learning and to guide the school reopening phase, thanks to the involvement of public and private stakeholders (Piscietelli, 2020). COVID-19 crisis highlights that school fulfils not only an educational mission of knowledge acquisition, but it also satisfies the socialization needs of young people. With students at home, the school community is absent and despite the virtual interactions and learning opportunities provided by the internet and social networks, a barrier is created in the educational relationship between pupils and teachers. Moreover, children are missing a physical space in which to share interests, thoughts, hopes, and emotions among peers (Colazzo, 2020). School provides a structured setting in which children can learn and develop social competencies, such as self-confidence, friendship, empathy, participation, respect, gratitude, compassion, and responsibility. Social and emotional learning is important for young people to become conscious members of a solidarity-based community.2 Learning objectives can be achieved remotely (and evaluated to some extent), but the core mission of any school system also comprises the promotion of students’ wellbeing, which is closely related to school performance The COVID-19 crisis highlights that school fulfils not only an educational mission of knowledge acquisition, but it also satisfies the socialization needs of young people. With students at home, the school community is absent and despite the virtual interactions and learning opportunities provided by the internet and social networks, a barrier is created in the educational relationship between pupils and teachers. According to (Miani, 2020) children are missing a physical space in which to share interests, thoughts, hopes, and emotions among peers. School provides a structured setting in which children can learn and develop social competencies, such as selfconfidence, friendship, empathy, participation, respect, gratitude, compassion, and responsibility. Social and emotional learning is important for young people to become conscious members of a solidarity-based community. Learning objectives can be achieved remotely (and evaluated to some extent), but the core mission of any school system also comprises the promotion of students' wellbeing, which is closely related to school performance (Giannini, 2020). COVID-19 outbreak is the serious public health challenge the world is facing in recent days as there is no effective vaccine and treatment for this virus. It causes 257,863 confirmed cases as of September 13, 2020, with 4292 deaths in the Philippines up till now (Facorro & Ruiz-Veguilla, 2020). The Bachelor of Science in criminology is a four-year degree program in the Philippines that studies the nature of crime and criminals. Misamis University in Ozamiz City also has a program like this. Western Misamis As colleges and universities prepare for partially online instruction, in addition to martial arts, first aid, survival training, marksmanship, and legal medicine, the prospective criminologist will study many ideas and practices linked to police phonograph, Ballistic, forensic science, toxicology, polygraph, and legal medicine (Habiatan, 2019). The projection results are compared to the actual data values and the VARMAX time series method’s simulated results. The median growth rate is used to measure societal progress. President of the Philippines Rodrigo R Duterte has taken some positive moves, but much more must be done. To combat the spread of COVID-19, we believe the Philippines’ governments must mobilize quickly and make sound policy decisions. This study discusses important contributions, current issues, and challenges during and after the COVID-19 outbreak in the Philippines, as well as a few unconsidered COVID-19 prevention methods. The new coronavirus illness, also known as COVID-19, has impacted education in the Philippines at all levels. Since the confirmation of local transmission of COVID-19 in March 2020, the government has implemented pandemic-related policy actions that have impacted the basic education sector. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte issued Proclamation No. 9 on March 9, 2020.In reaction to the epidemic, the government has implemented policy actions that have impacted the basic education sector. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed Proclamation No. 922 on March 9, 2020, declaring a state of public health emergency throughout the Philippines, and suspending courses at all levels in Metro Manila as a result. President Duterte signed Proclamation No. 929 on March 16, 2020, declaring a state of calamity throughout the Philippines for six months and placing Luzon Island under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) for more than a month. Dina S Ocampo the ECQ halted public transportation, closed businesses (save those that supply necessary services) and imposed tight house quarantine on residents (except for frontline workers and those requiring access to basic needs). Class suspensions at all levels were also extended until April 2020, effectively closing all schools. COVID-19 impacted the administration of final examinations for the school year (SY) 2019–2020 and delayed the start of the school year (SY) 2020–2021. Fontanos, Gonzales, for basic education, COVID-19 impacted the administration of final examinations for the school year (SY) 2019–2020 and delayed the start of the school year (SY) 2020–2021. Schools typically begin in June, and the Department of Education (DepEd) originally set August 24 as the start date for SY 2020–2021. However, the President’s directive to advance the start of the school year to October 5 was based on his authority under Republic Act (RA) No. 11480, a law issued in July 2020 that allows the President to move the start of the school year during a state of calamity or emergency (Gita-Carlos, 2020). According to experts, this has an impact on not only academic learning, but also socio-emotional development (Nicoletti & Tominey, 2020). Due to virus-related closures, about 90% of students across 192 nations, including the United States, were abruptly converted from face-to-face classes to virtual learning (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, (Bivens & Byrd, 2020), the COVID-19 epidemic prompted the government to declare a national emergency, closing campuses across the country. Faculty were forced to switch from face-to-face to entirely online training without warning. This created numerous challenges, particularly for instructors who were teaching and supervising students who were undertaking internships. As agencies and departments shifted to necessary people only, interns were unexpectedly withdrawn from their internships. Faculty hurried to develop online learning experiences that addressed academic learning objectives as well as the aims of criminal justice students enrolled in these courses. During the academic year 2021. Full-semester conversions were required for schools that need their majors to complete internships as part of their graduation requirements, both for the summer semester and to prepare for the potential that no internships would be given in the fall. Such efforts are in the best interests of all students, especially those who are taking the course during their senior year and may face a delay in graduation if adjustments are not made (Shine & Brown, 2021). Most undergraduate and graduate public administration programs include internships as a requirement. (Wheeler and Waite, 2021). The goal of this research was to report a case series of transient reactive psychosis caused by the current coronavirus pandemic’s psychological anguish. (Balkhair & Florido, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted education, training, and internships in the field of health sciences in most parts of the world. Interns from the medical, dental and health sciences are uncertain about the statues of their internships. There have been a range of behaviors exhibited by health organizations regarding internship activities during the COVID-19 pandemic (Alvin et al. 2020). Shortages of healthcare workers have put pressure on health organizations to train health interns on site during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure that proper training and safety standards are applied strictly (Alvin et al. 2020; Sohrabi et al. 2020). Some health organizations have allowed interns to continue their internships on site to provide them with support and to involve them in the COVID-19 efforts; this has raised safety concerns among interns, especially considering the shortages of medical supplies and personal protection equipment (Lim et al. 2009; Alvin et al. 2020; Gallagher and Schleyer 2020; Sohrabi et al. 2020). Interns’ perceptions regarding the onsite continuation of their internships have varied. Some interns have felt anxious, worried, uncertain, and vulnerable to the virus, especially those who have been involved in immediate interactions with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases (Gallagher and Schleyer, 2020). Other interns have agreed with the approach of spending a few months on site in a meaningful internship (Allen, 2020). To decrease the onsite presence of personal and to maintain social distancing, some health organizations have replaced their onsite internships with virtual and online internship activities. Remote internship activities include virtual conferences, recorded video conferences, nonclinical research, online meetings, remote work contributions, telehealth, and telemedicine (Lim et al. 2009; Alvin et al. 2020; Gallagher and Schleyer 2020; Sohrabi et al. 2020). Internship sites that apply this method of training have flexible working hours and are advised to follow an active learning system (Alvin et al. 2020; Gautam and Sharma, 2020). Many health organizations and health professional schools have suspended internship activities due to the pandemic, which raises concerns among interns about their graduation and their opportunities for future jobs (Allen, 2020; Alvin et al. 2020; Gallagher and Schleyer, 2020). Interns whose internships have been suspended feel stress, frustration, anxiety, financial burdens, and considerable pressure about their future (DeWitt, 2020; Zhai and Du, 2020). Finally, some health organizations have canceled their internships altogether (NIDA 2020). OBJECTIVES The objectives of this case study were to: 1. How the students survive their internship during pandemic. 2. To analyze the impact of Covid-19 on the academic studies of criminology students. METHODS The data gathered in this case study came from online research on the internet. The content acquired to the related topic with a supporting content and citations. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. ANALYSIS Faculty were required to transition their classes from face-to-face to entirely online. This created numerous challenges, particularly for instructors who were teaching and supervising students who were undertaking internships. As agencies and departments shifted to necessary people only, interns were unexpectedly withdrawn from their internships. Faculty hurried to develop online learning experiences that addressed academic learning objectives as well as the aims of criminal justice students enrolled in these courses. This paper describes how we dealt with these issues, especially as we altered criminal justice internship courses and built capstone courses to replace face-to-face internship experiences. While the issues we experienced were related to criminal justice internships, they were not specific to the major, and the tactics and lessons acquired could be applied to a variety of fields. During the coronavirus outbreak in the spring of 2020, students witnessed an unanticipated transition to online schooling. A sample of students at a small, public institution were sent two surveys six weeks apart to measure their reactions and experiences with the change to online learning. The majority of students agreed with transferring classes online and were particularly concerned with combining work, school, and family life, as well as educational modifications made to online learning, according to closed-ended comments. Students' open-ended comments revealed three primary themes from their experiences: personal dissatisfaction, concern for immediate and longterm effects on education, and criticisms of the university's handling of the online learning shift. B. FINDINGS As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we abruptly switched from face-to-face classes to virtual learning. Most schools and universities responded by virtualizing all their face-to-face classes due to virus-related closures. Given the inherent nature of academic internship and field experience courses, where students work in a discipline or profession-related organization under the supervision of a field supervisor and guided by internship faculty, this was not a viable or realistic option for students enrolled in those courses. RECOMMENDATION As Criminology students we recommend: 1. To the teachers moderately integrate other techniques to involve students in the discussion to prevent them from getting online classes. 2. To faculty supervising internships, field experiences, and other experiential learning activities such as service-learning activities and cooperative education, to anticipate for and prepare for disruptions due to disasters, pandemics, and other critical incidents. 3. To the parents reflect the consistent findings in social research that children have an added advantage in school when their parents encourage and support schooling to the faculty further improve the proposed criminology Internship Manual and its implementation. 4. To the school admin provides a promising strategy for criminology and criminal justice graduate programs to create positive educational and professionalization experiences for their students. 5. To the students, they must be self-disciplined and able to manage their time and prioritize their duties. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CCTV ON INVESTIGATION: A CASE STUDY A Case Study Presented to Faculty of the College of Criminology In Partial Fulfillment to the Practicum Program Of Bachelor of Science in Criminology by: JOLINA BENTE NAILA MACARIMBANG JHOANN MATUNHAY JANUARY 2022 ABSTRACT Closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance camera systems have become increasingly popular around the world. In some countries and areas, these systems are pervasive and dense. They serve a variety of purposes, including preventing theft in stores, monitoring traffic, and monitoring sporting events, but crime prevention is particularly prevalent. Traditional policing techniques, such as informal surveillance and foot patrols, have been shown to have little influence on crime prevention and reduction. The continual physical presence or sight of informal surveillance has a deterring effect, either on members of the community or by law enforcement. The goal of this research is to determine the effectiveness of CCTV on investigation because of the rising number of community offenses members, the irregularities created by those in the vicinity, the many people who meet the premises, as well as the numerous types of people who visit the premises and incidents that can be resolved with the help of footage from surveillance cameras. This research could serve as a foundation for future research enhancement of next-generation technology. The study was based on the question of how effective CCTV cameras are as an investigative tool. Keywords: CCTV; Surveillance; System; Prevention; Monitoring INTRODUCTON People always want to be safe, whether it is for their property, loved ones, or for their own lives. That "need" is already innate to people. No one would like to be prone to harm or danger, even other living things. Having the sense of being secured and protected keeps people from dealing with other people. But because we have our own ways of dealing with different types of people whom we meet in our daily lives, that’s the moment it prevents us from trusting a total stranger, regardless of their interest. As countries flourish and their economies expand, social concerns become more prevalent. Peace and order, as well as people's safety and security, are two major concerns. Various psychologists might offer various explanations for criminal cases, yet even the most innocent person can see that crimes are everywhere. Anyone can become a victim of a crime, which causes a lot of people to feel afraid. Knowing their responsibilities, governments around the world have implemented a variety of crimeprevention initiatives. The use of CCTV is one of these advancements (Bautista et al. 2020). In the current environment, the use of technology by police cannot be undervalued or overvalued. We have been able to reap the benefits of technology, making life much easier and more comfortable. The use of CCTV monitoring in crime prevention is a widely studied topic around the world, though its use as an investigative tool is still under investigation. CCTV cameras are currently installed in all public areas, including roads, retail malls, and other locations across the globe. As a result, from home security to aircraft (Khan, 2020). Nowadays, CCTV is one of the most widely used security systems. Even if careful monitoring and assessment are essential for getting the exact conclusion in this regard, CCTV surveillance and recording make individuals feel safer. On the other hand, CCTV has a variety of benefits for people, particularly in terms of security (Khan et al. 2020). CCTV as a situational crime prevention technique that remotely keeps citizens under surveillance to ensure public order and safety (Akers & Sellers, 2020). Some literature proves that CCTV installation is more effective in deterring certain types of crime than others. It is seen as having an impact on property crimes, especially burglaries and thefts of and from vehicles. In their study on the role of CCTV in reducing burglaries and the level of fear of crime in houses, (Chatterton & Frenz, 2020), for example, found that the use of CCTV in housing was effective in reducing burglaries. (Phillips, 2020) reviewed studies that evaluated the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime, disorder, and fear of crime in different sites. He found that CCTV can be effective in deterring property crime, but only to a certain extent when it comes to personal crime, public order offenses, and fear of crime. On one hand, CCTV does a great job in preventing and reducing the criminal activities committed throughout the economy. However, paradoxically, there are factors that reduce the effectiveness of the cameras. Surveillance prevents crime at high levels due to various factors. First, the cameras provide evidence of crime, hence making it easier to track criminals. Previously, proving crimes presented some of the greatest challenges to the courts in many countries. Thus, many criminals did not face any charges for their crimes, which encouraged more crime. However, security surveillance changed the whole game, and if they installed them on the scene before the occurrence of the crime, evidence tracking became more specific and reliable due to the unity of direction in investigations. In tests for their efficiency, the cameras reduced theft and general crime in the casinos and the parking lots. The few people attempting crimes with the cameras find themselves in court with clear evidence of their actions and mostly get convicted (Murphy, 2020 p. 396). The use of CCTV surveillance in parking garages has also been studied. When comparing the effectiveness of using CCTV cameras in car parks, (Tilley, 2020) discovered that car parks with CCTV cameras had lower rates of automobile crime than car parks without them. As a result of this discovery, Tilley concluded that, depending on the circumstances, CCTV can be beneficial to crime prevention. Furthermore, Ditton and Short (Ditton & Short, 2020) discovered a drop in vehicle crime after installing CCTVs in their study. Furthermore, some academics say that the efficiency of CCTV in preventing and reducing crime rates should be the primary benefit of deploying cameras (Caplan, Kennedy, & Petrossian, 2020). According to them, we should not expect CCTV cameras to totally prevent crimes. As a result, more work should be placed in the hands of CCTV users in order to investigate crimes. The contribution of CCTV to crime reduction depends on how effectively the system is being installed and how quickly CCTV users react to crime when an indication of criminal activity is displayed through the system. Based on this, scholars such as (Akers & Sellers, 2020) contend that the explanation and the installation of CCTV should be consistent with traditional police reactions to crime problems, such as increasing street patrols and hiring more police officers who will be able to apprehend and convict criminals. Alarm notification is the most effective approach for CCTVs to prevent and reduce crime. The items or areas covered in most stores with surveillance security are defined and unambiguous. Regardless of the circumstances, security professionals can secure the main item or focus area by attaching it to an alert notification system in the event of criminal activity. The activities and movements in a specific region must fit within a program, from which any divergence triggers an alarm. Glass items are the easiest to secure with an automatic alarm link since breaking attempts are simply integrated into many alarm programs. Any attempt to break the glass raises the alarm, alerting the entire security team and allowing action to be taken more quickly. Although the protection cannot miss the attention demand and command, using the automatic alarm notification prevents crimes from occurring for a short interval (Guha, 2020). In its Memorandum Circular No. 2014-119, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) directed cities and capital cities to allow business establishments to install CCTV pursuant to Section 16 (General Welfare Clause) of RA No. 7160 to promote the preservation of peace, order, and public safety. While the Philippine National Police (PNP) recognized the importance of CCTV installed in every institution to assist them with criminal investigations in its 2015 Memorandum Circular Number 5, The PNP’s efficiency in solving crimes was improved with the help of CCTV cameras. The video recording made by the CCTV provides essential evidence in crime analysis (Mileva, 2020). A common goal of most CCTV systems has been the prevention of crime and disorder through deterrence. Claims are also made that CCTV provides public reassurance and therefore reduces fear of crime, which may, in turn, increase the use of public spaces. CCTV has been popularly used worldwide. It can be found in large buildings, wide establishments, or areas such as malls or parks. It is also needed on streets for monitoring and supervising traffic flow. Its effectiveness in providing useful information has been attested to by many agencies and establishments. In California and neighboring states, CCTV was used for security measures such as identification of people before entering a highly secured facility such as penthouses and executive offices (Bennett & Gelsthorpe, 2020). CCTV aids in crime monitoring rather than criminal elimination. Most individuals, according to (Guha, 2020), are concerned about people who commit purposeful crimes in public. Some people are aware of the consequences of their actions, particularly criminal behaviors, but nevertheless continue to engage in them. The CCTVs provide proof that the people who perpetrated the crimes did so, but they do not discourage them from doing so again. In fact, people may become more motivated to cause more harm since they are aware that they will fall into the trap anyhow. In this regard, while surveillance generates a sense of security in a certain region, some crimes go beyond the scope of surveillance, so security agents cannot rely on CCTVs, and some behaviors are not considered criminal by CCTVs aside from programmed crimes. People can thus commit unique mistakes and crimes and get away with it because the crimes are not captured on CCTV cameras (Wilner, 2020). On balance, CCTV appears to be one of the most successful methods for preventing crime. methods for preventing the incidence of crimes. People who intend to engage in criminal activity are prohibited from doing so because they may be detected and prosecuted. When CCTVs are used for security, evidence is deemed circumstantial and accurate. Crimes can also be reduced because of people's increased sense of security, which reduces fear, and so CCTVs produce more positive results. However, CCTV security can result in significant setbacks, particularly if there is insufficient monitoring. As a result, CCTVs provide the best protection and security, albeit they should not be used to replace existing security systems but rather to augment them. The goal of this research is to determine the effectiveness of CCTV on investigation because of the rising number of community offenses members, the irregularities created by those in the vicinity, the many people who visit the premises, as well as the numerous types of people who visit the premises and incidents that can be resolved with the help of footage from surveillance cameras. This research could serve as a foundation for future research enhancement of next-generation technology. The study was based on the question of how effective CCTV cameras are as an investigative tool. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of CCTV on investigation. The specific objectives of the case study were to: 1. Determine how crime patterns have changed before and after the installation of CCTV cameras. 2. Determine whether CCTVs are an effective tool for assisting in the investigation of cases that they have recorded. METHODS The data gathered in this case study came from online research on the internet. The content acquired to the related topic with a supporting content and citations. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. ANALYSIS CCTV is a technique that monitors citizens from afar to maintain public order and safety. According to certain research, installing CCTV is more effective in deterring certain types of crime than others. It is thought to have an impact on property crimes, including burglaries and vehicle thefts. Installing CCTV, for example, may improve clearance rates in CCTV-monitored regions while having minimal impact in buffer and control zones. It's likely that the increase isn't due to the CCTVs if clearance rates grow regardless of distance. This could also indicate that the cameras have shifted the investigation's focus. If crime clearance improves near cameras but decreases further away (when compared to pre-camera trends), this could indicate that detectives devote more time to events that are now backed by cameras but do not clear more crimes overall. According to some experts, the main advantage of placing cameras should be their ability to prevent and reduce crime. They claim that we should not expect CCTV cameras to completely prevent crimes. As a result, CCTV users should be given additional responsibility for criminal investigations. How well the system is deployed and how quickly CCTV users react to criminal conduct when an indicator of criminal activity is displayed through the system determines the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime. CCTV can help deter property crime, but only to a certain extent when it comes to personal crime, public order breaches, and fear of crime. Because of the uniformity of direction in investigations, evidence tracking was judged more detailed and reliable. If placed prior to the occurrence of the crime, surveillance minimizes high levels of crime. The cameras were discovered to reduce stealing and other crimes in efficiency testing. B. FINDINGS Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras have become a popular crime-prevention and security tool. Cameras capture images, which are then transferred to a monitor or recording device, where they can be viewed, evaluated, and/or stored. CCTV is a situational measure that allows a location to be monitored remotely. This allows police and other law enforcement and regulatory organizations, such as private security, to respond to situations as soon as they are notified, and to know what to look for when they arrive. The ability to store photos facilitates post-incident analysis that is useful to an inquiry. However, there are many distinct types of CCTV systems, each with its own set of capabilities for achieving a variety of goals. The use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) is frequently touted as a crimeprevention tool. The efficiency of CCTV, on the other hand, has been questioned. The conclusions of a systematic review of the best available research evidence on the effects of CCTV on crime in public spaces, conducted using meta-analytic methodologies, are presented in this article. According to the findings, CCTV had a considerable impact on crime, was most effective in decreasing crime in car parks, was effective when combined with better lighting and aimed at vehicle offences and was significantly more effective in reducing crime. The availability of CCTV was connected to a considerable increase in the likelihood of solving most types of crimes, with some types of crimes being exceedingly unlikely to be solved if CCTV was not present. A range of situational conditions appear to be linked to the potential of CCTV being available and, if so, beneficial. Recordings were less likely to be available for violations committed on trains or (in particular) along the side of the track. They were also less likely to be available if an incident occurred within a long window of opportunity. When recordings were available, they were less likely to be effective in cases involving thefts from people or crimes committed in parking lots. It demonstrates that some investigators' inability to use CCTV on a regular basis is to blame for the low perceived value of CCTV that has been disclosed in prior research, such as the MPS's unpublished report. Unlike prior studies that were unable to discern between the availability and utility of CCTV, the current study was able to artificially reduce the perceived utility of camera systems. To say that witness evidence is useless when there are no witnesses is ridiculous. It is true, but not particularly insightful. In short, it's possible that CCTV isn't always helpful because there aren't enough cameras in the area. Despite the propensity in the criminological literature to analyze CCTV as if it were a single measure, different CCTV systems exist. Cameras can be static (focused on a single view), or pan, tilt, and zoom (moved by operators or put on 'tours' to survey a series of scenes); they can also be fixed (focusing on a single view) (permanently installed in one location). RECOMMENDATION As Criminology students we recommend: 1. To the PNP personnel that they use CCTV to identify potential criminals and as a tool for crime and actively monitored the cameras. 2. To the business sector to seek the assistance of professional people engaged in CCTV operations for appropriate CCTV types and areas of replacement to ensure an effective and efficient function to install CCTV on their respective properties to deter any person from committing crimes. 3. To the city government to improve street lighting in the dark areas, especially in areas with high crime rates and hot spots, considering its visual clarity and amount of resolution to ensure valuable recorded information for identification of persons and vehicles involved. REFERENCES Lau, L. L., Hung, N., Go, D. J., Ferma, J., Choi, M., Dodd, W., & Wei, X. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of COVID-19 among income-poor households Sciencedirect.com Valdés-Florido, M. J., López-Díaz, Á., Palermo-Zeballos, F. J., Martínez-Molina, I., Martín-Gil, V. E., Crespo-Facorro, B., & Ruiz-Veguilla, M. (2020). Reactive psychoses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical perspectives from a case series. Revista de psiquiatria y salud mental, 13(2), 90-94. Jamdade, P. G., & Jamdade, S. G. (2021). Modeling and prediction of COVID-19 spread in the Philippines by October 13, 2020, by using the VARMAX time series method with preventive measures. Results in Physics, 20, 103694. Fontanos, N., Gonzales, J. F., Lucasan, K., & Ocampo, D. S. (2020). Revisiting Flexible Learning Options (FLOs) in Basic Education in the Philippines: Implications for Senior High School (SHS). Bivens, N. D., & Byrd, Y. M. Navigating Internships and Field Experience in the Wake of a Global Pandemic: A Qualitative Examination of Two Undergraduate Program Experiences. Shine, Beau and Brown, Kelly (2021) “Transforming Criminal Justice Internships into Capstone Courses: A Response to the Challenges of the COVID-19 Crisis,” Midwest Social Sciences Journal: Vol. 24 : Iss. 1 , ArticLe.6 . Reinhard, D., Stafford, M. C., & Payne, T. C. (2021). COVID-19 and academia: Considering the future of academic conferencing. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 32(2), 171-185.Reinhard, D., Stafford, M. C., & Payne, T. C. (2021). COVID-19 and academia: Considering the future of academic conferencing. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 32(2), 171-185. Shine, B., & Brown, K. (2021). Transforming Criminal Justice Internships into Capstone Courses: A Response to the Challenges of the COVID-19 Crisis. Midwest Social Sciences Journal, 24(1), 6. Shine, B., & Brown, K. (2021). Transforming Criminal Justice Internships into Capstone Courses: A Response to the Challenges of the COVID-19 Crisis. Midwest Social Sciences Journal, 24(1), 6. GRETHER, S. T., MACDONALD, H., & HIGGINS, K. (2020). Students' perceptions and experiences of learning during the coronavirus pandemic. Virginia Social Science Journal, 54. Lumaban, M. B. P., & Battung, G. T. (2020). CCTV-Based Surveillance System with Face Recognition Feature. International Journal, 9(1.3). https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CRIM-2016-003.pdf Molepo, S. P., Faimau, G., & Mashaka, K. T. (2020). CCTV placement in Gaborone City, Botswana: A critical review through the lens of Situational Crime Prevention theory. Kriminologija & socijalna integracija: časopis za kriminologiju, penologiju i poremećaje u ponašanju, 28(2), 144-163. Nurhopipah, Ade & Harjoko, Agus. (2018). Motion Detection and Face Recognition for CCTV Surveillance System. IJCCS (Indonesian Journal of Computing and Cybernetics Systems). 12. 107. 10.22146/ijccs.18198. Jung, Y., & Wheeler, A. P. (2021). The effect of public surveillance cameras on crime clearance rates. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1-22.
