C
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • ALBANY, NY 12234
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/CHEMISTRY
2011 Edition
Table A
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Name
Value
Standard Pressure
Unit
101.3 kPa
1 atm
Standard Temperature
kilopascal
atmosphere
273 K
0°C
kelvin
degree Celsius
Table B
Physical Constants for Water
Heat of Fusion
334 J/g
Heat of Vaporization
2260 J/g
Specific Heat Capacity of H2O(ᐍ)
4.18 J/g•K
Table C
Selected Prefixes
Factor
Prefix
Symbol
103
kilo-
k
10 –1
deci-
d
10 –2
centi-
c
10 –3
milli-
m
10 –6
micro-
μ
10 –9
nano-
n
10 –12
pico-
p
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
Table D
Selected Units
Symbol
Name
Quantity
m
meter
length
g
gram
mass
Pa
pascal
pressure
K
kelvin
temperature
mol
mole
amount of
substance
J
joule
energy, work,
quantity of heat
s
second
time
min
minute
time
h
hour
time
d
day
time
y
year
time
L
liter
volume
ppm
parts per million
concentration
M
molarity
solution
concentration
u
atomic mass unit
atomic mass
1
Table E
Selected Polyatomic Ions
Formula
Name
Formula
Name
H3O+
hydronium
CrO42–
chromate
Hg22+
mercury(I)
Cr2O72–
dichromate
NH4+
ammonium
MnO4–
permanganate
C2H3O2–
CH3COO–
acetate
NO2–
nitrite
nitrate
CN–
cyanide
NO3–
CO32–
peroxide
carbonate
O22–
HCO3–
OH–
hydroxide
hydrogen
carbonate
PO43–
phosphate
C2O42–
oxalate
SCN–
thiocyanate
ClO–
hypochlorite
SO32–
sulfite
ClO2–
chlorite
SO42–
sulfate
ClO3–
chlorate
HSO4–
hydrogen sulfate
ClO4–
perchlorate
S2O32–
thiosulfate
}
Table F
Solubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions
Ions That Form
Soluble Compounds
Exceptions
Ions That Form
Insoluble Compounds*
Exceptions
Group 1 ions
(Li+, Na+, etc.)
carbonate (CO32–)
when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
ammonium (NH4+)
chromate (CrO42–)
acetate (C2H3O2– or
CH3COO–)
when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, or
ammonium (NH4+)
phosphate (PO43–)
hydrogen carbonate
(HCO3–)
when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
sulfide (S2–)
chlorate (ClO3–)
when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
hydroxide (OH–)
when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr 2+, or
ammonium (NH4+)
nitrate (NO3–)
halides
(Cl–,
Br–, I–)
sulfates (SO42–)
when combined with
Ag+, Pb2+, or Hg22+
when combined with Ag+,
Ca2+, Sr 2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
*compounds having very low solubility in H2O
2
Table G
Solubility Curves at Standard Pressure
150.
KI
NaNO3
140.
130.
KNO3
120.
110.
Solubility (g solute/100. g H2O)
100.
90.
80.
NH4Cl
70.
HCl
60.
KCl
50.
40.
NaCl
30.
KClO3
20.
NH3
SO2
10.
0
0
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
Temperature (°C)
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
3
Table H
Vapor Pressure of Four Liquids
200.
propanone
ethanol
water
Vapor Pressure (kPa)
150.
ethanoic
acid
101.3 kPa
100.
50.
0
0
25
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
50.
75
100.
125
4
Table I
Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K
ΔH (kJ)*
Reaction
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(ᐍ)
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(ᐍ)
–890.4
Table J
Activity Series**
Most
Active
Metals
Li
Nonmetals Most
Active
F2
–2219.2
Rb
Cl2
2C8H18(ᐍ) + 25O2(g)
16CO2(g) + 18H2O(ᐍ)
–10943
K
Br2
2CH3OH(ᐍ) + 3O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 4H2O(ᐍ)
–1452
Cs
I2
C2H5OH(ᐍ) + 3O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(ᐍ)
–1367
Ba
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ᐍ)
–2804
Sr
–566.0
Ca
–393.5
Na
–3351
Mg
+182.6
Al
2CO(g) + O2(g)
2CO2(g)
C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
2Al2O3(s)
N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g)
N2(g) + 2O2(g)
2NO2(g)
+66.4
Ti
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)
–483.6
Mn
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(ᐍ)
–571.6
Zn
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
–91.8
Cr
2C(s) + 3H2(g)
C2H6(g)
–84.0
Fe
2C(s) + 2H2(g)
C2H4(g)
+52.4
Co
+227.4
Ni
+53.0
Sn
2C(s) + H2(g)
C2H2(g)
H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g)
KNO3(s)
H2O
K+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
+34.89
Pb
NaOH(s)
H2O
Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
–44.51
H2
NH4Cl(s)
H2O
NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
+14.78
Cu
+25.69
Ag
NH4NO3(s)
NaCl(s)
LiBr(s)
H2O
H2O
H2O
NH4+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Li+(aq)
H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
+
Br–(aq)
H2O(ᐍ)
+3.88
–48.83
–55.8
*The ΔH values are based on molar quantities represented in the equations.
A minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
Least
Active
Au
Least
Active
**Activity Series is based on the hydrogen
standard. H2 is not a metal.
5
Table N
Selected Radioisotopes
Table K
Common Acids
Formula
Name
Nuclide
HCl(aq)
hydrochloric acid
HNO2(aq)
nitrous acid
HNO3(aq)
nitric acid
H2SO3(aq)
sulfurous acid
H2SO4(aq)
sulfuric acid
H3PO4(aq)
phosphoric acid
H2CO3(aq)
or
CO2(aq)
carbonic acid
CH3COOH(aq)
or
HC2H3O2(aq)
ethanoic acid
(acetic acid)
Table L
Common Bases
Formula
NaOH(aq)
sodium hydroxide
KOH(aq)
potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2(aq)
calcium hydroxide
NH3(aq)
aqueous ammonia
Table M
Common Acid–Base Indicators
Indicator
Approximate
pH Range
for Color
Change
Color
Change
methyl orange
3.1–4.4
red to yellow
bromthymol blue
6.0–7.6
yellow to blue
phenolphthalein
8–9
Decay
Mode
Nuclide
Name
198Au
2.695 d
β–
gold-198
14C
5715 y
β–
carbon-14
37Ca
182 ms
β+
calcium-37
60Co
5.271 y
β–
cobalt-60
137Cs
30.2 y
β–
cesium-137
53Fe
8.51 min
β+
iron-53
220Fr
27.4 s
α
3H
12.31 y
β–
hydrogen-3
8.021 d
β–
iodine-131
37K
1.23 s
β+
potassium-37
42K
12.36 h
β–
potassium-42
85Kr
10.73 y
β–
krypton-85
7.13 s
β–
nitrogen-16
19Ne
17.22 s
β+
neon-19
32P
14.28 d
β–
phosphorus-32
131I
16N
Name
Half-Life
francium-220
239Pu
2.410 × 104 y
α
plutonium-239
226Ra
1599 y
α
radium-226
222Rn
3.823 d
α
radon-222
90Sr
29.1 y
β–
strontium-90
99Tc
2.13 × 105 y
β–
technetium-99
232Th
1.40 × 1010 y
α
thorium-232
233U
1.592 × 105 y
α
uranium-233
235U
7.04 × 108 y
α
uranium-235
238U
4.47 × 109 y
α
uranium-238
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., 2010–2011,
CRC Press
colorless to pink
litmus
4.5–8.3
red to blue
bromcresol green
3.8–5.4
yellow to blue
thymol blue
8.0–9.6
yellow to blue
Source: The Merck Index, 14th ed., 2006, Merck Publishing Group
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
6
Table O
Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Notation
alpha particle
4 He
2
beta particle
0
–1 e
Symbol
or 42α
α
or –10 β
β–
gamma radiation
0γ
0
γ
neutron
1
0n
n
1H
1
or 11p
p
0
+1e
or +10 β
β+
proton
positron
Table P
Organic Prefixes
Prefix
Number of
Carbon Atoms
meth-
1
eth-
2
prop-
3
but-
4
pent-
5
hex-
6
hept-
7
oct-
8
non-
9
dec-
10
Table Q
Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons
Name
Examples
General
Formula
Name
CnH2n+2
ethane
Structural Formula
H H
alkanes
H C C H
H H
H
H
alkenes
alkynes
CnH2n
CnH2n–2
ethene
ethyne
C C
H
H
H C
C H
Note: n = number of carbon atoms
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
7
Table R
Organic Functional Groups
Class of
Compound
Functional
Group
General
Formula
halide
(halocarbon)
F (fluoro-)
Cl (chloro-)
Br (bromo-)
I (iodo-)
R X
(X represents
any halogen)
alcohol
OH
R
OH
CH3CH2CH2OH
1-propanol
ether
O
R
O R′
CH3OCH2CH3
methyl ethyl ether
ketone
organic acid
C H
R C H
amide
CH3CH2C H
propanal
O
O
C
R C R′
CH3CCH2CH2CH3
2-pentanone
O
O
O
C OH
R
C O
C OH
O
R C O R′
R′
amine
O
O
O
ester
CH3CHClCH3
2-chloropropane
O
O
aldehyde
Example
N
R N R′′
O
O R′
C NH
R
C NH
CH3CH2C OH
propanoic acid
O
CH3CH2COCH3
methyl propanoate
CH3CH2CH2NH2
1-propanamine
O
CH3CH2C NH2
propanamide
Note: R represents a bonded atom or group of atoms.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
8
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
P eriod
+1
–1
2
Be
K
2-8-2
Sr
+1 137.33
2-8-18-8-2
38
+1 87.62
2-8-8-2
Y
+2 138.9055
2-8-18-9-2
39
+2 88.9059
2-8-9-2
+2 44.9559
3
Ca 21Sc
20
+1 40.08
+2
+2
Fr
Zr
Hf
-18-32-18-9-2
Rf
104
+3 (261)
*18-32-10-2
72
+3 178.49
2-8-18-10-2
40
+3 91.224
V
2-8-13-1
+3 95.94
+5
+6 (98)
2-8-13-2
+2 54.9380
+3
+6
7
+4 101.07
+6
+7
2-8-14-2
+2 55.845
+3
+4
+7
8
Cr 25Mn 26Fe
24
+2 51.996
+3
+4
+5
6
Group
–4
+2
+4
Co
+3 102.906
2-8-15-2
27
+2 58.9332
+3
9
Ni
+3 106.42
2-8-16-2
28
+2 58.693
+3
10
+1 65.409
+2
12
2-8-18-12-1
2-8-18-13-1
W
(266)
-18-32-12-2
74
+5 183.84
2-8-18-13-2
(272)
-18-32-13-2
2-8-18-15-1
+4 190.23
+6
+7
(277)
-18-32-14-2
Re 76Os
75
+6 186.207
Pr
+4 231.036
59
+3 140.908
+4
90
91
Th Pa
232.038
58
Ce
140.116
2-8-18-1
+2 107.868
+4
29
2-8-18-2
+1 112.41
+3 (145)
(281)
-18-32-17-1
78
Pt
2-8-18-18
+3 195.08
+4
+3 150.36
U
2-8-18-18-2
(280)
-18-32-18-1
79
(285)
-18-32-18-2
+1 200.59
+3
Au 80Hg
2-8-18-18-1
+2 196.967
+4
+2 151.964
+3
+2 157.25
+3
+3 158.925
+3 (244)
+4
+5
+6
+3 (243)
+4
+5
+6
+3 (247)
+4
+5
+6
+3 (247)
Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk
93
+3 (237)
+4
+5
+6
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., 2010–2011, CRC Press
**The systematic names and symbols for elements of atomic numbers 113 and above
will be used until the approval of trivial names by IUPAC.
92
+4 238.029
+5
13
Al
In
Tl
(284)
-18-32-18-3
81
+1 204.383
+2
2-8-18-18-3
49
+2 114.818
2-8-18-3
+2 69.723
2-8-3
C
Si
Pb
(289)
-18-32-18-4
82
+1 207.2
+3
2-8-18-18-4
Sn
50
+3 118.71
2-8-18-4
+3 72.64
2-8-4
14
+3 28.0855
6
2-4
+3 12.011
14
P
N
+2 74.9216
+4
2-8-5
15
–4 30.97376
+2
+4
7
2-5
–4 14.0067
+2
+4
15
S
–3 78.96
+3
+5
2-8-6
16
O
16
–3 15.9994
–2
–1
+1
+2
+3
+4 8
+5 2-6
–3 32.065
+3
+5
Group
2-8-18-6
(288)
-18-32-18-5
83
Bi
2-8-18-18-5
+2 208.980
+4
51
Po
(292)
-18-32-18-6
84
+3 (209)
+5
2-8-18-18-6
–3 127.60
+3
+5
Sb 52Te
2-8-18-5
+2 121.760
+4
17
Cl
F
Br
l
(?)
18
He
Kr
(294)
-18-32-18-8
(222)
2-8-18-18-8
Xe
54
–1 131.29
+1
+5
+7
2-8-18-8
36
–1 83.798
+1
+5
2-8-8
18
–1 39.948
+1
+5
+7
Ar
Ne
2-8
10
–1 20.180
2
2
At 86Rn
-18-32-18-7
85
+2 (210)
+4
2-8-18-18-7
53
–2 126.904
+4
+6
2-8-18-7
35
–2 79.904
+4
+6
2-8-7
17
–2 35.453
+4
+6
9
2-7
–2 18.9984
18
4.00260
0
0
+2
+4
+6
0
+2
0
0
0
+3 164.930
98
Cf
+3 (251)
+4
+3 168.934
+3 173.04
99
+2 174.9668
+3
+3 (258)
+2 (259)
+3
Lr
103
+2 (262)
+3
Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
+3 (257)
68
+3 167.259
Es 100Fm 101Md 102No
+3 (252)
Dy 67Ho
66
+3 162.500
+3
+3
Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113
Uut
Uup 116
Uuq 115
Uuh 117
Uus 118
Uuo
114
**
109
(276)
-18-32-15-2
77
Ir
2-8-18-16-1
+3 192.217
+4
Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb
60
+3 144.24
Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs
105
+4 (262)
-18-32-11-2
Ta
73
+4 180.948
41
B
26.98154
5
2-3
10.81
13
Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se
+2 63.546
+3
11
Note: Numbers in parentheses
are mass numbers of the most
stable or common isotope.
Relative atomic masses are based
on 12 C = 12 (exact)
Selected Oxidation States
Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd
+4 92.9064
2-8-11-2
23
+2 50.9415
+3
+4
5
2-4
6
C
12.011
*denotes the presence of (2-8-) for elements 72 and above
-18-32-18-8-2
Ra 89Ac
88
Ti
2-8-10-2
22
Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Mass
Periodic Table of the Elements
Electron Configuration
KEY
4
+3 47.867
2-8-18-18-9-2
+2 (227)
2-8-18-18-8-2
+1 (226)
-18-32-18-8-1
87
(223)
2-8-18-18-8-1
55
Cs 56Ba 57La
132.905
2-8-18-8-1
37
Rb
85.4678
2-8-8-1
19
39.0983
2-8-1
11
Na 12Mg
+1 24.305
2-2
4
+1 9.01218
Group
Li
22.98977
3
2-1
1
H
6.941
1
1
1.00794
1
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
10
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Atomic Symbol
Number
1086
1402
1314
1681
2081
1312
2372
520.
900.
801
krypton
rubidium
strontium
yttrium
zirconium
gallium
germanium
arsenic (gray)
selenium (gray)
bromine
iron
cobalt
nickel
copper
zinc
scandium
titanium
vanadium
chromium
manganese
1351
403
549
600.
640.
579
762
944
941
1140.
762
760.
737
745
906
633
659
651
653
717
sulfur (monoclinic) 1000.
chlorine
1251
argon
1521
potassium
419
calcium
590.
sodium
496
magnesium
738
aluminum
578
silicon
787
phosphorus (white) 1012
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
neon
hydrogen
helium
lithium
beryllium
boron
Name
First
Ionization
Energy
(kJ/mol)
—
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.0
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.6
3.2
—
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.4
4.0
—
2.2
—
1.0
1.6
2.0
Electronegativity
116
312
1050.
1795
2128
303
1211
1090.
494
266
1811
1768
1728
1358
693
1814
1941
2183
2180.
1519
388
172
84
337
1115
371
923
933
1687
317
—
63
54
53
24
14
—
454
1560.
2348
Melting
Point
(K)
Table S
Properties of Selected Elements
120.
961
1655
3618
4682
2477
3106
—
958
332
3134
3200.
3186
2835
1180.
3109
3560.
3680.
2944
2334
718
239
87
1032
1757
1156
1363
2792
3538
554
—
77
90.
85
27
20.
4
1615
2744
4273
Boiling*
Point
(K)
0.003425
1.53
2.64
4.47
6.52
5.91
5.3234
5.75
4.809
3.1028
7.87
8.86
8.90
8.96
7.134
2.99
4.506
6.0
7.15
7.3
2.00
0.002898
0.001633
0.89
1.54
0.97
1.74
2.70
2.3296
1.823
.
—
0.001145
0.001308
0.001553
0.000825
0.000082
0.000164
0.534
1.85
2.34
Density**
(g/cm3)
116
215
190.
176
164
123
120.
120.
118
117
124
118
117
122
120.
159
148
144
130.
129
104
100.
101
200.
174
160.
140.
124
114
109
75
71
64
60.
62
32
37
130.
99
84
Atomic
Radius
(pm)
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
11
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
radon
francium
radium
actinium
thallium
lead
bismuth
polonium
astatine
osmium
iridium
platinum
gold
mercury
hafnium
tantalum
tungsten
rhenium
barium
lanthanum
0.9
1.1
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.6
0.8
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
1000.
1193
904
723
387
161
302
1828
1235
594
430.
505
2750.
2896
2430.
2606
2237
Melting
Point
(K)
1037
393
509
499
589
716
703
812
—
814
865
864
890.
1007
659
728
759
756
—
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
202
300.
969
1323
577
600.
544
527
575
3306
2719
2041
1337
234
2506
3290.
3695
3458
Elements 58–71 have been omitted.
503
538
831
869
1008
1170.
376
804
731
868
558
709
652
684
702
710.
720.
Electronegativity
Elements 90 and above have been omitted.
antimony (gray)
tellurium
iodine
xenon
cesium
palladium
silver
cadmium
indium
tin (white)
niobium
molybdenum
technetium
ruthenium
rhodium
Name
First
Ionization
Energy
(kJ/mol)
211
—
—
3471
1746
2022
1837
1235
—
5285
4701
4098
3129
630.
4876
5731
5828
5869
2170.
3737
1860.
1261
457
165
944
3236
2435
1040.
2345
2875
5017
4912
4538
4423
3968
Boiling*
Point
(K)
Source: CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., 2010–2011, CRC Press
*boiling point at standard pressure
**density of solids and liquids at room temperature and density of gases at 298 K and 101.3 kPa
— no data available
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
41
42
43
44
45
Atomic Symbol
Number
0.009074
—
5
10.
11.8
11.3
9.79
9.20
—
22.587
22.562
21.5
19.3
13.5336
13.3
16.4
19.3
20.8
3.62
6.15
6.68
6.232
4.933
0.005366
1.873
12.0
10.5
8.69
7.31
7.287
8.57
10.2
11
12.1
12.4
Density**
(g/cm3)
146
242
211
201
144
145
150.
142
148
136
132
130.
130.
132
164
158
150.
141
206
194
140.
137
136
136
238
130.
136
140.
142
140.
156
146
138
136
134
Atomic
Radius
(pm)
Table T
Important Formulas and Equations
d = density
m = mass
V = volume
m
V
Density
d=
Mole Calculations
number of moles =
Percent Error
% error =
Percent Composition
% composition by mass =
given mass
gram-formula mass
measured value – accepted value
× 100
accepted value
parts per million =
mass of part
× 100
mass of whole
mass of solute
× 1 000 000
mass of solution
Concentration
moles of solute
liter of solution
molarity =
Combined Gas Law
P1V1
T1
=
P2V2
T2
Titration
MAVA = MBVB
Heat
q = mCΔT
q = mHf
q = mHv
Temperature
K = °C + 273
P = pressure
V = volume
T = temperature
MA = molarity of H+
MB = molarity of OH–
VA = volume of acid
VB = volume of base
q = heat
Hf = heat of fusion
m = mass
Hv = heat of vaporization
C = specific heat capacity
ΔT = change in temperature
K = kelvin
°C = degree Celsius
DET 609 ADU
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry – 2011 Edition
12