Yeabba-Bahriy-Dirsetoch.main

πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç úaUÇè ûQOHûz% H+H:Ç cä∆Ç “^ —+{Ä´ ÜæH++ ¢H+œ˚&J (Qåf{) !"#$% Æ. T. page001-012 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 π¿^c&´ Ox| vM” πz÷vm ä´ © 2002 by Getatchew Haile, Avon, Minnesota All Rights Reserved Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch ISBN: 0-9706663-1-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2002094114 πOÈKÒèç πjÛãè OJ° õè¬BT O÷m@Pèç πô&|øÂºè ü`{ º±“ ´" ôTÖ ôeÛ´ πÚ| jÛè" ôw wM`æ ô—^Ä´ “U c&÷Ûç v+z °èz*ºçÄ´ c&n÷J ûOÈKˆÅÄ´ πÅH#|è zhûO´ ®¿ cSè Oc¿√Ä´è ºdºJ"" æFè OÈKı HO”≤| û{Ç wH´ ô≈î O÷πo æÅIJ"" Inquiries can be sent to: Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch P.O. Box 113 Avon, MN 56310, USA page001-012 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 ôº| HOGè HvnBv| ØH| HäKc+ 8 mè 09)(4 Æ. T. !" Tèzã ô≠eπû võèz û=H# H&z ±—v`û? ®Oã πKTπû õO æõ±+ |eØa H—x`û? vcIT õ”±&ú vûO ô±≥û"" õeO ôØæè|π `õºñ õè± æOJõ Ö>I& Ö&\|û vH&º"" #$ page001-012 page 3 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch oromochin kemmimmelekketu leloch senedoch gara or The Works of Abba Bahriy with Other Documents concerning the Oromo, is primarily a new edition and translation into Amharic and English of the work Zenahu le-Galla, a Geèz study of Oromo society and Oromo migration into central Ethiopia in the sixteenth century. The author of the text, the monk Abba Bahriy, was an eyewitness to this migration and himself fled his homeland of Gamo when the Galla/Oromo overran and destroyed it. As such, Abba Bahriy’s text is an important firsthand account of the social structure of the pastoralist Oromo and the impact of their migration on the existing agrarian communities of central Ethiopia. To help clarify the original text, the book contains a chapter of selected quotations culled from primary Geèz historical sources that expound upon or are otherwise relevant to the sixteenth century migration. Each quotation is accompanied by its Amharic translation. The book also contains a chapter about the author and his other works. Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch ... concludes with a bibliography and an index. !" page001-012 page 4 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 " R´fi m√Q nJ (û˘aÙc` {¿c {T^|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. . 9 Oo≈T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O”v&º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . TØ^ı ' ) ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 . . 34 (1) O≥P[ °è}e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) «ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 . . (3) OJ°≠ —x`ô+J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . (4) cIO o¡dè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . TØ^ı * ) ±+çB H“I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53. . O”v&º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 ”Ø±# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 vôR`ì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 TØ^ı + ) “I/úaU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95. . (1) “I ®æe úaU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 . . (2) π“I |`—>T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97. . (3) πúaU ôè≈ä| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 . . (4) úaU¨Ç ûH+H:Ç æHºH#? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 . . (5) «“I» e≈x ä´? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 . . . (6) π“I/πúaU ±+ç HTè zËÔ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 . . . (7) πúaU {]° ûTè‹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 . . . . (A) Oè”Y|ç M≥x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 (H) πúaU¨Ç «cxô |ü|ä|» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 (8) πOè”Y| ôoTç úaU¨Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 . . . (9) úaU¨Çè πReÔ` ˙H&c& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 . . . . (10) vôè≈ A—` fe| Oè”Y| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 . . . page001-012 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 6 TØ^ı , ) |èXô+ Oè”Y| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 . . . ôw] 1 - Appendix I - ûôHn {π |Jm% OÈKı πzm√ . . . . . .171 . . . 17. eH ä—¿ “I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 . . . “H:Ç vc+| oç|ç O“¿J æo` xH´ M” . . . πc\v| T°èº| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 182 eH “I |´J≈ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . π®H: õeJTç õ´äzì´ {]°e õè¬F ä´ . . . . . . 186 . . eH “I z¤R] ºı {]° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 . . . 188 ôè¡ {]° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H+I´ {]° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 . . . π“I Y^|ç M” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 . . . 193 v“I M” π¿T Y^| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. eH ä—¿ õç`º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 . . . ôw] 2 - Appendix II Ethnography of the Galla (±+çB H“I) By Abba Bahriy ôw] 3 - Appendix III Concerning the Galla by Aleqa Tayye . . . . .195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 ™v& OËMı| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 . . . O÷m@T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 . . . YØH:Ç ¿^c&´ç H&º. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. . ûO≥P[ °è}e (BL Or. 534, f. 13a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . πô&|øÂº ü`{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . ôè}åø c+û& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . °v#` ô} æJR ¿_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 . . ô&”ç±&ø —>æ¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62. . û±+çB H“I (BL Or. 534, f. 1a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 . . ôæû+ DvÌè≈ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 . . 160 û±+çB H“I (Aeth. 4, f. 1b.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ô} ÆÌO —&ø`—&e (ÆÌS/ÆÿS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 . . .. ôHn {π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 . . . . Å`Je v+û&è”DT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 . . .. ˘aÙc` wæ\ zıI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 . . .. ûcIO o¡dè (BL Or. 534, f. 168b.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 . . . ûO≥P[ °è}e (BL Or. 534, f. 137a.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250 . . . page001-012 page 6 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 " m√Q nJ û˘aÙc` {¿c {T^| ˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ v±&F wS]ü ô—`ñ vQåf{ «ez,|» éÿ vT|—í´ π¢H+œ˚&J ûzR ºH´ «πo¡e øKèe ∫å˚`c&z*» ºcwcwÄ´èñ vx±# h&F πQp÷\|è πÿè| ô&|øÂº πx^ç OËMı| Ræ°aÚJUÇñ õäG ûDº ôTe| ÆO{| HvH÷ —&±+ vRÿç|ç vROcüû` tÿ^Ä´ v≤ ºHñ HA—^Çè πDæRê|ñ πuèuñ πYä ÈK#ıñ π{]°ç πwFJ ÿç| ûı ºH ôxä| ºIÄ´è ≈`c}Ç vOËMı|ç vO◊ÿˆÇ OJ° H&ºm`x πÅH wHUº ä´"" ôBè ¿”U æFèè «πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Çñ úaUÇè ûQOHûz% H+H:Ç cä∆Ç “^» πzwH´è ÿçz%è vÿènm, ô±“œ} ôo`yJçJ"" ôw wM`æè õeüBè x±#¨ÅÇè πTçńÄ´ñ v±OçÄ´ û¿v#x ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº vx≤| zèmdoc´ OeÔ` eH O\| πúaU M≥xñ v”Ø≥ uèu vËÒ| OÈKÛÄ´ xÅ äv`"" ôBè ˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ w±“ ´ v±&F ÈK#ı éÿ ”èñ H+H:Ç ô^| πzûv\ OËMı|T π¿[c#ñ v±Oã π|TF`| Oe° õœ” v◊T πz^mm%ç πvcH# ¿^c&T õè¿äv\ ûäRe[Õ´ ô◊`} æä”[çJ"" ôw wM`æ v—&±+ºÄ´ ûäv\| π”Ø≥ ¿êºè BH# v◊T πzH∫ õè¿äv\ ”JÈ Gê æ{ºJ"" õeüBè wH#è O[Õ¨Ç OW[| H+H:Ä% π±Oã ¿êºè ºp∫Jè ÈK#ˆÇ vx≤| πQºzû=\| vDæRê| OËMı| |`—>Tç |è{éñ vÁH:|ñ vO≥PaÇç voé¨Ç Iæ äv`"" õdÄ´ ”è vz¤R]ñ v±&F eH úaU M≥x w±“À| ÿç|ñ v±Oã v◊T ôddv& πäv\ πM≥x cÔ^ñ πcITñ πŸ`ä|ñ πRáv^™*ñ π®{¿^™*ç π˙Hz*ü™* ≈`œ| —#√øÇèT õπzOÔ\ç ü—` jR”H+¨Ç O[Õ õºcwcv# O≥”v´ H&ºp∫Jè ÇH™J"" æF π˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ OÈKı Hôèwxºè ôè≈ ô¬e ÔH” Omπc# ‘J} æ{ºJ"" eHúaU¨Ç c&Èı πôw wM`æè ÿç| HxÅ´ äÿH: dæGèñ ûôÏ+ —I´ƒë Ta õeû 20ì´ Tõ| ÆO| O O]º ≈[e πäv\| ä—Y{| ±+ç O™ØJñ ÁKÚ¨ÇT πúaU M≥xè vQOHû| π¿[c#|è BH# ûπeı^Ä´ ôcwey page001-012 page 7 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 8 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç õº™K¿ ä´ ºm[wÄ´"" ûä±&FT OüûJñ πôÏ+ c#eèøe (16001625) ±+ç O™ØJ ¿^c&ç πè—#W# πo`x wHVJ πäv\| úaU´ H&oñ ô≤∑ z°H YIc+ ÷&êT æ—í%v{J"" ûä±&FT vz¤R]ñ v19ì´ Tõ| ÆO| O¤[iç v20ì´ O O]º Iæ πäv\| ô} ÆÌSç ôHn {π v—&±+ôÄ´ ûäv\ º—` jR”H+¨Ç ºcwcw;Ä´T züz™J"" πô} ÆÌS m¿T xH: eH{zOñ ûô&|øÂº ÷ı} πäv[´è πôHn {πè OÈKı ûô&π\dH+T ô”î} eH úaU M≥x õdÄ´ º±“À|èT v≥`≥` ôo`y{J"" H+I´T π{®m%| úaU π{]° ÁKÚç WÆH&ñ π‘ÕP H&o ôHn z°H ô&πc#e/™oœ^ æ÷mdH#"" eH úaU M≥x ºH#è πm≈U cä∆Ç BH# ôè≈ zOddæ ÷wæ ôIÄ´"" πzËÒ| vŸ`ä|ç v|”J —&±+ eHäv[ñ x±# πm%◊ç π±HÛ nI| æv±#wÄ™J"" ô} ÆÌSç ôHn {π ”è v±OçÄ´ æFèè OèÔe õœ” v◊T HRiiJç πúaU¨Çè ô÷nIæ wFJç Rèä| vvH÷ ô°xa| æ¥ HO[√| ûızì ÿ[| º¿`—# õè¿äv` û≈`c}ÅÄ´ Rπ| õèÇIHè"" æFè z—v& õ`TÕ —+{Ä´ v±&F OÈKı πvH÷ ô√xa{J RH| æÅIJ"" õè¬º´T õc# z®J∆ πJœä| ±Oãè ºdHÔ´ñ vhè¢^ ®[√ û¿‘Tc&d õeû z%H# Ô^ç õeû H#S ≈[e wH#| π®I–Ä%%ç π±O≈ ô≥R≈ Oê]º ôüwv&¨Ç éÿ õπzOIHcñ ûv+| û‘[v+| J–Ç “^ vúaTì õπzä“—[ç õπzfi®z eHGäñ uèu´èç wFH#è vo`x º´m™Jó ºûx[´RJ"" v±&F OÈKı éÿ πm[v#Jè cä∆Ç πQºd∫è ô÷nIæ YØJñ wHÒ| 500 ÆO{| éÿ πúaU M≥xñ vπcÔ[wÄ´ ôüwv&¨Ç BH#ñ ûH+H:Ä% πô&|øÂº M≥yÇ “^ vwFJñ vuèuñ vDæRê|ç v|´J≈ õπz™K¿ πO◊ OGãè ä´"" æJm%èTñ πA—`èç πOè”Y|è FJ´ç ÷xpç ô÷ç°a vRpπz% ôèË`ñ ûz^ —v_ñ ä“ƒñ ®{¿`ç ºüwv& ‘v≥ ôHn Ta õeû wH PH# YJ◊è πOè”Y| πvIæ ÷wm*ä| ¿[Õ õπ¿[cñ vwH+v+|ä| ûızì ôez™Ìú ºeO±—v OGãè cä∆Ä% BH# æOc°^H#"" {¿c {T^| page001-012 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 " Oo≈T vÈK#ı πpπJèè πwFJç π{]° oè vôR`ì H≤_´ |´J≈ HRd®o wHî Tï|ç õo≈ OW[| õäG æFèè BHzì´è OÈKı ôm`wHB"" ôè¿ì´ OÈKı wM[ Kdx π±Oè s÷^ o`dÇè û{]° Re{®i “^ vQJ `õe v09)(3 Æ. T. {|VJ"" ôTI° Ôn¡ õeû Gä ≈[e ÿ[z% æmÿIJ"" û{]° ÿ\ ÿ\´è õπO[÷# H&Oû#v| v&—wT xÅ´è ^| ôæGèTó πêèT Ûè{ç ”ƒ{ ôæzüT"" õè¬º´T õπû:^èv| v±&º´ õè≈çvn H&º¿`—èñ v±ƒ üJº≥ä´T û—:[v+}ÅÇè “^ H&ºno[è æÇIJ"" v±&º´ O÷è Oÿˆ Oÿˆ´è õπO[÷# v&®oc#v| πQ®mc#| {]° ôvIkÇ çÄ´ õèÃ ®^kÅÄ´ ôæ¿H#T"" π{]° |Jm% ¿”ä| õ±&F Iæ ä´ó πQ®[c´ Á“´ c&Gè Á“ v&c# ®^j πH´Tó ûô≈^—&´ c´ eT “^ xÅ c&äX æê^J"" õè¿ ô&|øÂº´ºè ºH ®◊ —w {]° ºH´ ûw≈ M≥x πA—\è {]° πQR[´ñ {]° ^c#è J≈—T c&J πQeRR ûGä HRv[{{|ñ πRæeRR ûGä HO”{| ä´"" πôw wM`æè ÿç|ç π±Oãè {]° ºm[xû#| v±&F OèÔe õè≈è[√´ç õè≈è÷mTv| vROè ä´"" !" ôè√è≈ OËMı| ¿^c&¨ÅÄ´ xÅ dæGã [m*nÄ´T {]° c&ê^Ä´ ôºHB"" πé´ ”è πQê[´ ôJOcHîT äv`ó ô‡`T v&Gè ôH´"" π«±+çB H“I»è ”Ø≥ ®¿ôR`ì πz[—:Tû#| πôS]üêÇ ØHz ôû:z,|è (Thanksgiving Day) ûJ–Ä, “` HR°v` ®¿ å´ ø`° HOE≈ ôæa˘Iè Iæ väv`û#v| —&±+ äv`"" ûvÆH# vâI ûOHºπ{Çè vÚ| Td-OcJ π[Û≈ tè ôx[è JèvIç Jècäwv| ûôè≈ T”x v+| zn÷`è"" BH#T ûºHv| zcwey page001-012 page 9 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 10 t`c# õeû&m`x ÿm*| õè¿zfi®|èñ ôè√Ç ä—` HR´◊| y`dπè xÔJ” ü÷—v+ ô◊B|"" º◊B| Hü π|`—>Pè [m*oç ØH| vØH| eHQºeÔJ—# vû&e πQº±# cä∆Çè (ÿ_ —è±xñ πÄ,° ¿xz`ñ °_¬| ü`∆Çñ πO{®m*º ®[m|ñ ô[è’ƒ ü`≈) vUI õè¿º± û{°c&´ éÿ [eÄ,´ ä´"" π¿e{´ OèÔdÇè zhv[ó {°c&´è HOÔH” TèT TJ°|ç Re[Õ eHH+Hè πO◊´è ûOmvJ vm` H+I Ø≈J ôJäv[îT"" π÷Û´è BH# HOzü| v&ÅJT C¿z% mIJ ôæ¿HT"" æJm%èT å´ ø`° Oeû[T OwÅ Iæ û¿[cw| ô¿“ ®¬F «πO{®m*º ®[mz, ÷Ûxî» xH: H˙H&e πQºOH°z%w| ûzR ôæ¿HÇT"" πËıû#|èT õè¿—ç OËı eHRJ®≈ñ x±# —&±+ ûpπç ûz[dd vâI üJGä π±+çB H“I ÿçz,è õè¿RJmÿJv| ®¬º´ {πî"" ºT Gê J–Ä% ûé ævJÿ eHzvd‹ zÈçí* OGé m`} H+H:Ä%è ôÈçî Gèû#"" dev´ y`d´è H&®e¿´ πQÇJ ûé mÿH: πzdÔ[´ πO O]º´ c´ OGè ôHv|ó {°c& äÃ´R zdÛ] ûQmOÿv| y{ Tè H&º¿`” æE√J? º c´ πc´ Øn üI’’´ H{°e äÃ´ æc÷™J"" {°c& äÃ´ ºHBv|è y{ eHQºó πc´ Øn üI’’´ üHBv| y{ ≈[e ôTÿ} æc÷ìJ"" ûRzwÄ´ vm` TèT zeÛ πQc÷î ä—` ôJäv[T"" û”Rj cÆ| vâI tè Oo[x c& T` {°c& äÃ´ y`dΩè æ¥Jî O◊"" !" OÈKÒè vOmT` πËÔÇJî wHv+z, TYô ôR[ ç|"" õá{Çè ®æ±a R`{ ôR[ πÚ¿J ”≈Ô| õè√Hv| HR[T [m*m%è eIävvÇJîñ πY^ ’¿ìΩ ∆°z` ƒy^ h˜`≈ (Deborah J. 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Tè·Çè HRe[Õä| vá√‘Ç Iæ e÷odÄ´ O O]ºÄ´èç —ÍÄ%è õèÃ PH# ô`õe{Ä´è ôJÈıT"" PH# ô`õe{Ä´è HR®o πQÔJ” vπ¿^c&¨ÅÄ´ eT z±`≥[´ —È 243-249 Iæ v«™v& OËMı|» e` º—ìÄ™J"" —+{Ä´ ÜæH++ page001-012 page 11 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 BL Or. 534, f. 13a. õeüBè ûz—í%| πO≥P[ °è}e oœ¨Ç ôè¡"" (—È 36-37 Iæ vûÚJ zm≈~J"") page001-012 page 12 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 O”v&º ôKz côJ°¨ Hõ”±&ôxK+` ®û&ºD ôÖYYó ûO æeRØ K±ç ®xüºñ HA—]|ä ô&|øÂº"" ! õ”±&ôxK+`è ôè≈ ä—` ÷æm,™H#ó õgèT õÔJ“HBó —— o¡e √™*| πA—^Çèè πô&|øÂºè K±ëèç Hof™è õè¬cR"" —— ôw —&ø`—&e ±“efi page013-032 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 + πô `| ^ ` wM ¿x (® [x O [ v& ±è KR " " TÌ™ c+è c^ Ω ) c#√è ô“S ô°c#T " zû±+(® ) " ô≈™ |”_ ô|w^(®) vÿ[ ô™ ®) —&v+( ô U^ Õè h™ pI √U| K≈º ûTw{ Ô÷“` —#^—+ õè¿—x◊è K) ç —I " ®IU è( c“ K# c+ è —ç H +( ) ® ™v +h vH +(® ) ®) √™ (® ¤´ wM` ¿™a h+ ¶ wH& ôw º( K) ) úU(® —Iç ¡H+(® ) fi U( ®œ ≥™æ (K) c&√ R “U c#RH+ ) —è≥ “Û| a v#z * K ^ æÛ| v&≤U õç`º ô√J Oè≥ ®Hn ) ¿™a (cSè) Kæo ôT —:∂T (® — :| œ ` ≈ ¿“ √U| ôè IH&vI πÀ +T vH e( ®) ™” v— ≠w æ ) (K ◊ç ` T≈ ´ ô— xº vHd ∆w ´ j( ® ¿T ô— πOè ¿èûJ ) û+èº ûzHº∫ ü`{¨Ç Iæ πz®c¡ (πm≈U) πy{ñ π®è≥(®) õç πKæo(K) eUÇ v±Oç™* πô&|øÂº ü`{ Iæ"" page013-032 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 $ v±&F O÷äì ≈`c| ôRüæä| Ièwv&¨Ç Im`x πTÔJ—´ñ BH| ä—` ä´ -- ôè¿ì´ç ™ç´ vÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ôw wM`æ eHúaU¨Ç π¿[c#|è ±+çB H“Iè c&Gèñ BHzì´ π¿^c&´è Rèä| H&ä”\è eHQÇH#| eHH+H:Ä% ≈`c}ÅÄ´ º±“ B|è O”Hfi ä´"" ®¿ ™ç´ `õc ä—_ ûOEƒ vÚ| eH ôw wM`æ H≤_´ º±“ B|è ôem≈RHB"" π±+çB H“I `õc ä—` «“I» æwH# πäv\| úaU¨Ç eHGä π≈`cz, |û#[| `õc ä—\è (πúaU¨Çè ±+ç) vQº—:H# π”Ø≥ OTF^è ±—w¨Ç Iæ æGçJ"" õè”¬F πôw wM`æ ±+çB H“I H≤_´ ≈`cz, ôe£Jç ™ç´ °ıJ ûOGãT vIæ π¿^c&´è H+H:Ç ≈`c}Çç úaU¨Ç RõûI™* ô&|øÂºè õèƒ| õè¿®[c# πQç—\ A—^™* Tè·Çè HRez™®oT T°èº| H&Gè ä´"" eH úaU¨Ç ®æT eH «v+z “I» HOËı πvnB| dIev´ ä´"" ôBèT v&Gè πTÈÔ´ HM≥xç H®◊| π{]° zR]¨Ç πA—` éÿ cä∆Çè HRo[x õèÃ õè¿ H+H:Ä% ôè|a˙H:Ãe}Ç (HTdH+ õè¿ c+û& õç õè¿ Ä\H&ñ õè¿ DvÌè≈ç õè¿ x^´û+T˜`) º¿[”B| «πOe° ÿç|» vŒ πHTó v&ê` «πOËMı| πOe° ÿç|» ä´"" πGä´T õè¬F ä´ó v±Oã ˙Hz*ü T°èº| eH úaU¨Ç ôè√Ç ´ææ| vzäX tÿ` πôw wM`æè ±+çB H“I v”Ø±#T Gä ®æT πTØ^w´ºè H&n´è| vz[—:PwÄ´ uèu¨Ç wävv#ç wIävv# ô&|øÂº´ºè OüûJ πôezºπ| J∫ä| ôæ äv`"" wävv#|T OüûJ v&Gè ≈`cz%è BH#T õè¿ÔH—´ õè¬GèH| õº¿[— ºπ™J"" ´ææz% vÿoT| 27 mè 1994 (November 6, 2001) ˘aÙc` ÆHS õhz, HEEDN ºm[v´è ÈK#ı T°èº| vR≈[” zÛıU äv`"" v±&ºè —&±+ x±# ô&|øÂº´ºè π±+çB H“I ºR`ì |`—>T õè√Hî c&÷æm%î °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe 1 πz[—:P| v&ê`T ñ ˘aÙc` ÆHS õhz,T c¨Ç (“Oz°») 1. page013-032 page 3 EMML 3749, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. IX (1987), p. 127. [m*m%è HR”í| πQûÔH´ —è±x ûcä∆Ä% x≤| “` c&zºæ x±# ä´"" OÈKÒè vTØ^ı 2 Im[xû#| ±+çB H“I «O”v&º» éÿ πQºeÔJ—´è ºFJ zÇÄ™HB"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 16 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç πz[—:PH|è HM≥x õè√c^¤ v&ä”[èTñ õeüBè ºπâÄ´ |`—>UÇ BH# eII[û#î õé´ õ^c+ vOcHî z`—>S JJ°IÄ´ ®cèû#"" ez[—>O´ wävv#| OüûJ ºH´ cÚ πO[√| J∫ä| ™ç´ T°èº| ±+çB H“Iè ûô&|øÂº {]° z—èÿH: xÅ´è eI—í%|ç ^c#è πÅH PH# {]° ô≈`—´ eI∫| õè¿Gä —O|û#ó eH±&F |`—>S {]ü™* Rx^]º õè¿QºeÔJ—´ zcRî"" Rx^]º´è HR±“ | ±+çB H“I πzËÔv|èç πzû{∫è ±Oè {]° ä° πA—` éÿ Tè·Çèñ vzHπT πä—Y{z%è {]°ç ±+ç O™ØH:Ä%è (chronicles)ñ õè¿—ç Rèvxç Oÿme ôeÔH—î"" úaU¨Ç ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| Ta RFJ ô&|øÂºè c&æ±# eHzÔÁO´ z“≈H: HTdH+ πQGã ÿ_ Tè·Ç e÷oe π^c+è ôezºπ}Ç Oe÷z, ôJm[T"" GêT ôezºπ}Ä, BH#T õä±&Fè ºävx£Ä´è Tè·Ç πzO[¢±# |≥x}Ç çÄ´ó vRFIÄ´ ≈“ı πH+IÄ´ πô≈J¨ ôezºπ| π¤O`û#wÄ´ ôæOeHîT"" eIHÔ é◊™* A—^™* {]° eÈı πA—]z%è äÏä|ñ πM≥v#è ôè≈ä|ç ¿áèä| πQäü ≈`—&| üJGä vm` vô≈J¨ T°èº| Hπ|ì´T ≈`—&| ÔËQ¨Ç ämÙ{T ô≈çp|T ôæcRîT"" Tè·Ä% πQz`û#| vzHπ vOè”Y| W^™*|ç vúaU¨Ç OüûJ vzüE¿´ ”‡| Iæ vQGèv| —&±+ñ ºèè dm`x BH| ±^Ú ôº}Ä, H+I ºÔ^´è c&±`Ò v&◊H# Hz±^Ú´ (vzHæT H—v_´ç Hä“ƒ´) ûR±èç HQ÷Û´ π{]°ç πû&ä ÿvx oè ûOp¤| ôJˆ HRè º¿I;J! H—HJzîäz, vm* T°èº| ôHîó J–Ç õç|ç ôw| c&◊H#wÄ´ õè¿Rπ| πQ÷H#|ç ûôõTbÄ´ õeûOÄT πRæÛo ôd≤î ä—` πHT"" π≤_¨Ä% ô&|øÂº´ºè vä—≈ c&◊H# dæñ «πúaU¨Ä%ç πH+H:Ä% ä—∆Ç J–Ç äè õ¢» eJ HM≥v# ôè≈ä| wHî Tï| «cITè HOY^|» xÅ dæGè Tè·Ä%è 2 däx º—íB|èç ÔIeÛ´ ±`ô ºØpx «ºJzVI êè RVI|» πQH´ v^c+ç vx±#¨Ç vRńÄ´ Iæ c&¿è vÆæé ºπB|è HOOeû` ä´"" 2. page013-032 page 4 Enno Littmann, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script, arth., textus series prima t. 31, Paris 1904, reprint, Vol. 18, t. 1, Louvain (1962), p. 16: «õTz°FH: Hõ”±&ôxK+` æıÿ[ä ıÁ#Rä ®æ[eπä xÎ#Æä ¬v T≈`"" ®wMz% ô&Ôm¿ æıÿ[ä ûRBó ®Ô÷[ä ≈J™ä HzÔÈU|ä» («õ”≥ôxK+` πzVIè ô≈`‘ H&Ôÿ[èç vT≈`T Iæ xÎ#Æè H&º¿`—è æÅH´ äv["" ”è õè¬F ô≈`‘ H&Ôÿ[è ôJÔH—Tó HOVI| ≥”À¨Ç ô≈`‘ Ô÷[è õèÃ""») Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 17 [œPè {]° æFè ô‡` ≈`c|ç πTc◊Ä´è Tè·Ç eçäx õè¿èv{Hèó «ºJzVI êè RVI|» eHQwH´ ıJeıç ”è v^c+ vO O` ÿm*| OYOaÇ Iem≈T"" Ô◊] vœT` πz®îè Ø≈J ô”îÄ, võ≈—| ±Oé ºVH#Jî πA—^Çè |TF`|ç πôüwv&Ω wFJ çÄ´"" æF ô“◊Q Ø≈J πRVºΩ OX]º HGã| HOËMız%ñ HYØH:Ä%ñ HÁH:| y{¨Ä%ñ Ho¡d| õn¨Ä% õç H÷oII wFI™* o`fÅÇè ºJzp÷v ıo` ôd≈axìJ"" ûäc# éÿ Oÿˆ¨Ä% vv+z O±°`ñ ÿ\¨Ä% vv+z O±°`ç vv+z |TF`| û|´J≈ ®¿ |´J≈ v°x` õè¬zIHÒ õèÃ π|ïÄ%T °Ò ä—` õè¬¿èwÄ´ ôJÔJ”T"" ôBè üHèv| HO≈[e Tè Ææä| [ÃT —#¥ õè¿z’≥è πQä”\è õä±&F o`fÇ eHGãñ ÿÛ{Ä´ °e[{Çè ä´"" ôè≈ OÈKı zvIh c&H#î ”x[ MRR| πQ{πî A—^™*´ °e[| xÅ dæGè πeT∞èè πm√´ç õè¿c# ºH#| ÁKÚ¨Çç WÆH&¨Ç ≈üT ûèz% Gê Oo[| ‡T` ä´"" eT∞è û”^î ôOÌç ®[^ vÚ| πäv[ πA—[ R`ºT —∑ õç v+z °èz*ºëè º¿c wHÁ“ äv["" ”≤z%è π”^î ®^] W^™*| ôn÷Hv|ó õc#èT ôwz%è Ænv+ cÆ| ä—¿ ô&πc#eèç ®è≈Pè xõc+ õ”±&ôxK+`è õè¿—¿I;Ä´ —≈H´| æGçJ"" ôè¡ ®è≈P W`Î øc+ı π®Hn è—#Y äv["" eT∞è π¿Hv wHÁ“ Gê dHñ eP ºJ{®m´ πc# ÁKÚ vm√H| ”x[ MRR| á√‘Ç Iæ 3 πËÛÄ´ JOç¨Ç πz^vç πz^pz c´ õè¿äv[ æOc°^H# "" πTè¢^v|è πYä ÈK#ı o`dÇèè º®[c#è wHVº ôw}ÅÇè õè¿±&F πÇ“` Rá¿`ç ûô&|øÂº T[´ õe°è≈`ºç ô&π\dH+T võ”^Ä´ c&OIHc# πô¿“´ BH# Æ&IR Gä´ ä´"" õè¿±&F Gê πzÔ÷[ oèè ÿÛ| OeR| G≈ ôæÇH´T"" H+I´ Tè õè¿QcR´ ôIóTó õè¿é {]üÄ´è {]û# πQº¿`—´è ô&|øÂº™* ”è ôèµz%è ºd``v{J"" πä±&F c¨Ç wFIÄ´ wFH+ç πéäz, ôè¡ °ıJ (πzVIBv|/π‘HOeû#v|) GëJ"" ô—^Çèè πRº| v±&F Ææä| c´ ÆæêÄ, eHGäñ {]û#è eÈı ôezºπ}Ä, πı`≈ —>≈H| v&{æwÄ´ v^c+ —#√æ Iæ ^c+ √ì eHGèû# ä´"" 3. page013-032 page 5 EMML 5083, «ô≥≥ õ”±&õπ Jxc HÁKÚD H≤z* OÈKı ûO ô&æ≠J Ø^p HvÆI» («—+{Ωñ ÁKÚ™ πvÆI; ØH| ^m%z%è õè√æ´J Jxe õ±≥H|»ñ o÷J 44H)ó «`áv ®ÁTô ÁKÚûó ô≥≥ õ”±&õπ võèz R`ºT ıo`|û» («ÁKÚF z^vñ z÷RTó —+{Ωñ eHıo`F eHR`ºT xHF (πTvI´è) õ±≥Jî»ñ o÷J 87H)"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 18 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç æF wè≈ vû#J c&Gèñ vH+I vû#J ¿”Uñ ôÿv&ºÇè hè¢^ éÿ ÷#÷+ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J æBè õèÃ πJœäz, v+{Çè õ±&º´ õhè¢^ éÿ ûPü Pü }°Å õJı xH: ¿‘Tc&d ûQwJ y{ ä´"" («Pü }°Å» vúaTì «ôè¬| ≤ı» RH| eHGäç mvH+´ vTèÕ`ç v´Jè›z* vû#J Hô™j eHQm`x ôÏ+ ±`ô ºØpx vÆY^ ôTezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ûô√H# ôQ`/è—#Y ûv≈Iæ “^ eI¿[—´ Ÿ`ä| c&Èı «T≈[ ôK¡ ØÌ» ØÌ («πôè≈ ≤ı 4 T≈`») πQH´ y{ æFèè efi®| º¿”Bv|è «Pü }°Å»è æGèè õIHB"") ûô¬e ôvw ¿‘Tc&d HO≈[e vH— H— √¬ñ v¤Ù ¤Ù ∆èd õç v∆v& ∆v& vû#JT ºeû+√J"" «¤Ù» ¤Ù» vúaTì «hè‘»ñ «ô¿wwæ» RH| õè¿Gä æ§èè ≈`c| vRèvx eè—Ûv| õè¿èv{Hè"" «H— H— √¬» √¬ RH|T «π÷œ OJü» RH| ä´"" hè¢^ x±# {]° zÔÈUw{Jó HTdH+ñ «ôÁ+ z,¨≈ae hè¢^ cÔ\ πQwJ ®_ c&cR ä—\ (Ÿ`äz%) õè√JcI (πh™ O£èè|) w∫ —&±+ñ... πõ”±&ôxK+` Ôn¡ wæGè ä´ó —+{Çèèe (®◊| TåJ°è) ôçeR`°T xH´ zIJû´ ®¿ ôÁ+ z,¨≈ae 5 æ±´ —v#» "" πh™ ê —≥ä| ºè ØH| ôûzO"" h™ ê —≥ä~è vO—ÔÛ< πzp‹ «2 c¨Ç zäYz´ æF è—#Y (ôÏ+ z,¨≈aeè ä´) πQK+≈v| ôæ{®oTç ûôU^ç ûí ûõwx (ûôHe|ø) ô—` æ¥F æE√Jó õè”¬F πzûzJû´ ®{¿` —≥zèDJó ºv#ä cIR nJ ä´ õºH# vπcÔ\ õπ¥\ c&—≥z% è—#W# cTz´ ôc&º≤;Ä´"" ûä±&F “^ πOû\ vπ≈è£çÄ´ #8 äv\"" BH#èT ôe[´ ØHz%è z—>±´ }^ Oe° cÔ\"" û±&ºT ô¿wwæ (—#wô+) ô≈`—´ õä±&ºè π®{¿` m,fÇ ôT÷#ôÄ´ ôH#"" æFè —&±+ ôv#ä cIR û±&º´ zmT÷´ äv`çñ õä±&F c¨Ç õé dJkRÄ´ πRæ—w W`z™Jó ôBèT Hé e÷îñ vOÈKı vèeK Jo◊Ä´"" IèzT õä±&F vzç—\| Oè”Y|F ôæm`xFó °è}e õè¿c÷F |—≤HFó ôBèT z´Jîñ R`Jî ôH#¨ (ôH#™Ä´)"" è—#W#T ûTM[| ®¿OÆ| º¿IH#ç ôJz´T ôH#"" õè¿±&FT wH# —&±+ õä±&ºè H&Uz% πm[v# c¨Ç õè¿®“”^ ûGä 4. 5. page013-032 page 6 Kurt Wendt, Das Maêîafa Mil#d, p. 18. ≤Ò πäv[´ õRFJ ô´^ ‘√ç Iæ v&GèTñ πvmH´ ô´^ ‘√ç´ ûO´◊z% vÚ| dæGè ôæm`T"" v1956 Æ. T. eOHe ¿`p ô—íB|"" æ§è —&±+ π¿[m´T R—∆ Gêñ «æF y{ õ¢ Pü }°Å πQwH´ õ±&F “ ôè≈ ≤ı eHäv[ ä´» õπzwH æz[° æGçJ"" ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ°ñ —. 48"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 19 ”è≈ õºc\ äı÷ì zcJˆ m%U äv`ç õπm[v z¢cwÄ´ó vŸ`T 6 v‘^ƒT z¤[c#» "" «hè¢^» RH|T «ôTe| —#x{¨Ç»ñ ®æT «ôTe| ¢`Å¨Ç» («hè» «¢^») RH| H&Gè æÇIJ"" õ±&º´ hè¢^ éÿ P÷&¢^ («P÷&» «¢^») πQwJ y{ õè√H û±&º (õç ûP÷& P÷& —Iè) —Iè πO÷# ºe{´dH#"" ûä±&F BH# y{¨Ç “^ πJœä| ô—_ πTIÄ´ ûô‘z, “^ πê`û#v| z%H# Ô^ õç π÷OèÕ ºµ*´ (πäı÷ì´) ôºz, è| ºHv| (πäv[v|) U– ô÷—x πQ—í´ v&ÒÃ ®æT H#S ä´"" (eHä±&F πy{ eUÇT õ±&B ≈`c| éÿ õèR^Hè"") TçJw|T õ¢ «¿‘» πzwH´ ôÏ+ ±`ô ºØpx πä—Ww|ñ vâIT KOJRJç «H#w TeH+» πz™—#w| y{ π| õè¿Gä ºJ{®m´ õ±&F «¿‘Tc&d» õQH´ eT éÿ z¿xp æGçJ (π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 9 zOJû|)"" π¿‘Tc&d ‘[v+{Çè ôwz, õè√wz% πQººÄ´ π—+{ ¬ä”ƒ v+z cyÇ äv\"" äıe dó ôwz, õè¿ä—[îñ —+{ ¬ä”ƒ ôo^v&ºÇè πQ´H´ πdTè| —vº c&¿è ûûx}ÅÄ´ ôè¡è v_ HOhÿ —vº æ®e√H#"" ”è ôè√è≈ —&±+ —vº õeû&Ô{ õ±&º´ ´H´ v_´è dæh÷#| æm\ç OJc´ ºO÷#{J"" ôwz,ñ «—+{ñ Tä´ v_´è OHc#|? —µ* ô÷# õèƒ?» c&IÄ´ (õ±&º ¤™{´ ®æ wR`ì ®æ vúaTì äv`)ñ «πHT JŒó —µ*e UJ} äv[ó ”è e÷ænÄ´ vmπ´ Hv_Ω πQvn πOeê d` ºH´ ôè≈T c´ ôI—íBwÄ´Tó Häc# hfl v_Ωè [Öx Iæ õè√JÿH´ xΩ OJh+ ôO◊B|» æH#{J"" vä±&F HOVIz, ôez™Èú w¿[—#| πúaU eT wIÄ´ y{¨Ç BH# πM≥v#è cÔ^ de{é π≤_¨Ä% ®◊}Ç eH ‘d¨Ç πQç—\| eHH+I A—` æOeHìJ"" õ±&º «ôR^´ õç “I´» ®æT «c&√R´ç úaU´» ôxa ä´ πcÔ[´"" õv+| BH#T π^c#è uèu æç—^Jó õ´› c&—çí% (û—vº ‡T`) è””\è v O[´ c´ uèu æmÿIH#ó ®æT º v±&ºñ æ§ v±&F uèu õπzä“—\ æ”wwH#"" ≠[ız ä—aÄ% ôR`ì ®æT “Jì æBã õèÃ ûnIz% éÿ ôè√è∆Ä% õ±&º ºH#| õ±&FT ôH#ó õ±&F ºH#| õ±&ºT ôH#"" «veJÅç vmèmH: OüûJ J∫ä| πHT» πQwH´ ôä“—` ûõè¿±&F ºH Bé{ πO◊ dæGè ôæm`T"" ôR`ì vnI| xÅ dæGè ≠[ız ä—\T v&Gè πúaTì zÈõê c+R™*äz%è ôç”}v{J"" “h+ ôvv ûzR û÷#| ôwz% (ûé ôw|) õç ûé “` c&ä“—` «ôèz»ñ «ôèz%»ñ «ôèÄ*» æHè πäv[´è ôBè de{ć´ πH´÷# C¿| õèƒ| õè¿äv[ ºOH°zìJ"" 6. page013-032 page 7 õ±&º´ —. 50"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 20 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç úaTì´T ôè√è≈ zO^R]¨Ç û#d™*/üR™* OGãè õeû&÷^÷\ ≈[e vôR`ì zÈõê T°èº| zOddæ Bé{ ¿`fv{J"" õè”ƒFñ H±&F ≈`c| ûπTè‹ eHT÷odÄ´ ÿofÇ Rx^]º eÈı ôezºπ}Ä, πı`≈ —>≈H| v&{æwÄ´ v^c+ —#√æ Iæ ^c+ √ì eHGèû# ä´"" v±&F Iæñ ôwz, c&ä”[î vQ—w dI√T÷´ m[B õèÃñ |≥ πQHîè ºFJ ûGäñ ûo≈T ôº}Ä% ôè¡ vâI πôwz,è õç| πºe—íÇ´è JÕÄ´è õè¢¢ xH´ vô√J vû#J ®¿ v#J“ πO÷# ûúaTì vm` H+I uèu πRº´m% ®[c+§+ äv\"" π±&ºÇè Jœ ±` º—v#| (ôºz,) õè¿ zûH#| πõè∏^` ≠Rãô+J {y| πQûv\ üFè äv\"" wè≈ vû#J ôè¢v_ç v#J—+ xGèT vôè≈ vû#J æ§´ õè¬F äî"" ºè¢v\ è{Çè πz®c¿´ ô—\è dI´m´ ä´"" ôè¢v`èç v#J“è πRńÄ´ ûü`{ Iæç û±&º ûQO÷# ±O∆Ç ¤™{ ä´"" TèT ûzäXBv| ÆIR v&º`mîTñ πôüwv&ºÇèè y{¨Ç däX ô÷—wÇè ºHÇ´è —#^Twè dIe{é xm` cIT æ[ıwÄ´ç πõz,—+ ◊æz%ç πôwz, äıe æ®oc#ìJó ¿”äz% æ§ì´ ±—wΩT {]° ôJw ôæGèT"" πÛje| ®[^ π|´J≈ A—^Çèè ûReHmm% vÚ| õ™±+R´ Iæ ôwz, ü¿[v| π`K+ MOT v—#^Tw R`ºT ÷vJ HOÔ®e õ±&º ôè≈ dTè| ºFJ zmTŸ äv["" õè¿Re{ć´ñ v±&ºè —&±+ ûv+z cx éÿ ô÷—v# πäv[ õé xÅ äv`û#"" vMæ®z, üπâÄ´ y{¨Ç BH# õè¿—#^Tw vôõTaΩ Iæ πRæ[d π¿e{ç πçıp| |≥{ RázPè π◊H y{ πHT"" «ä— π^g —#√æ ôHw|» πQH´è wHRcv+ñ äıe ü®oB vâI zOJh+ EŒ —#^Twè HO‘xíÇ ºHîè Kdx vR±”πz, õÁÁ{HB"" H|TF`| ®¿ ´‡ ô—` eE≈ õçz, «JŒ vcITç v÷+ç ûzOHc û¿œF ôTÿÄ, ôdJO™HB» xI πzdHÇ´ H∆Û Qüô+J OGã m`} H—#^Tw R`ºT v&Gè õO`ÿ äv["" eIIRû[Çî ä´ õèÃ H—¿Jäz% ûGä BHz%T ôæzçäc#Tó eH| HOeRz% o≈e| ≈è”J (wHTM[| û&√ë) |vJ◊HÇ"" —#^Tw R`ºT Tïz,è eHT{ó EŒ JdHR| dJÇJ —&±+ (π«ôO æ|äYô# ØJ™è Ôz® æezæ Rπ õT≠±oz v+z JK+T» ıËS x÷+ Gê7) «πRè ®√œ Tïz% dæVI æm^J» xI v+z °èz*ºå~ πT|—H—JwÄ´è o¡d| OËMı| 7. page013-032 page 8 √™*| {U väv[ —&±+ ÷I| Oè—√;è û±“´ ûv+z JK+T Tè‡ O÷◊| ôR[´"" ‡ıaÄ% «πRè —+{ v´K ÿT æU{J» xH´ Ôÿä´ zäW# ... Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 21 vRæ°aÚJT zäYz´ õ±&F õTW^v| ∫å˚èz* v+z OËMı| m≈O´î Oÿz´ zûT[´ õè√—ìÄ´ ô¿[—Ç -- dIev´"" õ±&º —¿J éÿ c&®`¡ ´H: ûQ—í´ HTHT y{ Iæ v+z °èz*ºè HOY^| ûO÷è vIæ ô≈üQ õè¿ Gä ”JÈ Gê dHñ üJ÷Û y{ HTè õ±&º {Ç ®[¡? πm%Jm%Hz%/π√—z% Oè—≈ ÷wxä| wè≈ —&±+ ûôè≈ c´ vIæ ôºeû+≈T"" y{™è ôÏ+ TåJ°ç õz,—+ ◊æz% ûO£è{Ä´ “^ ‘xîz™{J"" (ôÏ+ ±`ô ºØpx ¿‘ Iæ ûä—W vâI ºW^| Oüä R`ºT OeIÄ´ æGè?) v+z °èz*ºë õè≈|{¿e Kdx ºm[v# πzm¿c#|ç π{]£ õOv+| õz,—+ ◊æz% çÄ´"" v+z °èz*ºëè πWb| ôç÷&¨Çñ —Tv&¨Çñ W^zïÇ vUI ûä¿U≤Ä´ ûô¬e ôvw ûv+z Oè”Y| {±´ç zJû´ πO÷# wHUº¨Ç çÄ´"" õz,—+ ◊æz% ôHn z°H+è ô¬e ôvw Oÿz´ c&º—òÄ´ π—#^Twè YØH:Ç õè¬YH# mHx ô´ÿzÍÄ´ äv["" ôHn z°H ô&πc#e x±#¨Ä%è π‘ÕT ôxºz °èz*ºè vYØJ ºhv[m%ç π‘ÕTè {]° πËÒ {Io H&o äv\"" ô¬e ôvw väv\v| —&±+ ûô≤∑ ≤RéJ “^ eHz◊H# «õz,—+T õè√JcII| wπÇ —&±+ π—#^Twæz% R`ºT 8 Ôn¡™ wæGè ä´ xI» dJE≈ m[B æH#çJ "" ™ç ™ç¨Ä%èç x±#¨Ä%è OËMı| v”µ*T vRem√|T Hv+z °èz*ºë πc÷# õz,—+ ◊æz% çÄ´ó ûä±&FT éÿ ™ç´ zôT[ R`ºT c&Gèñ πeŸ{´ cä≈ õè¬F æIJ9ñ ≤z* OÈKı ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº xõc&z% H√”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂº ±ôÿ[π({) vè™º ®®Av{ H¿x[ R`ºT ±A—[ —#^Tw õèz æõz* ¿x[ O≈Üå| ûO |û#è Iz* OÀ HOè”Yz cRº| v)0®8)*®5 ÆOz TM[|..."" ! æÄ* OÈKı πô&|øÂº è—#W ä—Y| √”R™* TåJ° Qe|ñ πô&|øÂº x`Dèñ πõz,—+ ◊æz% ç| -- v—è±w; èx[~ º¿[—Å|ç HOè”Yz cRº| O] õè≈|Gç| ¿x[ O≈Üå| HT|wH´ H—#^Tw A—` ¿x[ R`ºT v08)*5 ÆOz TM[| πc÷Å|..."" 8. 9. page013-032 page 9 æ÷◊ ±è≈ π®¿¿´è ´K ôO÷#H|ó πÖPe ´√c+ R`ºT |`’Só HTdH+ñ ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ (ô¬e ôvw) 09)^1 Æ. T.ñ —. 206-11"" π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 4802, p. 202. EMML 5781, f. 90b. Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 22 RázPTñ «≥RázT ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº» æIJ"" OÈKÒ πzm√´ Ie{ éÿ ôTÓ π^c#è Oè”Y| ôum%U Häv[´ «Hè—#Y õJıøe» äv["" vôÏ+ vüÛ ±Oè (v1718 10 Æ. T.) c&häı èx[z% zv{|ê æGçJ "" H+I´ OÈKı zôT[ ô&πc#e ä´"" æ§ì´ vzHæ Hv+z 11 °èz*ºë ûzm¡| ôè¡ ä´"" cä¡ õè¬F æIJ ó ≥èz% OÈKı ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº xõc&z% H√”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂº ±®Av{ Hõ”≥õ|ä R`ºT ±¿x[ O≈Üå|"" ®±ôÈKˆ ôHn —x[ YIc+ ±´õz% ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ v0®8)*®6 ÆOz TM[|"" ! æF OÈKı πô&|øÂº è—#W ä—Y| √”R™* TåJ° Qe|ñ πô&|øÂº x`Dèñ πõz,—+ ◊æz% ä´ -- HOv+{Çè H¿x[ O≈Üå| R`ºT πc÷Å|"" (OÈKÒè) v08)*6 ÆOz TM[| ºËÔ´ ÁKÙ |õ≤±# ôHn —x[ YIc+ ä´"" RázP õè¿Iæì´ñ «≥RázT ±õz,— + ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº» æIJ"" õz,—+ ◊æz% Hv+z °èz*ºë wem¡| ô`wØz% ®è—+J Iæ πzO±—v´è cä≈ õè¿Rπ´ñ Hv+z °èz*ºë O—J—º ôJwd|ç πzHº∫ «õn¨Ç» üv[ûz%| OüûJ vO O]º ¿[Õ õz,—+ ◊æz%ñ û±&º ÕèGæ (ôÏ+ TåJ°)ñ ô} cP è—#Y (ôÏ+ z,¨≈ae h™è 12 c&®—# π”≈T —µ* πäv[´ )ñ Ú{´^] Axz —&ø`—&eñ ®æ±a ôJ{π (πÚ{´^]´ wHv+|)ñ Ú{´^] wJÅñ ôÔ è—#Y (äc&v#)ñ ô“Û] vπä (πO O]º´ π˙e{ Qåez`)ñ ¿ÕÇ ®cè c—≈ (πÕèGæ π√”R™* TåJ° Jœ)ñ Jœ ®J¿ —x`ô+J (è—#Y)ñ 13 ôdIÚ ≈JäX+ æ—í%v{J "" x±#´è õn ºO÷#| OT_ ®J¿πe çÄ´"" (πv+z °èz*ºë ÿvn πì eHGäñ cä¡ «OT_ ®J¿πe» πQH´ ôÏ+ TåJ°è ôeÔo¿´ hè¢^ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+Jè πzûH#|è πôwz,è ôw| OGè ôHv|"") æFè eHôez√¿—+ πËıû#|è e T`ñ «v^c+ç vx±#¨Ç vRńÄ´ Iæ c&¿è vÆæé ºπB|è HOOeû` ä´» xΩ äv`"" 10. 11. 12. 13. page013-032 page 10 I. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy#su I et Bak#ff#, part II, p. 302. EMML 5782, f. 132ab. ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ°ñ —. 45"" EMML 5783, f. 184ab. õz,—+ ◊æz% H+IT ®è—+J v±&B 1886 Æ. T. (EMML 5784) ôeÈÔ´ H—√P ôv`°z™J"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 23 eHH+H:Ä% ºävxû#|èç πcRB|è BH# xÈı «ÆHT ^c# wJÅH´T» wæwJTñ ^c#è πÅH OÈKı æ®◊™J"" GêT H+I´ v&m`ñ π¢U∆` ◊c´ ¿e{è πô&|øÂº ôè≈ä| |≥{ç |”J (09)( Æ.T/1998 Æ. õ.) õç πô} —x[ YIc+ ú√è |≥{ HO{cv&ºñ (ô¬e ôvw) 1990 Æ.T. Ièwv& Ie{é"" «v+z °èz*ºè HOY^| üJ÷Û y{ HTè õ±&º {Ç ®[¡?» xΩ ÷æm, äv["" πô&|øÂºè {]° πQºäx ôw}ÅÇè HTè —¿J éÿ õπ®[¡ñ ûz^^ fiı õπ®÷#ñ z^^´è õπy[y\ñ ¿c+| õπÔH—# v+z °èz*ºè õè¿QW\ dæ÷æo O[√| ôºoz´T"" ûo¡d| Oüç| éÿ x±#¨Ç û”^îç ûúaU ûH+H:ÇT ®[^¨Ç ºOH÷#| õè¿±&F wH# y{¨Ç vOW^{Ä´ñ o`fÄ%T πz[Ò| õ±&º vO¿vnÄ´ õè¿Gä v|`’R+ ^õπ øKèe zä”bJ"" !" ûo`v# π|≥{ —#¥Ω ®¿ O`û#| ®¿o≈T ôº}ÅÇè ±+ç JOHe"" v±Oã ˙Hz*ü menjä|ñ ûo`x —&±+ Ta eHúaU¨Çç eHôRaÇ O¤üûè x±# õècRHèñ x±#T õçäwHè"" πz®H≈ä´ πzv÷v÷´ û[“ç {]û# z[| ûGä vâI eHGä æ§ Hì ô¬e ä—` ä´"" úaTì zç“]¨Ç õè£è vc´ Iæ m`} vûx| Iæ õè£è πRæ¤°ãñ õè¿RèT ô&|øÂº™* cIR™*ºèç πRèì´T ô&|øÂº™* õû#º¨Ç OGçÄ´è õèÃ RFJ ô&|øÂºè c&®\ eI¿[c#| õJm*|ç πwFJ ´≈O|ñ vâI v√”R™* TåJ°ç vê ‘vç √¤ ±Oè ¿”U ºèè úaU¨Ç c&®≈m%v| πzè¢{¢z´è πô&|øÂºè RõûI™* Oè”Y| äı÷ì´ c&÷”è õ√` ô—` õè¿v¿IÄ´ πTç´m´ ä—` ôJäv[T"" π±&º πÿ—ç´ —&±+ v¿J õè¬F õè¿≤_´ ôè≈ mè ÿIÅ´èç ÿH#è H&ºe—[j vQºeÇJ Bé{ v÷I| xØ` zz`¢ π˙Hz*ü O`N æ®◊™J xH: Rè ôey|! {]û# õäc# õè√ÛÛP| ≈è—| ¡x c&J H&mJv#|T OJc´ H&®[´\|T (RH|ñ H&mvH#|T H&û^û\H|T)ñ H&ºv`¡|T πRæÅJ πõd| £e Gäxè! äı÷ì´ º÷◊´è ¢f O^`ä| ûO^`äz% vIæ õºO[\ c&ä”\èñ (vôw wM`æ uèu J÷mTç) ô&|øÂºè û«ô`™, û`Y» (±+çB... °ıJ 8) õè¿ôi^| õè£è Re{®e ônzè"" page013-032 page 11 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 24 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç OIõ°| πzÔ÷\ —&±+ dÿçô+J «Ô◊]ºÇB õé äî» c&J o¡eä| õè√OH÷´ç ÿm*}Ç OIõ°|è õè√ddzñ õä±&F vô&|øÂº™*ä| Ææè c&{∫ o¡eä| πH+IÄ´ π÷I| ÁKÚ¨ÇT πQºde~Ä´ ÿm*| ô&|øÂº´ºè ô”îz™J"" ô&|øÂº cIR™*| õè≈|Gèç J–Ñ ÷+çç xJÈ”ç õè¬º—í% ºI| zeÛç Tï| πQÔÁO´ o¡e —x`ô+Jñ «èm%T vvY`Æ|ä ®èÈçØ vôQè» («vπY`Æ{Çè õèm%Tñ võTä|T õèÈç») xH: dÿçô+Jèñ exJºêeèñ ¬ºxH:eè õè√häÔ´ñ zeÛ™èç Tï~è «ôSè» xHè πTèmvJ J–Ññ «võìä{Çè õèÈçó xè◊IT xèÛm`T õè√º}ÅÇè õè võ`dÇè õç≈`—´ õèÃñ H+H:Ç ôçe—w» xHè πô&|øÂºè √”R™* Oè¢{¢| πQOí%|è ÷I}ÅÇèè eçdı` ä´"" õç| ô&|øÂº πzVIÇ ôJäv[ÇTó ôº}ÅÇè ô&|øÂºè º®[c#è œTbè ä´"" HTdH+ñ Oè”Y~ π°èz*ºêÇ Oè”Y| äv[ó °èz*ºè ºJäv\ ô&|øÂº´ºè vOè”Y{Ä´ 14 Ú| õû#J ôæ{∫T äv[ñ v&{∫T õû#Jäz% ôæcRÄ´T äv[ "" ôBèT π°èz*ºè Oè”Y| OGë ûm[ ®¬FT πzVIÇ ôæ¿HÇTó ûDæRê| “^ ºJzºº± x±# —>≈H| ôHw|"" õì ®^kÑ ôx[è õèã`w| üJè πzÅH´è ºFJ HBIÇèT õè¿T|eRRè ô≈`—è RVI| Ox{Çèç ”ƒ{Çè ÿoRÇèT ä´"" ôHO”ww|è ûÔ÷\| H+I´ ™ç T°èº| πA—^Çè {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç «“H:Ç O÷+¨Ç çÄ´ æwIJ» πQH#| |[ü ä´"" õc# {¬º xçóv| Rx^]º vOe÷| πQezüûJ õèÃ πQºno` ôæ¿HT"" ôè¿ìñ ±Oãè ºHº∫{J õèÃ π{]° ôezR]¨ÅÇè c&ä”\è O÷+¨Ç πQH#| úaU¨Çè xÅ dæGè πô&|øÂºè ä—∆Ç BH# ä´"" c+R™* πQwH#|è uèu¨Ç πQç—\|è vwx õJOè¿xñ úaTì πQç—\|è vUTwd ®æT v≤è±&w` ô≈`—´ O÷# v&H# J∫äz% G≈ç `w ûOGè πQº¿è ôæ¿HT"" 14. eH±&F OGè ôHv| ∆°z` OKO≈ Kcèñ “Christianity, even the Ethiopian variety, just had to be an indicator of a higher level of civilization than a traditional African religion...” («°è|çñ πô&|øÂº´ Ææäz%T õè£ v&Gèñ (OÈKı eIH´) OÈKı ûH+H´ |´Ú{™* ôı]ü™* DæRê| æJo πûızì ¿[Õ πYJ◊é TJ°| Gê äv[») HRH| πvn´"" Mohammed Hassan, The Oromo of Ethiopia A History 1570--1860 p. 5. OKO≈ Kcè v{]üÇèç v{]° ôËËÛÇè zç∆ æGçJ õèÃñ «πô&|øÂº´ Ææäz%» °è|ç πRæço ûRèT DæRê| πRºèe ÿè{™*ç |Jo DæRê| õè¿Gä õè¿Qºó ôJ÷^÷`T"" page013-032 page 12 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 25 BHzìñ ô} ≠ÌST ôHn {πT «wH{]¢Ç õä±&F π“I M≥x ûõeº ÔJc´ ®¿ R√“eü` õè¿ zi—\ñ û±&ºT ÔJc´ ywd ô÷—x ûwM` ®¿x õè¿zmO÷# æä”\çJ» æIH# õèÃ {]û# æF ä´ ôIH#T"" v&H# êa õè¬F ºH {]° πQä”\è õäRçÄ´ xHè õè÷æo äv["" π—#≈\ úaU πäv\| H&o ôHn z°H ô&πc#e eHúaU¨Ç c&ÈÒ û±&F v{Ç õè¿÷meû#| BIÇèèT ®è≈RRÉÇ ô≈`—´ 15 ä´ ó õåFT “H:Ç ÿè| A—^Ä´ ô&π\dH+T ä´ó ô+∆T dô+` æwIJ"" |´J√Ä´ πôx`DT πæeKo πô+d´ πô+JÛ≥ π®[U ±aÇ çÄ´"" æeKo ô+d´èç ºØpxè ®H¿"" ºØpx Hõ”±&ôxK+` zm¿có ô+d´ ”è H±&F ÆHT zw[ûó πx±# M≥x ôw| Gä"" vô+∆T T≈` vXô&` z^^ zmTŸ ûûäÆè ±` ûK+| πJœ J–Ç ô√ πT|wJ ô”x} ô+JÛ(≥)è ®H¿ó ô+JÛ≥ z,Rèèñ ú`Rèñ ôRH+oèñ m,ä≥èñ “Æ|èñ z,TçØèñ c#_è 7 ®H¿"" ûú`R ±` ®[U z®H¿"" ®[U πzwHT õè¬F ä´ó vU_| ôR^ õè¿zwH BH# vú`R ®[U zwH"" ô√ ”è πK+| Jœ ûô+d´ ®J√ πx±# M≥x õç| GäÇ"" eH±&F “H:Ç v®[U uèu õç| c&H# ô√ æIH#"" J–Ä%™ õœ” v≥z™Jçó ¿”U J–Ä%™ vô&|øÂº ûwM` õeû wM` OJz™Jç"" ä—` ”è (äv&∫) OKO≈ vzäX —&±+ ûx| HR`w| πRæOÇ Gä -- ±[Û´ ô&πv≤ õeITç “I BH”±+ ô&πz™—#"" πô+d´ ±` π®[U J–Ç ”è ±Iè Bä´ æê\ äv`ç O O]º ûô&π\dH+T c&O÷# vFè≈ wM` zi”[´ ≥èœ wM` (≤è±&w`?) ûQwJ eı^ zmT÷´ õIT ô&º[v# æê\ äv["" õeû c&√U õeû ®IU ô&πO÷# æcJv# æ—≈H# äv`"" æ§ πôHn z°H+ {]° õè¿H+H:Ä% ôHpÇ {]° —ç T`T` ºJ¿—Ô´ vÈÔ| πcÔ[ ºı {]° v&GèT OJõ°z% vÆæä| [—≈ ûH+H:Ä% “^ zOddæ ä´"" väc# Ææè BH#T O÷+ ä´ó BH#T πôx`DT ±` ä´"" úaU¨Ç û´‡ O÷# πQH# H+H:Ç xÅ ôæ¿H#Tó úaU¨ÇT æIH#"" HTdH+ °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ûúaU jR”H+¨Ç πcP|è «“I û®¿¿v#x Oÿ} y[ç —w πQH´èT nJ vôÔ {]° π{®m´ç v“Jì πQä—[´ πT`n| nJ c&¿”Ô´ æ{ºJ» æH#ç «´z%w RèÕa {ô&ó ô&ÕÕ KÚ» («πRèÕaè ®“”^ Bèó vMæ®| m%T») πQH´è πjR”H+¨Ä%è 15. EMML 5403, ff. 61b-62a. page013-032 page 13 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 26 16 T`n| æ÷odH# "" úaU¨Ç π°H&RèÕa |≥{ üIÄ´ m√R™* TåJ° πzmv[| õ±&º ä´ ûQH´ ºı {]° “^ æE√J"" ±OãèT v&Gè πô&|øÂº ä—∆Ç (úaU¨Çè ¤Ta) ô&|øÂº π—v#v|è ±Oè úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº ûO÷#v| ±Oè “^ üIT{{ä´ m√Q´è û¿Ü]´ (ô ôJÛ´è ûú úS“) JèHπ´ ôèÇJT"" õè¿QOeH´ñ úaU¨Ç vä—≈ä| õeû ÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ≈[e ûô&|øÂº RõûI™* ôez√¿` ´› πGã| πcÔ\v| ¿v#v# vôè√Ç vRç´m´ {]° T°èº|ç ±Oè ûô&|øÂº ôez√¿` c&s[ÿ ôx[´ v&s[÷# ä´"" ®æT π Òè zO^R]¨Ç c#RH+¨Ç ûôè≈ h&F ÆO| vÚ| ûRFJ ô&|øÂº zäYz´ ®¿√` πE¡ ô&|øÂº´ºè HOGçÄ´ 17 TJ°| õè√—í% ñ úaU¨ÇT vôè≈ ±Oè ®¿¿v#x πQº`nÄ´ õ°J ô”î~Ä´ ûô&|øÂº ®ÿz´ E¿´ æGçJ"" TçJw| ûBH#T æJo ûı ºH ™“ H&c÷´ πQ—w´ ôæû+ 18 DvÌè≈ ûúaU ‘d¨Ç ÷æp º—í´ æOeHìJ"" õè¬F æIJ ó “H:Ç BH# eHä—√Ä´ ôO◊ÿ π“^ πGä z[|-OcJ õTä| ôIÄ´ó w]“R ûQwJ ô—` õè¿O÷# ºTçH#"" æFèè (w]“Rè) «ûwM` R∆» ®æT «û÷™| ´““è R∆» xH: Oz`—:T æÅIJ"" (”è) eH±&F y{ û±&F vm` H+I ºp∫| ä—` πIÄ´T"" æFèè z[| OcJ Kdx Jz®´çñ πôº}ÅÄ´ õ´äzì π|´J≈ A—` wH& éÿ m≥n≤´ ¿“ æOeHìJ"" DvÌè≈ π«w]“R»è {]° z[| OcJ ô≈`‘ «Jz®´» ûRH| æJo ôÿxp v&û{zH´ πúaU¨Ç «õ´äzì π|´J≈ A—` π| õè¿äv[ HR®o πO O]º´è Ô` º®◊H| äv["" «wH& éÿ m≥n≤´ ¿“» ûwM[ —U mÿH: º[Òv| ô—` ä´"" «w]“R» ºI√èÇ ÿ`ÿ` «wM` —U» OGè ôHv|"" ¡a «wM` —U» æwJ πäv[´ A—` ≤_ πz% õè¿Gä õè¿H+H:Ç x±# πÿè| y{¨Ç v|°°J wæ{®oTñ û”^îç ûúaU¨Ç ®[^ vÚ| Hô&|øÂº 16. xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æñ EMML 3749, —. 6"" 17. Deutsche Forschung Gemeinde, Vol. 3 (1981), p. 21. û1307 õeû 1336 Æ.T. πä—W´ ôÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè “I A—` E∆ õè¿äv[ {]û# æç—^J"" O O]ºñ «è—#Yc ÖHÔ ®vÈK Oè—H “I ôO @®8 HQº±&º» (è—#W# ”è ôJˆ vQº±&º @8 û“I A—` ¿[c)ó vâI û±&º «û“I A—`» c&Ho ¿”Uñ «zèYô è—#Y TeH W^™*z% õTA—[ “I ôO cv#ô# Hcé» (è—#W# vcé cw| ûW^™*z% “^ û“I A—` zäX) ºH´ è—#W# vô&|øÂº éÿ º¿[—´è õèoenc+ c&—JÈ õèÃ ûô&|øÂº ´› E∆ äv` RHz% ôæ¿HT"" M. Jules Perruchon, “Histoire des Guerres d'ÔAmda íyon roi d'ƒthiopien,” pp. 294 and 305. 18. Eike Haberland, Galla Süd-Äthiopiens, pp. 4 and 772. page013-032 page 14 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 27 ä—Y{| πQ—x` πô&|øÂº ”≤| äv["" HôÏ+ æYKo vz±Ôä´ πÿè| ôR`ì éÿ !^ñ ≤}ñ ®IUñ wM` —Uñ c#ı —U Hô&|øÂº è—#Y Ô[e —w]¨Ç Gä´ z±`≥[™J19"" π«{Iu ô&|øÂº» {]° OËı z O[ õèÃ ôJzÔÁOT"" v±&ºT Gä v±&F T°èº| zs`÷´ ûGäñ v±&º zs`÷´ wdHÒv| ±Oè õè¿ ê ÆT¡ç õè¿ õ¤—+ ØèwpT ºH# x±# v+z cyÇç ”HcyÇ û´› (º´T ûwM` R∆ ≈[e) õπO÷# ô—]z%è 20 vwFJñ vè”≈ñ v˙Hz*ü c&ºvHÈ—# ñ úaU¨Ç ûo`v# ¿v#x ôæO÷#T äv` RH| æÅIJè? ô} ≠ÌST ôHn {πT úaU¨Ç ®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº OT◊| π O\| v≤" ±Oä Oè”Y| 21 õè¿Gä æç—^H# "" vôÏ+ æû#ê ôTI° ±Oè (1263-1277 Æ. T.) πê\ πU[z% OTF` ôv#ä ±+ç R`pe ≠`Ô´ πOèÔe J–ÅÄ´ πOèÔo z≥ü^Ä´è c&º®÷# «“H:Ç» õè√eÄ—bÄ´ vË≈m% 22 —≈J zÈÛ<J "" õä±&F {]¢Ç UI´ πúaU ä—≈ ûxz%è æ¥ ’±#è ôèY} RFJ ô&|øÂº π—w´ ºè —&±+ ä´ HRH| wºeÇH#èT πúaU¨Ç BJ —&±+ RFJ ô&|øÂºç vOè”Yz% ôez√¿` éÿ O—í| πpπ OGãè õè≈è÷[ÿ` º¿`—#çJ"" xÅ πOè”Yz%è wFJ zû|H´ õè¿ õ¤—+ ØèwpTç õè¿ úaU´ ôHn z°H+ π°èz*ºè eT eHQæ±# Rè πRè ±` õè¿Gä dæ{®o BH#T «ôR^» æwIJ"" 19. Ignazio Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña in onore di Re Abissini,” p. 56. 20. πê v&|®¿≈ ÆT¡/ÆT¿ Qüô+J o≈T ôº}Ç v≤" ±Oä Oè”Y| ûπOè πO÷# æB¬¨Ç äv\"" ÆT¿ Qüô+J û±`ô ºØpx õeû çú≈ ±Oè ûRèT ævJÿ πzûv[ç ô&|øÂºè ºeûv[ wHYJ◊è äv["" J–Ä%T Hêä|ç HKe’ä| voz™J"" |´J¡è º®oä´ õè√“◊Q ûz™| |èj Re{®i ä´ó Taddesse Tamrat, “The Abbots of DŠbrŠ-Hayq,” pp. 112-3; Getatchew Haile, “The Kalélah Wa-Dimnah and the Mazmura Krestos,” p. 376-8; Perruchon, “Histoire d'Eskender,” pp. 338-9; Sergew Hable-Selassie, “The Ge’ez Letters of Queen Eleni and Libne Dinlil to John, King of Portugal,” p. 547-8. õ¤—+ ØèwpT û”^î ®[^ vÚ| Hè”≈ ô&|øÂº πQOIHc# πOç™* Æ[x/õeIT äv\"" ¿x[ H&wêe πdÄ´è ºFJ πT{ûx^Ä´ õ¤—+¨Ç v◊T ÿm*}Ç çÄ´"" E. J. von Donzel, ‘®nb$qom Anqêa Amin (La Porte de la Foi), Leiden 1969, pp. 17-28; L. Ricci, “Le Vite di ®nb$qom e di Yoîannes, Abbati di Dabra Lib#nos di Scioa,” Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, Vol. XIII, pp. 91-120, and Vol. XIV, pp. 69-107. 21. ôHn {πñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°ñ ô¬c ôvw 09)^4 Æ. T.ñ —. 62ó õ±&FT —È 171-172 Iæ zOJû|"" 22. EMML 3987, f. 71b., Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscrips, Vol. IX, p. 270. page013-032 page 15 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 28 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ¿”Ue úaU¨Ç πo`x —&±+ O÷+¨Ç v&Gã o_{´ õTã Iæ ä´? ûH+H:Ç vâI Oÿ} ô&|øÂºè õç| R≈[”ç õè¿ì ûH+H:Ç vâI z®J∆ ô&|øÂº™* OGè ôè≈ Ææä| çÄ´"" æ§èè ûRèT æJo π—#¬ÔÅè wFJ º®[c#è ôw}Ç (πúaUÇ) J–Ç äè πTèJ R®oç c&GèT RezR` ôHxè"" ô&|øÂºèT Gä RèèT ô—` õç| HR≈[” π—&±+ —¿x πHv|Tó π¿T ”èí%ä|èT ôæ÷æoT"" ô&|øÂºè wH{]° vR≈[” [—≈T ûGä ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| õeû≤_ πzÔÁO´ ≈`—&| õè¿mIJ πQ{æ ôæ¿HTó ôH—&±+™ π÷HmÇ´ πô&|øÂº ÎKæ y” xI π®◊Çv| ±Oè ä´"" πô&|øÂº OTF^è û´› πO◊è ä—∆Ç c&º¿`—#è H&º¢\è õèÃ H&º™`¡èç H&ûÛıH#è ôev´ ôJäv[T"" æJoe OeI;Ä´T Gä ®æT Hzè¢Jñ õìè πûÛÔH#è «Kvi Kvi» Kvi HQH´ eT πH+H´è |`—>T õπc÷#ñ «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè ºJGã» («KvkÇ» õç «KvkÇ ºJGã») ô&|øÂº´ºè õºH# πô&|øÂºè {]° πQÈÒ TØ^w´ºè çÄ´"" vÿè| |`—>P «Kvi» UI πTYô ôı]üè M≥x (ôè√èƒT ûwM` R∆ πOèè) º÷nJIJ"" {]° ôvIkÇ ”è «ôv&c&åº´ºè» («KvkÇ») πQH#| c+R™* uèu zç“]¨Çè (ô”Æ≥ºèèñ ôRaÇèñ |”_¨Çèñ ®±z) xÅ º¿`—#ç πô&|øÂºè YJ◊éñ ÈK#Û™* o`dÇèè ¤T[´ ÷oJH´ Häc# HxÅÄ´ æc⁄Ä™J"" æ§T võè”H&≥ì πzËÒ|è OËMı| BH# (πä ™H& kæèü Jx ®H∆Çç ”ÿUÇ dæm\) Hõè”H&¥Ç õè¿Oe÷| ä´"" vzHæ v|TF`|T Gä vH+I T°èº| ûQc&øç´ºèç πú`}∆°e °è|ç üJGä DæRê| “^ è°û&| ºIÄ´ ô&|øÂº´ºè πú`}∆°e DæRê|ç π°è|ç´ Oè”Y| õè¿v¿I;Ä´ eHQ[¡ æ§èè πTØ^w´ºèè ôûÛÔJ πA—`èç πM≥xè ôè≈ä| vQ—:√ Oè—≈ æ÷mPv{J"" c&ÈÒT Gä H+I Y^ c&W\ñ ô¿—ì ÿIÅ ºdºH#"" vTB`ä| eT πQÈÒ| BH# TB^™* ≈`c| OGã m`} HvmJ πQ◊^ ™æ{ æGçJó π[“´è πQv÷xÿ õèÃ πzv÷v÷´è πQº[“ nJ ®æT vmJ ºJm¿O´ Oı|K+ ôºO÷#T"" v”^î Ÿ`ä|ç úaU¨Ç RFJ ô&|øÂº c&—v# eH¿[c´ ÿÛ| c&ÈÒ πQ÷mPwÄ´ nI|ç Æ[ız ä—aÇ ¿e{Ä´è πRæ¿xm% çÄ´"" æ§èè TØ^w´ºè «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè ºJGã» õºH# ºHTèT OW[| πQûÛıH#èè vº≥û#| `õc ä—` Iÿxv´çñ v{]° v¿J πzcRÄ´ ôè√è≈ úaU¨ÇT page013-032 page 16 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 29 õè¿õeIUÄ% zmxH´|ñ «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «úaU¨Ç» õºH# æÈÛH#"" πzddz% æOeHìJó T°èºz%Tñ πô&|øÂºè M≥x õè¬F vBH| O¿x HOO¿x {Rî OHû&º πHèT"" v&ê[è êa õçz% û“Jì H+I uèu πR|ç—` ôÏ+ ô&øôe (1747-1761)ñ π®H“´ —x[ õ”±&ôxK+`ñ πwH+´ „+ÿaeñ π‘è¿\ ≠x¿Iñ πh™ ú`}∆°c# —OÄ%ñ π—#^—+ ü}H&û# ÒIeñ π®H:´ õeIT vπäñ ÁKÙ IMT z%H# (vôÏ+ ô&ºc# ±Oè «æH# ôæH#ñ π{J z%H#» æwJH| πäv[´)ñ û“I ä—≈ç ûK≈º ®—è πäv[´ xIz,è —+{ weJøe (v±&º´ ±Oè vÿvv#ñ vØ´mz%ñ vı`≈ ôez™æäz% eT ºz[Ô´)ñ «πKvi è—#Y» õºH# æÔ`P πäv\| |èh# ê ÆH& ûBHz% O¿yÇ wè¿ì´ xÅ õè¿RæmO÷# HRπ|T HRdπ|T æÅJ äv["" π±Oä Odıè|è πô&|øÂº {]° πQºäx v±&ºè ±Oè ô&|øÂºè æ—±# πäv\| ππÀ Odıè| vRèì´T πeUÇ ´dé ô&|øÂº´ºèTñ úaU¨ÇTñ ôv&c&åº´ºèT OGçÄ´è æ—ä±wJó T°èºz%T {]û# õè¿QH´ v±&ºè —&±+ πè—#W# J|Gè πQ—w| è—#X™*| YJ◊è «v“H:Ç õœ äv[Ç» («AH®| YJ◊ä 23 è—#Y võ¿ “I») "" ±Oã ôJ[√Ä´T õèÃ πÀ¨Ç YJ◊ãè æ±´ πzÅIÄ´è ºFJ πA—]z%è ôè≈ä| HO÷vo ôJy±ãT"" πô&|øÂº´ºèè Ox| πA—]z%è √` ≈Tv` vRe÷vo [—≈ ûπ|ïÄ%T πA—]z% —µ*¨Ç ºäc Y^ ôJW\T"" ”xÓÇ |Jm% ê ÆH& πQzwvbÄ´ OeI;Ä´ ô&|øÂºè H&¿ı\ ôev´ äv["" 24 O£èè}ÅÄ´ A—]~è õeûU| õèO°|I{Hè eIH# √äÇ "" vô&|øÂºç v{Iu x]{åº OüûJ HO O]º —&±+ π®√œä|ç 25 πè”≈ ´J πzÔÁO´ vê ÆH& ±Oè ä´ "" û±Oã πô&|øÂº´ºè Ç”aÇ ôè¡ πô&π\dH+T —√RÇèè ûä◊m*¨Ç OûIûJ äv["" v±&FT [—≈ ê ÆH& õè¿H+H:Ä% YJ◊ç| BH# vz^Ä´ {”H™J"" û±&F v{Ç ºH´ Hè”Y| ˚&°}]º v1852 Æ. õ. vôR`ì πËÒI| ¿x√v+ ä´ 26 (O”v&º´ xÅ ä´ ”Ø≥) ó 23. 24. 25. 26. page013-032 page 17 Conti Rossini, “La cronaca reale abissina,” p. 803. õ±&º´ —. 858"" Sven Rubenson et al, Correspondence and Treaties 1800-1854, pp.178-187. õ±&º´ —. 194"" dPô+J ‘w| ô&|øÂº éÿ π˘az,e{è| Qh&ä] väv[v| —&±+ ûô&|øÂº wHYJ◊êÇ “^ æz™®o äv["" vâIT πô&π\dH+T ‰‰e Gê äv["" TØ^w´ºè ®¿ ôı]ü c&O÷# eHQ äã c´π´ Hê ÆH& πõè”H&≤; è”Y| wHVJ v&OeIÄ´ ôºe—`TT"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 30 õTÖv `õc O£èè| ôH& —x[ è—#W ä—Y| õ”±&ôxK+` ±æ|®K≈ vOH¢| ®æX+He v—Ë|"" |xËM Öv è”Yz õè”H&≥ õèƒ| äjó v‘ äj πcRæ πT≈\è ºFJ"" õé wèÇ ®√œä| ÷èÅHB"" ôèÇT vé ®√œä| ÿî"" Tä´ ôèÇ dHj èz,è OämH+"" BH# vπèz% zmTŸ õé zämJB"" ôBèT èz,è õè√JämJ ô≈`—&Jî"" πKviè õ◊ O_z,è zämJB"" è| OämJ ÿã ä—` ä´ó èz T≈` èz cRæ ä´ç"" vôèÇ Oè”Y| ±Oƒ ôæämJ"" dPô+J —#w ô¿^¶è ÷vn BçÄ´ èz,è ôJämJó ±O∆Ä,è ô¿^"" πT|®œ´è ä—` Iû&xî õc≈JiHB"" |Jm% ê ÆH&T v|´J≈ A—^Ä´ vπÀ cw| ¿x` õè¿zûH# æä—ÌÄ™J"" ûä±&FT éÿ —#v`Õ R`ºTñ ≤TJ —&ø`—&eñ 27 ®J≈º —x`ô+Jñ °v& nH: Qüô+J æ—í%wÄ™J "" ô&|øÂº´ºèè «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè ºJGã» xH: OûÛÔJç «ôv&c&åº´ºè« õç «úaU¨Ç» xH: OûÛÔJ vxK+^™* —>√| [—≈ zOddæ çÄ´"" πO O]º´ «ôv&c&åº´ºè ôæ¿H#T» πQwH#|èñ BHzì´ «úaU¨Ç» πQwH#|è Hôv&c&åº´ºè YJ◊é ôez™Èú ºI¿[—# º¿`’Ä™J"" M≥wÇèè ûBH| O¿x O°ÔJ vôè≈ä{Çè Iæ ÔèÃ O◊J xÅ dæGè v”H cxT ¿[Õ Rèä{Çèè õè≈è÷^÷` º¿`—çJó HTdH+ πôv&c&åº´ºèèç πH+H:Ä%è eUÇ πzHº∫ vR≈[”ñ πcHP| úaU¨Ç vH+I ô—` uèu vû=^| «OKO≈»ñ «ÆH&»ñ «cÆ&≈» «≠x¿I» õπzwH# °èz*ºè πGã| úaU¨Ç vA—` uèu «zOe—è» (= «OKO≈»)ñ «vIæäF» (= «ÆH&» )ñ «—x[ õ”±&ôxK+`» (= «≠x¿I») c&wH# H&ºdıbÄ´ æU°^H# -πz—Iv&Ÿj"" ±ƒºÄ´ [m*o eHGäTñ πQºıÌÄ´ ôJˆ ôJˆ dº—í% ôJm\T"" !" æ§ OÈKı vOW[z% ôx≤ïÄ% üBè vÚ| π{zP cä∆Ç ÿòT ä´ó x±# ô¬e ä—` πHv|T"" ”è IIºÄ´ BH#T ô¬e çÄ´"" (ô¬eä{Ä´ ”Ø≥ HRº´m% π{]° zR]¨ÇT ä´"") ûcä∆Ä% éÿ HzäXBv| ÆIR πQGã|è õπO[ÿB ecvexñ Tè·Ä% 27. ôHn {πñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°ñ JE692E —. 610"" page013-032 page 18 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 O”v&º 31 πz¿[c#| πúaU¨Ä%è ®[^ æn®T πäv[´è Oè”Y|ç z®^]´è äw\è M≥x vQ¿”Ò ÁKÚ¨Ç OGãè dJ[d ä´"" ºT Gê ÁKÚ¨Ä% πôÏ+´è —#x≥çç ¿”ä|ñ π÷IÉÅÄ´è vcæ◊è zO]ä| æä”\çJ õèÃ πGäè ≈`—&| ≠´m´ H´÷´ HOO≥—wÄ´ πQºe÷[ÿ[î ä—` ôI“÷OîT"" è—#W# c&ºhèı ”èäz%èñ c&häı BJ —&±+ ôhçÚ õ”±&ôxK+` xÅ OGãè æä”\çJ"" ÷I| c&häı °è}e ®—êÄ%è eH[√ñ ÷I| c&ºhèı π°èz*ºêÇ Ü÷&ô| eHv≤ OGã õTä{Ä´ äv`"" û±&F ôJÔ´ {]° c&º≤v# ôI—íâÄ´T"" πA—` éÿ Tè·Çè πQºÿIH# ±Oç™* {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç üH# wæO±—x πQ®¡| eHzO±—v ä´"" õ`”ÿñ Gè xH´T Gä ®æT ôeÔI—&äz% dæ{ºÄ´ m`} x±# {]ü™* ≈`—&}Çè dæO±”v#Jè õè¿m\ O—O| æÅIJ"" û{]û ä—Yz% HRe[Õä| ºeÔJ“Jç ævnJ ºJû#|è ºFJ v”Ø±# õπ÷meû# dm`x ÿofÄ%è ôè≈T dIem` ®¿ ôR`ì õπz[—:Tû# ä´"" õä±&F ÿofÇ πRe[Õ Tè‡ õç Rx^]º ûOGçÄ´T vIæ π±Oãè ôezdcx ºd∫çJ"" v±&º Iæ πA—^Çèè π{]° c¨Çç Œú”^Ú™è õè≈èR` ºdev#çJ xΩ õ—T{HB"" (”Ø≥ πRº´m% ô&|øÂº´ºè {]° ÁKÚ¨ÇT v&Gã vôR`ì c&ÈÒ πy{ñ πc´ñ πW^™*| πzÁ´∞ eUÇè ûÔ[èœ OËMı| õπm¡ ®¿ ôR`ì c&OJgÄ´ πQºvIh#|è õè¬º`P æ[√Ä™J"") vÿofÄ% Iæ H+IT zeÛ ÿπwÄ™HBó πä—Y{z% {]° πzËÔ´ vmIJ ”Ø≥ eHGä ”Ø≥ HOR` π÷vm Tï| ºH´ ÿofÄ%è ôxbÄ´ üH´ |`—>RÄ´ “^ õºezºπ ^c#è v^c# H&ºezT`wÄ´ æÇIJ"" π±Oã ä—Y{| ûzHO¿´ ^dÄ´è πRez√¿` H+I ™ç ÖIÚä| πúaU¨Çè ®[^ O”{| eHäv[ñ πÿofÄ%è õç}Ç (Tè·Ä%è) πQºäx ºè¡ ”‡| {]° ôJp πH+I´ ”‡| {]° πQzü´ x±# —ÍÇ dæ—Hv÷# OGãè ººJ"" õè”¬F ûä±&º éÿ ôHı ôHı õºJû# H±&F ≈`c| πO[ÿâÄ´ ÿofÇ vÆæä| [—≈ c&{∫ Tè·Ä%è v|°°J πQ®°H# c&Gã vO÷è vû#J ”è π|Jo {]° x`Dè O÷äì xJ‡{ OGçÄ´è õè√è[d ôÿxm, ôdewHBó {]û# õ±&F vRm`wÄ´ TdH+¨Ç πz®cä ôæ¿HT"" eH ÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| «π“H:Ç ®[^» e|Èı vÆY^ ±÷äì´ Tõ| ÆO| «äı÷ì´ vúaU¨Ç Iæ eI¿[c´ v¿J» ôJËı°T πQJ ®md õè¿RæäXxî ôTçHB"" õc# πôw wM`æ «±+çB H“I» πRº´m´ {]° eHGä õ±&F ≈`c| éÿ TØ^ı H&º—î õè¿RæÇJ ”JÈ ä´"" GêT õc#èT v&Gè page013-032 page 19 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 32 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç π¢f´è O^`ä| ûc÷´ j[| “^ ôO≤≥ê πQÈÔ´ û÷Û OËÒ ôº√”|T"" æFè ÈK#ı d±“œ πO◊Jî Kdx BH# ”^ç mî õπ‘zzî ûzäXBv| ±+çB H“Iè πOz`—:T ÆIR `m, EÕHB"" HRä´ πTÈÔ´? HTB^ã πT`T` ≈`c| HRo[x ûGä T`T\ æm[™J πTIÄ´è x±#¨Ä%è πá√” Rx^]º¨Çè RVI| äv[xîó HM≥x ûGä ¿”U æ§T æv≤J"" ´÷+z% õäG æF BH| —+}Çè õû#J πRº—H”Jç πQÔJ—#|è ºFJ πRºe¿e|ñ {]üÇèè HOR` πQÔJ—´è ”è HTè·Ä% «OezÛo`» πQGè OÈKı ä´"" TØ^ˆÄ% vOèÔe ôè≈ vôüJ x±# eHGã RèìÄ´èT ôem≈U ®æT ôpæ} Rèvx æÅIJó ûO O]º´ Ta õè¬ävx xÔJ”Tñ º±“ B| õè¬º õè¬Gè ô≈`—+ ôæ¿HT"" õè¬º´T eH ôw wM`æ πËıû#|èç ^c#è π±+çB H“Iè TØ^ı ôBè üH#v| ºd[ı£Ä´ vOmT` (v¢T˜*∫z`) õπfièû# x±# üèû^z|£Ä´ vâI ä´"" page013-032 page 20 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 TØ^ı ! ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ ®HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ ®±+ç H#w ±æOÈõ"" ®wMz% xÎ#Ø ±Uz õeO ôØ[Ô"" ! ûU|û#T {]û+èç πQO◊´è H#w {]° H+H:Ç æÈÒ{J"" ”è πUz xÎ#Ø ä´ó ô`Û<Jç"" ôw wM`æ page033-052 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 úaU¨Çè º÷ç ôè}åø c+û&"" (û Da Zeila alle Frontiere del Caffa, Viaggi di Antonio Cecchi, 1886) page033-052 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 " eH ±+çB H“I πËÒ BH# eH ¿^c&´ eH ôw wM`æ πQä”\è ¿^c&´ v±&Ç w‡b ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ eH^dÄ´ ûä—\è ôºJıT"" πQä”\èñ «ôw wM`æ πQwH# v“U éÿ πôè≈ v+z °èz*ºè ô—J“æ Oäû=c+ äv\ó eHdÄ´ û±&F vm` H+I TèT 1 πQ{®o ä—` πHT» õºH# ä´ "" ôBè õè√πB|ñ «πQ{®o ä—` πH+H´» Tè·Ä%è vQ—w dèO[T^Ä´ vOo[{Çè ä´ õèÃ xèO[T^Ä´ñ eH ôw wM`æ πYä ÈK#ı ôez™Ìú H+H:Ä% πm≈U ¿^c&¨ÅÇè eHËÒ| ûQ{®m´ πRºèe õç—îwÄ™Hè"" ôw wM`æ π”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı zO^R]¨Ç eRÄ´è 2 π±HH#| {Io H&o äv\"" õè¿ H+H:Ä% π±Oã ÁKÚ¨Ç û±+çB H“I xè T`ñ õîF c´ “U éÿ wè≈ (TçJw|T x`x` R`ºT vT|wJ) v+z °èz*ºè vüFèä|º—H”H# õè¿äv\ õçńHèó (π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 2 O¿T¿Qº zOJû|"") eRÄ´ ôw wM`æ OGã π{®m´T æ§´ ≈`c| «æv+ wM`æ» («wM`æ æIJ») xH: eH¿O¿O ä´ (π≈`cz%è O¤[i zOJû|)"" OÈKı mÃ¨Ç eT eHQH´÷# ®æT eHQW`±# ±+çB H“Iè πm¡Jè c¨Ç πôw wM`æè eT wHOW[≤Ä´ |Jo ô—J”H:| cÿz™J"" πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç x±#¨Ç çÄ´ó ôè¿ìñ v±+çB H“I 3 éÿç vH+IT y{ πQº¿èm%|è πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”Jè {]° BH#èT πËÒ| õdÄ´ wæGãT πdÄ´ ôez™È∞ dæê`v| ôæm`T"" BHzìñ vw∆ —ÍÄ% Iæ ±+çB H“I zÈˆv| vz—í´ πH:è∆ã πx^ç OÈKı éÿ ºH#| ≈`c}Ç (TçJw| üè¡ 1. 2. 3. page033-052 page 3 Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. xxxvi. °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±èT vy{´ ûTzÄ´ OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eH ôw wM`æ πËÒ| H+H:Ç ûËÒ| πzHπ ä—` v&ê`v| π—P ‘Û x`x` R`ºT üFè äv\ RH{Ä´ xÅ ä´" EMML, 3749, f. 3a, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. IX (1987), p. 127. HTdH+ Guidi, Storia della Letteratura Etiopica; Cerulli, La Letteratura Etiopica, Milan 1968. Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 3-220. Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 36 vm`) BH#T πdÄ´ çÄ´"" OÈKÒ ôBè ºH´ π1860 Æ. T. πŒé^J ç˜*π` Ÿ` W^™*| T`¢ì Gê õè”H&≥ ô—` H:è∆è vQ—í´ πõè”H&≥ v+z OËMı| (British Library) éÿ ä´ó 4 õ±&º BL Or. 534 πQJ πO{®m*º tÿ` zcÿ}| æ—ìJ "" vé÷# ºH#| πôw wM`æ çÄ´ πTIÄ´ ≈`c}Ç û±&F v{Ç ºH#| çÄ´ó (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) O≥P[ °è}eó «ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e»ó OJ°≠ —x`ô+Jó cIO o¡dè"" ±+çB H“Ió (1) O≥P[ °è}e O≥P[ °è}e vRçÄ´T [—≈ O÷ã O≥P[ √™*|è ºFIJó õè¿O≥P[ √™*| 151 O≥PaÇ ôH#|"" û±&ºT ôJˆñ O≥PaÄ% õè¿ ”ÿT v+| æO{H#"" π√™*| O≥PaÇ vzËÒv| vÿèz% vØx^æeÿ õèÃ v|`—>RÄ´ ”ÿUÇ ôæ¿H#T"" O≥P\ õè¬F c&J æ T^Jó (voèı πc÷B| πÚ¿H:Ä%è x≤| ä´) O≥P[ °è}e xÎ#Ø xõc& ±ô&N[ Öv ıêz üM≈ó (18) ®±pO võTäz ôx ®®J≈ó (15) ®vDæRêz OèÔe o¡e YIc+ ™M≈ó (20) 4. page033-052 page 4 Wright, Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, p. 84. v+z OËMız% ôBè British Library æwJ õèÃ vÚ| British Museum äv` πQwH´"" πO≥P[ °è}e oÃ wBã cÆ| H+H:Ç fe| õè√H# æ{®nJó (1) v`H&èñ Ms. orient. quart. 996, Hammerschmidt und Six, Äthiopische Handschriften1, pp. 220-2ó (2) ™jè”zè ûzRñ v¢è”_e v+z OËMı| (—ç vü{H:” ôJ{zOT)ó (3) EMML 3473, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts,Vol. VIII, pp. 286-9. O≥P` 18 EMML 2335, ff. 162b-163a éÿ æ—ìJó õ±&º´ Vol. VI, p. 384. π™jè”zãè oÃ ôIπB|Tó OÈKÒè vô} ÿ\äF Ûè{ eT "Fanta 1" πQJ O{®m*º πc÷´ ô} v#\° ôx¬ õè¿ä—[îñ vÿ\ Bé{ πzº± ä´"" πm\| ”è mÃ õº®mT dºóT ôè√è≈ y{ ôvIj~Ä™J"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 37 ®xÎ#Ø üØv võdz ıo^ è¡≈ó (17) ±vJdã æ—å ®x`û# æc”≈"" (16) ... ! ®¿°¿| Oè—≈ ºJE¿ xÎ#Ø ä´ó vôxç v®J≈ õTä| (Áè}) πpOT ó vOèÔe o¡e YIc+ ôè≈ DæRê|Tó vıob õd| πä¿¿T xÎ#Ø ä´ó vTIc# πQºOc”è —>Jvz%T πQc”≈"" ... ôTdº´ O≥P[ √™*| û±&F v{Ç ºH´ ä´ (πÚ¿H:Ä%è tÿ` ôez´J)"" O≥P[ √™*| vÎ#Ø xõc& ±ô&N[ vT°[ [c&Æèó (18) ®±ô&pO éz ıêz Üÿôèó (15) ®±ô&äv[ éz Oèv[ OezdJnèó (20) ±√õP M— õ”±&ôxK+` YT[z%ó (17) ®±M‘ ºäxx OÆJz ®H+H&z"" (16) ... ! v°Ò¨Ç T°` ºJE¿ xÎ#Ø ä´ó vÜÿôzïÇ Oè—≈T ºJz—íó v™±ïÇT hè‘T ºJzmO÷ó ¿e{´ ”è võ”±&ôxK+` M” πGäó M—#èT mè ûH+| πQºäx"" ... O≥P[ °è}e õè¿ eP πQOHûz´ °è}eèç πz™M∆ v+z °èz*ºè °è|çè ä´"" õè¿ JR≈ Gê (|M|ç) πA—^Çè ¿^c&¨Ç π≈`c{Ä´ wHv+| OGçÄ´è eHRæç—\ñ O≥P[ °è}e «±õ—H+» πQJ wHv+z%è πQç—` nJ πHv|T"" ”è πôw wM`æ ≈`c| HOGã vm* é◊™* Re[Õ ôHv|"" page033-052 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 38 ôè¿ìñ «HTè õè¬F ô¿[— πQHî üH «áYY éz OËMı|» (≈`—&z, πQ—w HOGã «OËMı|è O`T`» {—í™HF) πQH´ v±+çB H“I Oo≈T πQ—í´ πæo`{ ÔI—& (apologetic) ôä“—^Ä´ õ±&F Oo≈T éÿT z¿“”U æ—ìJ"" (HTdH+ñ o÷J 10Aè xèOHû| «áYW# éz OËMı|» πQJ õç—îv{Hè)"" BHzìñ õè¿ ±+çB H“I eRÄ´ vé÷# æ—ìJó ûO≥P` 34 æ§èè õèOJû| (o÷J 39A)ó Hæ|ÔYK# ®æ|KW∫ ±æ±+°\ eTπ vWçæó ®õH πÖYW# H&z cIO õèvH õûæ"" õ”±&ú H—x`û wM`æ cQÆ nJπ ô&||Kπæ"" ®M™Á+π ô&||Aûæ"" ! eSè v¿” πQºe{ć# ¿e ævIÄ´ñ æ¿cz%Tó °Û| πH+Hv| cIT πQÔJ—#JîT õè¬B"" ôv+z% πô—J“æFè πwM`æ wM`æè wM`æ nH+è OeR|è ÄJ ô|vJ"" õéè O‘xí|(F)èT ô{pæ"" fezìñ ôw wM`æ “U vôè≈ v+z °èz*ºè c&º—H”H# ºûRÄ%|è èx[| √™, πQwH# úaU¨Ç õè¿±[ÒwÄ´ v±+çB H“I éÿ (v°ıJ 2) c&ä”\è õç—ìHèñ õ±&FT Iæ ¿”O´{J"" æFè ûO≥P` 74 πzm√´è õèOJû| (ûo÷J 71H õeû 72A)ó 5 10 õ—å Hû õ”±&ú õ—å Hûó õ—å Hû ®õÁ+´Ø eOûó ®õä”` û=H: exKz*ûó væä ±≠mxûåó ®væä ±ô&—¿ıûå"" ®H± æOÈõ õeõJ Öv+ûñ ô&|á≈—å"" ®ôezvtÆû {≈áäåñ õTä õ¿ Ôº| õH ôtcH#åñ ®cHv#å ±±—x°¨ H¿Ü]|π"" Qÿ H&z û=H: ±äYô ÁIô& õTéπä"" ! page033-052 page 6 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 5 10 39 ôOc”èDHBñ ôv+z% ôOc”èDHBó ôOc”èDHBñ eTFèT õ÷^HBó °x`FèT BH# õç—^HBó eH÷vûîó eIJ◊JûîT"" eH®¿Úz%T õHTèDHBó ô|◊Hî"" {≈äî ±è≈ õHTèDHBñ üpcH#î H+yÇ õœñ HâIΩ ºûRÄB|è û®c¡xî"" ÷I| π®c¿xîè BH# OJeJî"" ôw wM`æ O≥P[ °è}eè π¿[c#| õè¿ ±+çB H“I vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ±Oä Oè”Y| ä´"" æ§èè πQº¿èm%|è è—#Y ¿“”O´ ûRèX{Ä´ vIæ «õ”±&ú û=äéû Ay Hè—#Y» πQH´è O≥P` 71è Hc# ä´ πc÷#| (ûo÷J 68A õeû 69A)ó 5 10 15 20 5. page033-052 page 7 õ”±&ú û=äéû TeH ÿvx Hè—#Y W`Î ≈è”J Axó ûO vôWèø æû:èêP HM≥xñ ®æoèøP HôM≤x"" [c& v±Oã ºèÁıÈı OÆ` õTô≈w`ó ®KH&xå πÜ≥ õTä ô´”`"" ®ôáxa HmeT TeH Rõ[`"" [c& cIO HxK+`ó ®XFH Hû=H# ôF—#`"" v[ûz ±`õ ®v[ûz mTM YP` æ[≈ ôTdH ÷J éz ÎT`ñ ®ûO ä÷x◊x ºè÷xÿx v¬v T≈`"" æ≥Öè U—¿ A´° ®ÏØ`ó ®æá√õ RØvH |èXô+B HÎ`"" ®æû:èè õTÈwM õeû wM`"" æ[e∫ M≥v# û@çz RØÎ¿ ”x` (ô&dæºe)5"" ®æQ÷# cæˆP Öv Td`"" æ”äæ H:z% û=H# ®æ”[`"" ä—Yz z`c+e ®¿cº| ôTÜ ºxô#ó ®ä—Yz dw ®≠[x “√ ºTÈô#ó ¿^c&´ ûx±# OËMı| vx±#´ æ÷odH#ó ™ç ™ç πQI;Ä´èT Tè·Ç v”^ á√” æÈÛH#"" TØ^ıç tÿ` ”è ôæc÷#T"" em√ç ez[—>T πdÄ´è π”^ á√” vmî vû#J voèıñ TØ^ˆÄ%èç ºJc÷#èè Tè·Ç ûQ—í%v| õπÔH”B û”`—+ á√” õπ÷pTû# ä´"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 40 25 30 35 40 ®HôÈT∞ ÿvv# û=H:P æ|“xô#ó õè± æm≈T ôK¡ õTüJô#"" √áä πÆJ ®Wçπ æv&| õèvH McTó ®±õèvH ¿™, ®MRT"" ®æ|Æmx ±JÔ vcIT"" ô¢ã vO|ûız% e∫T (ı|K ä—Y|)ó ®em%J äıc û=Jä ôTdH ôØÎ#o vúT"" õeO ûO `õeä ´õz%ó ®èMäå ôTdH OHºJæ H:z%"" èeôJ ±JÔ võèz ≥èz%ñ ûO |èKæ Oè”Yz%"" õOå zA´û| ô¢ HwMz*z%ó ®HõO M≈ô| ¢ä yz%"" ô&è|ÔHÿ õTä °Jô+z%ó õeO vz™JŸz äÛe ®è—#Y ıÁ#O (OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)ñ æ|™,Hÿ û=H# ”x` ±m¿O"" ®ûO≥ èvJ —&±+ ÁH:|äñ XFJû ®TM[|û æ`ûx¨ ı÷#ä"" Æ¬ çezxtØ èMä û=Jäñ Öv ±û=H: æõá≥ õ”±&ôxK+` ôTI°äñ ûO ºezõá¥ Ø\ºäñ °Jô+ ôx|[ñ ÖxH ®Yä (±ü`ºe)"" ®ûO M`nêe æû:èè (OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)ñ vOÈKı ®cæı áv#[ õeû HÆHTñ Hæû#è"" ! 5 10 page033-052 page 8 ôv+z% ı`≈Fè ûÿvx “^ Hè—#Y W`Î ≈è”J eÿó M≥v#è vOJüT æ√î ±è≈ñ ôM≤xèT æ—≤ ±è≈"" v±Oã R` ûzâÇ õè¬è÷w÷x ô≈`”ó ®z|T û¢[x}Ç õè¬®`≈"" oOTè ûô≥O^ “^ ô™M¿´"" ô—`è cIT ô≈`”ó ØòT vô´^Õ¨Ç BH# (ô´`≈)"" π±` v[û|ç πWO[ πT`| v[û| æ´[≈ñ õè¿≥çT v{¤¿ Oe° Iæñ õè¿ ä÷x◊x vT≈` Iæ ºè÷wÿx"" πxÿxÿç π‡èo U—≈ æ`“ó π÷I| |èXô+ RØvJT Áÿ ævJ"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 15 20 25 30 35 40 6. 7. 8. page033-052 page 9 41 ûTYô õeû TØ^x æ”≤"" 6 M≥v# Ÿ`è π”x`ç R‡≈ º≈`—# (ô&dæºe) "" cæÛÄ´èT ®¿ Td` æH´÷#"" BH#T æ{±±#|ñ æ—x\H|T"" πz`c+eç π¿c+}Ä% è—#ZÇ õœ Oèi ºe—v#ó πdwç π≠[x è—#ZÇT —Á v[û| ºT÷#ó ÿvv#è HR√OÿT BH#T æcxcv#ó ôè¡ ûH+I´ õπzjm√¿P"" ºHTèT °Ò (ä—`) v¿áç æ™Jñ vÿ\T æ¿`ó ºHvj{ç ºHMOT"" BJ—&±+ vcIT æ÷vo"" 7 v|ûi´ h#T ôæ¿HTèó (ı|K ä—Y|) ó πBIÇèT äıe (vc# Iæ) zè÷JÿIHÇñ õè¿ o`èfiˆÇ v≤ı Iæ"" T°èºz%T õc# Hì õè¿ ^dÇè ä´ó õìT Hc# õè¿ (c´ä|) ôwH:Ä% äè"" BJ—&±+ eH±&F (—#√æ) õèÁJæñ Oè”Yz% õˆæ õè≈|J"" e|{®°T Gäñ Áÿ{ c&cıèw|T πxÅ´ ôæGèT "" vBHz%T (—&±+) ôèHæTó T°èºz%T πäÛeç πè—#Y ÔÈU OH®ÿ c&O◊ñ πm≈U´ ä—` BH# (ôxa) æH®◊J (OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)"" vÁH:{Çè —&±+ õè¬F õèvJñ «æo`{Fç TM[|F }H: æ≈[c#H|""» ¿”U BIÇèT JOç õço`xñ BH#è ®¿Qæ≥ ®¿ õ”±&ôxK+` ®¿ ôTIüÇèñ õû#H:Ç ô≈`‘ õè¬ºc&±´ñ 8 BHz%è v|aÇñ —O≈èç ´v|è (±ü`ºe) "" õè¿ M`nêeT õè¬Ô`≈(OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)ñ vOÈKıç vcæı vôè≈ä| H±HÆHTñ æBè"" ô&dæºe 2" 4"" Tè‡ñ ô&dæºe 9" 6ó OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%1 ÆOz TM[|ñ —. 53" 45ñ «±YJ◊ã ¬v O|ûız%» («YJ◊ã v|ûi´ Iæ ä´») πQH´è c&ºOH°| ä´"" ê Qüô+J πcSè ô&|øÂº (ûUÔ` ´K õeû O[x) è—#Y c&Gã πRázRÄ´ «OÔ°`» ô≈`—´| äv`ó m√R™* ÜæH YIc+ è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºñ Mæ®z,ç πô&|øÂº õ`TÕñ 1ì OÈKıñ ô¬e ôvw 09)^5 Æ.Tñ —. 35"" ±ü`ºe 11" 7"" «—O≈ç ´v|» «o◊|ç |°°Hì ı`≈» çÄ´"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 42 O≥P` 20èT õèOJû| (ûo÷J 26H õeû 27A)ó 5 10 15 20 25 õ”±&ú vÜæJû ıÁ#O æ|ÙXMñ W`Î ≈è”J Oc&M ®J¿ Oc&M Oc&Mñ ±æÆ+oT nH: vı|Mñ ®æ|ÜWæ v[≈ô+|û x±#áó õeO vËM¢ vv[û| È¡o"" ®ôèv`û v`õc# ô°H&H O™*õ ±ºèÎvòñ ±°v#` õT—+^ ®òñ õeû Ô`F¨ ±ô±+x ®Wòñ ®õHC éz wM` `Ö#o"" OüM ´õz% —&±+ Îxõ"" ®ôJy ôO zO´ôó õeO JR¡ O™*õ"" ®J≈ ÷v&x ±Jv# ¬v πRãó ®®_≤ RõT` ±éz `õc# Ææã (O°xx)"" fvå æO´õ ô&æ±+Ü` vÜæH#ó ®ô&æ|ç—` |Øæ`z vnH#"" ®x±#Üä ä—Yz ô”xô O|Mz õ¡"" ®ôez“xúP Hû=H:P Î` éz RØ¡ (Odıè|)"" ú°è}e Ømw H±Oãó ®eTº YFJz (Gc+Ø)"" ®ô`áo õTéD Oèc#z"" ®eTøP HW^™*z% M≥xπ H&z"" ®ô&{áÿú ±KHπ zTézó õeO û&ºû õRØTm Jv# æÁ+®èó ®võTû æ|OKÎè"" |`ûyP õƒû HÎ\ ®ÁIõz%ó ®|xJ∞P HOÆ|û õdz%ó Hû=H:P õH æ|n®T¨ H:z%"" ! 5 10 page033-052 page 10 ôv+z% vÜæJF vıÁ#T æ¿c|ñ Oc&M W`Î ≈è”J πOc&M Jœñ ä—\è vı`≈ πQÔÈTñ vx±#´ õ`√{FT πQ¿c|ó võ´äzì v[û| ¿`cFH{Jç"" v^c#T Iæ πQºèÎwò π≈J ô°H&J ôemT÷DJñ û®ò ô°H&J πûv[ñ π¿v#xç πTYô (M≥yÇ) õeû&Ô\|ñ v\m% TØ^x ºH#|T"" vŸ`ä| —&±+ ”ç ä´"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 15 20 25 43 πzhäÔv| —&±+ πHTó JR¡ Rhäı ä´ç"" Jv# ûmî (õÀ) Iæ πGä ÿvvì Jœ ä´ó 9 Ææã v^c# éÿ πGä ≠™m* ‘JRdT ä´ (O°xx) "" c&ºhèıT vÜæH# ôæ{ `Tó vnH# èm|T ôæç—`T"" x±# è—#ZÇè võÀ e` ôe—w"" 10 ÷I}Çè BH# ûRØ¡ cvcwÄ´ (Odıè|) "" °è}e Gæñ ±Oãè ÷xn|ó «æo`{ πcÔäw|» vI| 11 (Gc+Ø) "" ÿÛ|è ûg ôò"" W^™*z%è «πé M≥x çÄ´» vIÄ´"" ºcv´è Tï| ô{d◊´ó vÿJo Jv# ôèzè z÷”~Jçó võç|FT zRÌëJ"" ÷I}Ä%èç πQ÷H#|è õœF {”ìÄ´ó πm%◊F õd|T |xIÄ´ó õc#è πQn®P|è BH#"" vO¤[iTñ ôw wM`æ «èô#e ôä» õºH √™*| eH^c# πQç—`v| πO≥P` 151 ôTdº O≥P^Ä´ éÿ eH^dÄ´ c&ç—\ õè¬F æIH# (o÷J 137A)ó 5 10 15 èô#e ôä õTüFç|ñ [≈úP HOä¢d|ñ ±¿x[ R`ºT Té|"" ävxû# ≈`dä O≥P`ñ TeH Ö>Js nH √™*| ±πÖx`"" ú±{äxx OÈKıπñ võèz áWP ô&|—:—>Ø KTø|π"" ôeze] H&z wMz%ñ z±û&[û e^Mπ vÖ:Jpz%ó õeO fv æOJõ nJñ ¢ä πKÌÌ xπ Ö:Js Ú¿J"" ®y —&±+ ôO æv≥á õTnJ"" ®ôezÆ[æû# vx±#á ËR ®—≈Jñ vO™ØH W`Î ≈è”Jñ ≈è”J ôO mzH: HÎ\ OKO≈ è—#W ô¿J"" ô¿J 9. O°xx 2" 14"" 10. Odıè| 1" 7"" 11. Gc+Ø 2" 1-3"" page033-052 page 11 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 44 õèûcû+ õvJñ exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` ±õTéB °CJ"" ! 5 10 15 ûüFç| |èh# äîñ πOä¢dz% ¿m O≥P`ñ π¿x[ R`ºT —√T"" ≈`dä O≥P`è (õäG) ¿[eû#ñ û√™*| nJ tÿ` “^ πQzwv`"" OÈKÙè πT{äx Gæñ eH Oÿˆäz% J|äoÔî ô|Äû#J"" æo`{ ô≈`”Jî õèÃñ vs÷^´ ≈üSè ôe{ćFó T°èºz%T nH# c&UIñ πÚ¿H# tÿ` æ—:≈JxìJ"" ûnH# πQv≤v|T —&±+ äv["" vx±# ≈üTç |”J ôezüûJû#|ñ vW`Î ≈è”J ±Oèñ ±Oè ÷Iz%è πô¿Jè è—#Y OKO≈è π—¿H —&±+"" õè”¬Fe (õè¬F) JvJñ «ÇH:{ ûc# HGä Hõ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´""» ôw wM`æ ≈`c{Ä´è vÔH—#| OJ° HRmäwv` c&ÿ\ π¿[cwÄ´è v±&F vO≥P` 151 πä—\èè Ç”` vûÚJT v&Gè HRe®—≈ Tè õè√¿[—# vOo≈RÄ´ õè¬F c&H# ä”[´çJ (o÷J 7A)ó ±ôezKOTû#c IØH ≥èz% ≈`dè õè± ôezÆ] nIz*B TeH nH# HO≥P[ √™*|"" ®õè± ô&æ™,e° ôK¿C àáºz IØH àáºz*B ®ô&πKÌÌ Tèzå õTéGP ôI ôez™K≈°¨P vÖ>Jt ıÁ#T"" ®HõO z[Ô ôK¡ ô´ °Jô+z% àáº| õTä ôK¡ OYO` õ™,e¢ Öv üJõ OYO`"" ! v±&F ≈`c| Iæ π¿ûTû#| nH:Ä%è ûO≥P[ √™*| nH:Ç “^ dezü°J ä´"" vàáºz% (vÚ¿H:Ä%) Iæ ôè≈ àÖ+ dJ¤T`ñ ûäc# ôè√ÇT dI—:≈J vıÁ#T tÿ` ôOdeºÄ™HBó ”è üè≈ OYO` Iæ ôè≈ ®æT BH| àÖ+¨Ç c&z`Ò ûBHzì´ (ûQmÿH´) OYO` Iæ ¤T_ºÄ™HB"" page033-052 page 12 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 45 π¿^c&´ Ç”` OèYô+´ñ ≈`c{Ä´è O≥P[ °è}eè πO≥P[ √™*| OO±ì (OHû&º) õè¬Gè O®cçÄ´ ä´"" KdwÄ´ ôè≈ c´ ôè≈ πzm√ √™*| c&º—î ®æT c&ºem√ —>≈H| πH+Hv| OGãè HR®o v&ÔJ” vdÄ´ O≥P[ °è}e õºu÷[ õè¬ºezºπ´ ä´"" v±&FT T°èº| v≈`c| Oè—√Ä´ c&’±# O≥P[ °è}e õè¿ O≥P[ √™*| 151 O≥P` õè¬ê[´ñ πõºè√è¡ O≥P` OYO`ç vπOYO\ Iæ ºH#| Ú¿I| (àáº|) vx≤| πôÅ´è πO≥P[ √™*| O≥P`è õè¬ºFH# õº¿[—# OÔ≈ äv[wÄ´"" æF ôJvn xH:ñ wIÄ´ |Jo πwM[ Kdx Ø´m| vUI ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ ºH#|è àÖ+º| ôè≈ —&±+ HÆY^ fez% ®aÇç HÆY^ BHz% û™°x|ñ ôè≈ —&±+ Hcwz% πdTè}Ä% ØH{|ç Hcwz% û™°x|ñ ôè≈ —&±+ HÆOz% cÆ{| õºH# õû#J ôüıH™Ä™J"" v±&F —&±+ Tè ä—` õè¿zÔ÷[ æè—bÇBó ®z`Ò 2ó ®û&ºGP [cæû# H&z"" ®ÁKı°¨P o≈O —Èπ ûO ô&æèØ¨P"" ®eO õH# GFº| U|"" ®õ”±&ôxK+` ±`Ö#o õTéGP º`áo H&z û&ºGP õeû ôWTa"" ! (àÖ+ºz%è dûÛıJ) BH| z[Òó õäc#è H^c+ ô¿[”âÄ´"" õè√J[dÄ´T ûÚ| HÚz, Ëı£Ä´"" πä±&º (πBHz%) àáº| eT «U|» ä´"" ûäc# \o πGä õ”±&ôxK+` õeû ôe¿ez´ ≈[e ûé º`nÄ´"" H≈`c| πQGã|è ÿJo πÁKÚä| KdyÅÄ´è ûR´÷è÷è ôJÔ´ HÚ¿H:Ä% vtÿ` OO◊÷èç H°ıº´ õû#J O√[e c&¤äm% ÷nQ —&±+ºÄ´è õèƒ| õè√÷Ò O—O| æÅIJ"" πÚ¿H:Ä%è x≤|e ôè≈ wè≈ sÿ[´ æ≈[c#v|ó ”è ºèè tÿ` vÆOz% cÆ}Ç HRüÔJ πÅH#| Tè ±ƒ z÷oO´ äv[? æFT Gê π≈`cz% cz| xH: OE≈ Jx æR`üJ"" û±&F ûO≥P` 151 πTç—ìÄ´ ™ç ™ç π{]° O[Õ¨Ç 12 ”è BH| çÄ´ -- (1) ôw wM`æ π¿x[ R`ºT üFè (Oäû=c+) 12. Ä\H& πO≥P[ °è}e õç π±+çB H“I ¿^c& ôè≈ c´ OGãè wHO—è±x ¿x[ R`ºTè v|”^æç v◊ç ¿c+}Ç ÔJ‘ ô◊|ó Cerulli, “The ‘Kalila wa-Dimnah’,” n. 4, p. 77-8. DO`jQ|T ºèã æ¥ vOE≈ eH ◊ç ¿x[ R`ºT c&Èı «TçJw| ôè≈ π±&Çì™ ¿x[ R`ºT Oäû=c+ æGçJ O≥P[ °è}eè vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J π”≤| ±Oè (1563-97 Æ. õ.) π¿[c» æIJó Hammerschmidt, Äthiopische Handschriften vom T6n6see1, p. 60. page033-052 page 13 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 46 õè¿äv\ç (2) O≥P[ °è}eè π¿[c#v| ±Oè vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J —&±+ õè¿Gä"" è—#Y OKO≈ πUz´ 1569 Æ. T. ä´ (PH# eP OKO≈ ô&xè çc&` ô&xè ô#eRè ô&xè v≈Iæ OGãè Ä\H& 13 ä”açJ "" ≈`cz%è ôÒ´ ôezü°H´ πm¡v|è ±Oè ¿”U vOo≈P éÿ v±&º —&±+ vQW^wÄ´ π±Oè Ot÷]º ±ƒ¨Ç BH# ômäwx[´ ÈÔ´{J (o÷J 12H)ó zÔÁO ÈMÔz ≥èz% OÈKı ôO0®9 ÆOz Oè”Yz% HOım_ õ”±&ôxK+` è—#Yä ....ñ v&)®&®4 õTÆOz ÆHTñ ®v0)®8)®( ®3 õT ÆOz õe°è≈` Om,∆ç™*ñ ®õTÆOz cRØ{| v0)®2(®8 ÆO|ñ ®v()®( õTÆOz ô“`"" ®ôSD $6 ÆO| õTJ¿z% HvÆH OÈKıó æOKa õ”±&ôxK+`ñ ®æWAH:ó ôSè"" ! π±&F OÈKı ÈMÔ| võ”±&ôxK+` ®√œ vè—#XÇè v ...19äì ÆOz Oè”Yz%ñ v7074 ÆOz ÆHTñ v1893 ÆOz õe°è≈` Om,∆ç™*ñ v1298 ÆOz cRØ|ñ v990 ÆOz ô“` (K&œ^) zÔÁO"" v±&ºè —&±+ πOÈKÒ wHv+| Ø≈S´ 46 ÆO| äv["" 14 õ”±&ôxK+` æR[´ñ æo` ævH´ó ôSè "" ôw wM`æ πz®H¡| v”^î ±Oè v1528 Æ. T. OGã ä´15"" ôw wM`æ HY^Ä´ væo`{ ÔI—&ä| ÷wºÄ´ñ «O≥P[ √™*|è πËıû#| v^c+ nJ dæGè ûOËMı| õºO◊B ä´» æH#ç π÷mc#IÄ´è ±÷ç ôè≈ ™v& OËMı| õOo≈RÄ´ éÿ æ±[≥\JçJ"" õºè√è¡èT OÈKı eè| —&±+ õè¿÷mc#| õ±&º´ õOo≈RÄ´ éÿ ûä—\è vâI õ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ v÷mc#| tÿ` ”^ á√” Iæ æ÷m%P{J"" H+H:Ç ÁKÚ¨ÇT TèfiÄ´è ûá√” Iæ c&÷m%P eIπB Y`Æz% vA—^Çè πzHO¿ OGè ôHv|"" πQºe—Ò´ π”Ø≥è Yä ÈK#ı õè√H R®nÄ´ xÅ dæGè πz%è Kdx ûπ|ì´ Tè‡ õè√—í%| Re{®dÄ´ ä´"" û±[±\Jè OËMı| éÿ ^õπ ô+Jºe õç ûH&I ®≈Tç 13. Cerulli, “Documenti arabi per la Storia dell'Etiopia,” p. 60, nn. 8 and 9. 14. 6 õç 7 eHQºdez% π¿^c&´è õ≈S û47 æJo 46 xΩ ºävxû#| ôËËÒè vOÈKÒ éÿ üH#| ûx±# $6 õç $7 “^ üezºπB| vâI ä´"" 15. õä±&F πzHº∫ π±Oè s÷^ eJ}Ç õèƒ| õè¿Qz[—:P HR®o wM[ Kdxè zOJû|"" page033-052 page 14 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 47 v”Ø≥ Oê^Ä´ õeüBè ôæ{®oT"" õ`”ÿ πûH&I ®≈Tç ÔH” 16 z—î~J"" (2) «ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e» π±&F ≈`c| ”ÿUÇ õºè√è√Ä´ wHôTe| OYO` xÅ Gä´ x≤{Ä´ ≈`cz% zû|H:| õè¿QE¿´ õè¿O≥P[ √™*| O≥PaÇ 151 ä´"" ¿^c&´ æFèèT O≥P[ °è}e æH#{Jó (o÷J 149H) v≥èz% zÔÁO °ıJ ÜTeñ ±TdH+B —c&eñ õè± õcTø HeP O≥P[ °è}e"" ı√ ôezKOTû# võèz*ôû z`—>U O≥P` o¡eñ Avå ôev ±Y“ ®äıe"" ! ôTezì´ °ıJ v±&F ôHmñ 17 TdH+´ O√ce πGä ñ ePè O≥P[ °è}e õºJû#|"" eIèz o¡e O≥P\è vOz`—:T eH¿ûTû#ñ πY“ç πäıe ™“ e÷î"" H≈`cz% πQeRR´ HìT πQOÄ´ eT «´√c+ °è}e» äv`"" wæGè BHz% ≈`c}Ç veT õè√æ“‹ «[ÃP» õç «ô‡\» vQH# oÈH:Ç õπHπè BHz%è O≥P[ °è}fÇ v±&º´ «®IÕÄ´» vc◊Ä´ eT Oÿ^| æê`xçJ"" æF ≈`c| ¿^c&´ dæ{®o z¿“”U zm≈~Jó 18 ûO≥P[ √™*| “^T {|VJ "" õ≈`cz% éÿ ôw wM`æè 16. Ä\H& ûIæ vtÿ` 12 e` πz÷mc´è “The ‘Kalila wa-Dimnah’” πQH´è T`T^™* ÈK#ı º±“ ´ πO≥P[ °è}e ¿^c& ûH&I ®≈Tçè v”Ø≥ ôIävv´Tó õè¬º´T OÈKÒ ®¿ ”Ø≥ Oz`—:P º÷^ÿ^J HRH| ä´"" ûH&I ®≈Tçè õ´ä|T õeüBè π”Ø≥ |`—>Pè ôI—íä´Tó ”è ôw wM`æ ôJ™h#Tó zz`—>U õè¿äv[ ôBè Re[Õ z—î~Jó Getatchew Haile, “The Kalélah wa-Dimnah,” pp. 373-386. 17. TèfiÄ´è πo¡e ô|çz,ëè |`’S √™*| ô≈`—´ñ vôTez% M™d| tÿ` («`õæ»ñ «Rπ|»ó «cQØ»ñ «OeR|»ó «ôÁ+è¨»ñ «Rjz|»ó «◊ØT»ñ vm%Pó «—c&e»ñ «O√ce») ûôTe| ûıH´{J"" 18. HTdH+ EMML 3996, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. IX, p. 281; Cod. aeth. 46, Six, Äthiopische Handschriften 2, page033-052 page 15 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 48 πQOHû| ôÿ“v& Re[Õ HR”í| wHOÅH+ πdÄ´ HOGã õ`”÷ì ôæ¿HBT"" v±&º Iæñ «≈`cz% õ`”ÿ πôw wM`æ ûGäñ πQº¿èm%|è πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”Jè eT vé÷# HTè ôè≈ y{ õè£è ôIäW#|T?» πQJT ÿºm, H&äX æÇIJó ûzäX OJc# TçJw| O≥P` 151 («võèz `õc#») éÿ æ—î æGçJ (o÷J 149H)ó ôO ôez™¿≈û# ±èz O≥P[û ±æX+He vvDTdñ èô#e ôä ®J¿ ÆO{| OèÔm DTd"" õè± |û≈äå °è}e U—c „ôH&Ÿe vÆH DTdñ äıeπ ôØv& ûO ôx≈∫ H&m K^ ôüÆx DTd"" vO™ØH z≈I Avå üØv} HDTd"" ! æ¶èè vDTd πQWHe (3 —&±+ 50) O≥P`Fè º—◊÷Tû# —&±+ñ πôTd ÆO| ”Rj |èj Jœ äv`û#"" °è}e (Gæ)ñ vvÆH DTd „ôH&Ÿe U—e ôJxc§îñ äıc+è ûı ûı ô≈`“|ñ õè¿ôüÆx πŸ` ôHn ôx≈∫ 19 ôTdè õ÷ı"" vz≈I ±Oè πDTdè õÿı (õ≈S) c÷î"" ûIæ õè¿—O|ä´ñ ôw wM`æ πz®H¡| v1528 Æ. T. ûGäç æ§èè ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}eè c&¿`c# õ≈SºÄ´ «πDTd ”Rj» (25 ÆO|) ûGä π¿[c#v| ±Oã (1553 Æ. T.) —ç πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ±Oè ôJäv[T"" æ§è ≈`c| πôw wM`æ H&º¿`—´ πQÇH´ H+I´ Re[Õ ûo÷J 7A õeû 12H ≈[e ºH´ Oo≈RÄ´ πQOHûz´ BHz%èT O≥PaÇ OeH:î äv`"" ”è BHz% πz¿[c#v| ±Oè eHRæm^[x HRe[Õä| H&÷me ôæÇJT"" pp. 79-80; O≥P[ √™*| TeH O≥P[ °è}e"" Qez,` ô_è ôHn {π ¿[c#| πQH´ O≥P[ °è}e æ§èè v&OeJT H+I ≈`c| ä´"" 19. ¿^c&´ πUû\| «ôûÆx»è «ô°Æv» (õÿı ô¿[—») ûQJ ”Y ô´ÿz´ váx` HOç—` ä´"" TèfiÄ´T ä—Y| m√R™* 18" 3-4ñ «ô°ÆxT πv+z%è ô≤∑ ôx≈∫è ÷^ó ôx≈∫ õ”±&ôxK+`è õœ” æÔ^ äv`"" ô+J≤v+JT πõ”±&ôxK+`è äv&º| we—¿HÇ —&±+ õ`c# O}´è äv&º| ®e∆ ôTd ôTd´è v™i éÿ hj‘ õè ^ç ´K æO”wÄ´ äv[» πQH´ ä´"" ”è ”W# v±&F OJû# v”Ø≥ v&ê`T ®æT õdÄ´ v&Ôÿ\| «ô°≠v» («ô÷Ô») ®æT «ô°Øx» («õ÷ı») OGè äv[v|ó πmœ eMz| H&ßè æÇIJ"" page033-052 page 16 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 49 (3) OJ°≠ —x`ô+J π±&F ≈`c| ¿^c& ôw wM`æ OGçÄ´è HRe[√| x±# `p OE≈ ôºeÔJ”Tó ≈`cz% o÷J 150A Iæ πQ T[´ñ ≈`dä OJ°≠# H—x`ô+J ±wM`æ («πwM`æ OJ°Æ —x`ô+J ≈`c|») vQJ ä´"" πcIT{ ”ÿUÄ% v±&F æ T^H#ó cIT H≥°[ eTû vOÈKÔ √èô+J ±z÷πmó õeO ®`Ü xe^| m`v ®±Oä ®è—+J ôJÁmñ —x`ô+J ±¢èû HO—xz K¬e H&mñ çB ®÷èû# õ”±&ú ûO õ®≈eû Mmó U—c „ôH&Ÿe Á”®å ±æÙÈT ËMm"" ! 20 vOÈKÔ √èô+J H{®m´ eTF O{cv&º cITó «πxY^| ®` m`w;Jñ π®è—+JT ±Oè ¿`gJ»(xHF)ñ 21 HK¬e (û&√è) wHYJ◊êÇ H&o πGè° —x`ô+J äF "" —+{ Gæ%ñ vÿm*z% IOc”èF õäG O`û#ó Tï|è ûO¤[i πQº¿è π„ôH&Ÿeè U—e e÷î"" ¿^c&´ x±# IvW[Ç HOJôû# OIe cIT{ ûc÷# ûâI JOçÄ´ º´ ºÇã ÿoVèç Te÷&bè zR] πQº´m´è ä´ó Á”®å `õc Ax{| õèz æõz* ôõTaó TeH ô”Æ±& õ”±&õ ±{Æ+] —xa"" ! Ø´m|è e÷î πAx}Ç ê πGäÇ´èó ûäÏ —+{ “^ õû#J πT{¿`” w]º´è"" OèÔd™* ≈`c}Ç vπy{´ õπz¿“—P c&m¡ æFèè ≈`c| xÅ ûH+I y{ zm≈} ôIπB|T"" (4) cIO o¡dè v±&F OÈKı (vOr. 534) éÿ ôx[´ ûzm¡| ≈`c}Ç πO¤[i´ «cIO o¡dè M≥xñ ®õRÖ+ û=H:P cRØ| Hweºä OemJ ±Æ`x» («πo¡fÇ M≥x cIT{ç πÆ`x OemJ HwkÇ 20. Tè‡ √èô+J 8" 16ó 8" 21"" 21. «|ÎèiHjñ ®è≈ JœT |®JÕHjó ePèT ô&πc#e |æ™Hj» (H#ne 1" 31) xH: Ho≈e| R`ºT RxW\èç v±&FT K¬e û&√è O O\è HROJû| ä´"" page033-052 page 17 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 50 cRØ{| BH# õœ ôäXY») vQJ `õe πQ T[´ ä´"" ≈`cz% πô`û ô`û YH#e ≈`c|è eJ| æûzIJ"" eH ô`û YH#e ≈`c| πRºó üHñ ô`û YH#e πQwJ ¿^c& eè°d\è æ¥ ûOeû[T ôè≈ õeû ‰—>Sè e≈e| —≈IÄ´ v®\ éÿ vØHz Ø[ı{Ä´ HzO±—v´ o¡dèç cRØ{| BH# eRÄ´è õπ÷^ «cIT» xH: πQ T` π”ÿT cIT{ ¿`fIÄ™J"" õä±&F ”ÿUÇ zcxev´ HxÅÄ´ õè√è≈ OÈKıç veè°d\T éÿ Hπ—≈H# ±—w O¿T¿Qº (±`ı) õπGã vπy{Ä´ õπzc—c—# zÈÔ´ æ—ìH#"" æF wH ôTe| OYO` πcIT{ exex `õc# «O≥P[ ıW#Kè ®ÁH:z |û#≤è »(π¿ezïÇ O≥P`ç πK±èzïÇ ÁH:|) Gê dH π”ÿP eJ|ç 22 ”ÿUÄ%T v¿^c&ºÄ´ ô‡` eT «ô`û+» õπzwH# æ÷^H# "" ôw wM`æT J° ô`û YH#e õè√¿[—´ñ eè°d\è æ±´ vé÷# ûOeû[T ôè≈ õeû ‰—>Sè e≈e| —≈IÄ´ HzO±—v´ o¡dèç cRØ{| Hÿm*}Ä% HxÅÄ´ñ HH+H:Ä% ¿”U π“^ wHôTe| OYO` cIT{ —ÿOÍÄ™J"" ≈`cz% πdÄ´ HOGãç ô`û YH#eè HOûzIÄ´ π≈`c{Ä´ ôıô™* OJ° xÅ dæGè é◊™* Re[ÕT ôHv|"" ππüz*z%è ®` ≈`c{Ä´è õè¬F c&H# æ¿O≈P{J (o÷J168H)ó H±x±#Ü ôO—x¨ æ|ÜWY¨ ôT◊ä ¢äó õTä x±#á xØH# ûO ôo[v ô`°äñ ô`°ä ôTÜ èƒ| èez*z ±ôo[xû Häñ Ë≈nä πüz*| vH#å z®ûıäñ zÔXMñ wM`æäó wM`æä õeO ôèz ¢èû v´K#≈ TõOä"" ! x±# üWH÷ã| v±&º´ J° æÔH”v{Jó «®√ÕÇè ûx±#´ Axz% õè√m[vñ ºm[x°Jèè π¿•ä| |èj —Á v[û|ñ» ππüz*| Ë≈nèñ «zmxHçJñ ¿e ævJFñ wM`ºÇè Gæ» vH#îó 23 «vÿm*z% π{Oè° GäDJç""» 22. TØ^w´ºè Encomium caelestium et terrestium æH#{Jó ¿^c&´ õ`”ÿ ô`û YH#e OGã ä´ó õé ”è õπz÷^÷`û# ≈`cz%è ûBH| y{ zÇÄ´ äv`ó Getatchew Haile, The Different Collections of NägÅ Hymns, pp. 16 and 72 õç EMML 2706, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. VII, pp. 100-7. 23. Tè‡ Rz,ë 25" 23" «OJüT ôèz v‘ {Rî ô—J“æ vÿm*z% {TäDJ""» page033-052 page 18 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 51 «®√ÕÇè ®√ÕÇè» wM`ºÇè» ô`°ä» ®√ÕÇè õç «wM`ºÇè wM`ºÇè xΩ πz[—:T£Ä´ «ô`°ä ô`°ä õç «wM`æä wM`æä» wM`æä v”Ø±# áx` çÄ´"" ”Ø±# HôR`ì´ ôæÔo≈H|T õèÃñ «πì ô`û (YH#e)» õç «πì (ôw) wM`æ» xΩ xz[—>RÄ´ Te÷&\ πQºOH°z´ BHz%è ¿^c&¨Ç OGã vævJÿ ”JÈ æGè äv["" æF ÿoe ºezR[è H+I´ ÷nQ |TF`| ô`û YH#e ûôw wM`æ vÚ| õè¿ê[ õçñ vÇH:{ æBè ®æT vAx| ôæ{®o õèÃñ ûõdÄ´ æJo õc# õè¿QvJÿ ä´"" GêT ô`û YH#eè û^dÄ´ ôxJ÷´ Oç—^Ä´ πôw wM`æ π|M|ç ôä“—` H&GèT æÇIJ"" ôw wM`æ æ§èè ≈`c| ¿`c´ c&¤`c# OÄ õè¿¿[c#| v±&º´ π”ÿT eJ| õè¬F c&H# ä”[´çJ (o÷J 184A)ó õT—≈H o¡dè x±#Üè ôez“xô# ÁKız eè°d` |ü|ñ v{eØ )®^ ÆOz v#\üè cRØ|"" ®õT≈á[ ÆY` )®WId Tõ|ñ õTôoRK ≥û# eè°d` mcTû# vv èez*|ó õeO H±Oèπ ô&YFJ| mäº Aû+|"" ! ÿè| πeè°d` ÁKÚ¨Ç (eè°d\è) ûx±# o¡dè —≈Jñ v960 πzw[û# cRØ{| ÆO| cvcv#|"" û1300 ÆO| (ÆOz cRØ{|) vâI ¿”Uñ û±&F πeè°d` T`| vÿm*| vÿm*z% mcTû#ó T°èºz%T æo`{ º◊Ç ±Oéè xÿxÿ —≥~{Jç"" eè°d\ v960 Æ. c. O¿[c# J° dæGè ôæm`Tó oÃ¨Ä% ”è x±# 24 wæ^ôT πzHºπ mè æc◊H# ôw wM`æ ºèã ôºæ±´ πä—\è õ`dÄ´ æFèè ≈`c{Ä´è π¿[c#v| ±Oè (1300 Æ. c.) 1576 Æ. T. OGãè ä´"" ôw wM`æ v±+çB H“I ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ ôè¡è dº´m%| ôè¡è ≠´m´| BH| |èv&| zç”[´ äv["" ≠´m´ πzç—\| |èv&| vMæ®| õºH# õè¿zÔÁO ä”[´çJ (°ıJ 2è zOJû|)"" BHzì´ |èv&| dº´m% πzç—\|ç vMæ®{Ä´ õºH# πRæÔÁO´ «HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ» (ûU|û# H+H:Ç {]û+è æÈÒ{J) ºH#| ä´"" H±&º |èv&| OÔÁQº 24. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, pp. xv-xvi. page033-052 page 19 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 52 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç πO O]º´ eHGèû#ç õä±&Fè OYOaÇ eHËıû#IÄ´ ^c+è õè¿ Ø≈Hì õπs÷`û#ñ ôw wM`æ º[Ô ®√ÕÄ´è c&ºäW# «IØH+B cIT» õè¿QH#| «cIT æ[ıwÄ´» õºJû#ç v#^û+ºÄ´è õπHOèû# H—&±+´ õcçv{Ä™HB"" page033-052 page 20 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 TØ^ı ! ±+çB H“I Jdã Hxõc& O≈H:z Jv#ç ´õz%ó HõO TH#õ ®MÎ#Ì ±æ|≠®o yz%"" ! OIe ä´ Jyç πQO±èv|ó PH# õè¿B —:¿H: πQ{®ov|"" ôw wM`æ page053-062 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πô&|øÂº {]° vôY^ e≈ezì´ °ıH ±Oè vQwH´ OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eHúaU¨Ç vcÚ´ πËÒ °v#` ô} æJR ¿_d"" (© copyright 2002 by Shimbera Kure Archives) page053-062 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 " O”v&º ±+çB H“I («π“I ±+ç») πQwH´è ôw wM`æ πËÒ|è πúaU ô‡` ±+ç H+H:Ç üèƒT BHz, ôÿèz´ ôd|O´{J"" ôBè õé vâI OÿÄ, õè¿—ç HRÿç|ç HRdzT ºcxû#v| ™ç´ T°èº| üBè vÚ| πz¿[—#| ÿç}Ç HôR`ì ôèwv&¨Ç vuèuÄ´ zz`—>O´ vá|O| vcÚ´ õè√Jzc^‹ñ ≈`cz% π{]° Tè‡ ûGäT ÿ_ |`—>T xÅ´è õè¿Rævn vRπz, ä´"" ±+çB H“Iè HO O]º —&±+ ûô`w ÆO| vÚ| üävxû#| Ta õè¿ ô&|øÂº™* π”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı °ıJ õèÃ πôè≈ ‘d {]° ô≈`—+ eIIπB| æ§èè ≈`c| Oäi vR≈[” ®æT vH+I T°èº| vúaU {]° Iæ πzHπ ®æT H+H:Ç w¿[—#| Iæ z¤R] ÿç| ôI¿[”BT"" ‘d¨Çèç ä—∆Çè äÿH: Rÿç| πé dæGè ûÛT HRT áx[zcw™* O™oaÇèç wFH:Çè πQO[T\ πôè|a˙H:Ãe}Ç Oe° ä´"" Hé πô&|øÂº {]° ºè≈ A—`ñ ºè≈ M≥xñ ºè≈ Oè”Y| ôè≈ {]° õèÃ ππ‘d´ ®æT «ππ°JH#» {]° ÿòT Gê ôæ{πîT"" πôw wM`æ ≈`c|T v&Gè õ¢ û{]°äz% Iæ ôz¢`è õèÃ {]° H&wJ πQ—w´ û÷oII´ ÿç{Ä´ éÿ ôè≈ °ıJ xÅ ä´ó H+I´ñ ¿^c&´T eHúaU¨Ç HOËı Tè õè√cìÄ´ —ç ≈`c{Ä´è c& T\ñ «πä—¡è πä—¡è tÿ`ñ c´è HO”¿J π|“z%è ä—`ñ π÷w∫è õèedä| HR®o ä´ ä´» xH´ OGãè õè¿ä—\èñ ôè|a˙H:Ã ä´"" «õè”ƒF õeû±&Ç cÆ| ≈[e ®¿z´ä´ ®¿v[æz%R ±+ç õèOHe» vRH| °ıJ 2è ôm%O´ ºeûzH#| °ıJ 3 õç «õè”¬F ®¿ “I´ ±+ç õèOHe» vRH| π O\| °ıJ @ ôè√ÇT {]° πHwÄ´T"" v±+çB H“I éÿ {]° v&ê`v| eH úaU¨Ç T`T^™* ÿç| c&Ëı H&{Hı πRæ—w Gê πz—í´ ä´"" πúaU {]°R õè¿ ô&|øÂº M≥xç Oè”Y| {]° v{]û ä—Yz% éÿ vcÚ´ zÈÛ<J"" ûcÚ´ wM` ôè≈ BH| TdH+ HO¤Hı ºFJñ ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J vûL¬´ wM` ä“j page053-062 page 3 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 56 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç æYKoç ey wO◊Ä´ z%`¢Ç Iæ ±T} æYKoè HOo◊|ñ z%`¢Çè ≤_ ô+`|^ õzwHÇ´ °ıH A—` éÿ πº±#|è T≈` HReHmo v1571 Æ. T. ®¿ cSè c&±T| û®{¿aÄ% éÿ «x±# 1 “H:Ç» õè¿äv\ ñ õè¿—ç ¿”U v1583 Æ. T. zOJf c&±T| 2 πŸ` ôHn´è ôem≈U πIû´ «ûx±# “I “^» õè¿äv[ ñ ÔIi¨Ç v1579 Æ. T. v—>hè O]ä| c&ºTÎ# «vŸ` πcH÷ã 3 “H:Ç» õè√±OzwÄ´ ñ ôÏ+ c#eèøe HOè—Y πÅH´ vO4 HOIÄ´ πúaU ®{¿aÇ ÖæJ õè¿Gä πzËÔ´ û{]û ä—Yz% éÿ õèÃ ôè¡T ±+çB H“I éÿ πHT"" ±+çB H“I éÿ ºH# {]°ä| ºIÄ´ O[Õ¨Ç ôx≤ïÄ% {]û ä—Yz% éÿ c&ê\ñ ôw wM`æ ±+çB H“I éÿ eHúaU áx[z cx O™o`ç ôez√¿` πQ—JÁ#Jè °ıH:Çç ôèmÍÇ õ±&º xç—ìÄ´ vm%èÈJ ä´"" 5 T°èºz% ”JÈ æOeHìJó æF H+I º H+I "" «±+ç» RH| «{]°» RH| xÅ ôæ¿HTó |Jm% H&o ôHn 6 û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ nH#è ®¿ ôR`ì c&z[—>P| ñ vm%Pó ≥ç ¤¨{ ®_ó πzwH πzä—[ nJó πßä πz¿[— Y^ó c´ ûc´ ôı ®æT ûOÈKı πQcR´ πQmvH´ õè”√ ä—`ó |èv&| xY^| exû|ó ¿áèä|ó O`∆ ®” {]° —≈Jó ¿x√v+ OJ°| πOcH´ §#H# æIH#"" «vm%P» RH| vôR`ìT õè¿ ”Ø±# º´ «±+ç» æGçJ RH| ä´"" O≥—v nIz%ç π±+çB H“I æ¥| õè¿QOc°\|ñ π±+çB H“I «±+ç» |`—>P «±+ç»ñ «eH» RH|T æGçJó eH±&F π≈`c{Ä´ `õe «π“I ±+ç»ñ ®æT «eH “I» zxH: v&z[—:T ¿^c&´ H&ºezT\è πÔH—#| Tè õè¿Gä v|°°J ”JÈ æGèJçJ"" ±+çB H“I v”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı z®√√] πH+H´ πôè|a˙H:Ã T`T^™* ≈`c| ä´"" ≈`cz%è ºävvñ «π±&F ÿç| ÁKÚ (πôw wM`æ) ô&|øÂº™*ä{Ä´ πRº÷^ÿ` ûGä πKz{ ±±`ô ºØpx ¿^c& (π±`ô ºØpx) ô&|øÂº™*ä| πQº÷^ÿ[´ vBHz% ¿^c&¨Ç OüûJ Tè π—:I J∫ä| {æ} ä´?» πQJ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. page053-062 page 4 Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), p. 67. õ±&º´ —. 129"" õ±&º´ —. 104"" Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 22ff. °v#` ô} æJR ƒ_d eHúaU HOËı ôev´ πÆY^ ôTezì´è Tõ| ÆO| πô&|øÂº {]° ôx[´ πËÒ| v±&B T°èº| æOeIJó æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]°"" û&®° —. 419"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I 57 ôeÄ“] ÿºm, ºäXJ"" π±Oã TB^è vÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ûz¿[c ûRèì´T A—` πT`T` ÈK#ı πQ÷xm%|è BH# ±+çB H“I éÿ ôº÷#|T"" ±+çB H“I «“I» eHQH´ ä—≈ ôe¿çm* O™o` õí*F H&o wæÈÒ| êa dæ{®o æm` äv`"" πôw wM`æè H+H:Ç ≈`c}Ç ºävv v±&F ôæ—[TT"" eH±&F ±+çB H“Iè |Jo ÿç|ñ |Jo Tè‡ñ |Jo oè ä´ xH: ^c#è ≈`cz%è Rdπz% æiIJ"" ±+çB H“I õçz% Oê` ôHOê\ ôæ{®oTó ”è dæ÷Û ôæm`T"" ≈`cz% ô‡` eHGä ôw wM`æ πËÒ| ûOÈKˆÅÄ´ wè¡ vw∆ o÷H:Ä% Iæ æGçJ"" v&—î º OÈKı c&—î ä´"" ≈`cz% 7 õeüBè vBH| PH# oœ z—î~J-- ôè¡ BL Or. 534 éÿ ûH+H:Ä% ≈`c}ÅÄ´ “^ zm≈} c&Gèñ BHzì´ äTd ˚&πç vQ—í´ π˚&πç v+z Oè”Y{™* v+z OËMı| éÿ tÿ` Aeth. 8 4 vzc÷´ —≈H ÚoŸ` éÿ vw∆ —ÍÄ% Iæ zm≈} æ—ìJ"" ûO O]º´ õeû 09äì´ °ıJ πO O]º¨Ä% OYOaÇ ≈[e π—:¿H´ tèÈJ oÃ v`H&è v+z OËMı| éÿ πO{®m*º tÿ` MS. orient. quart. 996 vzc÷´ πO≥P[ °è}e H+I oÃ 9 O¤[i Iæ æ—ìJ ó ûBL Or. 534 Iæ πzm√ æOeIJ"" πH:è∆ã õç π˚&πç´ oÃ¨Ç (BL Or. 534 õç Aeth. 4) ûı wH ¿[Õ æOdcIH#ó GêT ôæz™®m%T"" πzOdcH#| ôè¡ ûH+I´ v&m√ dæGè BHz%T üè≈ Tè‡ v&m¡ H&Gè æÇIJ"" ≈`cz% vzs÷\ °ıH:Ç zûÛıH: dHñ tÿaÄ%è π˚&πç´ oÃ c&cÿ πH:è∆ã ôæcÿT"" mÃ¨Ç x±# —&±+ õè¿Qº¿`—#|ñ π±&FT mœ vâI vmæ mHT H&UI´ ôey æGçJ y{´è °ı| |}{J"" ôw wM`æ v°ıJ m%ÿ` õè¿ûÛÔH#| ôº÷^ÿ`Tó ≈`c{Ä´è OJc´ πQ÷oc#| π°ıH#è m%ÿ` õπc÷# ä´ (°ıJ 02è õç 05è zOJû|)"" õä±&Fè oÃ¨Ç H±&F ÿç| e÷odÄ´ πO O]º´è «H:» (H:è∆è)ñ BHzì´è «˚&» (˚&πç)ñ fezì´è üeÔH— «v» (v`H&è) õºJû# ä´"" πH:è∆ãè oÃ jIæ§` πQwJ Òç™* ôÿè} ”Ø±#è 10 û Òèì |`—>P “^ v1893 Æ. õ. ôd|U{J "" jIæ§` 7. Or. 534, ff. 1a-3a, Wright, Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, p. 84 (col. 2). 8. Codex vindobonensis Palatinus, Aeth. 4, ff. 1b-2ab, 103a-104a, and 86b-88b, N. Rhodokanakis, “Die äthiopische Handschriften,” p. 69. 9. Ms. orient. quart. 996, ff. 164a-165a, Ernst Hammerschmidt und Veronika Six, Äthiopische Handschriften 1, p. 221. 10. Schleicher, Geschichte der Galla ±+çB " H“I "" page053-062 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 58 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ”Ø±#è ºdzO´ ûx^ç´ OÈKı Iæ õè√—í´ dæGè πc™e©è M” õπzûzH mÃ ºddz´ πOcH´è nJ Hc# |°°J vOcH´ vnH# H+I OJ° õπH®÷ ä´"" πH®◊Ä´ nI| π}Ä% õè¿Gãç HTèe õè¿H®◊Ä´ BH#èT v≥`≥` eHRºdæ õè£è õçz% ^c# πH:è∆ã oÃ Tè õè¿QOeJ ûjIæ§` á|O| HO[√| ôæÅJT"" ^c# jIæ§`T v&Gè «(dd|T) û”Ø±# ≈`c| Ú¿J 11 õè£è dJmæ` vOo√| ä´» RHz% vRæ—w ä´"" BHzìTñ πO O]º ÿç| eHGä ≤_ πRæ¿[—# x±# eMz}Ç ô≈`’J"" °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe ôè≈ —&±+ HY^ —#√æ üæa E¿´ dH ∆°z` P^≈ üQJ πjIæ§`è OÈKı ºdºÄ™J"" ºèè võÕÄ´ m≈z´ vzs÷\ ôèmÍÇ ûÛıH´ ûôR`ì |`—>RÄ´ “^ HRdzT v09)%9 Æ. T. ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ vQJ `õe º±“À{J12"" HTè 13 õè√IdzP| πQ{®o ä—` πHT "" v&{zT êa ”Ø≥ HRº´m% π{]° zR]¨Ç vÔÿê ¿^jä| ûı ºH ÿoT æcÿ äv["" πH&m% xI{ |`—>T ®¿ õè”H&≥ì ûzz[—:O´ BH# Jm| ôH´ v&wJ |`ı ôä“—` æGçJ"" —>√z% ûjIæ§` á|O| Iæ OGã ä´"" πá√” Rx^]ºÄ´T v◊T πzO÷ä ä´"" ô+ê H&|Rè πQwH´ Òç™* H&o v{®m´ πô&|øÂº Ø´m| ÇH:{´ vOzROèç jIæ§` ºIπ´è π˚&πç´è oœ vOº≥ vjIæ§` ÿç| Iæ H&{[P πQ—wÄ´è eMz}Ç ôÙñ H&{®m% πQ—wÄ´è vBHz% oœ¨Ç OüûJ ºH#|è J∫ä}Ç 14 ôdæ}ñ v1938 Æ. õ. ôè≈ O◊ÿı ôm[v "" ÿçz% ÷nQ Gê dH ôèwv& πjIæ§`è OÈKıç πô+ê H&|Rèè O◊ÿı BJ —&±+ ôx[´ eHRº—ìÄ´ πõ`Rz% ÿoT zmèf äv["" 11. “'Den äthiopischen Text habe ich bis auf die Orthographie unverändert viedergegeben...” õ±&º´ —. iv. 12. xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ñ EMML 3749. 13. ûc÷#| `õe HO÷`÷` v&Ôm≈ñ π±Oã dèc#` ôJÔm¿´ æGçJ"" πH+I c´ õœ vº±´ õ`de «“I» πQH´ eT zmèÛ<Jó «è—#XÇè» πQH´ nJ õπzÔH— «è—#Y» vQJ nJ zH´⁄Jó H+H:ÇT ôä“—aÇ zWTawÄ™J"" dèc#\è ºep÷#| õè¬F õè¬F ºH#| ûGä# Rx[Õ πRæ—îH| m%◊ äv`"" πxI{ OèÆ+ Ö±èñ ˘aÙc` ÆHS õhz, πvzä´ñ πéñ õä±&F fez% |`—>UÇ x±# y{ v&OdcH# ôºe¿èoT"" |`—>Tñ û{®mv| πCdx ÿºm, πOOHeè ºFJ wæOdcJT H&m^[x æÇIJ"" 14. Littmann, “Zu A. W. Schleicher's 'Geschichte der Galla',” pp. 389-400. page053-062 page 6 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I 59 vO¤[i ô&”ç±&ø —#æ¬ πQwH´ ô&◊Jº™* H&o Ç”\è vO—è±x BHz%è oÃ¨Ç ôezºæ}ç ôeRT} ”Ø±#è ûÔ[èdæì 15 |`—>P “^ v1907 Æ. õ. õè¿ ô¬e ôdzO´ "" π—#æ¬ Y^ πz◊^ eHGä û±&º ®¬F ”Ø±#è πäü´ πHT"" v±&F T°èº| ≤_ πjIæ§`è ÿç| ûRe{®e ôJˆ Hÿç| πQ÷oe zO^R] v&ê` πjIæ§`è eMz}Ç ºIπç ûjIæ§` vâI πGä´è ºJz[√ xÅ ä´"" ±+çB H“Iè H+H:ÇTñ vzHπ Rãô+J ôJS√ õç ™H&e wœ H≈`c{Ä´ z÷oO´v{J"" ôJS√ π®c¿´è v+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ πôJS√è ÷oII ≈`c| võè”H&≥ì z`—>O´ 16 v1954 Æ. õ. c&ºd|P ôx[´ ôd|O´{J "" ™H&e wœ ”Ø±#è ®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>U û|Jm% wHBH| oÈ πô&|øÂº {]° 17 OÈKÒ éÿ ôe—x}{J "" ≤_ πTØ^x ÁKÚ¨Çç vTØ^x ô—aÇ π|TF`| Yä Y`Æ| π{äÎ# H+H:ÇT eHúaU {]° c&ÈÒ æ§èè πôw wM`æè ≈`c| πQ÷oc#| ôx≤ì´è —&±+ v+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ ®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>O´ ûRãô+J ôJS√ |`—>RÄ´ “^ v1954 Æ. õ. —È 111-129 Iæ ºdzP|è ä´"" æ§èè πäv+û&è”DTè |`—>T 18 π˘aÙc` ÆHS ≈`œ|T ôw≥} ôc^‡}{J "" |`—>P ”è eMz| ôJw ôæ¿HT"" ûBHz% oÃ¨Ç (BL Or. 534 õç Aeth. 4) H+I eIJz—íç BHz%T ºH#| ûô&|øÂº ´› eHGä πôw wM`æè ≈`c| vA—^Çè |TF`| º¿—# ô&|øÂº´ºè {]° ÁKÚ¨Çñ vzHπT ô} ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eç ôHn {π —x[ R`ºTñ ôæz´| õè¿Gä jIæ§` ®æT —#æ¬ ®æT BHz%T ºdzVÄ´è OGè ôHv|"" πäjIæ§`è á|O|èT v&Gè Rπ{Ä´è OÈKˆÅÄ´ vRº÷^ÿ` Bé{ ôºd∫T"" æFè πôw wM`æ ≈`c| Há|O| dm`xñ v”Ø±# ô`|∞ [—≈ —#æ¬ üdzO´ πzHπ x±# m%T ä—` ôIO◊BT"" —#æ¬ ”Ø±#è ºdzO´ jIæ§` ºdzO´è HRezüûJ eHGä x±#¨Ä%è eMz}Ç ôezü°I;Ä™J"" ô&|øÂº™*´/ô+`|^™*´ H&o zıI wæ\ πô} ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eè π“Ièç πô&|øÂº Oè”Y| {]° 15. 16. 17. 18. page053-062 page 7 Guidi, Historia Gentis Galla, pp. 221-232. Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. 133-139. Wallis Budge, A History of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia, pp. 603-613. ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ «π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the Galla (Oromo) of Ethiopia by Bahrey.” Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 60 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç «π“Iç πh™ Oè”Y| {]°» vQJ eT H´Ÿç ûõè”H&≥ì |`—>P “^ v1987 Æ. õ. c&ºd|Tñ π—#æ¬è ÿ[| «(—#æ¬ πjIæ§`è á|O| õè¿—ç RdzP) H|TF`z% ÆHT πziH 19 á|O| HRo[x ôey OGã ä´» ºH´ π—#æ¬è πÿ[| —>JM ı_ Jx wæH´ ä´"" πjIæ§` OÈKı ≤_ vTB^è 20 πRæ÷mc´ π—#æ¬ ÿç| eIv÷H´ (eHi[´) ä´ "" π—#æ¬ π”Ø≥ á|O| πzOc—ä v&GèTñ õé õ±&F ºm[xû#| BHz%è oœ¨Ç ôezºæÄ, ^c+ π¿[eû#v|è ”Ø≥ ä´"" ûôR`ì´ |`—>S “^ ºdzTû#| πéè πôR`ì |`—>T πQºäx ûÔH— ”Ø±#èT vo`v# õè¬º—í´ vRcx ä´"" H”Ø±# OW[| º¿[”B| πH:è∆ãè oÃ c&Gè eMz| dæv| ®æ ®¿ ˚&πç´ oÃ õE√HB ®æT õé´ ôÒ™HB"" GêT º¿[”B|è H´ÿç H&H®ÿ c&—w´ vôè√Ç T°èº| ºJH®ÿB|è BH# vUI v”`—+ á√” ôdæÅHB"" æF πzHO¿ Y`Æ| ûOGãT vIæ πH:è∆ãç π˚&πç´ oœ¨Ç Tè õè¿QOeH# õ±&B HRπ| πQºeÇJ ±ƒ ä´"" ”è ôè≈ M” ÿiHB"" v±+çB H“I õç vT÷odÄ´ ”Ø≥ éÿ πQ{∫| äÿyÇ π^c+ õèÃ oÃ¨Ä% Iæ ºH#| ôæ¿H#T"" v±&º Iæ vBH| äÿx ôJz÷mTû#T"" eH úaUÇ πQä—[´è vO÷ãT v&Gè HReÛ| eJ üJ{zO´ ûôHn {π —x[ R`ºT |Jm% OÈKı éÿ vO÷ã m≈Ä, ôx_ ôd|S™HB (ôw] 1è zOJû|)"" BH#T wæGèñ x±#´ ô} ≠ÌS ûËÒ| “^ æOdcIJó πBHz%T TèfiÄ´ ôè≈ v&Gè ä´"" πôHn {π |Jm% OÈKÛÄ´ ôBè πQ—í´ ô&π\dH+T wH´ ƒ` eJ◊è vQwH´ πô&|øÂº —√T v+z OËMı| éÿ ä´"" πRæ°aÚJT oÃ´ JE692E vQJ O{®m*º tÿ` õé vTW^v| vo¡e øKèe ∫å˚èz* 21 (¢H+œ˚&Jñ Qåf{) æ—ìJó πz÷mTû#| vc# ä´ "" πô} ≠ÌS 19. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 66: “... supposedly with the intension of availing the academic world of a better edition.” 20. wæ\ zıI ûIæ π÷meû#|è πô+ê H&|Rèè õ`R| vz¤R] ôæ}ç z÷oUv| v&Gè êa v—#æ¬ ÿ[| Iæ õè¬F ºH nJ ôæç—`T äv["" 21. JE692E éÿ πôHn {πè eT OÈKÒè vm√´ c´ õœ zÈˆ ôI—íBv|Tó πm%T ÈMÔz% ´v|T ûôHn {π xØ` “^ ÔÈU ôæOdcJT"" {]û#è πËÒ| õdÄ´ HOGçÄ´ ”è ôè√è≈ Re[Õ¨Ç ôH#ó ôè¿ìñ ÁKÚ´ õé xH´ πz´|è H+I c´ {π πQJ eT ô°H:v{J"" BHzìñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]° πQwH´ OÈKÛÄ´ õè¿—ç v09)^4 Æ. T. c&{zT ˘aÙc` {¿c {T^| vËÔ´ Oo≈T éÿ —È 20-33 Iæ πzÄ´ æ§èè OÈKı OGã ”JÈ ä´"" fezìñ page053-062 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I 61 OÈKı oœ vOY]º v+z, v&ê`T πz÷mTû#v| ∆°z` wæ\ 22 zıI wdzO´ v¯]c# oÃ ä´ "" ±+çB H“Iè ôR`ì HQºäv# z`—>S ôR`ì´è ûä”Ø±# HRo[x ûzäXB vâI õè”H&≥ìT π¤O`û#v| TçJw| æ§èèç πäv+û&è”DTè πõè”H&≥ì OÈKı πQºäv# c¨Ç πzHº∫ õè¿QGã vO—O| ä´"" GêTñ BHz%T ®—êÇ BHz%èT |`—>UÇ v&ºäv# ÿoT õèÃ —#√| πH´Tó T°èºz%T πäv+û&è”DT õè”H&≥ì ´v| πé õè”H&≥ì H”Ø±# o`v| 23 æ{æwÄ™J "" v±&F z¿“”U v{zO´ ô‡\ OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eH ä—¿ “I õç eH ä—¿ õç]º πzËÔ´ O÷ã OHezì v&GèTñ ºH´ ûJE692E éÿ ûm√B| “^ nJ vnJ æOdcIJó ô^zìñ ôè≈ H:_è≥ πèeè πQwJ Òç™* ¬˘H:R| ôHn {π v`H&è väv\v| —&±+ ôx[´| HW\| H˘aÙc` Q|˛¶ vÀIæ 11 mè 1910 Æ. õ. v Òèì ûô¬e ôvw vËÔ´ ¿x√v+ éÿñ «ôHn {π æÛ” çÄ´ñ v◊T π{OP æOeIJ"" |Jm%è π{]° OÈKÛÄ´è ÈÔ´ HO¤[e °[T| c&®◊ ®¿±&F zOJc´ æO◊H# æwIJ» æIJó Edward Ullendorff, Studia Aethiopica et Semitica, p. 155-6. 22. π¯]c# πô} ≠ÌS π“I {]° oÃ vRæ°aÚJT zäY} õé vTW^v| ∫å˚èz* v+z OËMı|T vO{®m*º tÿ` EMML 1517 zO≥”y æ—ìJ"" H+H:Ä% EMML 2393 õç û˘aÙc` Oeıè ®J¿ R`ºT π”J oœ πzäX´ çÄ´"" π¯]c#è oÃ vü{H:” π—HÁ´ ez,Ûè e|_Jc&è c&Gè õ±&F ºH´è π—HÁ´ ∆/` ™*JºT RûTv` ä´"" wæ\ zıI eH±&F oÃ c&Èıñ «πQºe—Ò´ ez,Ûè e|_Jc&èç —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ OÈKÒè ü{H:” c&º¿`—# æFèè (vé÷# ºH´è) O≤äı Jx dæH#| Oo[{Ä´ ä´» c&J πéè eT RÿÛz% vRæ—w ä´ó Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis, p. 59. EMML 1517è Rè ü{H:” õè√¿[—´ vü{H:—# éÿ z—JË;Jó Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. V, pp. xi and 19. 23. πv+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ õè”H&≥ì PH# vPH# ”Ø±#è πzO[û:± ôæ¿HT"" ®¿ ”Ø±# πQE¡| û—#æ¬ Ô[èdæìç ûjIæ§` Òèì éÿ ”JÈ ºJGä ä—` c&º“ÿRÄ´ æOeIJ"" v±&º Iæ π˚&πç´ oÃ Oê\è Jx ôIH#|T"" page053-062 page 9 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æè ±+çB H“I ôezü°H: ºdzO ô&”ç±&ø —>æ¬"" (û Ignazio Guidi, Il “Fetha Nagast” o “Legislazione dei Re”, 1936) page053-062 page 10 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ! ”Ø±# (* πQºOH°z´ πá√” Re{®i´è Oäi ä´"" «H:» πH:è∆ãèñ «˚&» π˚&πç´è oÃó «H:˚&» BHz%T oÃ¨Ç πzcRPv|è ºOH°{H#"") ®÷èû# õÈKı1 ±+çB H“I ûO ôõT` Ö>Js2 ä—¡ ®”x[ |“B Hmz*H äıd| ®zôèefz ”Ø±#"" ®HõOy ±æxHå HTè| ÁKÔ ±+çB Hõû#æ ûO ±+ç Wçºèñ ô—xõ H:z% zWÿ¨ ®õxH:ñ áYY éz OËMı| ®|`ôæ ûO zÈMÔ ±+çB HOKO≈ ®±+ç ä—Y}P HzèvI| õè± Î` Hä õPèz% vDæRê|"" ®—&ø`—&eå ®J¿ ôQ≈ ÁKÔ ±+çGP Hä—Yz ô T ≥è—#Æè ±´õ}P õH ôı]∆è ®üJôåGP ä—Yz Ûè ®æcTæ¨P v≥èz% ±Oè fÚ"" °ıJ 13 æv+ vÆH OÈKı “Ic4 ®Ìô õTØ^x ®ô¿® õTÔH— xK+\ 5 ±æxJ¨ —Hç Öv ÈèÔ wH& vO™ØH KÏ+ ®ç” c—≈"" ®°Jô+z% ä—≈ ´õz% ±æcO∫ v[æz%R ®y[è"" ®®H¿ v[æz%R e≈ez ´H#¿"" vû=\ æcOæ û[∫ó 6 ®√”T O[™ ó ®XJe ô&z%ó ®^xØ ôûÄ%ó ®ÜTe ®[è÷&ió ®d≈e BTvç"" 7 ®Hy[è æcOæ ôv#GP c„&^"" ®c„&^ ®H∆ H√¤ó ®√¤ ®H∆ HOfi"" ®Ofi ®H∆P H√ôH+ ®HÃ√"" ®°Jô+GP ôÜ´ ®H¡ x±#Üä ôè“¿ñ ±´õ}P ´H#¿ 8 ¿ôH+ G¢ñ ®√”T ‡H+ñ ®XJe úy ñ ®^xØ c#w"" ®Ã√ 9 10 ®H∆P HKü¢ vû=\ñ ®H—>≈\ üJô#ñ ®HH&vè XJc#"" 1. 2. 3. 4. page063-074 page 1 H: õÈMı"" ˚& Ö#»"" H: w∆ y{ æz™J õèÃ õè¿ ˚& °ıH:Ä% è ç tÿ^Ä´è ôæÈıT"" ˚& »e "" 5. ˚& —Iç"" 6. ˚& O[¨"" 7. ˚& æe»"" 8. ˚& ôy"" 9. ˚& ®H—#»"" 10. ˚& »yè"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 64 ®üØv ®H∆P √¤ H√‡ ®cOøP11 veO ±&ôBñ ®H¢ê ®HvÉ ®HœH+"" 12 ®õH#å ®H¡ ôè“¿ x±#Üä"" ®≥´õz% ôeRz*GPó ¿m*m vÉñ ≠#\ ®ô&H#"" ®¿m*m √‡ñ f∆ ôy “Iè"" ®´H#¿ 13 10 ¢êñ coco H&vè "" ®´H#¿ œH+ñ ô+I ôy ®Jô&e"" õH# û=H:P æcO∫ z%HR õeO x±#Üè õPèz%"" ®¢ã 14 æÎxô# áv#["" ®õT≈á[ —>è¡æ O™ØJ z“ô±# ®zÔJ÷# vvæçz*GP vûO zÔJ÷# ôx`DT ®H:ÿ fv v≥Ü õèedGP 15 õeû zvAH# è|ÔHÿ õO ô¢ ôèz πRä ®ôä Î“O"" ®õO ô¢ 16 ôä πRä ®ôèz Î“O"" ®¢ä vûO ¢ä"" 17 18 ®üØv ä—¿ √ôH+ °Jô+z%ñ ±´õ}P ‡H+ ®G¢ñ ®Æ¬ 19 °Jô+GP ä—¿ œ√ñ H&vè ®—>≈\ ñ zÔJ÷# õTôÜ™*GP 20 ®zcäô© ®zcT∫ ôı_ v±Oä H#w ±æcTø y[è ôTv&dó 21 ®v`z%R æcTø awH+"" ®üØv zcäô© Kü¢ ®J¿ œ√ ®¿m*m ¿ôH+ ôy ®c#wñ ®zcT∫ c¿Å v±Oä H#w ±æcOæ v&ÒŒ"" ®õH#C ®H¡ x±#Üä ôè“¿ ®≥ôeRz*GPó 22 ´H#¿ ‡H+ñ —IT ®y " ®´H#¿ G¢ñ û&[U õP\ Ã√ó ®´H#¿ H&vèñ ™H&f û={™, ôTΩó 23 ®´H#¿ —>≈\ ñ c&`w OH:J ¤[nó ®ä—¿ Kü¢ñ ôy K`c# H&Pó ®ä—¿ c#wñ K—Hwy ‹^ó ®ä—¿ ôyñ cø ôyê z%Tô+ H+n"" ®õH# û=H:P fv zÛm\ æcO∫ Ofi"" ®fv zÏJô# æ|vAH# 24 ôı_ ®c¿Å"" ®HõO û=H:P Üx\ TeH z%HR æcO∫ c„&^ "" 25 ®y[èC ®H¿ ÆW`z ®°Jô+z ¿m*m"" vû=\ √¤ñ 26 ®√”T œH+ñ ®XJe ¢êñ ®^xØ vÉó õH# æcO∫ z%HR ó 11. ˚& ®eOø "" 12. ˚& ®≥ ´õz%"" 13. ˚& doeo"" 14. ˚& —#»"" 15. zw» HRH|"" 16. H: ®ôä"" 17. ˚& ®û»"" 18. H: ¿»"" page063-074 page 2 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. ˚& ®—#»"" ˚& »e»"" ˚& æd»"" ˚& ôy"" ˚& —#»"" ˚& d„+^"" ˚& ®y[è C"" ˚& |H#R"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - ”Ø±# 65 ÜTe Aü¢ñ d≈e úyñ ®dxØ c#wó õH# æcO∫27 c¿Åó dTè 28 29 ‡H+ñ {eØ H&vèñ ®ÆY` —>≈\ ñ ôW`z% ®ôK¡ G¢ó õH# 27 æcO∫ ôı_"" °ıJ 2 30 31 ®√™, ±ôÿıö *Hvÿ[ ôU^ õTcxô y[è ´õz%"" ®y ±æv+ 32 33 õTüJõ [ûv T°èºz võèz zÏxúz% TeH y[è"" ≥èz%c ±+ç 34 π™F ñ ®ô&¢ä È≈m"" ®O÷æoc æxJ ôO ®Ìô# õTA—aP ô¢ û=H:P ±®Ìô#ó ôI z`Ô ±Ôm¿ñ ®®Ìô ±Ôm¿ó õeO ôJy õ”±&ô ±æô+≥¥ñ ôI ±ô¿U Jv# æ—x`"" 35 ®õH# ±z`Ò õTy[è ®Ìô# õTA—aP vıêz !^ "" 36 ®O[¿ yP Ûc&Jó ®mzJ¨ "" ®ôSD ®÷ä √™, Îv&ô °èz*ºè"" 37 ®ôSD zävπ ÁKÙ ≥èz% {]° õè± æxJñ õÔ`G Hm{H+ Ûc&Jó õeO ÿØO ¿O °èz*ºèó ®´õz% ôÿıúP 38 39 Hvÿ^ ôU^ ®®œ"" ®¢ä vûO nH#ó õeO OèÔc |èv&| ô&æ`Mo õTüFç|"" ®H≥èz% äv&æ c¿∆ √™, ®ôÿıô A—a ±—U ®RF[û û=H: ±ôÿ[π"" è”wõû+ Öv ±+ç v[æz%R ±Ü¿”çB õeû≤ —&±+"" °ıJ 3 ®®H¿ û[∫ e≈ez ´H#¿"" ®¢ã ôè“¿ x±#Üä ®ÜºIä"" 40 41 m√QGP H&vèñ ®√”T ®H:ñ ®XJe œH+ ñ ®^xØ úyñ ®LTe c#wñ ®d≈e vIõ"" ®®H¿ ®H: e≈ez ´H#¿ñ ±´õ}P ®[ v#¢ñ ®[ 42 —>^õ ñ ®[ êH+ô+H#ó õH# AH© veO ®H:ó ®[ û[∫ñ ®[ ô&H#ñ ®[ êH+ôH&ó õH#C 3 æcO∫ c¿Å"" ®zÔJŸ}Pc õTôO mzJ¨ HôyH&"" ®æõ±+ —x\ Ø`m vIØH+äñ zcüz∫ñ ®züπ¡"" 34. ˚& ˚& æe»"" 35. ˚& ˚& {cØ"" ˚& —#»"" 36. ˚& «ıö HRH| "" 37. ˚& ˚& Hvÿ^T^"" 38. ˚& «[û&y»ñ ®æT «®´õz% [ûv»ñ 39. H: ®æT »®±æv+ õTüJõ [ûv» 40. H: HRH|"" 41. ˚& 33. ˚& ≥èz% c"" 42. ˚& 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. page063-074 page 3 ´õz%è æ¤T^J"" û+^ñ EMML 7109 £^"" ®mz¨"" ÁKÔ"" T^"" |Øv&|"" ®d≈e"" H+"" —#^Ø"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 66 °ıJ 4 ®O[™ ôº ®H∆P Hôç ®H≠#\ ®Hôv÷&"" ®ûRB v≥Ö# 43 44 ¿m*pP ó ®¢ã ôè“¿ x±#Üäó ®æcO∫ ¿m*pP ®¿m*m ôeRz*GP vvä—∆P"" 45 ®ô&õ”±&ô ûO üJõ46 M≥x õH47 ®ôJyP è—#W æ|ô+±±# HH#w õeû 8 ÆO|"" ®≈á[ 8 ÆO| æWπT48 üJõ H#w ®æcÆ` m√R™*"" ûO≥ æ—x\ vv±Oã"" ®xCH H#wc ±z—≥\ v1 ±Oè"" ®Y`≠z ”≥[}Pc ûO≥ ´õz%ó õeO fv æW≠` H#w º®Ìô# eO H`õfP û=H:P 27 v`z%R ®y[èñ vûO æcO∫ K^ è—#Y YH#e ÜæH+ v≈J ÎKæ ®—&ø`—&e ÜæH+"" °ıJ 5 49 27 ®ûRB ±z—≥[ ôO ®÷ä Îv&ú{ HwH& æcOæ SJwM"" 50 ®eO ôv#B ô&πôT` õeO ôJy ±æä”[å"" °ıJ 6 51 ®√”Ræ H#w zcTπ P¿ç"" ®´õz% ±Æ¿® ÔH— ®v&"" ®H≥èz%å œvç eO ôv#B"" °ıJ 7 ®XJe H#w zcTπ û&H:H+"" ®´õz% ÎxúP HsIz ¿™a ±ûO ô¿J Ox[o ®±sIz*D"" °ıJ 8 30 ®^xØ H#w zcTπ v&ˆH+"" ®´õz% ±ôÿıô H¿™a vTJÆ"" ®®÷ä zÏxúz Ô÷“`"" ®®÷ä Ï+´¨z cxõó ®[cøP ô”x`zó ®cOøP —v`"" ®®÷ä c|π ¢Z"" m√R´ºèc H#w ±±û`çGP æm|H# cxô 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. page063-074 page 4 ˚& »m,m"" ˚& ¿m,»"" ˚& »Y"" ˚& üJôè"" «ôI» ®æT «õH æ|ô+±±# ôI» HRH|"" 48. 49. 50. 51. H: ˚& ˚& ˚& æcOæ"" »±["" »Bc "" ze»"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - ”Ø±# 67 zwØz ®ôèezó ®æm|H# ôı^c52 ®ôxoJz"" ®ô&º|[Ò53 54 55 ±õèvH ôw”≠ ®ô◊H+ ®ôJFTz "" ®ô&æm|H# vO≈Üå| ô`™, û`ZPó ôI æ´M≥ vôtºÁ&GP ûO õèed"" °ıJ 9 ®ÜTe H#w zcTπ TeH+"" ´õz% ±mzH: H∂è ôU^"" ®zÏxú 56 HKOJRJ v¿‘ "" ®ôÿıúP Hû=H:P ôF—#^|ó ®zWJ÷ IØH+Gèó ®yô TeH õèedB"" ®m¿T|c “I ¢ä æÏwõ ®Ï&ú õT®v& ®æ|Oπÿ Fπ"" 57 ®û&ºB Îxô# è—#Yä ôÈçı c—≈ zèX&úP õTÆX 58 ±äx"" ®ôO æ®`≈ ã` A—a õT≈á[ "±—x[ —x[ ´õz% z^ûy vo\v59 Ö±H: ®mzH Ox≥áz W^™*z% ±ôJy Ö>Js"" ®õTôO ®Ìô “I A—`ä ôJy ±Uz% ±ûO Uz% ôSD"" 60 ®õTW^™*z ô´X ±AH®ä è≥°aP v—&±+B æv≥Ö# W^™*z ã` ±zm|H# ôSD"" õeO Ô¿øP õ”±&ôxK+` vmH ¿UP 61 Hô”x`z*B ±ûÆ© vOœ "" ®≥èz% TeH+ ®÷ä zÌØê Ô[e ®voJ ±ô&¢ä õTo≈SBñ õeû æv+H:P HH#w ±m¿T¨ó HõH ¢ã πK´\ v2 ®3 õ”` [cæ°¨P æN\ v4 õ”`"" ®xCH:z%c v3 õ”` võèz ±æ|O[—:±# û@ç}P fv ¿°P vıê|"" °ıJ 0 ®ÜTez%c H#w õH ±û`çGP û:äã $ ÆOzó ®ô&z—≥\ ´H#∆P"" ®äv\ õè± æ®”\ sIÛè ´H#¿ ®ô™J¿ó õeO ûO≥ M‘P"" 62 ®fv z—≥\ πKÌã ´J¿"" ®Hô™J≈c Æ¬ æ®”`¨è õeû 2 ®3 ÆO| õT≈á[ z—≥\"" °ıJ 01 63 ®õT≈á[ 5 H#w z—≥\ ´H#¡ HSJwM"" ®zcT∫ K`PÛ"" ®´õz% mzH:P H—&ø`—&e ÜæH+ vm‡ê"" ®y[èC æcTø ¡H#"" 64 65 66 ´õz% ±ôÿıúP H—í ®Hôè—:| ®HôTK^"" 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. page063-074 page 5 ˚& »e"" ˚& ®ô&ºz`Ò"" H: ˚& »Ø"" ˚& »T|"" ˚& ”JÈ ôæ¿HT"" H: ÆX"" ˚& —x[ ±—x["" ˚& vo\v#"" 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. ˚& è±ûaP"" EMML 7109 vO∑"" ˚& ®ô™J≈ c"" ˚& ”JÈ ôæ¿HT"" H: »ôP"" ˚& »î "" ˚& »‘|"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 68 ´õz% ±®÷ä Îv&úz67 v—+T≈`68"" ®K`PÛ ±v`z%R 69 Îxú Hv—+T≈` ó ®mzH: H™ü õÖ#B HK`y"" ®ôSD ävv 70 Hc&√R õH æHxc# wM[ K`PÛ nH |Øæ`| ó ®æv+"" ôÈ¿ı°¨P wM["" °ıJ 02 71 ®õT≈á[ 8 ÆO| zYØ[ K`PÛ ®zcæO awH+ ®J¿ 72 73 74 P¿çñ ±zÈMÔ eP v°ıJ e≈ez% "" ´õz% ±ôÿÛô Hh™"" 75 ®®÷ä Îv&ú{ H—:∂T "" 76 77 ®H:z% Îxõ¨ KÏ+—+ v≥™æ"" ®mzH# x±#Üä õTéB ó 78 79 ®Rá[û# ôJFTz*B ®¢ã x±#Üè ôxØJz õTä ´õz% TF`ü"" 80 ®´õz% mzH: Hô≥RÄ* ±`ô øKèe `õc O£èè| IØH+B cIT"" ®v´õz% O™ØJ ¢ä fH& ®v&√a ô&II vä—¿ c#w ±y[è"" 81 v5 ÆO| Îxõ¨ KÏ+—+ HawH+ ±ôv÷& ®õT≈á[≥ 82 v®æç ¿”Æ ®mzJ¨ õèvH ô|`ˆ"" y±æv+ z`Ò ±æv≥Ö# õT0 ®vÈK# A—aP H±+ç"" °ıJ 03 74 ®õT≈á[ 8 ÆO| zWæO v&ÒŒ ®J¿ û&H:H+ ±ôÿıô H¿™a"" ®≥èz% v&ÒŒ ±y[è —x[ ®J{ ±ôä√ IFT O÷ä pPó ®ÎxúP HRº cxô me|ó ®UúP fv Üÿô# ±æä≈ı¨ó 83 õeO z®Jz® ôä√ IFT æv#c"" 84 ®ÆÈôp Hô≥RÄ* ¿Ö[‘| OJôû ÖæH# Hè—#Y ó 85 86 ®mzH:P HõH ±+çæ ®®ÆJºåB "" o≈Oc ¢ä æO´ú x±#Ü 87 —&±+"" wMz% vÔn¿ õ”±&ôxK+` ¢ä võèz ±ô&zÔÁO Ø√GP 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. page063-074 page 6 H: »z%"" ˚& v—+ T≈`"" ˚& Hv+—+ T≈`"" ˚& »æè|"" ˚& ®õTá["" H: ®z»"" ˚& 7"" »ö HRH|"" ˚& H‘»"" ˚& »|H#"" ˚& »åB"" 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. ˚& »z"" H: »ä"" H: »Ä"" H: »["" ±ô&æ»? ˚& »´"" ˚& Iè»"" H: BHzì´ ® ”JÈ ôæ¿HTó ˚& ®ÆJ»"" 86. ˚& »e"" 87. ˚& Ø√√»"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - ”Ø±# 69 H°èz*ºèó zUô O™ô&ñ ®ôÿıö Hô`õí88 A—[ X&Oz%"" ®mzH:P HõH “} ®v|a ®v≈H: ®ÆT∆ ®üJôåGP"" ®¢ã 89 v≈® õH# 2 ôF—#` ±û=H:P ä√ºè æxØH# vÖv+GP"" ®v&ÒŒ ±v`z%R Îxö H¿Txº ®mzH: HôyH& 90 õT±O¿ Oè”Y|ó ®HWT[ ôx wM` ä“j ®üJôåB"" ®≥èz% ¢ä Öv ô&AH© è—#Yä ±ÜºJ vT”waP ®÷v&x vT°aP"" fvc äv\ v¿Txº õTvÈN Hv&ÒŒ ±vÈN HawH+"" wMz% ûO æû#è O™*õ vzw`ø ô`|Æ õ”±&ôxK+` ıê}P Hè—#Yä Öv √U|"" ®[ûv# O™*ô Öv N\ó ®zO´ô# O£èè| Öv ô&AH©"" °ıJ 04 91 ®v&ÒŒ ±y[è Æ—{ HT≈[ √U|"" ®Ï+®® cxô ®õèed fv [ûw HA—` õè± ôJy ±º≈áè ®±æwJM"" ®ôSD ¢ä ¿œ ô≥RÄ* Æey"" ®zRû[ TeH ôÖ™*B"" 92 æ|üÔJ ®ôez“xô W^™*zó ®ƒ—ê"" ®vÈK Öv AH® 93 TF`üB"" ®Æ—|¨ á\ºè ®OezÌõçè vOeHe| ó ≥xCJ Æ—}P v3 ô´^]"" ®—:π “Iñ ®zm|H"" ®Ox≥áz% zÜxô# éz vÆ| eÒM"" ®ôez“xô ØÎ®ó 94 ®ôè¿¿ éz ôÔ vÆ|"" ®x±#Üè ®Ìô# õTı`Dz õd|ó 95 ®zôe\ó õeû ôTÈô# H:z% ®®Ax¨ H®J¿ Oè”Y| ±zÏ+®® 96 97 TeH x±#Üè Ï&´™è"" ®HõH Uz% Oz\ ô`õez*GP ó ®v≥Ü 98 õTÖ>Jt ó ®Æmv A—a"" ®õT≈á[≥ õeû ôO πÜJı O™ØH Øx_z% Hv&ÒŒ ®õ¿ õ”≥ôxK+` Æ¬D JØJ| ®õeû Æ¬ ô&zÔÁO Ø√¨P 99 H°èz*ºè"" õOå zÆmv# vO™ØH v&ÒŒ AH® º÷ıúP ¿Ü^æ100 H#w ±è±+°a ≈á[ v—Á Oüã"" °ıJ 05 ®õT≥ zYØ[ v&ÒŒ ®zWæO PJô{ ®J¿ v&ˆH+"" ®—x[ ¡I—#} v—:∂T"" ®ıü_B H¡I—#} Áxô —>|º ´õz%"" õeO “I 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. page063-074 page 7 ˚& »ÿ æOeIJ"" H: πH´T"" ˚& »["" ˚& »dd"" ˚& AI®"" ˚& »Je|"" ˚& »|"" 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. ˚& »¢"" ˚& »["" ˚& õ`»"" ˚& »Ö#»"" ºÿ»? ˚& √á^æ"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 70 fv z—≥\ v1 ±Oè º®Ìõ eO H`õc# vûO èv+ v`õc °ıJ 4 "" 101 m¿Tz%"" HõO mzH cxô ®æÎxõ ôK¿ A—[ ±ô&Îxõ¨ ®ô^™*z Æv&ºä æ|IÁæ û=H: `õfó ®πÜ≈” èez*z YØ`z 102 ≈RB"" ®±ô&mzHc ô&æ|IÁæ õeû æ|Oä¿x vRõûH 103 voRJ"" ®võèz≥ æz”F Hmz*H:|ä"" ®v´õz% O™ØJ Oû\ KÏ+—+ ûO æN\ T≈[ √U|"" ®õè± AH© vıê| cT≠# ûO Îxô “I T≈[ —:∂Tñ ®ûO ≠`—# õUP è”Y| ¿x[ ôx`DT æÎ®ã Fπ"" ®™,±a z´√√ õáz ôv™*GP ä—Y{| ôÈçı c—≈ ®ô≈Re c—≈ IØH+GP cIT"" ®fv vÈK Öv+GP “I ”xz v—&±+ ô&|Ü±x¨ ¿è—Î# û=H:P cxô A—`ó ®z±`© W^™*}P"" 104 ±æJFo zÜπH IØH “I õH m`v# Öv ØPó ®®J∆Pc 105 c¿∆P ñ õeO ®_≤ ´õz% ®æ|™,¿e vÜæH#"" ®zOæ÷ ®ôÖ± õ¿ õP ®ôØ[‘P Öv ¿x` ä™á ±eP œvI"" 106 ®KÏ+—+c Ö¿—# ıê}P ®zOæ÷# v—>—>Æ Öv AH: “Ió ®yô# TeH W^™*|"" ®Ü¿—# Y`≠z ôv™*GP ä—Y{|ó õeO ¢ä JR∆P fv ævÈK# Öv Îxõ æÙè© Oezn|Iä ®æm´P TeH á\ºè cxô ôıê ®õ”`ó æ™,≈e¨ H±v¿[ ®æ!èè¨ 107 H±z≈á[ "" ôSDc m¿P è—#Yä õTÜºIè ®zÜπH#"" ®fv `õ∫ 108 õèvH ±èz W^™*| aÁ#ó ®zô`®∫ IØH “I"" ®mzH# û=H: 109 cxô A—` ô|`ˆ"" ®Ox≥áz% zäÈK éz Á≈ı õeû ¢ä ®Oez—x^è æm|J¨P vÖv [ûv#"" 110 ®ô±±# ûO æT|\ ô`õez*GP H“H:Ä "" ®OJô éz ô∆^ñ ±´õz% Oüè eÒM"" 111 õTä ô≈w^| ®ô´[≈¨P Hô&z,—+ ®H™,±a z,¨√√ ±¢ã éz,z%"" ®zmvJ¨P v°x`"" ®fv `õ∫ x≥àP Hô`õez Î` õH zO|\ zÔYK# Æv&π ıYK"" ®ôõû:|¨ Hõ”±&ôxK+` ±X+O OèÔc O™*õ IØH Oc&K#"" 112 “I S÷# H:P HõH ®ôJFT|c ±ôè—Ò õTõ¿ zRá[û#"" 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. page063-074 page 8 ˚& ˚& H: ˚& H: ˚& ±æÎ»"" »I"" æ|»"" ®´»"" c¿¿∆P"" v—#—#ô"" 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. ˚& H± z≈»"" H: “H: "" ˚& ¢ã"" »Ç HRH|"" ˚& z,´»"" H: IØH"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - ”Ø±# 71 °ıJ 06 ®õT≈á[≥ Oû\ è—#Yä º`|≠# ıê}Pó õeO æ—x\ vûO KH∫ñ ®æÙÈP vûO ävv#"" ®N\ ®œ HÎv&ô “I "±eP √™,"" 113 ±≈á`"" ®cxõc æcTæ¨ √™, võèz ®“Ic æcTø “I ±ô≈®øP"" 114 Fπ õeO OcH:P ±æByP ®T°èºz K™*a}Pc cJÔñ ®ô&æ—:ææ"" ®fv vÈK# Öv æv+J¨P AH: ≥π Üÿõ¨ó ÖWW# ®ô&[ûv# Oüê"" ®fv Üÿô# TF`ü õèed™, ®Îxô Y“™, Oû\ ûO æÏxô# TeH cæ◊è ®æRF`û# õTéB äıdz ôM≤x"" Á´Ø¨P Hõç`º ®Hyi ®H‘O`"" ®æv+J¨P û#ã °èz*ºä"" ®¢ãó ®z÷Tm% ÿTmz °è|ç"" °ıJ 07 115 116 ®PJô{ ±®`≈ôº fv Îxô A—a Hê ®J¿ °è}e "" Uú ®ôè—Ô TF`üBó ®mzH x±#Ü õTéB"" ®HOèÔm% ƒ—êP õeû zäÈK# vÁ≈ı"" ®Æmv A—[ õeû æ|Oπ÷# KÏ+—+"" ®fv 117 [ûx™ HA—` Øoxz118 v|“B H®J¿ °è}e zOæ÷# KÏ+—+ 119 120 ®vzÏxúz%"" ®võèz≥ [cø õ”±&ô Hv+z% ®ôû:äê IØH û=H# Oè”Yz%"" °ıJ 08 ®PJô{ ±y[è ôÈKyP H°èz*ºè ±√U|ó ®±[¨P ®ôÿıô A—aP"" ®¢ã v≈® v±Oã T≈[ h™ ®√U|"" ®±ÁKıû#c TØ[ O™*úz “I ®TØ[ O™*ô °èz*ºè JR¿ OÈKı ´õz% ±æv+ øT Hû ®—+WT HüJõû"" ®O™*õå 121 H≥èz% ®—&±+122 H≥°z%"" ®±æO´õc û=H: —&±+ 1 |û´è —&±+ 123 —xô| éz õƒBó ®ôJy õ”±&ôxK+` ±IØH û=H#"" ®A—`c ±z`Ô"" 124 zÈMÔ ≥èz% OÈKı ¢ä 7 ÆOz X&Oz% ®õTôO 125 ®HX&O| HPJô{ ®J¿ v&ˆH+"" Æ¬GP ≈J™è Hz—≥a 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. page063-074 page 9 ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& H: ˚& πH´T"" »P c"" °fe"" Uô"" πH´T"" »vz"" ®ôû=»"" 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& H: û#H#"" —+±+ ®—+±+"" »e"" ®ôO"" Hz”»"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 72 ±¿m*m TeH+"" ®±æû´è v±OêP õTä ôÈwØ| ®m|J HõO Køû# õÈMˆ ≈á["" ®HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ ®±+ç H#w ±æOÈõ"" ®wMz% xÎ#Ø ±Uz õeO ôØ[Ô"" °ıJ 09 ®æ|ÜWW# RõT^è zÜYZz x±#Ü ®æxH# võˆ æO´ôä “I 126 õè± èMä x±#Üè ®x±#á è™π Îxõä"" yõH æv+H# ôxN 127 õ”±&ôxK+` võèz Ü÷&ô|ä"" ®y ±æv+ võèz zûıH:z cxõä 128 Öv Îxõ129 ®ô&πÜı\ Öv 0 Í{ó õTéGP 9 Í{ ô&æm`v# vı`D}P"" ®wMz% ÆY^æ Í{ æÏwõ ®æ|nzJ O÷ä z°FH:"" ®HõO x±#á Ö#Jtä ´Ö#√è õPèz% õH æ°H# zÏxúñ ®x±#Üè õH ô&æm`v# Öv Îxõ"" 1 õTéGP ä—¿ Oä¢d| õH ôJyP Ö#Js"" 130 vçõc# fv Ö+ÿ¨ Oä¢d| v—&±+ |TF`z% ûO y±æOäû=e 131 ≥èz% {]° ®õH ûRBó ®y ±æOäû=e130 õTı`Dz132 ÁKÙ Îxõ"" 133 üJõ ä—≈ æcO∫ ¿xz^ó æ|OA\ OËMız ®û=H: ”x[ °Fä|ó æ÷ıK# võ¿™*GP ®ºÈMc# võ—]GP"" ®ô&πÜı\ võèz ı`D}P"" ®æäYô# ô`ôº õTH+™´ºè ®õTüFç|ñ ±´õ}P ¿m*m ôaè"" XJe ä—≈ æcO∫ ∂è KÁç ®∂è OÆW_ó πÆov# 134 ı|K ®æ|Æmv# õTzÏxú"" 135 136 ^xØ ä—¿ ¿“ˆÄ* ±ôèe|º O£èè| ®™,≤≥`ñ õ¿´ ÜºIè ®®^±#| ÈãÆè ô&æm`v# Öv Îxõó ®æxH# ®ÆJºä ôèe| èMä"" 137 ®vÆH è|ó æûıH# ÜTe ä—≈ æcO∫ jR”H+ ®—±+ T≈aP HOez—x` ®æô+≥≥¨ó ®ô&πÜı\ võèz ı`D}P"" d≈e ä—≈ Oez—x^èó æ´ØH# Öv —^F| ®ôJyP KJø HzÏxú"" dxØ ä—≈ õH æ|vt≠# vä—&≈ ®æ[xK# H`õfP"" dTè ä—≈ ÷v&wè ±ûO äAx| ®ÁKı| ®cÛæºè 138 ®Î^xºè ®õH æOeJ¨P ó ô&πôT\ zÏxú"" 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. page063-074 page 10 ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& ˚& ôxK"" »H:|ä"" »o[v#"" cxõ"" »û#e"" »Ô"" »z*"" 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. ˚& H: H: ˚& H: ˚& ®û#H: "" Ô{K"" »Ä"" O!»"" ®—&±+"" æT»"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - ”Ø±# 73 {eØ Í{ ô≥RaÄ* ®vÆH mè¿ ûva ®vÆH v—ç õH æ_eæ¨ z”w[ Heô&J"" æw`°¨ H±®AyPó ®æBx¨ exKz 139 x÷#H ®´√c+ È\Æ"" ®HõOå [—T¨ H±ûJúP ô&æû´ã Ø√ õeO æxH# M— xä"" ®ä™Ü æ`ám% õTÎxõ"" ÆY^æ Í{ õH æõá±# û@çz ®®J{ ®õH æ°H# zÏxúó 140 ®æzJ© ôW[ è—#Y H[™*È"" ®võèz ´á¿}P HõH# ÷ıô| A—`ä"" H“Ic ôJy vÖv+B õTõH# 9 Í{ õH ±û`çGP"" 141 ®û=H:P TB^ä Îxõó õTèô#c# õeû Æv&∫"" võèz≥ º÷ıôä ®æm|Hä"" ®õHc æxH# æm|Hä v|õ≤± õ”±&ôxK+` äYô# T°èºz õTzO´úz ¿m*m õe^ô+J ®ÿıô}P võ¿ ä—Yz Ûè 142 Oã õTcôH143 ®wv&H:è"" ®æxH# õOc OezÏxõ æO´õ 144 [≈ô+z õTõ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#J"" ®õOå x±#á æO´ú H´Ö#≈ õT¢ä x÷#H nH OÈKı ±æv+ 1 ºä|∞P H0) ®°Jô+z% æc≈≈¨P HõJı"" ®HõO õPè nH:P HOez“Ø≤è m√R´ºè ô´ H¿Ü^´ºè ôè|P zôT\ úRõT^è"" °ıJ @ è”wõû+ Öv ±+çB H“I"" Hèô#e MÏç| æcTøP PfiØ"" ®HõH æJFm% æcTøP ô+JRè"" ®õTä õH#C õH æJFm% æcTøP —:`wõñ ±æ®ÿã zÏxú"" ®H®^±#| õH ô&z—≥\ æcTøP sè¿Iñ õH æ—x\ 145 cxô YØ`z `õfP ûO ‘^ ®æcTæ¨ ûHI"" ®HõO mzH# ®ä—+ ®ôèvd ®ô`™, K]e ®—:j æ|IÁ∫ èez*z YØ`z RõûH ≈RGP"" ®±ô&mzHc ô&æ|IÁæ"" "®HõH äYô# ôèez*º 146 ô&æ|IÁ∫ õO ô&mzH#"" 147 ®vO™ØH PJô{ vJ≠# —:h "" ®æv+H# õOc vIØçB IFT ´õz% ô&è|IÁæ `õcä "õO mzJçB"" ®OèÔpP æv+H# vnH |Øæ`| ô&è|IÁæ `õcä148 õO mzJçGP Hcxô h™ ®ôTK^ õeO ôJFT| äwxºè õPèz%ó ®ô&æ°H# zÏxú"" 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. page063-074 page 11 »êP HRH|"" H: v"" H: »õc#"" ˚& æ´õ"" ˚& »I"" 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. ˚& ˚& ˚& H: ˚& »|"" mzH: "" πH´T"" »j"" πH´T"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 74 ®û=H# “I õOå H#w ®õOå mè∆I149 ±ô&äYô# xõc&z æcO∫ m,a"" ®πÜ≈\ v1 v+|ñ m,a ±H#w TeH H#wñ ®±sè¿I TeH sè¿Ió ®m,a ±—v` TeH —v`"" 150 O÷ä @ cxõ õTéGP Hc]K csIó ®æWæP ®æcTæ¨P ô `z%"" Æ¬ æWæT¨P H÷v&K ôJFT| ®æWO∫ mJ{"" 151 2 cxô õH æ÷xc# Y“ ®æO|\ ®üØv æcO∫ 152 ®æBv# Hû=H# Ø\π vvT{`ó ®æxJ¨P ™–"" 153 ®üØv æWæP 5 Ø¿® HKH&v ®|®| õTôJFTz û=H#ó ®eUP KHx∆"" Æ¬ æWæP 2 Hm¬K ®|®|ó ®æBv# HH1 1 vOeÔ`|ó ®eUP ÿÖ&}"" 154 7 cxô Hôõ|¨ ôJFT|ó ®πÜYW# ®üØv æWæP ±÷ıôó ®eUP v`w∆"" 155 ûO æ—YÁ# ®Æ¬ πÜ`∫ 2 õTéGP ®æWæT¨P 156 Öv xõc&|ó ®æcO∫ ‘`d"" ®≥èz% ®æoYÒ H±πK´` 157 ôI158 ûO æû#ã èm%Dä ®|—#Dä zÆoy}P ô¢ HÈ≈o Hzn|H:"" ®±c ôćv æK+H& v±ºWT^ Hxõc&z%"" ®üØv æWæP O÷ä 0 cxõ Hä¬ô ôJFT| ®eUP 159 ÷´z% "" ®±Ôm¿ õTéGP äX&ô xõc&| æ|ÔHÿ ®æäx` vv+z%ó ®æcTæ¨ œJCü"" 160 æcTæ¨ TJ—@∆"" ´õz%å ô&πô`ı ®Hô[“™* 161 162 õTzÏxú HõO ô&¿ûO vMm% ûO ôÖ™*ä ±Ê ®ôw K^"" ®ôJy ûRä ±[ûv Î[ ±æz”F H—v&[ õûæ"" ®ôJy ûRä 163 ±[ûv õ”±&ô ®è—#W ±æz”F H—v&[ Wçæ"" õ”±&ôxK+` æØmy õeû ±Oè ä™á ®O™ØJ —@è¡æó æv+ wM`æ"" "" "" 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. page063-074 page 12 H: ˚&"" H: »πP"" æWπP HRH|"" ˚& »¨¨P"" ˚& »|"" ˚& »πP"" ˚& ®WTæ™P"" ˚& H± π»"" 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. H: HË»"" ˚& πH´T"" H: ◊»"" ˚& ®Iô[“™,"" H: Hz»"" ±„ôH&Ÿe"" ˚& H—x\èñ H: æ¤T^H#"" °ı| y{ Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ! vôR`ì (voèı éÿ ºH#| nI| ”Ø±# éÿ õû#º dæê^Ä´ |`—>Pè ôR`ì HReOcJ π—v# çÄ´"") πä—¡è tÿ`ñ c´è HO”¿J π|“z%è ä—`ñ π÷w∫è õèedä| HR®o π“Iè ±+ç JÈı (õäG) O`û#"" «π°Ò´è ±+ç õè¿ ¿‘Ç ±+ç HTè ËÔ?» πQHî üHñ «vDæRê| ÷I}ÅÇè Gä´ dH πOKO≈ {]°ç πõeIUÇ ä—Y{| {]° õè¿zËÔ {æ ±è≈ OËMı|è O`T`» eJ OJe õc÷™HB"" —&ø`—&e ®J¿ 1 2 3 4 ÆQ≈T π≥è—#Æè πô&^è ä—Y{|èñ RH| πõä ôı]∆èèç 3 5 πH+H:Ä%è πÛè ä—Y{| {]° ÈÛ<<J"" v±&F (wHèv|) ±Oè fÚ æI;Ä™J"" 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. page075-094 page 1 —&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈ v1205-1273 Æ. õ. πê[ πÆHTè {]° õeû 1260 Æ. õ. vÆ[xì πËÔ ox÷&/”xÏ™* ä´"" («ox÷&» π”xÌ °èz*ºêÇ O÷]º eT ä´"") OÈKÒè ôw}ÅÇè ®¿”Ø≥ πz[—:P| v1290 Æ. T. æOeIJ"" πÆHTè {]° πQº´m%| û25 vRºèc# π{]° OËMı| c&Gèñ ûä±&F éÿ ™ç ™ç¨Ä% —&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈ñ ¬ºpè ôv#i°`ñ øc+ı ®J¿ ¢`øèñ øKèe O¿x`ñ øKèe ‰‰e ±åm*∫ñ cÆ&≈ ®J¿ vÿ]oñ R`pe ®J¿ mTv`ñ øKèe ±¿Repñ ®J¿ Oä¢d| πËÛ<<Ä´ çÄ´"" π‰‰e øKèe OÈKı v”Ø≥ O—í| π”Ø≥ Tè·Çè vÆHT ômı ¿[Õ ™“ üc⁄Ä´ T°èº}Ç ôè¡ GëJ"" ‰‰c# πËÔ´ ≠[yÇ ”xÌè õè¿º±# πGä´è vo`x Gê πzOHûz´è {]° c&Gèñ ≈`cz% ®¿”Ø≥ ûzz[—:O vâI ™ç´ ÷ı~Jó H+I oÃT ôJz—íT"" πì c¨Ç ®¿”Ø≥ wæz[—>P| êa º BH# π{]° Ø´m| æ÷Û äv`"" ¿^c&´ ≥è—#Æè πQH#| πwv&H:èè M≥x ä´"" TèfiÄ´T —&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈ ä´ó HTdH+ñ EMML 21, f. 40b, Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 23. ¿^c&´ πÆ[yÇè ôä“—` zû|H´ Û`fÇè ≠ T æI;Ä™J"" Æ[yÇ vä—≈ Æ[x ºJGäñ ô[Oé πGä õç ô&^êÇè ≠ T æI;Ä™J"" Ûè πô&^êÇ πm≈U eT ä´"" ôı]∆è eHQwH´ πô&^è Oè”Y|ñ H. Masse, “Farédun,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. II, Leiden 1991, p. 798, Iæ zOJû|"" fÚ võeIT DæRê| éÿ ºH J∫ õTä| ä´"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 76 °ıJ 1 6 7 (π±&F) OÈKı wHv+| (õè¬F) æIJó “I´ vôÏ+ ®ç” c—≈ 8 9 10 ±Oè ûTØ^x ®ÿ} —Hç πQH#|è πA—\è ®è≥ ®¿wH& √`Å zi—["" õc#T v[æz%R õç y[è πQwH# BH| ä—≈ ä´"" v[æz%R e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√Jó vû=\ û[∫ æwIJó BHzì´ O[™ñ fezì´ ô&z%ñ ô^zì´ ôûÄ%ñ ôTezì´ ®[è÷&iñ e≈ezì´ BTvç (æwIH#)"" y[êÇ ôw{Ä´ c„&^ æwIJ"" c„&^ √¤è æ®J√Jó √¤ Ofiè æ®J√J"" Ofi ¿ôH+è õç Ã√è æ®J√J"" (õä±&F) BHz% ®è≈RRÉÇ x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç ®H¡"" õäc#Tñ π¿ôH+ J–Ç (õä) G¢ñ BHzì ‡H+ñ fezì úyñ ô^zì c#w çÄ´"" Ã√ vû=\è Kü¢èñ BHzì´è —#≈\èñ fezì´è H&vèè æ®J√J"" 6. «¿^c&´» RH{Ä´ ä´ -- «õé» ®æT «π±&F {]° ÁKÚ» vRH| Ôè{"" πzHO¿ ôËËı ä´"" 7. ®ç” c—≈ v1500-1533 Æ. T. πä—W´ πJxä ≈è”J πè”Y (π±#Ûè) eT ä´"" (”^î Oè”Yz%è õè√ç®÷v| æ{®dJ"") v”Ø≥ «Jxè»ñ «eÖ&è» RH| «Ø◊è» RH| eHGä «Ø◊ä ≈è”J»Tñ «eÖ&ä ≈è”J»T æH#{J"" «®ç”» RH| «ôèvd» RH| eHGä «®ç” c—≈» RH| «ôèvd c—≈»ñ ôèvd dæm` πQc”≈H| RH| ä´"" 8. úaU¨Ç ®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº π—v#| ûô&|øÂº ¿v#w™* TYô zäYz´ ®¿cSè õπz’±# ä´"" «ûTØ^x» πQH´ nJ ®æ π¿^c&´ ä´ ®æT πmÃ´ eMz| H&Gè æÇIJ"" π¿^c&´ ûGä ô¬e ä—` ôæ¿HTó ÁKÚ¨Ä% ôè√è≈ —&±+ Rõ≥èè (πŒú”^Úè ôo◊fi) πQºOH°z% nI|è õè¿OcIÄ´ æ÷mPwÄ™J"" πÎKæ O´fiè ôè√è≈ —&±+ TØ^x õè¿QH#| ¬JRè m¿T xH´ ûzm¡ OËMı| éÿ HTdH+ ô&dæºe 11" 11ñ 45" 6è ô”î~Jó Dillmann, Lexicon linguae aethiopicae, col. 964. BHzìTñ «ûTØ^x ®ÿ}» c&H# «®¿ TØ^x ®ÿ}» RH{Ä´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" ôw wM`æè ºw[bÄ´ û“U ûGä RFJ ô&|øÂº πO÷#| û¿v#x vû#J ä´"" 9. «—Iç» πQwH# BH| ®æT fe| ®è¥Ç õè√H#ç ®è¥Ä% õä±&º õè¿Gã ôè√è≈ ÁKÚ¨Ç ºOH°{H# -- «—Iç c—è» õç «—Iç ¡H+»"" ô} x`Dã HSfç ô} {y` ™QT õä±&º OGçÄ´è zmxH™Jó πúaU M≥x {]° ñ —. 36"" v˚&πç´ oÃ éÿT nH# «—Iç» ä´"" ”è «—Hç/—Iç» vúaTì «®è≥» RH| eHGäñ π¿^c&´ ôä“—` «—Hç πQH´è πA—\è ®è≥» RH| dæGè ôæm`T"" «—Iç c—è»ñ «—Iç ¡H+» RH|T «πc—è ®è≥»ñ «π¡H+ ®è≥» RH| H&Gè æÇIJ"" 10. æF ÷oIæ ”≤| (®æT ô´^Õ) ≤_ «wH+» æwIJ õèÃ m¿T ºH´ ±Oè π{]° Tè·Ç õè¿Qºd∫|ñ «wH&» äv` πQwH´"" page075-094 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 77 ¿”U √¤ (õä) √‡è -- (õä±&Fè) v^c# eT ÷^Ä´ -(õä) ¢êèñ vÉèñ œH+è æ®J√J"" õä±&FT x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç ®H¡ó eRÄ´T æF ä´ó πvÉ J–Ç ≠#\ õç ô&H#ó π√‡ J–Ç f∆ñ ôyñ “Ièó π¢ê J–Çñ 11 cocoñ H&vèó πœH+ J–Ç ô+Iñ ôy õç Jô&e çÄ´"" 12 õä±&F BH#T x±#¨Ç eHGã z%HR æwIH#"" ôx[´ æ®—# äv["" ûx±# ±Oè vâI z◊H#ç ôx`DTç H:ÿ ûx{Ä´ vv≤ —&±+ñ «®æ ôèz vmî õé v”^ñ ®æT õé vmî ôèz v”^ õèHºæ» õè¿zwwH#ç õè¿zHº∫ õè v`dÄ´ zHº∫ó (v±&ºè 13 —&±+) õè¿Gä (ôBèT) Gä"" ¿”U π√ôH+ BHz% ä—≈ñ RH| ‡H+ç G¢ñ õè¿±&BT 14 BHz% πœ√ ä—≈ñ H&vèç —>≈\ ñ û®è≈UÅÄ´ zH∫ç y[è 15 15 16 «ôTv&d» vQH´ -- v`z%R «awH+» vQH´ -- H#w ±Oè 17 áx[| Ôÿ[´ «ôı_» zwH# "" 11. v”Ø≥ «®» ™™, ôºº∑ (OezËT`) eHGä vôR`ì «ç» ®æT «õç» zxH: æz[—:RJó ®æT dæz[—:T æm^J"" v”Ø≥T vôR`ìT ôè√è∆Ä% Oez™≈∆Ç õè¿ «®» ä÷I àÖ+¨Ç c&Gãñ ûQº™≈¡|ç ûQºËT\| nJ “^ ôx[´ õè¿QËÒ æ{®dJ"" º πQËO[´/ πQ™¿¿´ nJ π{®m c&Gè Oez™≈≈ ®æT OezËT` õè√[Ôv| ®æT õè√I[Ôv| R®o ôºeÄ”`T"" ºJ{®m ûGä ”è Ç”` æÔ÷^J"" HTdH+ õ±&F y{ «ôy õç Jô&e» ºJû#| ”Ø±# «ôy ®Jô&e» ºH´è ä´ó ”è «®Jô&e» π O[v| «®» πnH# °ıJ ûGä πœH+ J–Ç «ô+Iñ ôyñ ®Jô&e» H&Gã ä´"" æ§ Ç”` vzHæ πQÔ÷[´ ¿^c&¨Ç eT c&±[≥\ ôè√è≈ —&±+ v «®» ôè√è≈ —&±+ ºH «®» õºËO\ vO±`±^Ä´ ä´"" æ§èã ôèmÈ zOJû|"" 12. ôä“—\ πQºOH°z´ «z%HR» RH| x±#¨Ç RH| OGãè ä´"" 13. ±ıÿ[| 13" 9ó vûx| x≤| (vQÿfi/Å) zHº∫ RH{Ä´ ä´"" 14. «—>≈\» õç «—#≈\» ôè≈ çÄ´"" πzHº∫ ºeOeIÄ´ π «—» ◊◊ ä´"" «|`—>T/|`—#T»ñ —>^—+/—#^—+ñ «—:ÕT/‘ÕT» πQH´è zOJû|"" 15. «ôTv&d»ñ «awH+» πW^™*| πeJ◊è (h#UÇ H^dÄ´ πQº®⁄Ä´ ô¬e) eUÇ çÄ´"" ûQmÿH#| °ıH:Ç õè¿Tçπ´ñ H+H:Ç eUÇT ôH#"" Kdv# «®ç” c—≈» ûQH´ “^ æeRRJ"" úaU¨Ç ®¿ô&|øÂº ”≤| c&O÷# πô&|øÂº è—#Y πJxä ≈è”J π±#Ûè eT «®ç” c—≈» õè¿äv[ °ıJ 1 Iæ zä”açJó «®ç” c—≈» RH| «ôèvd c—≈» RH| eHGä «ôTv&d»è ûôèvd/ôTvd “^ HRºº≥ º’’Jó ”è ôæºº≥T"" 16. áx[z cv#è eTè| ÆO| õè¬O^ ôxa vO—±` πQkO´ |´J≈ «H#w» æwIJ"" °èz*ºêÄ% è—#W#è «Oc&M»ñ «Y∫T»ñ «ov#Ø» õè¿QH#|ñ «H#w» RH| «”±#`» («πz—±[») |´J≈ RH| ä´"" 17. «ôı_» πQH´ nJ «ôÒ`» («ô^|») ûQH´ πz®H¿ eHGä «ô^|ø» ®æT õä ô^| (®æT õè¿ä õH ôQ√ «õH ô`wØz%») zxH: H&z[—:T æÅIJ"" õäc#Tñ (1) ‡H+ñ (2) G¢ñ (3) H&vèñ (4) —#≈\ çÄ´"" page075-094 page 3 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 78 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ¿”U πœ√ Jœ Kü¢ç π¿ôH+ J–Ç ôy õç c#w «v&ÒŒ» 18 vQwH´ H#w ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «c¿Å» zwH#"" õä±&FT x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç ®H¡"" eRÄ´ æF ä´ó π‡H+ J–Ç —ITñ ®y/ôy19ó πG¢ J–Ç û&[Uñ õP\ñ Ã√ó πH&vè J–Ç ™H&fñ û={™,ñ ôTΩó π—>≈\ J–Ç c&`wñ OH:Jñ ¤[nó πKü¢ ä—≈ ôyñ K`c#ñ H&Pó πc#w ä—≈ K—Hwyñ ‹^ó πôy ä—≈ føñ ôyêñ z%Tô+ñ H+n (æwIH#)"" 20 õä±&F BH#T c&Ûm\ «Ofi» æwIH#ó c&◊H# «ôı_» õç «c¿Å» 21 æwIH#"" BH#T ûz%HR “^ c&ºx\ «c„&^» æwIH#"" 22 y[è ¿”U ÆY^ BH| J–Ç æ®J√J"" vû=\ √¤ ä´ó BHzì´ œH+ñ fezì´ ¢êñ ô^zì´ vÉó õä±&F (ô^z%) «z%HR» æwIH#ó ôTezì´ Aü¢ñ e≈ezì´ úyñ cwzì´ c#wó õä±&F (fez%) «c¿Å» æwIH#ó eTèzì´ ‡H+ñ ±÷äì´ H&vèñ ÆY[ì´ —>≈\ñ ÆY^ ôè¿ì´ G¢ çÄ´ó õä±&F (ô^z%) «ôı_» æwIH#"" 18. «c¿Å» π®◊´ «c¬» («fe|») ûQH´ nJ eHGä «fe|ø» (õä fe|ñ õH cHez%) zxH: H&z[—:T æÅIJ"" 19. πH:è∆ã (H:) oœ «®y»ñ π˚&πç´ oÃ «ôy» ä´ πQH´ó vT`fi —&±+ eIH´ Ç”` ûIæ tÿ` 11è zOJû|"" H+I´ ôËËı πQºO◊´ Ç”` «T» õç «è» û«v» ±` c&m≈P ±\ æ´◊Ä™J"" HTdH+ «ôy« vOW[z% «ôTy» H&Gè æÇIJ"" 20. «c&Ûm\» RH| «c&zwv\» RH| ä´"" eºS´ õè¿H+H:Ä% tÿ`è πQûzJ eIæ¿Hñ õä±&F ‘d¨Ç «Ofi» πzwH#| Dº eHGã ä´ xH: «Ofi»è «Dºø» («õä Dº») xH: Oz`—:T ôæÅJTó «Ofi» û«¬”¿R» («Dº») “^ ”èí%ä| πH´T"" 21. «c„&^» úaTì OGã æ—`RJ"" nH# ”Ø≥ û”]° π®c¿´ c&Gè |`—>P «‡ı^» RH| ä´"" πúaU jR”H+¨ÇT ePè πQº´m%| ôæOeH#T"" xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è õè¬F æIH#ó «ôw wM`æ c„&^è πä—≈ ê ô≈`‘ c&Èı eH^º TèT π÷mc´ ä—` πHT"" ôè√è≈ (πúaU) wIw}Ç õè¿Qz`û#|T πä—≈ ê πQH#| ^ºè c&Gèñ c„&^ πzwH´è eT ”è õè¿Rº´m%| æ—JËH#""» (EMML 3749, p. 57)"" æ§ «úaU¨Ç û˙`z%“H:Ä% “^ ”èí%ä| ôIÄ´» πQwH´ |[ü |èj õ´ä|ä| dæê[´ ôæm`T"" 22. πz±[±\| ÆY^ ôè≈ xÅ eHGã ÆY^ ôè≈ HRH| æGçJó ®æT πÆY^ BHzì´ Jœ eT dæËı m`~J"" page075-094 page 4 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 79 °ıJ 2 23 vÿ[ ôU^è º÷Û √™, ûy[è c¨Ç ä´ó ûH+I ä´ πQJT ôHó (ûH+I ä´ πQJ) ûy[è “^ O™“z%è T°èº| æc◊J"" æ§ ”è Uî ä—` ä´ó õ´ä| ôæ¿HT"" ôe[Ã ”è (õè¬F) æIJó «(“H:Ç) ûA—^Ä´ π®÷# —&±+ πÔH— (õ±&º´) m[ñ πÔH— ®◊ õèÃ BH#T ôJ®÷#T""» T°èºz%T (BH#T) vJv# ºcí´è º¿`“J õèÃ πQº≤Ä´ —+{ πHT"" 24 õä±&º ûy[è (zs`÷´) πm\| (vâI) ûA—^Ä´ v!^ Oè—≈ ®÷#"" Ûc&J ±T}wÄ´ äv[ó —¿H#|"" v±&ºè —&±+ √™, °èz*ºêÇè O´“| O["" 25 26 v±&ºè —&±+ π±&F {]° ÁKÚ «πÛc&Jè —√æ õÔ^™HB» c&J zävπó T°èºz%T π°èz*ºè ¿T mTgJçó vÿ^ ôU^èç 23. vÿ[ ôU^ (vÁ` ôU^) πW^™*| eT äv["" vâIT W^™*z% πWÔ[v| A—` veP z÷`~J"" c´ç M≥x ePè HA—`ñ A—` HM≥xç Hc´ Oe÷| vì ôüwv&ç vOÈKı o¡e πzHO¿ ä´"" vÿ^ ôU^ (vÿÛ^) —#^—+ éÿ ®æT ô÷—x ä´"" 24. Hÿè| ä—Y{| HäôÏ+ æYKo vz—÷OIÄ´ ±Ôè éÿ «!^ æè—`ñ Ô[c#è πQ—x`» πQJ eIHv| «!^»è õè¿ A—`/ä—≈ ô≈`‘ Oć≈ æÅIJó Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña”, p. 56"" π˚&πç´ oÃ «£^» õè¿QJ ôæzçJ"" H+H:Ç ôè√è≈ Tè·Ç "^ æIH#"" «!^» πQwH´ y{ ihOé ô÷—x ºH´ û=π^ ä´ πQwH´è x`Dã HSfç {y` ™Q (πúaU M≥x {]°ñ —. 55) zmxH´{J"" ô} ôTvH# ûv¿ v—P —:Û ÷oIæ ”≤| v√îä| º—H”H# väv[v| —&±+ eH¤èÅ O≈Üé ÆHT v+z °èz*ºè v”èy| 06 mè 09)$4 Æ. T. vËÒ| Re{®i Iæ ¤èÅ ÿè| «Ö^» æwJ õè¿äv[ ûA—\ jR”H+¨Ç πcP|è O≥”v™Jó EMML 5731, f. 114a. √™, ôw wM`æè “U väv\v| —&±+ π±[ÛÄ´ ≤_ ¤èÅ vÚ| Ö^/!^ vQwJ y{ ôo◊fi Oÿ} H&Gè æÇIJ"" ûô`w Tè‡ v¿v#x TYô ôTd û&H:S|` ºFJ `p ¢æ^ πQwJ y{/‘d ôH"" û±&º ¿v#v# «y[ç úaU» eHGäñ H!^ ûBH#T πvH÷ zeRQ´ õc# ä´ó √™, ûy[è c¨Ç õè¿Gä ôw wM`æ ä”[´çJ"" Bender, The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, p. 298"" HRèì´T eH±&F y{ ôè√Ç ôezºπ| eècÿ ôw wM`æ πc÷#è eT «!^» OGãè dè±ä“ OGè ôHv|"" «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» eIIH#ñ «!^» õèƒ| «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» H&Gè õè¿QÇJ dçe[√ «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» ä´ RH| ôæÔm≈JèT"" 25. õè¿ vÚz% «(π±&F) OÈKı wHv+|» ôIHTó ûIæ tÿ` 6è zOJû|"" «æv+ ÁKÙ ≥èz% {]°» π—&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈T uèu ä´"" 26. ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J vä—W vfezì´ ÆO| Ûc&Jè π√U| —µ*ä| kU| äv[ó wOz% z◊Jz´ z™—#ó zhäÔó ±+ç O™ØJ EMML 7109, f. 58b"" c#eèøe HOè—Y c&ºTÌ πOè”Yz% W^™*| ®^c& JÀè ºØpxè page075-094 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 80 ®œè27 ô÷ÛÄ´"" õè¿ nH#T zÔÁOó T°èºz%T π|èv&| OèÔe ûüFç| ±è≈ ôæòT"" æ§èèT äv&æ √™, ôw[[´ó π—U ô—\èT ô÷Û´ó πôüvz´èT BH# R[û(v|)"" õè”¬F õeû±&Ç cÆ| ≈[e ®¿z´ä´ ®¿v[æz%R ±+ç õèOHe"" °ıJ 3 û[∫ e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√J"" x±#¨Çç ÜæHïÇ ä—∆Ç Gã"" ûäc# πO O]º´ H&vè ä´ó BHzì´ ®H:ñ fezì´ œH+ñ ô^zì´ úyñ ôTezì´ c#wñ e≈ezì´ vIõ çÄ´"" ®H: e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√Jó õä±&FT ®[ v#¢ñ ®[ —>^õñ ®[ êH+ô+H# -- õä±&F v®H: eT ôH# -- ®[ û[∫ñ ®[ ô&H#ñ ®[ êH+ôH& c&Gãñ õä±&F fez% ¿”U «c¿Å» æwIH#"" πzH∫| ôyH&è 28 π—¿H# —&±+ ä´ "" ôBè vì Iæ õò ô≈`—´ ôX+\ó nJ û&√è z“v#"" °ıJ 4 O[™ ôº ôçèñ ≠#\èñ ôv÷&è æ®J√J"" (πäc#T) J–ÅÄ´ç πJ–ÅÄ´ J–Ç õè¿±&B v≥z´ x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç Gã"" eRÄ´ vπä—√Ä´ (eT) æ÷^J"" HeTè| ÆO| Hôè≈ H#w æ{±≤H# õèÃ õè¿ H+I M≥x (πQ{±±#|) è—#YT —+{T πIÄ´T"" ûeTè| ÆO| vâI H+I H#w ækRJó πÚzì´ (H#w) æi^J"" vπ±Oã õè¿±&F º¿`“H#"" 29 H#w RH| vôè≈ ±Oè πz—±\ RH| ä´"" πô—≤±^Ä´ Y`Æ|T õè¿±&F ä´ó ôè≈ H#w c&i` v`z%Rç y[è BH#T H(π)^dÄ´ eT º®◊H#ó (J°) πè—#Y W^™*| «YH#e ÜæH+»ñ 30 «v≈J ÎKæ»ñ «—&ø`—&e ÜæH+» õè¿QwH#|"" 27. 28. 29. 30. page075-094 page 6 ôœv´ñ «Ûc&Jè ºhäıä´ç º™[≈ä´ õì ôæ¿HèTè» xH´ ˆ°[´v| äv[ó πc#eèøe {]° —. 86"" —:ÕTç √U| πzºº±# çÄ´"" —#^—+ éÿ ®æT ô÷—x"" ôyH& πUz´ W`Î ≈è”J vä—W v22zì´ ÆO| (v1576 Æ. T.) ä´ó —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ wM[ Kdxñ —. 248"" —√∫T «“I ®H:» ä´ó ±+ç O™ØJñ EMML 7109, f. 59ab. «vôè≈ ±Oè πz—±\» c&H# H#w RH| «ôè≈ π”≥` |´J≈» RH| OGãè v”JÈ ºe[√J"" HŸ` W^™*| °ıH:Ç õè¿±&F eT Oe÷| õeûo`x —&±+ πzHO¿ äv["" {]û ä—Yz%ç H+H:ÇT Tè·Ç õè¿QºOH°z%| vz¤R] õä±&F |≥ æH#ìJó «ôıa ôæ—x»ñ «ôm,|µ`»ñ «t`wè»ñ «eçè»ñ «√R»ñ «äÛî Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 81 °ıJ 5 õè¿±&B wH&è O´“| v O[v| —&±+ πz—±[´ «SJwM» æwIJ"" πôwz%è eT ôIóTó T°èºz%T πQä”[î (ôe[Ã) πHT"" °ıJ 6 BHzì´ H#w «P¿ç» zwH"" π±&F (H#w) πôwz% eT œvç ä´"" 31 π®v&è ®è≥ πzi—[ õc# ä´"" °ıJ 7 fezì´ H#w «û&H:H+» zwH"" õè¿ ô¿J Ox[oç 33 (ºH#|è) π¿™aè pI¨Ç ®“Ä´"" 32 õè¿sI¨Ñ °ıJ 8 ô^zì´ H#w «v&ˆH+» zwH"" ¿™aè vOI™ º÷Û õc# ä´"" 34 Ô÷“`èT O™“| O["" c´ (R`¢) R“≥ O[ó ô—J“øÇ ô¿[“Ä´ó «—v`» ôIÄ´"" ¢f O÷◊| O["" (ûIæ) π÷meçÄ´ πÚzïÄ% 31. 32. 33. 34. page075-094 page 7 ±—`»ñ «”è¿vJ»ñ «‘è¿`»ñ «vÎ` ™ |»ñ vÎ` kzJñ «mez èFx»ñ «ô¿J Ox[o»ñ «v&HR»ñ «v+`d»ñ «¤Ôè{»"" v±&º Iæ «ÖæI|»ñ «ô`wx» õºH# vä—¿ OIõ°| eTT πQ÷bÄ´ äv\"" ûô&|øÂº ”≤| π—v#| ”è π®v&è ®è≥ ûOi—^Ä´ vÚ| ä´"" «ô¿J Ox[o» vOW[z% πŸ` W^™*| eT ä´"" õ±&F ”è «õè¿ ô¿J Ox[oç õè¿ sI¨Ä%» c&J πQºOH°z´ W^™*z% πcÔ[v|èç sI¨Ä%è ä´"" ¿™a û¤`¤` õeû ô\c& (ô`c&) ºH´ ô—` æOeIJ"" ô} ≠ÌS ôBè f∆ πzwH´ ä´ æIH#"" ”è ”^î c&ºTÌ O O]º πO{´ ¿™aè eHGä Hô√J o`x OGè ôHv|"" —√RÄ´è ¿x[ ôcy|è ¤`¤` éÿ πp[p\| πôv#ä dPô+J ±®—” —≈JT πQºOH°z´ æFèã ä´ó Kur, Actes de Samuel de Wagag, p. 84 "" û≈`dä ≠#^ô+J ôè¡è ôèmÈ xèz[—>O´ õè¬F æIJñ «û±&F vâI (≠#^ô+J) ®¿ÎKæ O´fi E¿ó û¿x[ ÈwM IæT ®◊ç π¿x[ º”Pèç π¿x[ Ö±H:è —√UÇ BH# m¿dÄ´"" ¿x[ ôcy| Iæ c&®◊ o¡e Qüô+J o¡e ≠#^ô+Jè õè¬F c&J ä—[´ñ æÄ*è ¿x` }H: w`ü|ó..."" v±&F —&±+ }H: m¿d| ¿xbèT ¿x[ ®—” ôI;|""» Ô÷“` vv#J“ç v—#^—+ RFJ ºH´ ô—` æOeIJó TèÕ`è æ¤T^J"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 82 H#w¨Ç ”è c´èñ ®è¡èT c+z%èTñ æ—≈H# äv["" Ô[eT voH:T æ—≈H# äv["" ûv”ñ ûıπJ ûûx| (ûITç ûv_) vm` 35 (TèT) ôæz´T äv["" πG√Ä´ ô´_ õè¿õèed vuèÕÄ´ Iæ æ®`√J õèÃ vO√å| ôæ—≈H#|T äv`"" °ıJ 9 36 ôTezì´ H#w «TeH+» zwH"" ∂è ôU^è πÔ õc# ä´"" 37 KOJRJè ¿‘ Iæ ®“´ó ô—aÄ%è BH# ôÿı} WH÷äwÄ´"" ûäûxz%T —w(wÄ´)"" vÚ| ”è “I´ û®v& õπ®◊ æ™“ç ®¿±&º æOHe äv["" 38 è—#XÇè ôÈçı c—≈ ûÆX ±äx zäYz´ ®”z´| 39 äv`"" ã` πW^´è ûW^ vâI ®¿ A—\ c&®`≈ Ö±H: ô÷—x —÷O´"" tÿ` πH+H´è ôx≤ì´è W^™*z%è ÔÕÄ´"" “H:Ç ®¿A—^Çè ûO÷# Ta v±&ºè —&±+ õè√Hm%| ôIHm%T"" ºè —&±+ πz—¿H#| πã` W^™*|T v—&±+´ ûTçäXÄ´ ûô´X W^™*| æv≤H#ó T°èºz%T õ”±&ôxK+` vOœ ºÔcc#|è πô—J“øÄ%è 40 π¿T vmJ (ôe)ûÔIÄ´"" 35. vO√åz% eT v¢f πQ÷^´ õ`ÿx Y“ c&vH# πQæ±´ |J"" 36. «∂è ôU^» õè¿ «vÿ^ ôU^»ñ vOW[z% πW^™*| eT äv["" 37. KOJRJ πôÏ+ çú≈ (1488-1500) πJœ Jœ ä´"" KOJRJ º±Oz´ W^™*| ∂è ôU^ H&Gè æÇIJ"" 38. ôÈçı (ôÿçı) c—≈ πôÏ+ —I´ƒë (1533-1551) eO Oè”Y| ä´"" 39. ã` PKO≈ ôJPÕC≈ π”^îè ôJ“ ûäQez% π®[c πô√J ô&RT äv["" (πô√J ô&RUÇ πOkT πOi` PH# πéÿ YJ◊è eHäv^Ä´ π”Ø±# Tè·Ç «è—#Y» æI;Ä™J"") —I´ƒëè ®”} ôhèˆ{J"" ¿^c&´ «πW^´è ûW^ vâI» πQH#| ôÏ+ —I´ƒëè ühäÔç x±# M≥x ûÔ vâI πè—#W#è ôè—| p`Ÿ ÄxÄy´è v±è” fiı æ¥ OE¡è vm%‡| HRe{®e ä´"" (πè—#W#è ê ôJw c´ä| ôTÜ^ dæè| éÿ wW^| vz≈wv R`ºT v+z °èz*ºè mv\|ó ^c#è vâI ôTÿz´ h™ éÿ —S ûQwJ ô—` û®è≈P ûôv+} ºØpx Onx` ô÷—x mv\|"") 40. ¿^c&´ «v—&±+´ ûTçäXÄ´» ºH#|è ôèYz´| v&Gè x±# {]° æä”\è äv["" π—I´ƒëè {]° πËÒ| õdÄ´ ûGã ºèè RH{Ä´ H&GèT æÇIJ"" GêT ô√H:Ç (õeIUÇ) õç úaU¨Ç vô&|øÂº T≈` Iæ ôºJm% õJm*| õè¿zIHm% æF ôèmÈç H+H:ÇT x±# Tè·Ç æ÷m%RH#"" ôè√è≈ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç «vOœ ºÔcc#| ¿T» πQH´ ô√H:Ç ôÏ+ —I´ƒëè π—¿H# —&±+ πÔcc´è ä´ æIH#ó J° ôæOeHîT"" H+H:Ä% Tè·Çñ π^c# π—I´ƒë {]° dæm`ñ è—#W# πz—¿Hv|è y{ «ä‡ X`» æH#{J"" ¿^c&´ñ «õ”±&ôxK+` vOœ ºÔcc#|è πô—J“øÄ%è π¿T vmJ ôeûıI;Ä™J» πQH´è ≠[ız ä—` H&ÈÒ ûQ—w´ y{ |èj eI^m%| ºde{J õèÃ æ§ì´ πQä”[è page075-094 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 83 æF TeH+ (v“H:Ç ±è≈) ûc# vÚ| ºJz¿[—´è vÔ[eç 41 vvoH: OmOÿ O[ -- πÚzïÄ%è H#w¨Ç «vBH|ç vfe| õ”` πQE¡|è vô^| õ”` õè¬E¡ ô¿[”âÄ´» õeû&IÄ´ ≈[e"" vfe| õ”` RHz% vOè—≈ c&¿°P Ÿ^Ä´è eHQO[¢±# ä´"" °ıJ 0 ºäXçÄ´ ôTez% H#w¨Ç ô`w ÆO| —±#"" J–ÅÄ´ ôJz—±\T äv["" ®hI¨Ä% (ôw}Ç) ®è∆ÇèT c+}ÇèT J–Ç æÿH# äv[ó T°èºz%T M“Ä´ õè¿±&F ä´"" (ôw}Ç) c&—±\ ®è∆Ç J–Çè ºd≈“H#"" c+}Ä%è J–Ç ”è ûz—±\ vâIT BH|ç fe| ÆO| 42 õeû&GçÄ´ ≈[e (πQ®J√;Ä´è) æÿI;Ä™J"" °ıJ 01 ûôTez% H#w¨Ç (ôO^`) vâI πSJwM J–Ç z—±\ó «K`PÛ» zwH#"" æF (K`PÛ) —&ø`—&e ÜæH+è m‡ê Iæ ÔÕÄ´"" y[è 43 «¡H#» æH™J"" —îèñ ôè—:|èñ ôTK^è º÷ÛÄ´ õc# ä´"" v—+T≈`è O´“| π O[ õc# ä´"" πv`z%R K`PÛ 44 v—+T≈`è ®“ó πK`yè ®è≈T ™üèT —¿H´"" v±&ºè —&±+ K`PÛ ve≈x nJ (õè¬F) c&J zç—[ó «wM` πQHxc#|è 45 c&√R¨Ç ûwM` —Ôz`£Ä´""» 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. page075-094 page 9 v1570 v®æç¿“ Oœ/O∑ ®è≥ Iæ ûôv÷& “^ º¿[—#|è OzIHo æOeHìJó π°ıJ 02è O¤[i zOJû|"" πOè”Yz% c¨ÇTñ «πôv÷&è “I ºhäıè õì äè ô¢» õºH# c#eèøeè ôeÔ^`z´v{Jó πc#eèøe {]° —. 86. ≤_ vÔ[cîä| πQ{®m% úaU¨Ç Hü Ô[e ”Jv&º πzR\| RFJ ô&|øÂº ûO÷# vâI ä´"" ”≥[|è πTçºæ±´ ûMÏç|/ûJ–Ç “^ eHGäñ ≈`cz%T «J–ÅÄ´ ôJz—±\T» vRHz%Tñ OJõ°z% H&ºdezè æÇIJ"" ≈`cz% πQç—[´ eIJz—±\ ôw}Ç õèÃ eHJ–Ç ôæ¿HT"" ®è∆Ä% J–Ç dæ—±\ º≈—#ç ®hI õè¿Gã Jœ æ®J√H#ó ®hI ôw| π®H¿´ Jœ π|T æ◊IJó M“Ä´ ä´"" ûz—±\ vâI πz®H¿ Jœ ®è≈ ûGä ºd≈—#{Jó c+| ûGäÇ πz®H¿Ç´ πôw~ ”≥^| BH| ®æT fe| ÆO| dæGä´ ûGä |◊IHÇ"" æ§èè wFJ ô≤∑ ÷&êT vc#eèøe {]° éÿ O≥”v´{Jó —. 215ó õ±&FT —È 150-151 Iæ z÷ogJ"" vômROÿ õä±&F fe| ô—aÇ (—îñ ôè—:|ñ ôTÜ^) πzºº±# äv\ RH| ä´"" πv+—T≈` —∑ æOeIJ"" H°è|ç πQ÷Om%|è RHz% ä´ó ôä“—\ v”Ø≥ Tè·Ç πzHO¿ ä´"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 84 °ıJ 02 ûeTè| ÆO| vâIñ K`PÛ zi[ç eP (õIæ) v°ıJ e≈e| πzËÔ´ πP¿ç Jœ awH+ zkO"" h™è º÷Û| õc# ä´"" ‘∂Tè O´“| O["" 46 KÏ+—+ ≥™æ Iæ ®—#| "" x±# (c´) ÔÀv|ó ûxz%èT R[û#v|"" vT`¢´ x±#¨Ç vHÁ—#(v|)"" cIT æ[ıv|ç πO£èèz%è êñ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèeèñ 46 π—¿H´ õc# ä´ "" v±&ºè ±Oè vy[ã ä—≈ vc#w (±è≈) fH& õç v&√a ô&II 47 Gä"" «c&√R» πQH#| °èz*ºêÇè ûGä v±&ºè —&±+ c&√R¨ÇT õè¿ H+I´ πô&|øÂº M≥x (HTdH+ õè¿ —#^—+ñ |”_) °èz*ºêÇ õè¿äv\ç °è|ç v¿v#x zeÛı} õè¿äv[ ºdºJ"" DvÌè≈ º±“ ´è v+z °èz*ºêÇ πäv\v|è y{¨Ç πQºdæ ü`{ zOJû|ó Haberland, Untersuchungen, p. 246. DvÌè≈ ô&|øÂº´ºè π°è|ç ôezR]¨Ç °è|çè v¿v#x ôeÛız´ õè¿äv[ HRdπ| º¿[—´ [ÃT è””` õ±&F Iæ H&{®e æ—wJ"" “Altes Christentum in Süd-Äthiopien.” ôw wM`æT ô—^Ä´ “U õè¿äv[ ä”[´çJ"" π¿^c&´è ä—≈ ûôä“—^Ä´ HR®o wæÅJT πõdÄ´ õ±&º O—í| ô—\ |Jo Ráv[ °èz*ºè õè¿äv[v| ºOH°{J"" ôw wM`æè ºFJ H&o wHv| y{ |Jo zR] v+|T æê^J"" ô} ≠ÌS õè¿ä—\èñ ûÛ éÿ ¿ã úaU¨Çè ûäûx{Ä´ ôIe—w vRHz% ûúaU ¡I πz[Ò ôèÚH:Ç õeû ôÏ+ TåJ° ±Oè ≈[e °èz*ºêÇ äv\ó ≠ÌS/wæ\ zıIñ π“I {]°ñ —. 164ó Bender, The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, p. 298. «Rº» πQwH#|T ä—≈ä{Ä´ vTè õè¿Gè ôæ{®oTó vDæRê| ûGä õè¿ °e{å —#^—+¨Ç °èz*ºêÇ äv\ó «ô1õTä Rº ±eP T°A —&ø`—&e ®J¿ Æey» («ûRº¨Ç éÿ ôè≈ eP T°A —&ø`—&c πGä πÆey Jœ») πQH´è ûøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ {]° éÿ —. 39 Iæ zOJû|"" 46. «KÏ+—+» (è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J) awH+è (ôTv&dè?) π®“´ vä—W v10ì´ ÆO| (v1565 Æ.T.) ä´ó ±+ç O™ØJ EMML 7109, f. 59a "" «KÏ+—+» RH| «ÕèGæ» RH| ä´"" πW`Î ≈è”J {]° ÁKÚ πä—[è ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèe OUz%èç H:H+¨Ä% õè√ævzã è—#W# ôÈçè} ûH:H+ä| ô´ÿ} vwHè ®{¿`ä| (v¤™ä|) õè¿ûzwÄ´ õèÃ õèƒ| õè¿Uz v”JÈ ôæç—`Tó πW`Î ≈è”J {]° —. 45"" 47. π±&F ≠[ız ä—` |`—>T vc™e© OW[| J° v&GèTñ OJõ°z% ”JÈ ôæ¿HT"" v±&F ôä“—` «c#w» πQwH# «x±#» (ûôè≈ vIæ) ä—∆Ç ôH#ó ôè¡ πy[ã ä´"" («ä—¿ c#w ±y[è» RH| «πy[ã ä—¿ c#w» RH| ä´"") H+H:Ä% ÿºm,¨Ç ôè¿ìñ «ô&II» Rä´ ®æT Tè≈è ä´?ó BHzìñ «fH& õç v&√a» OGè ®æT O¿[” Tè OGè/O¿[” ä´? ºT Gä æFñ õè¿ ”Ø±# ûGäñ vy[ã ä—¿ c#w ±è≈ ô&II GëJ/z¿`’J"" |`’S´è c™e© ôæÔo≈T õèÃñ v&Ôo≈ «fH&» õç «v&√a» πy{ eUÇ (zâÇ?) Gä´ page075-094 page 10 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 85 û±&F vâI vôTe| ÆOz% KÏ+—+ πôv÷&è awH+ ®æç ¿”Æ 48 Iæ ®—#|ç (TèT) dºez`Ò ÔÀ|"" «ûÆY` πQvJ÷# z`Ô´ H±+ç A—^Ä´ ¿`c™J» πQH#T ôH#"" °ıJ 03 ûeTè| ÆO| vâIñ ¿™aè º÷Û´ πû&H:H+ Jœ «v&ÒŒ» zkO"" æ§ πy[ã v&ÒŒ vm%Oz% J° πQGè πv_ p√ “i 49 ôv ç ®eÔèÿ[ïÇ πGã|è Rºè ®“Ä´"" πQä≈Ò| (ôüJ) eI÷#(v|) ôhäÛÄ´ó T°èºz%T c´äz%è v¿[o πv_ p√ “`∆ äv["" 50 πè—#W#è πŸ` ôHn ô≥RÄ* ¿Ö[‘|èT ôe¤äm´"" õä ±+çæèç H:H+¨Ä%è —¿IÄ´"" m≈U x±# —&±+ ºhèÔ´ äv["" ”è π°èz*ºêÇ ı√ eIIHm võ”±&ôxK+` Ôn≈ (õè¬F) Gä"" ôhçÚ´ zhäÔó πh#O| A—\è ô`õîè ô÷Û|"" õä “}èñ v|aèñ v≈H:èñ ÆT∆è õç H+H:Çè —¿IÄ´"" ¿ßÇ BH# 51 πQvHÈ—#wÄ´ õä±&F BHz% ô—aÇ T≈[ v√ Gã"" 48. 49. 50. 51. page075-094 page 11 Hô&II (H÷I| ÿvn) O÷mQº Gä™J"" «ô&II» vôR`ì «æII» («eHI») GëJ"" ”è «fH& õç v&√a πQwH# BH| Ææä| (π)ô&II (Hof ®æT Re÷èmm*º) Gä/z¿[—» RH| dæGè ôæm`T"" ôè¡è |`—>T ºdcvî {]û#ç ô} ôTA ôcÛ´ ûä—[è π«æII ¿äy» Hof çÄ´"" {]û# v±&B °ıJ «KÏ+—+ ≥™æ Iæ ®—#|"" x±# ÔÀv|ó ûxz%èT R[û#v|» πQH´ ä´ó eHHof´ ôTA ôcÛ´ æII ¿äy vQJ `õe v1995 Æ. õ. ºdzO´è OÈKı zOJû|"" eH Re÷èmm*º´ πU[h# ¿®J «v¿\» æwJ õè¿äv[ c+û& ä”açJó Cecchi, Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, Vol. II, pp. 327-8, n. 1. and Vol III, p. 123. ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ôv÷&è ¿”Æ Iæ πO{´ v1570 Æ. T. ä´ó wM[ Kdx —È 248"" πc#eèøe {]° ÁKÚ õè¿Qä”[è O£èèz% ≈H#è õè¿ {Io ≈J æOû#v{Jó «πôv÷&è “I ºhäıèç TèT dçez`ı πÔ ä´ õì äè õ¢» æIH# —. 86"" æF πGä´ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèeè “I v—¿H´ vôTe| ÆO| ûGäñ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèe πUz´ v1565 Æ. T. (û1570 Iæ 5 mèe) OGã ä´"" «Rº» πQwH# ô&|øÂº´ºè vme| Oè¿ı π{®m% äv\"" vsI´T v¿“´T πQê\ ä—∆Ç äv\ó ≤_ πH#T"" ûIæ tÿ` 45è zOJû|"" ¿Ö[‘| π{®m ”ç ô≥RÇ (Œé^J) äv["" vÔIi Iæ ±T~Jó πW`Î ≈è”J {]° —. 91"" |”_ O¢èè (π|”_ —∑) õç wM` ä“j (≤_ ô+`|^ πzwH´ ô—` —µ*) Gê ¿§ê (TÈ™ ô÷—x) BH| —&±+ ±T~Jó õ±&º´ —. 128-133"" c#eèøe c&º¿èm´ «vÛc&Jñ vô±+ñ vOKO≈ñ væeKo ±Oè ûäv\| ( ”êÇ) éÿ û¿Ü[‘|ç ûv`çwe vm` õeû ≤_ Rè ôH?» æIJó πc#eèøe {]° —. 88"" ôè¡ A—` ô`õî c&Gè BHzì´ A—` πz% õè¿Gä ôJz—HÁTó c`R| H&Gè æÇIJñ ®æT ô`õî πBH| ®[√¨Ç (A—aÇ) eT äv["" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 86 πv`z%R´ v&ÒŒ ¿Txºè ®“|ç J≠#J ôyH&èñ wM` ä“j WT[ ôxèñ H+H:ÇèT —¿IÄ´"" æF (BH#) πGä´ vY^Ä´ ÜæHìñ vT°^Ä´ ÿvvì πGã| è—#XÇè vH+H#v| ä´"" v¿Tv&º ê[´ v&Gè êaR vawH+ Iæ π¿[c´ vv&ÒŒ Iæ æ¿èv| äv["" ä—` ”è ≈J z^ vz^ õè¬Gè õ”±&ôxK+` πè—#XÇèè Oè—≈ ®¿ √U| ômç´"" 52 vE¡v| ≈J ô—í% ó vH+H#v| ¿”U O£èèz% zhäÒ"" °ıJ 04 πy[ã v&ÒŒ √U|è ûvw|"" A—]~è πQº≈èç πQºeÿJ πH+H Gê c&º—ì| —&±+ c´ç ûx| ô“±"" v±&ºè —&±+ ¿œ ô≥RÄ% Æey äv["" û®è≈UÄ% “^ zRû[ç W^™*| cxey zû{zH´ó T`¢´è c&üÔJ ¿[cv|"" T`ŸÇ (õ”[ïÇ) õç Ô[cïÇ vOeHe|ñ ûvv#|ó æF RH| vfe| π®^] cJı ûvwÄ´ RH| ä´"" “I´ hhó zÔ "" ôx≤ïÄ% ûôè≈ cÚ ™i éÿ z¿vm%"" (W^™*z%) õè¤| cvcvç û™i´ v^ı Iæ ôä¿¿´"" x±#¨Ä% õdz%è ûOı^| πzäX ®÷#ç {c\ -- ûx±#¨Ç ”¥zïÇ “^ πz“±´è J≠#J 53 πUz%|è ê ^dÄ´è ôTÿz´ õeû&ºe[°v#| ≈[e"" s[⁄Ä´ó (ÄxÄy´) Htÿ` v≤"" (õè¿±&F ô≈`‘) A—\è ÷vm"" û±&F vâI πv&ÒŒ πz^´ ±Oè õeû&ºJı ≈[e (A—` z÷xnHÇ)"" ”è π°èz*ºêÇ Ø√ õeüIHm ≈[e ôBèT 54 (πT|m◊) πõ”±&ôxK+` õœ —ç ûIæ õè¿z±[“Ç äÇ ó 52. π√U| ±OÅ πz¿“—O OGè ôHv|ó õè¬º´T ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J πUz´ û±&º ±OÅ c&OHe vOè—≈ Iæ ≈è—| {U ä´ó wM[ Kdx —È 248ñ πc#eèøe {]° —. 8"" 53. ®æT «πz“±´è J≠#J ûx±# ”¥zïÇ “^ ôTÿz´ õeû&ºe[°v# ≈[e»"" õè¬º´T æF ôz[’—:T H”Ø±# πvH÷ wæm`xT {]û# ûO±—v´ “^ ôxa æE√J"" «J≠#J» vQJ nJ πz[—:Tû#| «®J¿ Oè”Y|» ºH´è ä´"" nJ vnJ v&z[—:T «πOè”Y| Jœ» æGè äv`ó ”è ±Oç™* ôR`ì ôæGèT"" ≥`≥\ v^c# vè—#W# vc#eèøe {]° zO≥”w;Jó —. 5-6"" πc#eèøeè eT H&÷^´ ºJÔH—´ ¿^c&´ dæGè mÃ´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" T°èºz% TçJw| c#eèøe ûä—W vâI v+z °èz*ºëè eHû√ç ü}H&¢Çè eIO◊ æGçJ"" ±+çB H“I πW`Î ≈è”J {]° Gê dH πwH{]û# eT ôèƒT ºJzäX´ Hì π¿[c´ (BHzì´ ®æT fezì´) oÃ πzm√´ vc#eèøe ±Oè eHGä æOeHìJ"" O O]º ôw wM`æ πËÒ| π^dÄ´ oÃ æê^Jó û±&º Iæ ôè≈ c´ m≈}H{Jó Hì π¿[c´ º ôè≈ c´ ûm√´ Iæ πzm√´ æOeIJ"" 54. ô&dæºe 5" 25"" page075-094 page 12 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 87 vv&ÒŒ ±Oè v&÷vm%T vâI vy{´ πTçäX´ πâHì´ H#w º÷ÛÄ™J"" °ıJ 05 û±&F vâI v&ÒŒ zi[ç πv&ˆH+ Jœ PJô{ zkO"" õ—:∂T 55 Iæ ¡I—#} ô¿[—"" π¡I—#} |`—#P «πm%è· ´—&º» ä´"" T°èºz%T “H:Ç vôè≈ ±Oè c&—±\ v°ıJ ô^| O O]º Iæ õè√Jä´ H^dÄ´ eT º®◊H#"" õäc#T πÚzïÄ% (H#w¨Ç) ºJ®—#|è ôè≈ A—` æ®“H#"" c´ç |IJo ô^™*| c&—≈H# UI ^dÄ´è æI‹ç v‡èoI{Ä´ RFJ Iæ m%è· ºez`ÛH#"" ºJ—¿H voRJ õπzcnπ ôæI‡T"" eH±&F õìè HO”¿J æz“J"" v±&ºè ±Oè KÏ+—+ ®¿√U| HOE≈ ®cã"" vOè—≈ Iæ õè√H# “I T≈[ —:∂Tè õè¿®“ñ õç{Ä´ è”Yz*z% O÷—&º ÔJ—´ ¿x[ ôx`DT õè¿®÷# cP"" cIT æ[ıwÄ´ç πôw}ÅÄ´ πè—#ZÄ% πôÈçı c—≈ç πô≈Re c—≈ õá| ®æ±a z,¨√√T (õ±&º äv\)"" “I´ ≈è—| wIcv#| cÆ| v&¿èwÄ´ πA—\ c´ BH#T ¿ä—÷ó W^™*{Ä´T 56 ”è ®¿çz% vm[v#| “H:Ç Iæ zvzä"" {Im% JÕÄ´ ôæH:wÄ´ ôw[^Ä´ó T°èºz%T vÜæH# πQOc—è —:JRd ä´"" zOJf πõçz%è õœ æ¥ œvI ûQwJ [œT z^^ Iæ ô®◊Ä´"" ôÏ+—+T Oè—√Ä´è |z´ “I´ ®√Hv| vÿ≈Úº zOHc#ó ûW^™*{Ä´ “^ ¿[c#"" πôw}ÅÄ´è πä—Y{z%è Y`Æ| z©|"" (πä—Y{z%) JR≈ û´—&º c&¿`c# z™—&´è æJû#ç ûT`ÿ Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ “^ m%O´ πQ◊¿Ô´è ºOc”çH#ñ ®¿âI πQH´è æm◊H#"" 55. eHwH m%è·¨Ç (m%è‚Ä´è «ûHI» eHQH# sè¿I¨Ç) πO O]º ´—&ºñ °ıJ 05èç @è ôezºæ"" «¡I—#}» |`—>P «πtè· Ÿ`ä|» RH| c&Gè nH# π®◊´ û«¡I» («Ÿ`») õç û«—#}» («tè·») ä´"" 56. «è”Yz*~» ®æT õz,—+æz% πW`Î ≈è”J Qe| ôæ¿HÇTó õçz% äÇ"" õz,—+ä| X&O| eHGä wI; è—#W# v&U|T û®^c&´ “^ ıo` ûGã h#O~è ôæäüw|T"" W`Î ≈è”J õçz%è YH#e ÖæIè (ô≈Re U—dè) æ®≈T ºûx`T äv["" «{Im% JÕÄ´» πQH´ πè—#W#è dæGè π™,±a z,¨√√è Jœ ä´"" «zOJf πçz%è õœ æ¥ œvI ûQwJ [œT z^^ Iæ» ûR´◊z% vÚ| πè—#W# õç| «O÷—&º ÔJ—´ ¿x[ ôx`DT» E¿´ äv["" è—#W#R õè¬F ºH π¿[c ”ç Jœ v&ê[´ ôJ“´è πeTè| ÆOz% Jœ ôÏ+ ºØpx ôæ®èTñ ®`fT Oè”Yz%è ôºe®e≈T (RH|ñ c#eèøe ôæmR´T) äv["" page075-094 page 13 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 88 ºè —&±+ ”è è—#XÇè ûÖæHïÇ m≈O´ ÖæJ ôd∫"" W^™*z% æ§èè c&ºæ õπa÷ v“I´ Iæ ô´_ Gäv|"" BH#èT ôè√Ç dºez`Ò ÔÀ|"" ôx≤ïÄ% —¿J —v# -- πA—_´ c´ç —v_¨Ä% vô—í%v| y{ õeû&—≈I;Ä´ ≈[e"" π“H:Ä%è ê õè¬s`÷# |õ≤≥ c÷#"" (ÄxÄy´) cÚ´è y{ ô∆^è UI´"" ô&z,—+èç ®æ±a z,¨√√è üH#v| ¿xaÇ (zâÇ) ô®[√;Ä´ó v°x`T zmvI;Ä´"" πzs[÷´è π÷I|è ê x≤z%è w∫ —&±+ ûı ºH ¿e{ z¿cz%"" vOc&K# Iæ π≈J OèÔe ºd[Ô´è õ”±&ôxK+`èT ôOc—ã|"" û“I´ õœ ºe◊H#|è ûx|T HzR[û#wÄ´ OHc#IÄ´"" °ıJ 06 û±&F vâI è—#XÇè Oè—√Ä´è H&ºmã ®cãó T°èºz%T õè√cv#| º¿`“H#ó õè¿zç—\| æÔÈRH#"" √™, πQwH´è “I 57 HO´“| ®¿ ®œ E¡"" “I´ (√™,è) «πâHì´“I» æH™J"" 58 c¨Ç ”è eIdORÄ´ «√™,» æH#{J"" (è—#W#) ®¿±&º πE¡v| T°èº| (√™,) v´—&º πQ—ÿRÄ´ñ πRæhj eHOcIÄ´ äv`"" «õ±&F ôH» ûôI;Ä´ y{ c&¿`c# ô÷#|ó (ºHv|è) y{´è ÔJ—´ ôI—í%|T"" õèed™* T`¢ç Y“™* ´—&º c&º÷# —&±+ ûcæ◊è “^ HO™“|ç πôM≤xè äıe H&R`û#v| ®cãó πõç`ºèñ πyièñ π‘O`è c¨Ç ÷\™Ä´çñ «°èz*ºêÇ Bã» ôI;Ä´"" Gãó 59 π°è|ç ÿTm| z÷Om%"" 57. ôä“—\ úaU¨Ç úaUÇè «“I» πQI;Ä´ ºeOeIJó üH# û°èz*ºêÄ% cTz´ H&Gè æÇIJó ®æT õ´ä|T πäc# O÷]º êbJ"" ”è æFè πQH´ πH:è∆ã oÃ xÅ eHGä πc™e´ eMz| wæê`v|Tñ vôû^ü] —#√æ Iæ wè≈ Oeü] ûRº÷^ÿ` ´dé Iæ HO≈[e ôæÅJT"" û˚&πç´ oÃ éÿ (vmÃ πÿènm, —>≈H| T°èº|) OYO\ vPH# dæm√ m`~J"" 58. v”Ø≥ «¿™,» RH| «vj{» RH| ä´"" ”è {¬º HTè «¿™,» ôIH#|T? c&ºkÒ æGè? 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T. ä´ó wM[ Kdx —. 248"" page075-094 page 14 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 89 °ıJ 07 π®`≈ôº PJô{ πê ®J¿ °è}eè (π”≤|) A—` v®“ —&±+ ôhäÔ´ç T`¢´è ôe◊H´ó x±#T —¿H"" ”Rh#èT —¿J õeû&—v# ≈[e ôd¿√Ä´"" KÏ+—+ õeû&OHc# ≈[e A—\è (õè¬F) ÷vm"" KÏ+—+ c&OHc# A—]~è v®J¿ °è}e |“|ç ´—&º z÷xn ô—ò|"" v±&F T°èº| πv+{Ä´ —+{ ô≈`—´ vOè”Yz% BH# Iæ ôcH÷ã|"" °ıJ 08 πy[è PJô{ π√U|è °èz*ºêÇ ô√ûRÄ´ó v{zçÄ´ó ô—^Ä´è ô÷Û´"" vc# ±Oè h™ç √U| T≈[ v√ Gã"" ôè≈ —&±+ π“Iè ≈Jñ ôè≈ —&±+ π°èz*ºèè ≈J xÈıñ 60 «≤_ Ièzñ ä— HH+IF» πQH´ πOÈKı JR≈ ä´"" ≈JT ôè≈ —&±+ H±&Fì´ñ ôè≈ —&±+ H±&ºì´ ä´"" BJ—&±+ πQºhèı πBH# vIæ πGä ôè≈ õ”±&ôxK+` (xÅ) ä´"" A—]z%T võÀ (v“I´ õœ) —wÇó πz[Ô πHT"" æF OÈKı vzËÔv| —&±+ πv&ˆH+ Jœ πPJô{ h#O| 61 HTeH+ J–Ç (ä—≈) ”≥^|ç h#O| —ç cw| ÆO| Gê{J"" vO±“ | Iæ çÄ´"" v±OçÄ´ πQGä´è ´—&ºç õJm*| vMæ®| üHB vâI õÈÔ™HB"" ûU|û#T {]û+èç πQO◊´è H#w {]° H+H:Ç æÈÒ{J"" ”è πUz xÎ#Ø ä´ó ô`Û<Jç"" °ıJ 09 ≠™m*¨Ç (õè¬F õºH#) x±# T`T` æOÔ^H#ó «õì x±#¨Çñ πŸ` OX]ºÇè x±# Gê dH “I õèƒ| ºhèÔçJ?» æIH#"" «vÜ÷&ô{Çè T°èº| õ”±&ôxK+` Ôm¿H|» πQH# ôH#"" «M≥wÇè ûÆY` Í{ eHzûÔH ä´"" ûäc# éÿ ±÷í% Í{ û´—&º ôæm`v#Tó vı`D{Ä´T ôºı\T"" ÆY[ì´ Í{ ”è πzÅH´è ºFJ æ™“Jñ æ“¿IJ» πQJT ôH "" tÿ^Çè x±# æBè õèÃ ´—&º πQÇH# ÿm*}Çñ ®¿ ´—&º πRæm`v# x±#¨Ç çÄ´"" ûäc# éÿ ôè¡ñ tÿ` πH+IÄ´ πOä¢d| ®—è ä´"" õè¿±&F {]° ÁKÚç õè¿c# x÷+¨Ç vJœäz% v|TF`| Iæ dH Oäû=c+¨Ç c&¿JH#| πQOäû=e ôHó ´—&º Ô`} πQOäû=e ôH"" 60. 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OGã ä´"" page075-094 page 15 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 90 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç BHzì´ ®—è ¿xz^ æwIH#"" OËMız%èç π°Fä|è Y^ BH# 62 æR^H#ó võÕÄ´ º¤v‡wH#ó võ”^Ä´ ºhvjwH# "" eHı`D{Ä´ ôºı\T"" TdH+ä|è πôaè J–Ç ûGã| 63 ûH+™´ºèç ûüFç| æ®e√H#"" fezì´ ®—è ∂è KÁç õç ∂è OÆW_ æwIH#"" ı`≈ æ÷xnH#ó û´—&ºT æ÷vnH#"" 64 ô^zì´ ®—è πO£èè| Qe}Çç ®æ≤≥aÇ ¿“ˆÇ çÄ´ó ÖæHì ®è∆Çñ ÷èü^ ‘JRfÇ (Gä´ dH) ®¿´—&º ôæm`v#T"" «πc+}Ç H:H+¨Ç äè» æIH#"" ôTezì´ ®—è jR”H+ñ —±+ñ vÆH è| æwIH#ó O_{Ä´è H—v_ ôüıH´ º≥±#{Jó vı`D{Ä´ ôºı\T"" e≈ezì´ ®—è —v_¨Ç çÄ´ó õì Iæ æÍH#ó eH´—&º ôè√ÇT Kdx πIÄ´T"" cwzì´ ®—è vè”≈ πQ÷mPç H^dÄ´ πQºz`Ò çÄ´"" eTèzì´ ®—è õè¿ ôèÿ[ïÇñ ÁKÚ¨Çñ (Jxe/p√) cÚ¨Çñ ôç÷&¨Ç ºH# õç õä±&Fè πQOeH# ÿvvïÇ çÄ´ó ´—&º ôº´m%T"" ±÷äì´ Í{ JOçè Y^ º¿[—# ô≥R]¨Çñ wHûva¨Çñ wHv—ç¨Ç çÄ´"" πc◊Ä´è æw`û#{Jó x÷#J Te“çç ´√c+ ûèz% æc÷#{J"" ºJc◊Ä´è c&^—P| õ√ ôæGèwÄ´Tó M“Çè ä´ æIH#"" û´—&º v[œP æ`nH#"" ÆY[ì´ Í{ Ÿ`ç “i πQæ±#ñ ´—&º πQÇH#ñ «H\fi πè—#W#è 65 vä±&F ÿm*|ä| T°èº| ô—^Çè ÔH”» πQûzH# çÄ´"" ÷ÛÇ"" “I ”è õä±&F ºäXçÄ´ ±÷î ®—êÇ πH#v|T"" BH#T û¿m*o õeû JCo H´—&{ πWH÷ã çÄ´"" eH±&F º÷ÒçJñ 62. vvÆI| mè ûv+z °èz*ºè c&º—H”H# πQº¿`—#|è ®[x RHz% ä´"" 63. πxH#æ û&√è üFç|"" 64. «®æ≤≥`» πv+z Oè”Yz% c+}Ç (J≠#Iz%) çÄ´"" (ÿè| ®è∆ÇT vnH# æ÷\v| äv["") è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J æFèè |èzç ûcR vâI «¿“ˆÇ»T v´|≈`ç õè¬º—H”H# ≠™œ ôeä”bJ æwIJ"" 65. «ôc[ è—#Y H[™*È» Tè‹ OÜJæ 7" 5 ä´"" ”è ôw wM`æèç H+H:Ä%èT OTF^è õè¿OcIÄ´ «ôc`» õ±&F Iæ «ÔH”» (eT) RH| ôæ¿HTó «÷Ô[» (”Y) RH| ä´"" GêT «ÔH”» OeI;Ä´ è—#Y c&º÷Û ÿÛz%è õè¬º`T ôezºπ| πQcÿv|ñ c&ºdT` πQOc—|v| Hè—#Y xÅ πQcÿ «ôc[ è—#Y» πQwJ πoé Ææä| Ôÿ[™Jó á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ñ OÈKÔ oéñ (ô¬e ôvw) 09)1 ÆO| õT≈á[ J¿z% H°è}eñ —. 8. page075-094 page 16 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 91 æÔÀçJ"" «(“I´) võ”±&ôxK+` |õ≤≥ æÔ çJ» πQH# πõe^ô+J J–Çè Ohäıç vÛèç vwv&H:è õœ OÿÛ{Ä´è T°èº| ºO◊H#"" «z™—& πQºhèı v&GèR êa °v#`ç J≠#J ûGä´ ûõ”±&ôxK+` ±è≈ Rè õ`√{ æHTè äv[? x±#¨Ç ÿm*}Çè v&ºhèÒñ ‘ôè¡ ôè¡è h& ºw`^Ä™Jó BHz% ÆY\è h& 66 ºd≈√;Ä™J’ πQH´ πOÈKı nJ ûèz% vGä äv`» æIH#"" ≠®™m*¨Ç Gæñ πQ{Oä´ πO O]º¨Ä% ®æT πâHïÄ% zû^ü]¨Ç nJ õè¿Gä õçèz {ńIÇB"" °ıJ @ õè”¬F ®¿ “I´ ±+ç õèOHe"" |çèkÄ%%è J–Ç «PfiØ» æIÄ™Jó vHÿ πQH#|è «ô+JRè» æIÄ™J"" ûäc# πQvJ÷#|èñ O™“| πQ T\|è «—:`wõ» æIÄ™J"" 67 ºJz—±\|è ‘JRfÇ--πê ÷—#^Ä´è õè¿ ‘^ 68 πQºjPç «ûHI» πQH#|è--«sè¿I» æIÄ™J"" c´ñ ≥Gèñ ôèvdñ ô´^]eñ ‘j c&—≈H# ûRFJ ^dÄ´ Iæ m%è· (|z´) 69 Qe| c&º—v#T üJ—¿H# æIfiH#ó ºJ—¿H ”è ôæI‡T"" ôæI‹T"" vPJô{ ±Oè —:j (eH)vH#ñ «ûvIä´ ûx| ä´ó eè—≈H´ ^dÇèè ôèI‡» ôH#"" ”RkÄ%T ve≈x ôä“—`ñ 66. ±√”T 32" 30"" 67. fez%T oœ¨Ç v”JÈ «‘^» æIH#"" —#æ¬ «Ö^» (®{¿`) xH: H´Ÿ{J"" õ`”ÿ ®{¿aÇ v±&ºè ±Oè OHø™Ä´ π÷—#^Ä´ ôW^` õè¿äv[ û”^î ôä“—` HO[√| æÅIJó ”^î H®[^ ºcHÛÄ´è ®{¿aÇ πŸ` ±ƒ c&ä”^Ä´ñ «÷—#^ÇBè õè¿ °èz*ºêÇ xäæ ¿™ («π¿™ J–Ç»?) ôjP» RHz% v”JÈ wæ—wT ®{¿aÇ πzHπ π÷—#` ôv◊÷` õè¿äv^Ä´ æ÷m%RJó Basset, Histoire de la conquête de l’Abyssinie, Vol. I, p. 327, for the text, and Vol. II, p. 436, for the translation. 68. sè√I ôR`ìT ä´ó HTdH+ñ OÜJæ 5" 11Iæ «sè√I´ πz≥[Ô[Ô ä´» πQH´è zOJû|"" 69. õ±&F Iæ mÃ¨Ä% πzddz% æOeIH#"" BHz%T πQH#| õè¿ d¡I «ûRFJ ^dÄ´ Iæ |èj ÷—#` æIfiH#» ä´"" Hõ´äz% πQm`v´ ”è õè¿ m%è· «|èj ÷—#` |z´ æIfiH#» RHz% ä´ó °ıJ 05è zOJû|"" ”^î v±èz^ Ÿèä| c&®≈oñ «õè”ƒFe ôèz ûU|°Jè ÷I| ÷ÛJè» v&H#|ñ «õé OÄ U|û# m%è‚T m%è ‚T J–Ç ®JÕHB» ôH πQwH´T z¤R] R[Qº ä´ó Caquot, “Histoire Amharique de Gr"ñ et des G"ll"s,” p. 129. page075-094 page 17 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 92 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç «πh™èç πôTK^è c¨Ç eè—≈J ^dÇèè ôèI‡ó T°èºz%T õäc# πQç—\ ûx}Ç çÄ´ó O™“| ôæÇH#T» ôH#"" 70 “I BH#ñ H#wT Gä mè∆Iñ Qe| ºI—v#| «m,a» æwIH#"" πH#w´ m,a ûH#w “^ñ πsè¿I´ ûsè¿I “^ñ π—v\ m,a û—v` “^ vôè≈ v+| æê^H#"" csI (cmI) HOY^| Dº πQºFH# c¨Ç ækRH#ó «ô `z%» æI;Ä™J"" 71 ¿”U Hv_ ô[√ ækRH# ó (õä±&F) «mJ{» æwIH#"" ¿”U Y“ πQ÷xc# õç õπs[÷# HBH#T vt`ÿ vt`ÿ 72 73 õû#J πQº≈H# BH| c´ ækRH#ó «™–» æI;Ä™J"" 72 ¿”U πBH#èT IUÇ ®z| πQºJv# ôTe| ®è∆Ç 74 ækRH#ó eRÄ´ «KHx∆» ä´"" 72 ¿”U ®z| HOo√| BH| ækRH#ó Hºè√è¡ vOHû&º ºüıIH#ó eRÄ´ «ÿC}» ä´"" ¿”U Hûx| õ—√ cw| c¨Ç ækRH#ó (õä±&F) π÷Û´èT 75 (ûx|) æÔJ“H#ó eRÄ´ «v`w∆» ä´"" ¿”U ûRFIÄ´ BH| æO`÷#ç ®¿c+| πQE¿´è 76 õè¬—YÁ#ç õè¬m÷# ækVÄ™Jó (õä±&F) «‘`d» æwIH#"" æF (ûc+|) O÷vnÄ´ HŸ`ä| πäm% πz—# õè¬Gã ä´ õèÃ HÈ≈o 77 ôæ¿HT"" º—w πQºev´ Qez%è πQºe¿e|v|è (ä—`) ä´"" ¿”U (c&’±#) ûx| πQä¡ ÆY` πQGã c¨Ç ækRH#"" 78 eRÄ´ «÷´z%» ä´"" ûäc# éÿ Qe| HR”w| πÔH— æHæç 79 vv+z% æê^Jó «œJCü» æH#{J"" 70. «sè√I» πQH´è nJ ôR`ì º¿[—#|è ôw}Ç TdH+ vR≈[” «m,a»è "bacheler" HQH´ πõè”H&≥ nJ Oz`—:Qº R≈[” õèÇIHè"" õäc#T ®e¿´| æGçJó «äÛî ±—`» πQwH´ W^™*| c&ˆ°`ñ «±—` m*a dæ™“ ≈J æäd» ºH´è ûøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ {]° éÿ —. 20 Iæ zOJû|"" 71. mJ{¨Ä% eè| õè¿Gã vtÿ` ºJzç—[´ tÿ\è mÃ veMz| v&—≈Ô´ æGçJ"" 72. πtÿaÄ% Räe π‘d¨Ä%è O÷è ºdºJ"" ÖæIÄ´ x≤{Ä´ dæGè O¿^ {Ä´ æOeIJ"" 73. ™√ (÷vc) ûQH´ ”Y π®◊"" 74. «KHx∆» «ôIv&¨Ç» RH| ûGä «ôHv» ûQH´ ôR`ìç «KHv» ûQH´ ”Ø≥ “^ ºH´ ”èí%ä| {]ü™* õèÃ ô“◊Q H&Gè ôæÇJT"" 75. «v`w√» «ÔH—» ûQH´ ”e π®◊ ä´"" 76. «‘`d» RH| «Oü]» RH| ä´"" 77. ôè¿ì paè}e 7" 33"" 78. «÷´z%» «õ[ì»"" 79. «œJCü» «Qe| º—w õ[ì»"" page075-094 page 18 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 93 jR”H+´è «TJ—>∆»80 æH#{J"" õc#T v&Gè 81 82 õè¿®è≈UÅÇè õè¿ ±Ê õç õè¿ ôw K^ v◊T üJ¿ûO û´—&º ôº`ıT"" °Û| HR≈[” πQz“ ÷I| õè¿ì º—í πHT"" ¿” HOY^| πQz“ —+{ç è—#YT õè¿ì º—í πHT"" õ”±&ôxK+` 83 õeû [œT ±Oèç x±# —&±+ æ÷xm´ó æIJ wM`æ"" 80. «TJ—>∆» «jR”H+»"" õä±&Fè BH# πúaU nI| v+û&è”DT õç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ ®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>O™Ä™Jó C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, “Some Records of Ethiopia,” pp. 111-129. (πá√” Re{®i¨Ä%è zOJû|"") 81. πjR”H+´ eT ±„ôH&Ÿe ä´ó vW`Î ≈è”J {]° éÿ z¿“”U zäYz™J"" v±&ºè ±Oè eTè õè¿±&F Rd÷` æ®¡ äv[ó Æey (≠ev)ñ ÆT∆ (≠T¿)ñ z≥üa (z≥ü[)ñ Oè—∆ (Oè—¿)ñ Ö¿a (Ö¿[)ñ °ıH: (°ıH) æH# äv["" JR¡è ûúaU¨Ç ®e¿´| æGçJó «÷&ê»ñ «v`w∆»ñ «KHx∆» πQH´è zOJû|"" 82. ôw K^ ≈è”J ü}H&¢Ä%è vOn®T Ho≈eç voz´ —≈J zÈÎÄ™Jó EMML 69, William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. 83. è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J äv["" page075-094 page 19 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 BL Or. 534, f. 1a. õeüBè ûz—í%| π±+çB H“I oœ¨Ç ôè¡"" (—È 63-66 Iæ zm≈~J"") page075-094 page 20 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 TØ^ı " “I/úaU ¡Sd {ô&ñ ™n ô#™*dó ¤p`d {ô&ñ HÔ ô#™*d"" ! ¿Oç Bèñ cR∫è ôJxc´ó c`∆ Bèñ O_z%è ôIxc´"" πúaU jR”H+¨Ç T`n| page095-160 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 π¿v#x ô&|øÂº úaU¨Çè º÷ç ôæû+ DvÌè≈"" (ˆ}”^ı ôèh&" Karl Heinz Striedter, Frobenius-Institut) page095-160 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 " «±+çB H“I»è õç eHúaU¨Ç πQwH´è vævJÿ HO[√| Oä“—]º H&Gã πQÇH#|è ™ç ™ç —#√øÇ õè√eÔI—&äz% v±&F TØ^ı w‡\T v[ÃPT õπzÄB ôm`wÄ™HB"" (1) “I ®æe úaU úaTì zç“]¨Ç «“I» πQH´è eT ûOÿI{Ä´ vÚ| Ta πä—≈ eRÄ´ «úaU» õè¿Gä æç—^H#"" H+H:ÇT úaU õè¬I;Ä´ ≤_ —Òv| õèÃ eP ûÿè| πê[ HOGã wÏ+ TåJ° ±Oè πäv\ ô} ≠ÌSç ôHn {π æOc°^H#"" π{]° Tè·Ä% ”èñ v±&º´T zºæ¥ õeû o`x —&±+ ≈[e H+H:ÇTñ πQ÷bÄ´ «“I» õºH# ä´"" v±&F ≈`cz, éÿ BHz% eUÇ õπzÔ^[m% v&O÷# «“I» πTè·Ä% «úaU» πé ô÷^` Gä´ ä´"" (2) π“I |`—>T «“I “I» “I RH| |`—>P Tè õè¿Gä ôæ{®oTó πRæ{®m´è HR®o x±#¨Ç (±Oç™* ÁKÚ¨Ç dæm\) c&U°\ æ{ºH#"" ôè¿ìñ m¿T xH´ π®÷# πM≥xç πy{ eUÇ |`—>RÄ´ v—&±+´ dæO±—x ûm[ ®æT vuèuÇè éÿ Mº´ üJGä πzÁ´∞ eT v&GãT õè¿ «≤ı»ñ «÷I»ñ «Ô[e» π±Oè `≥O| |`—>RÄ´è ¿xpwÄ™J"" ”è õè¿c´ eT õè¿ «ôcÛ»ñ «OKO≈»ñ «—H{»ó õè¿y{ eT õè¿ «ôFº Ôœ»ñ «ä‡ X`»ñ «∆a Räm*º»ñ «ôK¡ ØÌ» πzÁ´∞ eUÇ eHGã |`—>RÄ´ ºJ÷Û õπOcHè HR®o õèÔJ“Hè"" eèÔJ” c© ≥T xH: 1 πÔ÷[´è |`—>T õç—îç õ´ä| ô≈`—è õèæ±™Hè "" «“I»ñ «ôR^»ñ «h™»ñ «—:ÕT»ñ ®±z vQH#| eUÇ Iæ π¿[c´ æ§´ 1. page095-160 page 3 πé x÷+´ OTF`T «æ§èè πÔ÷^´è {]° HØ´mz% ºFJ Ø®m%|ó õè¿ õ´äzì {]° Oz[üÇBè ”è z©» v&Hè õh& ôèH´T"" HTdH+ñ «÷OèÕ» RH| «÷x OèÕ» ûQH´ πO◊ ä´ πQH´è Re◊J ôJzÅHT"" ±Oã πOTF` nJ πRæûv`v| ±Oè vOGãñ «÷OèÕ»/ «÷vèÕ» πz%`° nJ Gê ûì π¿[c´ vÆ[xì vû#J ä´ó π±&Fè πz%`° nJ |`—>T «÷x OèÕ» HR≈[” O O]º z%`¢Çè ôR`ì zç“]¨Ç R≈[” ºeÔJ“J» v&wJT x±# cQ ôJz—íT"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 98 ä´ó õ´äzì |`—>RÄ´ õeüBè ôJz—íT"" «≤ı» HTè «≤ı» õè¿zwH T°èº| v&ê[´Tñ ºèè T°èº| ôBè õè¿Rçóñ Hõä±&F ä—∆Çç y{¨Ç HTè æ§ Ææä| eT õè¿zc◊Ä´ πQ{Oè Ø´m| πHèT"" «“I|» πQJ π”Ø≥ nJ ôHó ”è «“I» û”Ø±# «“I|» “^ ”èí%ä| æã[´ ôæã[´ õ`”÷ì ôæ¿HBT"" v”Ø≥ «“I|» x±# tÿ` Gê |`—>P «‡ıaÇ» RH| ä´"" ®¿âI ±Oè πzËÒ| üJGã vm` m¿T ºH#| Tè·Ç úaU¨Çè wè≈T vx±#T «“I» æI;Ä™Jó x±#¨Ä%è «“I|» («‡ıaÇ») ®æT «“H:Ç» πQI;Ä´ BH+T wæGè ôx≤ì´è —&±+ πo`v# ±Oè Tè·Ç çÄ´ó eH±&F «“I» π«“I|» ä÷I tÿ` ä´ HRH| ôºe¿ı`T"" ôHn û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+T «“I»è õç «“I|»è dººæ±# HπxÅÄ´ 2 πO±—w;Ä´ eH±&F ä´ "" æFT Gêñ «“I|» π«“I» x±# v&Gè zeRQ´ ä´ó T°èºz%T ôè¿ìñ πePè ÿè{™*ä| ºdºJó BHzìTñ Tè·Ä% «‡ı^» πQH´è ûúaU¨Ç πz®c¿ nJ ô≈`—´ |`—>P «πõaT{ñ vôè≈ä| π”` xH: cJı» RH| õè¿Gä æç—^H#"" «v‡ı^ ôTdH “I» RH| «õè¿ “I v‡ı^ (vzç÷J dæGè vôè≈ä|ñ võaT{ HO´“| OcHı)» RH| ä´"" π”Ø±# Tè·Ç õeIUÇè «õeIT» ®æT «OHdæ»ñ úaU¨Çè «“I» eHQI;Ä´ «“I» πQH#| °èz*ºèT õeITT ºJGä´è ä´ ºcìJ"" ”è úaU ºæ¿H#|èç °è|çè ®æT õeJTçè ºJzmvH#|è H+H:Ä%è ô&|øÂº´ºè «“I» ôæI;Ä´T"" «“I» πDæRê| xÅ dæGè π“^ uèu ºIÄ´ c¨ÇT (πä—≈T eT) OGã ôº÷^ÿ`T"" °è|çè ®æT õeJTçè πzmvH#|èT wFIÄ´ñ uèuÄ´ úaTì õeûGä ≈[e «“I» æI;Ä™J"" (3) πúaU ôè≈ä| GêT æF BH#èT «“I “I» “I xH: ÷oII ô÷^` úaTì zç“]¨Ç ôè≈ v+| (v+z v+z “I “I) HOGçÄ´ Re[Õ ôæGèT"" {Ç {Ç ”xÈ (Lower Egypt) vôem,ÿe —√R| πQê\|è Oä¢d| ûTØ^x vû#J õπO÷# πQ±`Û<Ä´è v`vaÇ OÈKˆÅÇè «v`v` πQwJ “I» 3 æI;Ä™J "" v`vaÇèç úaU¨Çè vôè≈ eT õè¬÷bÄ´ º¿[“Ä´ Tè≈è ä´? «Ô[èœ» õè¿RH| ä´ó Hì æTcHè õèÃ Ô[è–Ç πTèIÄ´ BH# ôè≈ v+| (v+z v+z Ô[èœ) Ô[èœ ôæ¿H#T"" 2. 3. page095-160 page 4 û&®° OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v nI| K¬e —. 317"" HTdH+ñ ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ —. 206-11"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 99 H+I TdH+ñ ûôá¯ Oÿz´ ôS]ü´ºè πGã| («Ô[è–Ç») m≈O™Ä´ ô—\è πº±#|è «ô&è¬ºèe» («Fè∆Ç») æI;Ä™J"" «Fè∆Ä%» ”è «Fè∆Ç» OwIÄ´èT Gä õè¿ ôè≈ M≥x O{π{Ä´è ôæmvH#T"" zeRQ´ TdH+ ”è πÆ[yÇ Bé{ ä´"" ôè≈ uèu (Æ[xì)ñ ôè≈ OèÔd™* O] (äv&∫ OKO≈) ôIÄ´ó c& T\T x±# ‘d ”è ôè≈ ä—≈ ®æT ôè≈ M≥x äv\"" vâI õè¿ c#√è ºH#|è H+H:Ç M≥yÇ DæRê{Ä´èç uèuÄ´è vR´[e ôd[w;Ä´ (Æ[yÇ ô¿[’Ä´)"" Tè·Ä% πúaU¨Ä%è Bé{ v±&F OJ° ä´ πQºm`v#|ó HTdH+ñ «“I ±æxJ¨ y[è» («y[è πQwJ “I») RH| «◊H&ºè πQH#| Ô[èœ» ®æT «ç¸G πQI;Ä´ Fè∆Ç» õè¿RH| ä´"" ôHn {π —x[ R`ºTT æFè Jx vRH| πQwH´è c&ä”\èñ û±&º (—+{Ä´è ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºeè û—¿H#v|) ±Oè Ta õeû ôÏ+ OH° c—≈ (W`Î ≈è”J) ±Oè ≈[e v°èz*ºèç v“I OAûJ BH”±+ ÷xç Ÿ`ä|ñ Bû|ñ O“¿JT Gäó eH±&FT õä±&º v“Iè ®è≥ eHäv\ “I zwH#"" π“I ®—èT BH# vÿoH# v±&F eT “I zwH"" ÿè| ”è π“H:Ç vÿoH# wè≈ πQ÷\v| eT ôJäv^Ä´Tó ww}ÅÄ´ eT vπä—√Ä´ v`z%R y[ç æwH# äv` æIH# xH´ ä”[´çJ4"" æF õTä| πäv[´ úaU¨Ç ôè≈ eT v&ê^Ä´ wæê^Ä´ J∫ä| vRºO◊v| ±Oè eHGä {]û# H&{Oè πQÇJ æOeIJó ˙Hz*ü πHv|T"" GêT wFJèñ vzHπT uèuèñ O—OÅ ü¿[”è úaTì zç“]¨Ç ôè≈ä| v&ê^Ä´T wæê^Ä´Tñ ôè≈ eT v&ê^Ä´T wæê^Ä´Tñ c& T\ ôè≈ Ææä| M≥x äv\"" ôw wM`æT õè√è≈ M≥x ä´ πQºæ™Ä´"" (4) úaU¨Ç ûH+H:Ç æHºH#? úaU¨Ç ô&|øÂº û{∫v| —&±+ Ta «c&√R» ûQH#| M≥x “^ (ûc&√UÇñ ûôRaÇñ ûô—¨Çñ ®±z) vıo`T v÷HÛT æ“v# äv["" vDæRê| üJGä «c&√R¨Ç» «“H:Çè» v±` õû#øÇç zOddøÇ õèÃ J∫¨Ç ®æT ûızïÇ ®æT ≥ozïÇ ô≈`—´ ôI∫™Ä´T"" uèuÄ´ û#d™* ®æT üR™* eHGä Hc#RH+¨Çñ 4. page095-160 page 5 JE692E, p. 582. ûô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe “^ eI¿[—#| ”‡| πQwH´ û±&F mÿH: (tÿ` 6 éÿ) zÈÛ<J"" eH JE692E —È 60ñ á√” t. 21è zOJû|"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 100 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç Hô—¨Ç Hv+Õ¨Ç vôè¿ì ¿[Õó uèuÄ´ c+R™* HGä HôRaÇñ H|”_¨Çñ H—#^—+¨Çñ Hô¿_¨Ç õç uèuÄ´ úS{™* HGä HúS}¨Çñ H—&Q^¨Çñ HÕèŒa¨Ç vBHzì ¿[Õ ºm`wÄ™J"" û#d™*/üR™*ñ c+R™*ñ úS{™* õä±&F fez% vûızì ¿[Õ «®è≈RRÇ ôw| uèu¨Ç» OGçÄ´ ä´"" πôè¿ì õç πBHzì ¿[Õ ≥T≈çÄ´ πôè≈ ôw| ®æT πôè≈ ôº| J–Ç õè¿OGè RH| ä´"" π[œT —&±+ T`T` º¿[—´è Òç™*´è ôæû+ DvÌè≈èñ «≤_ πcSèç π¿v#x wFI™* zn`ê v&‘ITñ 5 ô&|øÂº ôè≈ ôè≈ä| ºH´ wFJ ô—` GçHÇ» ûQJ õTä| º¿[c´ πM≥v# O≤O≈ ä´"" v±&F ô“◊Q BH| ä—aÇ Re{®e ºeÔJ“Jó ôè¿ìñ û#d™*/üR™* uèu¨Ç ûôı]ü ´› zç“] πIÄ´T"" ıÁ#T ôı]ü´ºè çÄ´"" π´› HOGè KS| õè£è v&O◊ ûôı]ü ´› zç“] wIÄ´ vc+R™* uèu¨Ç õèÃ vû#d™*/üR™* H&O◊ ôæÇJT"" BHzìñ úaTì ûc#RJìñ ûoRè|ì (ûô—´ì) ®±z “^ ºè≈ ôw| Jœ ûGä úaU¨Ä%è ûä±&F Hæ} vo`x —&±+ û®¬º R∆ O÷# HRH| ºeÄ”^J"" ôæû+ DvÌè≈ eH “√ Y`Æ| πc÷´è (û{Ç vá√” tÿ` 28 e` π÷meû#|è) ôezºπ| õ±&F û÷meû#H| “^ ôm^`vè xçπ´ πô&|øÂºè M≥x ôè≈ä| xÅ dæGè vô&|øÂº {]° éÿ ºH ôè≈ |Jo õèpoJj H&Ô{JèT æÇIJ"" õè¿Tçe{ć´ñ πô°c#T «ä—Y{|» eT «õH» πQJ Oäi ôH´ó HTdH+ñ «õH ÆQ√»ñ «õH ôH√ñ «õH ô≥’’»ñ «õH —v≥» πQwH#|è «ä—Y{|» õçe{é"" π«õH» |`—>P «õä» ä´ó x±# tÿ`è ºOH°{J"" BHzìñ v±&F nJ ûQ T\ eUÇ 5. page095-160 page 6 Haberland, Untersuchungen, p. 219. DvÌè≈ v¿v#x ô&|øÂº °è|ç zeÛı} õè¿äv[ HRe[√| è””` c&º¿`” ¿”U õ”[ Oè—¡è õè¬F æIJó “Die so häufig zu findende Apostrophierung der Amhara als “Semiten” im rassischen und auch im kulturellem Sinne ist rein Phantasie. (Es ist unmöglich, einen linguistischen Namen auf den rassischen Befund zu übertragen). Die meisten Völker Äthiopiens, wie z. B. die Galla oder die Kaffa oder die Agau -- die Urbevölkerung Nord-Äthiopiens --, haben das gleiche Aussehen wie die Amhara und Tigray” (“æ§ x±# —&±+ πQ—í´ ôRaÇè v±`ç vwFJ [—≈ ûc+R´ºè R—◊÷T ıÁ#T oµ| ä´"" (ôè≈è πuèu eT ®¿ ±` ”î| RezIHı ôæÅJT"") ôx≤ì´ πô&|øÂº M≥xñ HTdH+ “H:Ç ®æT ûıÉÇ ®æT -- cSè ô&|øÂºè vÿè{™* M≥xä| πº±# -ô—¨Ç OJüÄ´ º´ πôRaÄ%ç π|”_¨Ä% Ææä| ä´""”) Eike Haberland, “Altes Christentum in Süd-Äthiopien”, p. 3. Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 101 “^ ôxa πQE¿´ ”YT x±# tÿ` ä´ó HTdH+ñ «ä”W#» (ä—W#)ñ «Uz%» (Uz%) æIJ"" «õH» õç ”W# πQºOH°z%| x±#ä|è ûGäñ æF ô°c#R™* π—µ* eT ô®◊ÿ ôw wM`æ v°ıJ 4 eH H#w ûËÒJè úaR™* π—µ* eT ô®◊ÿ “^ zOddæ ä´¢"" õä±&F eUÇ πä—Y{z% dæGã õè¿ «YH#e ÖæH+»ñ õè¿ «SJwM» π—µ*´ W^™*| eUÇ æOeIH#"" «”W# x±# tÿ` πGä´ è—#W#è HR°v` ä´» πTèH´ v&Ä”[è ä´ó v”Ø≥ c&Ëı è—#ZÇè vx±# tÿ` ”Y R°v` πz O[´ vo`x —&±+ ä´"" ≤#¨ÇT zOddæ πÆ´¿ ”≤| (“√) Y`Æ| dæê^Ä´ ôæm`T"" HTdH+ñ π”≤| ±OçÄ´ πzO±—v BH| πä—Y{| ≥`≥` ôH"" wè¿ì´ ≥`≥` éÿ ûzO±—v#| 11 «ä—Y{|» 7z%ñ vBHzì´ ≥`≥` éÿ ûzO±—v#| 9 «ä—Y{|» 8z% 40 40 ÆO| —≥z™J"" æF 40 ÆO| Æ´¿ ”≤| OGè ôHv|"" ôH±&ºR æF A#H# zOddæä| õèƒ| ô“◊Q H&Gè æÇIJ"" πÁKÚ¨Ç Ô÷^ ä´ πQJ |`—>T Oe÷|T ôº[üT"" w‡\ñ ô&|øÂº A—`ä~ πä—¿ û#d ä´ó c+R™* uèu zç“]¨Çè uèuÄ´è —Ôı ô≈`—è xçºÄ´ ôx≤ïÄ% ô—¨Çç v+Õ¨Ç çÄ´ó Jx ôIJä´ õè¿Bñ v—+T≈` RH| T≈[ v+Õ RH| ä´"" ôè√è≈ π{]° Tè·Ç v—+T≈`è õè¿ «ô—´ T≈`» «v T≈`» πQH#|è õçe{é"" π”Ø±#ç π≠[xì´ Tè·Ç ô&|øÂºèç KTè/üTè ôè≈ º¿`’Ä™J"" æ§ eHuèu¨Ç ôOW^[| ä´"" ≤_ Rè πRèè uèu uèuΩ xH: õè¿º± HR®o ®¿ {]°ñ ®¿ ôè|a˙H:Ãñ ®¿ ô`û+¨H:Ã OE≈ ºeÔJ“J"" v±&ºè —&±+ úaUä|ç ôR^ä| û√y´ éÿ õ`k´ Gä´ πm[´ |Jm% π√y´ °ıJ πô&|øÂº ä—∆Ç ´M¿| Gê º—í™J"" πT`T\è ´÷+| HR®o πQ’’ v—+T≈`èñ ‘ÕTèñ ôTÜ^èñ ®Hnèñ Ô÷“`èñ ºÿHmHm%| úaU¨Ç ôR^ õè¿Gãó úaU¨Ç ¿v#v#è eIÿHmHm%| —#Ãñ õç`ºñ πô\c& K≈º¨Ç úaU¨Ç õè¿Gã æ[√J"" õ±&F ≈`c| éÿT vO÷ã ôè√è≈ TJ°| õç—ìHè"" «πTç—[´ uèu πÿè| ôº}Ä, uèu ä´» πQJ H&dd|T Iædd|T æÇIJó v‡HR Rä◊÷` πQH#| Ææä| ä´"" °v#` ô} ≠Rãô+J ôx`DT v|≥{Ä´ OÈKı éÿ wwz,T vçz,T úaU äî ºH#| ®I–ÅÄ´ úaTì c&ä“—\ eI—òÄ´ OGè ôHv|"" uèu¨ÅÇè õè¿Jxe πQmºπ\ Gä™Jó vv“´ ®^| õè√èÄ—` c´è v°[T| ®^| vHvc´ Jxc# ôèûÛıH´T"" page095-160 page 7 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 102 (5) «“I» e≈x ä´? ôè≈ uèu πQç—` M≥x H+I uèu πQç—´è M≥x πQ÷^v| eT æê[™J"" ºèè eT ®æT ûz÷]¨Ä% º—í™Jñ ®æT vôè√Ç T°èº| æÔÿ[™Jñ ®æT «vO≥—v uèu» éÿ üH#| nI| ôè¡è πQeRR πQOeH´è nJ æO`÷™J"" «ôıa ôæ—x»ñ «YH#e ÜæH+»ñ «ÜæI|»ñ «ô`wx»ñ «t`wè» ®±z õºH# HŸ` W^™*}Ä% πQc⁄Ä´è eUÇ õçe{é"" º õè¬F Gê π®◊´ πM≥x eT vâI vôè√Ç {]° T°èº| («« ”ç´ πõ—H+ M≥x») «ôæ πõ—H+ M≥x ä—` ä—`») M≥x» õπzwH O¿äm*º ®æT («ôæ õπzwH Oc¿v&º æTcJ õèÃ c&®◊ «õ—H+» «õ—H+ æFè Ææä| |`—>T õè√H´ Re[Õ ôæ—îT"" õ`”ÿ ÷I| πÿIÅ eTT º®◊Jó ôw wM`æ õè¿ä—\èñ Hy[è úaU¨Ç ôè¡ °ıJ «√™,» πQH´è eT º®÷#IÄ´ úaU¨Ä% dæGã H+I´ M≥x ä´ (π≈`c{Ä´è °ıJ 03 zOJû|)"" æF πä—≈è eT e≈x ô≈`‘ ôä“—` ¿”U x±# ä—∆Ç vQê\v| ô—` ≠™œT πRºpO´ vMæ®| (vä—≈ä|) πOpº πc´ Jœ ÷wº™* ±ƒ (survival) ä´"" GêTñ «“I» He≈x π®◊ eT HOGã TèT Re[Õ πHèT"" ≤_ «“I» e≈x ä´ c&wJ õcRHB õèÃ w¿”Bv| ôüwv&T Gä vRńÄ´ Tè·Ç ±è≈ nH# õè¿ Rèì´T πM≥x eT —HJzì O÷]º õèÃ e≈xä| πHv|T"" w¿”Bv| ôüwv& õ[ïÇ eèûwv` vôR`ì «ôR^» õç «“I»ñ vúaTì «c&√R» õç «úaU» õèwwIHèó eèççoç eèc√¿x ¿”U «“H: ...» õç «c&√Tz*z* õäç ... » õèwwIHè"" v+zcyÅÇè zsÿz´ ôm%P πQH#è «“I»ñ «c&√R» OwwH#è dæGè «“H:» õç «c&√Tz*z*» OwwH#è ä´"" vä—¡ πzc¿v BH# πä—¡è eT v&H´ÿ ÆHT ≥xòù æ®◊ äv["" ‘d¨Çç ä—∆Ç ≥xò`nÄ´ v&®◊ dæiJ æm^J? vôBã ±Oè x±# ôRaÇ «ôR^» õè¬wH# ôæÔJ—#T"" T°èº{Ä´ ”è úaU¨Ç «úaU õèÃ “I ô|vH#è» ûQH#v| T°èº| πzHπ ä´ó «ôRaÇ» ôR^ä{Ä´è ôæ°¡Tó ôR^ OwJè πRæÔJ—#| ‘cîä| ô&|øÂº™*ä|è c&mçmè eI∫ ä´ õèÃ e≈xäz%è HOhj ôæ¿HT"" ôRaÇñ úaU¨Ç úaU OwJè πQÔJ—#|è ºFJ ôR^ OwJè ôæÔJ—#|T"" T`fiÄ´ ô&|øÂº™* OwJ ä´"" ”è ôRaÇ úaU¨Çè ^dÄ´ úaU¨Ä% vÔH—#| eT HOÿ^| c&ÿ\ñ õäc# ôRaÄ% ôR^ OwJè õè¿RæÔJ—# õº®m% «ôR^» æI;Ä™J"" page095-160 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 103 π«“I» M≥w™* |`—>UÇT v&Gã õ´ä|ä| wæê`wÄ´T ¿“‘Ç çÄ´"" ôè¡ñ «äv&∫ OKO≈ õeJTçè õè¬mvH# v&Jû#wÄ´ (HõäR?) OJ°zïÄ% c&OHc# Häv&∫ ºO÷#IÄ´ OJe ä´ó vôı]ü™* ≠[xìñ «“J I» («õTv& ôH») πQH´ ä´"" (v≠[w™* ≠[xì v&Gè «nH I» æGè äv["") H+I´ñ «ä—¡ πO◊´ —Iè ûQwJ ûA—\ ®è≥ eHGä v®è±# eT “I zwH» πQH´ ä´"" ºT æ§T e≈x πHv|T"" ºT Gä æFñ ≤_ úaTì zç“]¨Ç «“I e≈x ä´ó e|÷\è úaU vH#è õèÃ “I ô|vH#è» üH# Ôn√Ä´ æBèIÄ´"" úaU OwJ |°°J v&GèT vôR`ì eèä“—` v¿e{ õè≈è÷mTv| z—è◊æ úaU¨Çè õè√ºe{ćè úaU¨Ç äè πQH# ôeÔI—&´è R≈[” æê`wÄ™J"" BHzì´ ≈°O| H+I uèu õπzç—\ ôR`ìè õç`T RH| ä´"" ÒêÇ Òè ô|vH#èñ e™*≈êÇ e™*≈ ô|vH#è ôæH#Tó BH#T vOcH´ c&÷^Ä´ zmxH´{J"" õäc# ”è ^dÄ´è H^dÄ´ w®÷#| eT æ÷^H#"" ™ç´ ä—` ûO”wwz% Iæ ä´"" õ`”ÿ ôè≈ c´ vúaTì c&ä“—` «“I» v&J ôºT`v| æGçJ"" ûIæ õè¿÷meû#| ®¿âI ±Oè πzËÒ| üJGã vm` Tè·Ä% «“I»è Iè≈T Hx±#T æ÷mPv{J"" HTdH+ñ «®OÈô “I» c&H# õè¿Bé{´ «“I O◊» ®æT «“H:Ç O÷#» RH{Ä´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" eH±&Fñ ±+çB H“Iè õç ûTè·Ä% πTm√Ä´è H+H:Ä%è π”Ø≥ ÿofÇ ez[—>T û«“Iç» õç û«“H:Ç» ôè¡è πTO`÷´ õè¿ Bé{´ HôR`ì zeRQ´è ä´"" H”Ø±# πzÅH´è ºFJ HOo[x eJ vä÷I ôä“—` «M≥v#» õè¿QwH´ñ «“I´» πTJv|T —&±+ ôH"" (6) π“I/πúaU ±+ç HTè zËÔ? ô&|øÂº J∫ J∫ uèu πQç—\ πx±# ä—∆Çç ‘d¨Ç A—` Gç dH v”Ø≥ eIè√Ä´T zHæ} úaTì eHQç—\ ô&|øÂº´ºè (eH “I) πzËÔ´è ºFJ ôJzËÔT"" ûH+H:Ä% æJo eHúaU vævJÿ HR®o πÅJä´ vTè T°èº| ä´? vH+I ôä“—`ñ {]° ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè eHH+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç ºèè ºFJ π”J ±+ç ºJËÒJè HTè≈è ä´? OJc# mIJ æOeHìJ"" ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè eH H+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç x±# ºJËÒJè πOËı ıI‘| dæê^Ä´ m`} dæGè eHäc# x±# πQº´m%| eHH+IÄ´ ä´"" H+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç ®æT ä—∆Ç ô&|øÂº´ºè πGã| {]° ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè ûO—í{Ä´ vÚ| ä´"" page095-160 page 9 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 104 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ÁKÚ¨Ä% õä±&Fè ‘d¨Çç ä—∆Ç ô&|øÂº éÿ ô—òÄ´ õèÃ ®¿ ô&|øÂº õèƒ|ç vπ| vû#J õè¿O÷# ôI∫Tó ºπT ôI—í%T"" õè¬F ûGä eHRº´m%| ä—` Tè xH´ æËÒJè? «πô&|øÂº´ºè ôw{Ä´ ô&|ø„&e æwJ äv["" πä—¿ øo◊èñ πä—¿ û#d J–Ç v±&F ®ÿz´ v±&º ®`¿´ ô&|øÂº cÔ\ñ ®±z» πQH# {]¢Ç BH# ºIπñ ºJcR πä—[è —ç πT`T` Re[Õ ºJ¿—ÛÄ´ ûôı ®¿ ôı πzIHÒ o`fÇ çÄ´ó πôè≈ c´ πôè≈ ±Oè ◊Û‡ Ô÷^ H&Gã æÇIH#"" x±# ºı {]¢Ç vT`T` OemJì ÿºm, c&®÷\ v≈v#j| Iæ õè¿zW^ v+| æè¢{¢{H#"" o`fÇ eHGã ”è ûO≥—x ôæÛm%T"" eHúaU¨Ç πTç´m´ û±&F vıÁ#T πzHπ ä´ó T°èºz%T eHäc# πzËÔ´ ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&—v#ç û—v#T vâI Tè õè√¿[—# w∫ πÆæè Te°` {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç ä´"" π±+çB H“I ¿^c& °ıJ 5 Iæñ «õè¿±&B wH&è O´“| v O[v| —&±+ πz—±[´ (H#w) SJwM æwIJ"" πôwz%è eT ôIóTó T°èºz%T πQä”[î πHT» ºH#|è õ±&F Iæ õçe{é"" æ§T Gêñ eH úaU¨Ç üı {]° πQs÷` x±# 6 zÈÛ<J"" BHz% õè¬F æIH# ó 6. page095-160 page 10 (1) EMML 7346, ff. 13a-14a; (2) EMML 1521, pp. 55-6, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. V, p. 20. ôÏ+ —I´ƒë ”^î õè¿Uz π˙`z%“Jè c¨Ç (ü}H&¢Ä%è) ô—` cÿ} ReÔ\ õ`”ÿ ä´"" õäc#T eH—I´ƒë c&ç—\ñ «”^îè HRhäı õè≈è[√´ DRêz,è vçèz DæRê| õH´◊HB ºH´è nJ ô÷Ôxè» æH# eHäv[ñ HvmJ úaU¨Ä%è ô`Ô´ ûzmO÷#v| ôeäYz´v| æGçJ"" ôÏ+ Ûc&J «ü—_ ´÷#» v&IÄ´ ®è≈Pè RdOÏÄ´ v{]° πzO±—v ä´"" πü}ïïH&¢Ä% ‰‰e c&w[\ñ «õ”±&ôxK+` πKvkÇè õTv&zìä| HOo◊| O O]º v”^îç vô¿J õeIUÇ õœ π◊IÄ´è ¡I õç ôHè“ ôBè H“H:Ç õè¿c◊Ä´ç õäc#T πvH÷ ¤üî OoWı}Çç π±&F ºJH±v Oè”Y| ô´√Q¨Ä% õè¿QGã —JÍIÄ™J»ó õdÄ´T «πA—]~è Oè”Y}Çç ô´^Õ¨Ç πQ®\ç πè—#W ä—Yz%è Oè”Y| ÔÈU HO´¿T πQº¿`c# ÿm%` —#è√êÇ ôH#» xH´ õ`”Rèç |èv&| õè¿zç—\ πdÄ´ c¨Ç O≥”vÍÄ™Jó Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. 135. ôHn {π eHúaU¨Ç πQä—\|è õ´ä| ºJGã {]¢Ç πQI;Ä´è vx±#´ cxev™J"" õ±&º π®æ±a™ {]° πzHºπ |[ü ôH´ó ôè¡ õè¬F æIJó «wÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè ±Oè (1307-1336) vDæRê| πzäX õ¤—+ ÚJÊe [”O´| vA—^Çè Èã [Öx Gä"" v±&ºè —&±+ πÄ—^| c+| ®æ±a (JØJ|) vÔ÷“` äv[Ç"" ¿”U ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe πQwJ π¿™aç πûz{ Oû:èè äv["" πc#T IH: πQwJ πIT ê w]º äv[´"" ºÄ* c+| ®æ±a v&`w| ®z| v&º÷◊î xI HIH: ô¿[ÇH|"" õc#T Tj| ô¿[“|ó 4 ®è∆Ç 3 c+}Ç J–Ç ®H¿ÇH|"" eRÄ´èT π®è∆Ä%è Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 105 (1) ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe πQH#| Oû:èè (ô—[ —µ*) πô`õîñ π¿™añ πÔ÷“` —+{ äv["" (π±&ºè —&±+´è) πIT ^c#è («IT ê» π®[√ —∑ πRØ[” eT ä´) IH: æH#| äv["" ¿• ®æ±a (JØJ|) x{≈`H| Qe| ô¿[“|"" Jœ x|®J≈ |Jm%è û[∫ ôH´"" zû{∫è Sfi ôH´óñ fezì´è z%HR ôH´ó ô^zì´è ®H: ôH´"" õH&Fè ô^z%è T≈` õπRcÇñ ¤ò õπ—:±—:±Ç ôd¿—ÅÄ´"" õ±&º cæ◊è ô¿[wÄ´ó H+I uèu (úaTì OGã ä´) ºç”^Ä´ µO`"" ûc´ dæ—çí% ô¿—#"" ü¿—#T (vâI) ôw{Ä´è õºeûzH# πc´ ûx| (OmR|) vıπJç vv” µO\ç Ô[c#è IPè (ûxz%è) º—í%|è BH# æmP µO`"" c´ BH# zcvcvç õ—+{(Ä)´ ±è≈ ôv+| ôv+| ôH"" —+{Ä´ v&cR z© ôIÄ´ñ eè£è æz© π—+{Ä´è ”|J (ûx|?) ôem\"" IPè æ±´ “I πQH#| ®è≥ ôHñ ¡` õ±&º —xz´ ≠OÎ#"" —+{(Ä)´ c©è °zz% ôHç z™“Ä´ó ≈J äW#ç —+{Ä´è —¿H#ñ c´èT ÔÀ|"" û±&º ®¬º πQpT (πQuuRÄ´) ÷Û"" (ô—\) v1 ÆO| P—` ≈[e ÷Û"" v2 ÆO| ¿^ ô¿[c´"" vôÏ+ ô&ºc# ±Oè ®Hnñ h”Iñ ®û=H# ôTK^ õeû OJ≤ ÷Û"" (õäc#T) v®è±# eT “I zwH#"" (2) vW`Î ≈è”JT ±Oè “I zäY} °èz*ºèè BH# æ™“Ä´ O`"" õc#T vÿm*| ±Oè õ[x~Jç v[{wÄ´"" π“IT ôO◊ÿ {]û# õè¬F ä´"" wÏ+ —I´ƒë ±Oè äıÿ æ¥ πO◊ Ô[èœ ”^î ûUz vâI û—I´ƒë “^ ®¿ h™ E¿"" ºÏ+ Jxä ≈è”Jè IT (ûx|) õπ÷vm% —Iè vQwJ ô—` ®è≥ √`Å ûQê\ ±IêÇ “` æê` O`"" ûä±&FT ®—è Qe| ô”x} 2 J–Ç ®H¿"" õä±&FT v±Iã v+| ô¿—#ñ vÿm*| ±Oè ôüH O÷è ô¿[c#ñ —:HOc#"" õäc#T v±Iã v+| vô√J ûQê\ ûõeIUÇ ®—è ô—v#ó 7 J–Ç ®H¡"" õäc#T 02 ä—≈ (Gã)"" —Iè vQwJ ô—` ®è≥ eHê\ “I zwH#"" h™èñ ôR^èñ ®Hnèñ —:ÕTèñ √U|èñ v—+T≈`èñ õè¿`{èñ Ie{è BH# ®[c#"" °èz*ºèè BH# ±#]º´è ûvw;Ä´"" û[∫ñ |H:Rñ Ofiñ ®H: ôIÄ´"" c+}ÇèT ôJ¢ñ ¡[z*ñ ôºèz% ôIÄ´» (JE692E, p. 564). H+I´ {]° c+| ®æ±a™è «ºÁ+ OH° c—≈ πõá| Jœ äé| (Oå|/Oç õY^ô+J) πT|wJ»ñ IH:è ¿”U «ûÿm%` T≈` R`¢ ºO◊´» æIÄ™Jó õ±&º´ —. 570"" π±&Fè {]° H+I |[ü üû#| πô&|øÂº ÆO{™* OÈK+| éÿ v09)$9 Æ. T. ôd|U{Jó Caquot, “Histoire Amharique de Gr!ñ et des G!ll!s,” pp. 124-132. page095-160 page 11 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 106 eH úaU πQ{Oè ±+ç πzËÔJè T°èºz% πúaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&O÷# ÁKÚ¨Ç eI∫™Ä´ç ôO◊◊Ä´ πOè”Yz%ç π°èz*ºã M≥x ®—è πGã ÁKÚ¨Çè HÈMÔ| πQ“x≥ Gê eHz—í ä´"" úaU¨Ç û¿v#x (TçJw|T û¿v#x TYô) zäYz´ ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº π—v#| πM≥x èoçm, ûQ®e¿´ ±Oè “^ c&zºæ vô‡` —&±+ éÿ ä´"" c&—v# —#≤;Ä´ ûı wH ÿ≈Úº äv["" v1570 Æ. T. HO O]º —&±+ ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J “^ z“‡z´ vôÏ+ c#eèøe ±Oè (1600-1625) ô—\è õeû |”_ ≈[e 7 õè¿ôÿHmHm%|ñ M≥v#èT õè¿ô`v¿v¡| õèOJû| ó ®õT≈á[ áJÔz °[T| v®`Ü ÿoT| ¢ä Bû| Æv&æ véz û=H# A—[ Oè”Y| "" ®zcTÆ ûO û[∫ vTJô# ®[¿ Oè—H |”_ñ ®O[™ ®ÌÆ Oè—H v—+T≈`ñ ®ûO ô&z% ®y[è æÔo¡ Îv&ô —:∂T"" ! 8 °[T| üHÔ vâI vÿoT| ®` vOè”Yz% A—` BH# |Jo Bû| Gäó û[∫ vPH# ®¿ |”_ õè¿ ®[¿ñ O[™ ®¿ v—+T≈` õè¿ ®◊ ô&z%ç y[è ‘ÕTè H&®“ õè¿QÔJ” zcR"" úaU¨Ç ®¿cSè c&—Ò Oè—¡ πmçÄ´ç A—]~è vô‡` —&±+ éÿ ºÿHmHu| eHz¿^À õèÃ zn™Q eIJäv[wÄ´ ®æT «c`∆ Bè O_z%è ôIxe» zxH´ vOO[nÄ´ º—í%| πtÿ` x≤| π®[\|è ô—` M≥xç π—&±+´è Oè”Y| HRhäı πQºeÇIÄ´ Gê ôæ¿HT"" tÿ^Ä´è ôoT º¿[—IÄ´ ôhèÔ´ û®[\| M≥x º÷Ò|è ôÿı} πz[Ô´è úaU πR≈[” ÇH:{Ä´ ä´"" ôè≈ ô—` vº±# tÿ` «c&√R» ûQH#| äw` M≥x ”Rh#è ¿Tec´ πm[´è uèuÄ´èç wFIÄ´è vR´[e õè¿äc# úaU º¿`—#{Jó «c&√Räz%» æm^Jó ûz®^]ä| ®^]ä|è eHQO`ÿT úaU Gê ôxa ®[^ æ®◊J"" HTdH+ ≤_ ûúaU ä—≈ éÿ —xz´ πQs÷\| õä 7. 8. page095-160 page 12 Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 165. «A—[ Oè”Y|» («πOè”Y| A—`») πQH#| «√` ô—`» πRæH#|èñ RõûI™*´ Oè”Y| (è—#W#) π^c#è c´ vä“]| (v≠™œ) πQkTv|è °ıH A—` ä´ó BHz%è ôez√¿aÇ ôè¡è «A—[ Oè”Y|» H+I´è «T≈[ ”x`» æI;Ä´ õè¿äv[ v±`ô ºØpx {]° éÿ æ{ºJó Perruchon, Les Chronique de Za’a Yâ‘eqôb, p. 15. è—#W# πBHz%T ôez√¿aÇ πvIæ OGãè HROJû| «è—#W Èøèñ è—#W ä—Y| Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 107 cøñ ôyêñ z%Tô+ñ H+nñ K—Hwyñ úyñ K`c#ñ H&P úaUä{Ä´ «vÿTm|» õèÃ v±` õè√æ¿H xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è æç—^H#"" æ§ J° πôR^ wFJ (uèu´ç DæRêz%) vA—]z% cSèç RõûJ õπzeÛÛ H+H:Ä%è ôR^ õè√¿[“Ä´ RH| ä´"" Re[Õ πHîT õèÃ HúaU¨Ç ≈J ô≈^—&ä| H+IT T°èº| õ÷[ÿ^HA#"" M≥v# πOè”Yz% ¤uîä|ç ±^Úä| eHO[[´ úaU¨Ç õè¬Oz%| [≈} æGçJ"" {]° ÁKÚ´ 9 πô—≤±#è O^`ä| c&O±”x õè¬F æIJ ó ±≈è”J (1596-7) vä—W —&±+ Hô&|øÂº c¨Ç 2 v—#ä| WÎÄ´ó 2 Ø√ ÛmIÄ´ó 1 Ø√ ôèvd ®¿o ä´"" vmî v”^ —:ã πzOc—ä´ ûx| vè—#W# RázT ô&πzzû:c Hè—#W# æGè äv["" (±≈è”Jñ) «æF ±[Û ä´ó õè¿ ÆoP ô&πzu÷[ (m[÷#è) ı]√ æ°ÔJ» ôH"" 2zì Ø√ —xa —xa c&¿§æ π”x` O_| H—µ* cÿ} v÷+ç OE≈ ôJäv[T"" πQûıH´ —è±x ôÿ} BHèzç´è c&¤è JÀè H”x` ºdJı (æcÿ) äv["" Jœ πH+H´ ûäTjz% ^c# w]º Gê æ—≤ äv["" ôÁ+ ±≈è”J ”è «c´ w]ºñ T≈` õç]º ôæBèó T≈` w]ºñ c´ õç]º æBè» xH: ô™œ ä—["" ”x` c&Ä”[´ O_z%è H—µ*´ ÿH: æF≈ õèÃ xH:"" «ôèvd ®¿o» c&H# Uô ôèvd û|Jm% v_ Iæ —#x ôH RH{Ä´ ä´"" ûxz% «πzOc—ä» ûGä BH#T æ®c≈v{J"" ûx| v≈xo R≈Hx ôæÅJT"" π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 09 eçäx õè¿Tè[√´ T≈\ πä—+}Ç Gê —v_´ z“≥} —w` æGè äv["" πôÏ+ ±≈è”J |Jm% «v—#ä|» O—v` ºJÅH O_z%è Hp æC≈ RHz% äv[ó ôJGäH|T"" O£èèz% —w` H&ºd◊è ä´ xH´ vŸ` Jx õ^c#è xH´ —¿H#|"" æ§ ®è J æÔÁT πäv[´ v°èz*ºã ô—` ä´"" H+I´R õè¿ «‘èü õç õè¿ ièoI» ºH´ ±®|` w]º 9. page095-160 page 13 ±ô&|øÂº» æwJ äv`ó Perruchon, “Histoire des Guerres d'‘Amda íyon,” p. 280. A—[ Oè”Y|/Èøè √U|èñ ¿Tv&ºèñ eSèèñ ‘ÕTèñ h™èñ |”_èñ T≈[ wM`è («ô+`|^è») æ¤T^J"" A—aÄ% vÆT¿ Èøè {]° éÿ z±`≥[™Jó õ±&º´ —. 280-1"" vBHz% ôez√¿aÇ OüûJ ºH´ J∫ä| π√^—aÄ% π^dÄ´ ÔI‡ s^‡ wIw| äv^Ä´"" «võeIT wM` éÿ π°èz*ºè ¿c+|» πQH#| ôä“—` πQºOH°z´ ÷oII™è ô&|øÂºè dæGè vzHæ è—#W# v±&F «A—[ Oè”Y|/Èøè» vQwH´ °ıH A—` π±[“´è ôez√¿` OGã ä´"" π‘ÕT {]°ó EMML 5403, ff. 63b-64a. Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 108 πQ{¿èv| fiü äv["" {¬º õè¬F ºH´è Oè”Y| πQº`v¿x≈ ÖæJ v&O◊ z—Ú´ Tè æIJ? v”^î ®[^ —&±+ç vìe Mæ®| zOddæ ä—` ôJ¿[cTè? úaU¨Ç ºhäÒ|è õºe—¿¡ ô—J“æ («—v`») R≈[”èT π®c¡| û÷I}ÅÄ´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" nH#/eP HôR`ì ô¬e ôæ¿HT"" ôÏ+ æYKo (1406-1421) πz±ÔäH| T°èº| ôè¡ 10 ±T} x±#¨Çè «—v`» eI¿[“Ä´ äv` ó eèz%è õsÈ`"" πKIw —v`"" π◊æ} —v`"" πIyI —v`"" eèz%è õsÈ`"" π—>ƒI —v`"" c&Ô°` äv`"" eè£è HôTK^ µ` (®{¿`)"" cRæ v&ûävJ"" õçpT (õçpRHè) c&H# äv` vÍ` (vŸ`)"" c&Ô°\ äv`"" ô÷Û™É H≥°`"" (7) πúaU {]° ûTè‹ úaU¨Ç ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| T[´ ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº ûOT◊{Ä´ vÚ| ô—]z%è m¿T xH´ vº±#| M≥yÇñ vzHπT vIºÄ´ vzuuO´ vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| OüûJ eHzÔÁO´ ”‡| vævJÿ HR®o πQÔJ” ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J Ta û”^î vâI πzäW# ä—Y{|è {]° õç ±+ç 11 12 O™ØIÄ´è ñ vz¤R]T πô} ≠ÌSè OÈKı (e≈wÄ´è õπçm) Rèvx æê`v{J"" úaU¨Ç ûπ| zäYz´ vπ| vû#J ®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº õè¿—v# vôR`ì ûzËÒ| éÿ H&÷ç 13 πQ—w´ Gê º—íB| °v#` ô} æJR ƒ_d πËÒ|è ä´ "" 10. Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña”, p. 59. 11. x±#´è HoS wM[ Kdx éÿ ôeı_™HB"" 12. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work. ∆/` wæ\ πô} ≠ÌSè OÈKı Há|O| c&º±“œ jJR| πQºcÿ Y^ W`~Jó ”è πOÈKÒè `õe wæH´÷´ ¿”ä| æGèH| äv`"" 13. æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ —È 212 Iæ πQ T[´è TØ^ı 40è zOJû|"" °v#` ô} æJR v±&F OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ vúaU¨Ç Iæ ÷x page095-160 page 14 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 109 õä±&Fè Tè·Ç dæO[T` TØ^w´ºèç vQc&øêÅÄ´ º¿—#ç H+H:ÇT Hú`}∆°e °è|ç ÿIÅ πQcRÄ´ç õè¿ ÷I| πQº∫™| πËÛ<Ä´è «πúaU {]°» πQºäx õä±&F ±Oç™* ÁKÚ¨Ç πô&|øÂºè M≥xç ô—]z%è πz%è ºFJ õè¿v¿H# Jx ôæH´ æGçJ"" õä±&F ÁKÚ¨Ç «πúaU jR”H+¨Ç ÷æmè º—íä´ ä´» πQH#|è õ´ä| æBè Kc| ROdû[ õè¿RèÇJ ºńH#"" H±&F |´J≈ π—&±+´ |Jm% õèoÛ| {]û ä—Yz%ç ±+ç O™ØH:Ä% v”Ø≥ OGçÄ´ç v&z[—:PT ºBã |´J≈ vcÚ´ vRºńÄ´ πTØ^w´ºè uèu¨Ç Oz`—:RÄ´ ä´"" πzz[—:P|T v&Gã πT`T` OËMı| eHGã πQ—í%| v{IIo v+z OËMı| õèÃ vM≥x πOËMı| O¿x` ôæh÷#T"" πô&|øÂºè {]° ûTè‹ πQºäx ûBH# ôem≈U v°èz*ºã Oè”Y| wHYJ◊êÇç vQ—±#| M≥x OüûJ BJ —&±+ ”‡| õè¿äv[ ººJ"" û±&ºT πúaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº ôO◊ÿ HTè «πOè”Yz% ®—è πGã ÁKÚ¨Çè πQ“x≥ Gê» z—î~J õè√Jû# æ[√J"" û±&F v{Ç û™ç¨Ä% ±Oè (ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ õeû ÆY^ eTèzì´ Tõ| ÆO|) π{]° Tè·Ç H±&F ô‡` ÿç| HTdH+ä| πQvm%|è ºFJ vÿm*z% õ÷oeIÄ™HB"" (A) Oè”Y|ç M≥x πM≥xç πOè”Y| ”‡| OW[{™* T°èº|ñ ûv+z Oè”Y| Ta õeû mvH+ —µ*´ ≈[e ºH# wHYJ◊êÇ ®{¿aÅÄ´èñ H:H+¨ÅÄ´èñ waÅÄ´è ¤Ta x±# eHGãñ vzHæ ≈ò c&—wñ Häc#ç I”vcvc#| W^™*{Ä´ mHxñ HÔ[fÅÄ´ Oê Ro[x M≥v#è eHQûx¿´ ôJˆ ôJˆ ôJ—x`T æJ eHäv[ ä´"" v±&º Iæ ûOè”Y| wHYJ◊êÇ “^ vDæRê| πRæOdcH# ä—∆Ç ôfi] c#RH+¨Ç çÄ´ õèÃ úaU¨Çe cIR™* M≥yÇ çÄ´ πQH#|è ôezºπ| cIR™*ä{Ä´è ûô+¢êQ Y`Æ{Ä´“^ õºezº∫ πQ—w´è ºFJ ôIx^\|T"" ô} x`Dã HSfç ô} {y` ™Q πúaU M≥x {]° vQJ `õe ºdzP|è OÈKı däv´ πz[√B| õäc#T õè¿—HÁ#| πOÈKÒ «™ç ÆIRT πúaU M≥x OıHm*ºç ÿèz Oê]º v±&FÇ πô&|øÂº ”≤| éÿ OGãè πQº[“”÷# π{]° Re[Õ¨Ç Ro[x ä´» (—. 41)"" OÈKÒ ûO{zP vÚ| πô¬e ôvw ∫å˚èz* π{]° °ıJ OTF^è ü∫|ñ v&m\ π¿^c&¨Ä%è πzm¿c ÆIR πRº¿çoÒ|è ôä“—aÇ õè¬ºem\ç ±+çB H“IèT û”Ø±# πQz[—>TIÄ´ c´ õè¬ÔJ—# ®æT °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è πz[—:P|è (EMML 3749è) õè¬ºäv# HTè Kdx õè√Im[v#IÄ´ ”JÈ ôæ¿HT"" page095-160 page 15 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 110 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç cxIÄ´ v&WTÌÄ´T ôoT ü—í% (®æT º—í% c&OeIÄ´) ôè—x`T æH#ç OzIHo æO◊J"" HTdH+ ûÔIkÇ “^ ûGã| ”‡}Ç éÿ ôè¡è ±—w 14 ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J {]° õèo√ ó ®v´õz% ®`Ü °[T| zèYô ¿™, vûzR ®Uz% x±#Üè cxõ v´õz% ¿™,"" ®õTo≈O ≥èz% ¢ä T°[ KÏ+—+ û]U ûO æN` HÎv&ô “I õÖ&¥ õTôè‘| õeû ”≈T ®ô&Û| ®Ô÷“` ®¿™a"" ®±èz T°[ ≠mO ®ôÈèÆ TeH û=H:P Y∫Rè ±HÙ ®HÙ —&±+ ôezÛä¨P HH xK+aPó ®wMz% æOeHä ±æv+ õ”±&ôxK+` v´õz% —&±+ ô&¢ä T°`π ûO T°`°P ®ô&¢ä MH&çπ ûO MH&ç°P"" ±èzc ±èxJ õeO vÔn¿ ±&ôB ±|S”x û#ä{z ÆHT ¢ä P^¿ KÏ+—+ ≈á[ ÜHÔ °[T| Oè—H ÔIió ®z`Ô Îv&ô “I"" ®T°èºz zÜ≈‘z%c H´õz% T°` võèz Îxô “I çπ≈Ø v≥π"" OÈô OJõ°| ±æxJ ô|[Ô [√ô& Ôè¨z ÁwM| ±æv+ HKÏ+—+ õè± AH© v—#wô+ õÙã ”x`π x±#Ü õ°H ®OÆ[ ôJFUzC ®ôw”Æ ûRB ôJy õT≥ û=H# ô&®Av Tèzå"" ®±èz cQ∞ ä¿ Jv# ûO õd|"" ®fv+D ®÷ä T°[ ûO æÌxúP HÔIi ®æá≈” Îv&ô “I"" ®Hôû Öv û=H:P ¤™ ®Öv WπTz |”_ ûO æxÈK# vØ≈S ±Æ¿UP"" ®TeH ≥å ¢ä æxJñ æÖ+æcå õ|vôe TeH Ø≈® ¿P Hõ”±&õπ ô&πc#e °è}e õTõN` HÎv&ô “I"" ±èz T°[ ôÈèÆ v®`Ü °[T|..."" ®væõz* ØH| ®[¡ j™√ x±#Üè cxô õ”` ®OezÈØçä ôıê ®Rá[û# x±#Ü ôJFTz õeIT ®°èz*ºè ±zOæ÷# õT°è|ç Öv ôæB≈çó õeO äv\ Jô&¢U Öv KÏ+—+ õè± 14. Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp 84-6. πOè”Yz% wHYJ◊êÇ ûJ∫ J∫ πô—´ ‘d¨Çç ûH+H:ÇT “^ æ◊H# äv`ó ÔIi¨Ä%è πQOHûz´è ÿoe vzHæ πO[ÿB| «ÔIkÇ ÔIi πzwH#| è{Ä´è zäoH´ ÔIc&¨Ç õè¬Gã eHzÔ[¿wÄ´ ä´» πQH´ |°°J ôHOGãèç õè¬º´T πQº’’ è| õè¿äv^Ä´ v±&º´ HRdπ| ä´"" c#eèøe «π®è≈—+ õç πH” c¨Ç ”x` ûR”w| õè¿H—P vcR —&±+ zpÿ} «W^™*z% õè¬±`ÛÄ´» õè√±± W^™*z%T «x±# ûx}Ç» õè¿R[û# πQºdπ´è ÿoe —È 131-135 Iæ zOJû|"" —È 31 Iæ ¿”U õè¬F æIJó «vûzR [Öx v—w —&±+ Ûc&H: KÏ+—+ ±è≈ Oÿ} õè¬F c&J T°` ôm[vó 'õäG ûzR´ z^v ±[Û J®e√Ä´ O´◊z, ä´ç πûzR´ c´ æûzHî' KÏ+T õh& ôH# (zeRP)""» page095-160 page 16 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 111 æxH# çB OËõä Öv õ”±&õä TeH ôJFTz*ä ®ôèez*ºä ®¿m*oä"" FI™,GPc õTo≈O≥ ¢ä Öv T≈[ TJ°çB H[√ô&"" ®vÔn¿ õ”±&ôxK+` zcäô® TÈôz õH# TeH P^¿ õH# ÜºIè ûO ||Æ®o Ö&\z õ”±&õä vô”xúz è™øP HõH# õT≈á[ zRá[û#ó ±O¿ õ°Jå x±#á z±`Ô væõz* ØH|"" ®wMz% ô&Ôm¡ äX&ú} H√—>d ®±æOeH: õèvH e`çæ ®È\æ õ°J ±ûRB"" HõH#c õH zRá[û# ô”xô H:P v”±| û=H: è™øP ±zäYô"" ®ô&ºO°äπ õè± æxJ QIØH+π õO äYô# W^™*|π °è}d™*ºè è™π õeIT ®ÔIi"" úH≤z* Ö&\| ±|OeJ Ö&\z õ”±&õä ô&πc#e °è}e ±ºWò ÎKπ IØH Ö+^è ®õû#ºè ®º±èT ≥çO IØH Ë≈nè ®Üÿöè"" ®vdå{B vØHz Æ`x ®ÆJä vFπó ®Ôä¨ Hô≤∑ KH&y o≈O —Á# ûO æÁ&M ıê} ®æTIõ û=H: RØTm"" õeO ôèAH# ÔIi v´õz% O™ØJ ®ôÿıô# ıêz ûO ô&æN`¨ ôxoJ| ®ôıê"" ®væõz* ØH| ôez^|Æ ô≤∑ KH&y Oxõc ®—:Ë—>Á ®[cø OÈºMz `z%Æ"" ®vdå{B ±´õz% ØHz m√T zèYô õTFπ ®[cπ ıê} Oè—H H`™* ®cÔ[ vËaË"" væõz* ØH| ôJy ±zÆoÔ ®ôJy ±≈áÎ vıê| õTcxõ õeû õèed õeO πRä õ”±&ôxK+` |S”x ıêz ≥èz% è—#Y"" ®vØHz cèv| ®ÆJä Öv cÔ`ä vØHz m√T"" üH+ıc õá® [√ô& ®÷ä º´Æ& võd| ôxºz TeH û=H# ±éz,z%"" ®õ°Hå ±AH: v—^F| ô´Æπó õeO ËØ¿® v´õz% —&±+ ®vÈK HRõ[`"" ûIeezå Öv zûT[ ô´Æπ õèvH TK&°"" ±èzc ±æ—x` õeO æOeH: ±æ|Oπ÷# fv Üÿô# c&dπó ®ô&ºõO[ ûO Ô|K yz% õ”±&ôxK+`"" èMäc fv `ô&çD HA—` õè± û=Hè{D Y`—#| vKOJRH ±`õ ®ı_ Rõ[` zä¿ıä vıo^ ®Ôm≈ä äv&[ éz,{ vûO æv+H: „+ÿae Hõ”±&õä v¿x[ {y`ó æÖ+æcä èèv` ≥π"" ô&èá≈” |èv&z nH# H[√ô& ±zävπ ôO OÈô Öv+B K`y"" ®´õz% û™*ê œ¿è Ôä® W^™*} TB^ä Îxõ Öv j™√ ±±[ı¨ cxô KÏ+—+"" Hæõz*c ÔH” ±AH®| vRõûJ ôJy ±zAvH Æ¬¨{"" ´õz ôQ[ Hôû nH |Øæ`| Öv K`y õè± æxJñ úÜºJ ô≥RÇ K`y äº o≈O —Èû T≈[ è| õèz |´á≥ KH&v ®OÆ["" ôıÿè OÁ&ô ®ô&||Aûæ ûO ||™[d ®||üÔJ ôØË√z*D"" K`yc ôÒO ®ô&ºÝô Tèzå ôI ô”xô H± æ$èè È≈m"" fvå znzH# W^™*z% ÁèØ¨P ÔIi v´õz% ØH|ó page095-160 page 17 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 112 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ®ôè|Ø¨P HW^™*z K`y ®ƒ—è¨P õeû RõûH Æmx"" ®wMz% ô&zK—>H õTéGP õèvH 1õT≠væz M≥x"" ≥èz% û=H# û™*ê zOæ÷ K`y xK+a v√áè ®vcIT"" ®vx±#á ÆO{| ı√ æõz* |Øæ`z% OÈô è—#Y ÖºJ OH° c—≈ Öv eSè"" ≥èz%c TÈôz% æOeJ ûO ±æv+H: H[√ô& Hôû Öv K`y ûO æTËõ Öv+û"" ®Fπèz,B çB OËõû# ûO õ|üÔJ ôØË√z*ûó ±ô&ÜWYûå [ûxûåó ®±ô&Á™Øûå zc÷´û#ûó ûO ±æxJ ±èz æOeJ TÈôz õ”±&õä Öv ÔIi"" õeO zA´û| û=I A—` õT”`RB vûO zxFH ô≈HoHn HT≈` ®Gü"" ®vØHz cãæ zèX&ôä õTËaË cÔ`ä vWH#e Öv o\v ôTwB HüH+ı"" ®á√◊è M≥x ®[¡ sI õèvH πô≥≥¨P"" ®fv+D ô`ôøP x±#Ü ®J{ ®û@çzó ®wMz% ô&OÈô Öv+GP ´õ}På ô&N\ Öv+GP"" ®zÛ`B vvæçz*GP"" ûzRGPå —x\ vôèË]B ±]ˆP õ°H"" væõz* H+H&| ôJy ±zAvH m]v Öv+GP HôMeU õTcxô ÔIió õeO U—c ”`RB H≥èz% è—#Y |zJ¨Pó ®OJôû# æ|≠πè Æ´∆P"" ≥èz% û=H# ¢ä ôO @®9H®`Ü ÿoT|"" eı^c ±KÏ+—+ T≈[ ¿”Æ ´õz%ñ ®x±#á t\"" ®vdå{B vØHz [v#Ø ®[¡ KÏ+—+ õOJØJ| Öv O|M| ûO æÌxõ¨ HüH+ı"" ®ô|[ı¨P veı^ H∆w YJ◊è (®)d™*ae TeH x±#á ôıê ®äıÿ ®TeH x±#Üè cxô ®J{"" KÏ+—+c ®]∆P —x\ ûzR Öv cÔ\ cxô |RJT"" ≥èz%c ¢ä ôO#B H®`Ü ÿoT|"" ®ıêz æõz* ØH| ¢ä v3Í{"" HõHc πK´\ vXJdæ ıê| zèYô# IØH+GP ÔIió õeO ôõO\ ûO ô&AH: Fπ ≥èz% è—#Y O™ô& ®N[ õèz üJõ ıê|"" ®fv+D zÖπH IØH+GP ÚoŸ` ®J¿ ô≤∑ Ûãô+J"" ®mzH x±#Ü õTéGP ®ô®Ôπ HKÏ+—+ O÷ä @hxhy"" ≥´õz% m√Ræ O™*úz% Hõ”±&õä ®ÿèz zO´ú}P HÔIi"" ®v+z æõz H+H&z HÁv&K KPe õèvH πAx è™O HôØæèz*B ®ô&≈nc Hm^èxz*B õè± æÖ+H& ®æO°` ±ûO õˆ æÎxú HüH+ı ®±ûO õˆ º®`∆ õOJØJz ¿x` ±zÁ®ä yz%"" ®væõz* ØHz KPe ôè”A —æcó ®N[ ûO æÌxú HüH+ı"" ®õT≥ Ôä¨P HOezn|Iè v3ıç™|"" ®õèz {M{æ ıê| N[ ô≤∑ KH&y TeH wM` ôYw"" ®¢ã o≈O —Á# ¿Ü[‘| —:∂T ä“j TeH ´^è"" ®vHÙ õH# ¢ã t`wè ÜºIä ≥èz% è—#Y õH ô&æOæ÷# —ÍP õT¿`xø û@ç| ®õT´”z[ õxè ®äıÿ ®ôáÏ"" HØH# û=H:P Ôä¨P TeH x±#á äıÿ vv ä—∆P ®vv M±v&GP"" ´õz%c pO ôèË[ page095-160 page 18 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 113 —Á# HüH+ı Öv zÆπä TeH W^™*z%"" ®ÆoO `ámz%c HFI™,GP πô°J O÷ä 7TØ^ı ô´ æv≥á"" ®TeH ≥å Á≈ı Æv&æ RõûH+GP ±ô&æ|ûDJ æØ≈´¨"" ®¢ä ≠v&æ Îxõ væõz* ØH| RõûH W^™*z ≥èz% è—#Y ®RõûH ÔIi"" ®zÏxú}Pc Hcxô üH+ı ¢ä vôõwè õè± ºO[”K# IØH+GP æ°Jõ¨P Æ]— õO|M| Öv OJØJ|"" v± ûO≥ ”x` —:è¿π cÆz ä™Üó ®—&±+ 6cÆ| ô±± ≥èz% è—#Y æ´”\ O√ıÆ"" ®v´”[z 1O≈ıØ ô´¿o¨ HÁ™_ ÆIR ®HôKz* xõc&| ±äv[| zÜv&ö {Mz ØÌ"" ´õz —&±+ zA´û üH+ı ®û=H# W^™*z%ó ®zÔ|K û=H# W^™*z Îxô#"" õeO OcH:P ±®≈m IØH+GP Ox[o õTcRæ"" ®∆xÆ YJ◊èå ®[¿ Öv+GP õOè—H OJØJ|ó õeO äv[ z]ˆ vIØIæ eı^ HÆm*v v`"" ®z^≈ô# vvæçz*GP ±πRè ®±Á“T ±OJØJ| ®±O|M|"" üH+ıc Üÿô Jv#çBó õeO ôTWŸ Jv# õTx≥Ü ıÀ|"" ®fv zOè¿v õTû=HE Æ`— Öv ≠v&æ Á≈ı TeH á√◊è ®ÆJºåB"" Öv ≥èz%c Á≈ı ôJy ±Æ`— õTo≈O≥ ôI √õP ôØ[—} ıÀz% H≥èz% zKwH&"" ®W^™*z Îxô#c õH zÔJ÷# õTéB õT”`R O≈ıØ ®õTÎxô ÜºIåB H≥èz% è—#Y õH æOeH# ÜºIä √™*| ±ôezRcH OÈKı \Á}P v\Áz èe` ®Èè∞P vÈèÆ ôèvd"" ´õz —&±+ OèÔpP ®≈m% vû@ç|ó ®Ox≥á}P z®`© éz Á≈ı (õè±) æ—:æ∫"" ®õTõèedC õH ûO ôJFT| ®ôwØ` ®ôxoJ| ®ôõ¡” ®ô&Ü¿—# Mº® ôI √õP ôM—:H# vûO zxFH ®mzH vû=aP H”xÈ õTcxõ õeû õèed"" õeO ô´—± ôw è™æ ûO ô&æTKû# õ¿ ®ôèez ôõ\— ®MÏçz ®ô&º|`Ò û=H: ±πK´` võ”`"" ØÎ#x ±+ç ±¢ä væõz* ØH| HôKz* xõc&| ±zRá[û| õè± ºOÈö 1xõc& ôc&a õ√ TeH õ¡"" ®fv `õπ| vÿnL Æv&π Á≈Ô õè± zK´`ô ô∆çæ `≈ôå xCI z®`®| éz Á≈ı ®zRJô} TeH+D õèvH Ôn¡ H´õz% xõc& ±ôc[ õ√ TeH õ¡"" ! v±&º π°[T| ®^| vcÔ\ vj{ zäY} vvj{´ x±# c¨Ç Uz%"" û±&F m¿T xH: πôÏ+—+ ´dé °[Tz%è ôdJˆ “Iè ûôè‘| ôèY} ”≈Tñ æÛ|ñ Ô÷“`ñ ¿™a ≈[e HO´“| HOE≈ äv["" æFèè ´dé û±&FT û±&ºT h#UÇ “^ ®¿πA—^Ä´ c&hìÄ´ ôÈ≈pç ôÈè} äv["" ”è õ”±&ôxK+` v±&ºè —&±+ page095-160 page 19 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 114 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç «T°_ ûT°^ÇB “^ ôæ¿HTñ Kdv+T ûKdwÇB “^ 15 ôæ¿HT» ºH æOeHçJ"" æFèè ºJä´ñ πÆHTè Bé{ vT{ez√≈` Ôn¡ T°èº| û°[T| vâI πôÏ+—+ ±OÅ ®¿ÔIi eH Gä ä´ó “Iè O´“| m["" “Iè πO´“| ´dé πm[v|è T°èº| õ±&F Iæ õè—JËHèó «ôÏ+—+ v—#wô+ (ûzR) väv\ —&±+ñ [√ô& ”x_è x±# õFJç R` õJüHBñ ûx|ç v‘ÇT õè¬B ºH¨|è ”x` OI° ôem["" û±&F BH# TèT πHTó ôè√ÇT ä—` ôJc÷T» πQJ OJõ°| (û—#wô+ ûzR) O◊"" (è—#W#) æ§èè cT} Jv# õè¿ õd| zn÷Hó v±&ºè —&±+ “Iè O´“| |} ÔIkÇè H&®“ T°` O["" ®{¿\ BH#ç π|”_ h#RTè| ûm÷^Ä´ y{ ≈[e õè¬O÷# IûwÄ´"" û±&B ôºæ¥ õè¬F æJ äv[ó «“Iè HO´“| ûTE≈ æJo û—+{Çè ûô&πc#e °è}e ¿OïÇ “^ x◊I æiHìJ""» æ§èè ´dé v°[T| ®^| ôÁç..."" v±&ºÇ ØH| x±# õ”[ïÇç Ô[cïÇ ®¿ j™√ ®`¿´ x±# πõeIUÇèç û°è|ç ®¿ æB¬ä| πzOHc# °èz*ºêÇè ûx| R[û#"" T°èºz%T ®¿ KÏ+—+ «õäG ûûx}ÅÇèñ ûc+}ÅÇèñ ûJ–ÅÇè “^ Gäè ®¿—+{Çè OÿzçJ» xH´ Jû´ äv["" û±&º ôem≈U ”è ãbÄ´ v[√ô& π”≤| T≈` éÿ äv`"" õä±&F πzR[û#| ûzR[û# vâI —è±wÄ´è vOOHe π—+{Çè (πè—#W#) Ä`ä| |{®o ±è≈ võ”±&ôxK+` Ôn≈ Gêñ πäc# OT◊| ûä±&F ÜæHïÇ ±OÅ “^ —÷O"" v±&ºè ØH| πõFJ Ææä| x±# z±`ˆ äv[ó ”è ûeèƒç õè¿(eèƒ) ÿ\ ûGä õFJ vm` √—#dç õc#è πOcH´è ôJ®c¡Tó HzR[û#wÄ´ πz®c¿wÄ´è —è±wÄ´è BH# v”≥| OHcIÄ´"" «°è}d™*ºè W^™*z, πõeIUÇèç πÔIkÇè —è±x v&®e¡ Tè Ä—[î» xH: ôIOüíT"" ôv+| æÄ* ¿”ä|ó ÎKæè v¿‘Çç v°Ò¨Ç Iæ πQº®◊ñ ≥çTèT vË≈nèç vÜ÷&ôzïÇ Iæ πQº±èT π—+{Çè πô&πc#e °è}eè ¿”ä| πT|OeJ! vR”ez% Æ`x ØH| õ±&º ™Jè"" Oè—≈ õè¬÷`”ç —#≈’∆Ä%è BH# õè¬UI ô≤∑ KH&yè vÚz% Iû´"" T°èºz%T ÔIkÇ v±&ºè —&±+ Oè—¡è voH:ç Ô[e õè√æE≈v| ôÔ^`c´ ô´≈O´| äv["" ô≤∑ KH&y v±&ºÇ mè πzvIh´èç ®◊ —w´è ôXTa πmç ÿ`—&º ô¿[—´"" 15. ô&dæºe 55" 8"" page095-160 page 20 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 115 vR”ez%ñ o√S ØH| OGã ä´ñ (è—#W#) û±&º zäY} —#¥´è ®¿ H`™* ô¿[—ç ËaË Iæ cÔ["" v±&ºÇ ØH| ûc´ õeû õècd vOè—≈ πz¿çmÔ º√H÷´T ôJäv[T"" T°èºz%T πõ”±&ôxK+` mî (õœ) π±&Fè è—#Y Oè—≈ {üC¿´ äv["" õK#≈ ØH| o√S ØH| vcÔ`èv| ™Jè"" π[√ô& ®è≈T üH+ı ¿”U v+}Ä%è vé◊Ä´ üH´ (èx[|) “^ BH# võd| Rn÷J O["" vRd Iæ ºH´èT õFJ (ô≥O^´è) ôn÷H´ó T°èºz%T v±&ºè —&±+ ä‡ Gê 16 Hexcw ¿`f äv[ "" ä∆´èT ûzûO[v| ºIè√Ç TM[| ôn÷H´"" æ§è πQº¿`—´ (W^™*z%) πQvI c&º÷# πQOHc# OeH:| ä´ó õ”±&ôxK+` õè¿Ô[¿v| ôI®mT"" õì ”è A—]~è BHèz™ v±` JTISç vcxJ ı_ ô—&◊ 17 eçº| vıob zä¿ıè "" „+ÿae v¿x[ {y` H—+{Çèñ 18 «õ±&F xèê` æiHçJ» õè√H´ñ vé⁄ Oê`T ôR[è"" [√ô& K`y (üBè vÚ|) πO◊v| —&±+ πzç—[´è π|èv&| nJ õ±&F Iæ (dçäX´) ôèz®´"" õc# ¿ è Gê vŸ`ä| πcH÷ã|è W^™*z%è πôÏ+—+ c¨Ç ®¿±[Ò| ®¿j™√ J¢ äv["" ºÇè vRFJ ºHÇ™è ®è≥ ”è H&i—^| π¿Ô[ ôJäv[T"" v±&ºè —&±+ (û®è≥ R∆ Gê) õè¬F c&J πe≈x nJ ®¿ K`y Iûó «ÜæHì´ ô≥RÇ K`y Gæñ R`ç ®z| πT{Ôe 19 T≈[ è| ûÚ|F õäG|JFó õè≈|™[d|ç ô|°J}Ñè 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Tè‡ øKèe 4" 35" «ÆæçÇBè ôèW#ó ô≥O^´T ôBè õè¿ ä◊ õì´è zOJûz%""» 17. Tè‡ OÜJæ 2" 5 «vıo\ zä≈ÙºHB""» 18. Rz,ë 17" 4"" 19. «R`ç ®z| πT{Ôe T≈[ è|» õ”±&ôxK+` Hõe^ô+J πc◊| ô—` O÷]º ä´ó HTdH+ ±Îô| 13" 5è zOJû|"" 20. Tè‡ OÜJæ 5" 6" «ÔH”B|ñ ôI—íB|Tó ÷^B| ôJOHcJîT""» page095-160 page 21 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 116 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç OT◊| æ§èè πQJ æOeIJó T°èºz%T v”`R´ ô—]~ 21 vOI zhv[Ç -- «T≈`è ô≈HmHoD|ó ôhv`ü|T» õè¿zwH"" cï ØH| ûËaË zäYzè R°cï ØH| vüH+ı ôTw ô÷—x cÔ`è"" ÿm*| c¨Ç dº≤;Ä´ ®¿ sI ®[¡"" v±&ºè —&±+ (üH+ı) x±# “iç Ÿ` πº±# ®{¿aÇ ôdºÄ´"" ”è ®¿äc# ôJO◊Tó õäc#T ®¿c# ôJE¡Tó õè võ`dÄ´ zÔ^`z™J"" õFJ ±`Ô´ (xÅ) cÔ^Ä´è Ú| HÚz% ô¿[—#"" v±&ºÇ ØH| ûÔIkÄ% ®¿õäc# m`y H&—:√Ä´ π¿Ô[ ôJäv[T"" T°èºz%T π±&F è—#Y π”`R´ U—e 22 |ûH°IÄ´ñ OJôû#T v±#]ºÄ´ cıa äv[ "" æF BH# πGä´ vÿoT| 29 mè (1572 Æ. T.) ä´"" πôÏ+—+ eı^T ¿“ T≈` äv[ó x`¡ ÷èü^ äv["" ôÏ+—+ vR”Yz% [v#Ø ØH| üH+ıè HO´“| ûIæ ®¿ {Ç 23 ®[¡"" vcÔ\ ∆w YJ◊è õç d™*aeè ûx±# Ô[cìç ÷OèÕ (º∑)ñ ûx±# “i (zhüQ) “^ ôembÄ´"" ôÏ+—+T ®`¿´ π|çè|ç¨Ä% c¨Ç ûcÔ\v| cÔ\"" æF πGä´ vá√` (vÿoT|?) 30 ä´"" π±&ºÇ ØH| —#¥ vfe| °ıJ äv["" vfezì´ Oè—≈ vQE¡| Iæ ÔIkÇ zäW#wÄ´ó T°èºz%T æF ôhçÚ è—#Y õ±&º õè√Jäv[ñ vH+I Oè—≈ õè¿E¿ñ ≠´m´ äv["" v±&ºÇ —&±+ πô≤∑ Ûãô+J Jœ ÚoŸ` ôπHwÄ´"" ûäc#T 24 x±# (c´) —¿HwÄ´"" HôÏ+—+ Dº πQº°J hxhy ôe[ûv"" æF π—+{Çè (vÔIkÇ Iæ) πO O]º ≈J ä´ó πÔIkÇT πOhäı O O]ºÄ´ ä´"" 21. O≥P` 59" 4"" 22. Tè‡ O≥P` 33" 7" «πõ”±&ôxK+` OJô° vQÔ\| c¨Ç ±#]º æcı^J""» 23. ∆w YJ◊è πôÛ` (πÿJ◊J) —µ* πh#O| eT ä´"" ”Ø±# πh#Oz%è eTç d™*aeè v™™, (vOezËT`) eIºº≤Ä´ BH| c¨Ç ôeOcIÄ´ õèÃ h#P d™*ae dæGè ôæm`T"" 24. x±# —&±+ πQ÷mPv| nJ «ÄxÄy» ä´"" z™—&¨Ç πc´ ‡èoI| «”≈º æÿIH#»ó TçJw|T æˆ°\v| æGçJ"" ûÿè| Ta wFJ Gê BHz%T z“› ®—êÇ ÷I| c&—≈H# ‡èoI| õπs[÷# ºdºH#ó HTdH+ Rz,ë 14" 8-10 Iæ ºH´è eHOÿTm% øKèe ê zs`Ÿ vdFè Oo[x πzËÔ´è zOJû|"" vì ±è≈ õeû o`x —&±+ mÿH: õè¿äv[ πôÏ+ z,¨≈ae {]° ºdºJ"" “[≈ πQwJ º‘{Ä´ Jœ Ÿ` ô±“œ} YJ◊çÄ´è õè¿zmçmä æ{®dJ"" c&ºhèÒ| ôè≈ h& ôTe| O} ºFJ ®{¿` R`û´v| äv`ó «(ôÏ+ z,¨≈ae) æ§è BH# c´ cxey ¿wò ûQwJ —vº Iæ ®e∆ ôè—| ôè—z%è p`Ÿ õè¿ üx üv´»ó π‘ÕT {]° ñ EMML 5403, f.108b. page095-160 page 22 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 117 v±&Ç πKPe ØH| ôÿv&º H+H&| HÆæêÄ% Oî{ñ 25 HjÛjı}Ä%T õèoJı dæcÿ üH+ıè õèƒ| õè¿Q®“´ç ûzhh—v| z^^ fiı õèƒ| õè¿Qº®`¿´ c&ºexç c&O°` ô¿["" v±&Ç πKPe ØH| v”Y“X+ (c&E≈) ôä“ç üH+ıè HO´“| E¿"" û±&F vâI z™—&¨Ä%è vfe| Oè—≈ IüÄ´"" ô≤∑ KH&y ûwM` ôYw “^ v{Çì™ Oè—≈ E¿"" vÚz% —:∂T ä“j ¿Ö[‘| û´^è “^ Gä"" väc# —:è ûŸ` ´`®^ñ û≈è“æñ ûäıÿñ û®eÔèÿ` T| Ú{Ä´è πRæOJc# π±&F è—#Y ÖæHïÇ (õä) t`wè Gã"" õä±&Fè BH# vπä—√Ä´ç vπM≥wÄ´ x±# ÷OèÕ ¤Ta IüÄ´"" õc# ¿”U üH+ı ûW^™*z% “^ vcÔ[v| Ú| HÚ| pO"" üH#v| π`mz% O÷è cw| TØ^ı ®æT vHÿ æIJ"" v±&F Iæ ¿”Uñ H&i—\| πRæÅJ |Jo —¿J vRFIÄ´ ôH"" v±&ºÇ ØH| v±&F è—#Y W^™*|ç vÔIkÇ RFJ |Jo Ÿ`ä| züE¿"" πüH+ı c¨Ç Ÿ`ä| v≈è“æ äv["" vIºÄ´ Iæ õπç¡wÄ´ û{Ç ®¿Iæ O´◊|è æûH°I;Ä´ äv["" v±&F Bé{ [œT —&±+ pπó ve≈e| cÆ| Iæ è—#W# O≈ˆÄ%è õè¬zû#c# ô±±"" vôè≈ O≈ı zû=e (cè¿o) ÆIR zhüQ´è ◊H´ -- û≤ı e` z¿xn πäv[Ç´è c+| ¤Ta"" v±&ºè —&±+ üH+ıç W^™*z% BH# zhv\"" πŸ` W^™*z% vUI zÔ{ó T°èºz%T ûcRæ Ox[o π®¿mwÄ´ OcIÄ´"" 23 ∆xÆ YJ◊èT ûIæ vû#J ®¿äc# ®[¿ó T°èºz%T v` HO÷vo õIæì´ cÔ` m`} äv["" πmí%T π”^´Tñ πI∫T π{Ä%T õè võ`dÄ´ z[√¡"" üH+ı ¿”U Jv#ç´è ô◊ó T°èºz%T Jv# ûı`D| x≤| ôTJŸ| äv["" vBH#T ôo◊Å c&¤äo —&±+ ûÿm*| H:H+¨Ä% “^ Gê û|Jo —¿J (ôÛı) ®◊"" õ±&F —¿J Iæ üBè vÚ| RèT ôJ®◊T"" æ§èè Öı[z v&e ”è ı`D| ô®◊´"" vO≈Ò ”`Rç OÈKı ıÿä{Ä´è vèe` ıÿä|ñ 26 ÿèü_ºÄ´è vôèvd ÿèü_ ºeOcIÄ´è π√™*|è ÜæHïÇ ûQOeH#| π±&F è—#Y ÜæHïÇ Ÿ` ı`D| πzH∫| πŸ` W^™*z% ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ ”RiÄ´ vŸ` ®¿m%ó ôx≤ïÄ% c&hh# —¿J —v#"" ûõèedT õè¿ä ITñ v_ñ voH:ñ ôFº ºH#|è vMæ®| ôJz™Ä´Tó «π”xÍÇè vû=aÅÄ´è ûc´ 27 õeû õècd —¿H» õè¿zwH´ ô÷Û<Ä´ õèÃ"" T°èºz%T 25. Tè‡ O≥P` 131" 4" «HÆæêÄ, Oî{ñ HjÛjı}Ä,T ØèoJıñ H—#è·Ä,T Ø[ı|è ôJcÿT""» 26. dPô+J üJØ 1" 23"" 27. ±Îô| 12" 29"" page095-160 page 23 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 118 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç õè√æT\ñ ®è≈ñ c+| jR”H+ñ MÏèñ võ”\ πQE¿´è BH# õè√ºez`Ò ôw è™æ ô´”±´ äv["" v±&ºÇ ØH| πQºe—`T {]° Gäó ôè¬| πzR[ûÇ c+| ôè≈ c´ õ ;è ûõÀ “^ ôea c&ºO◊| vOè—≈ dHÇ ô÷—w; |Jo —¿J e{æñ «ô∆çæ õ`√î» xI —¿J z®[®[Ç"" õ ;è ûõÀ “^ ºc[´è c´T ºHÔn¡ æ≤´ E¿Ç"" (H) πúaU¨Ç «cxô |ü|ä|» vúaU¨Çç vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| OüûJ ûO O]º´ Iæ πäv[´ ”‡| úaU¨Ç õè¿ ÔIi¨Ä% ”x` eHûHûH# ôæ¿HTó û±&F ÔÈU πzHπ ä´"" vâI πO÷# π≤_ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç õè¿Qz[—>P|T úaU¨Ç ®¿ ô&|øÂº c&—v# Oè”Y| vÖæJ H&ûH°IÄ´ eHUû[T ôæ¿HT"" õeû o`x {]£ ≈[e ô&|øÂº RèT c´ñ ‘dñ ®æT ä—≈ñ RèT dæûH°H´ —x} ûw∆ y{ cıa ô—\ H&º¿`“| πQÇJ ô—` äv[Ç"" vôÏ+ c#eèøe ±Oè πeç` è—#Y ûäW^™*z% v&O◊ c#eèøe ‡J“è ÷oJH: õè¿c÷´ ôèxvçJó õ±&FT —È 131-135 Iæ zOJû|"" vcIR™* O÷+¨Çç vOè”Y| OüûJ ”‡| HOÔ÷\ πQºdæ z¤w‡ Re[Õ πHèT"" πúaU¨Ç —&±+ ”è Ÿ`ä| äv[ó º´T v&Gè ôw wM`æ «“I ±≈á`» («πâHïÄ% “H:Ç») ûQI;Ä´ û√™, “^ äv["" HTè? π”‡z% OèYô+ π±&ºè —&±+ πúaU¨Ç πãa ±ƒ ä´"" úaU¨Ç ®¿RFJ ô—` π—v# —&±+ ô—_´ ô`fç ôd`fñ ä”∆ç ôeä”∆ñ m≈fç ôem≈f πQê` «äw`» ®æT «cÛ]» M≥x äv["" ±IãT v&Gè v±&º´ vQê`v| (vcÔ[v|) ô—` ôüwv& π”J ûx}Ä%è õπä√ «æ±Jè» äv[ õèÃñ õè¿ M≥xñ õè¿ ä—≈ñ õè¿ ‘d vôè≈ä| üüwv&´ õπ®◊ ôæOIHeT"" úaU¨Çñ vzHπT «√™,» πQwJ eT π®◊H| ä—≈ñ v16zì´ Tõ| ÆO| ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&O÷# πãa ±ƒºÄ´ ûä±&F ô&|øÂº´ºèñ ûäw\T Gä û±Iãñ ãa ÔÈU πzHπ äv["" 28 π‘dÄ´ ô®nm` õè¿H+H:Ç û#d™* ä—∆Ç áx[z cw™*ñ ®æT 28. «H“√ Y`Æ| OeÛÛ|T v&Gè “H:Çè z÷ºm*¨Ç R≈[” ôæÅJT"" õè¿õ´äz%ñ æF J∫ πGä πáx[z cx ô®nm` v÷oII´ ûTYô û#d™* πuèu v+z cx M≥x “^ πzºº± ä´ó õ`”ÿ π“H:Ä%èñ πc&√RK¬º¨Ä%è ®æT π¢èf¨Ä%è Y`Æ}Çñ πo`x —&±+ π“^ ”î| ºIÄ´ H&Gã eHQÇH#ñ πzHπ ô≈`‘ Rπ| æê^J» (“Auch für die Verbreitung des page095-160 page 24 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 119 v≤_´ uèu ôä“—`ñ võû#Jä| πz¿^ ®{¿^™* ¢Qå≥T Gê ô+¢êQºÄ´ ≥Hç äv["" πQ±Jã|T vw∆´ A—` Iæ dæGè väw\ M≥x ãa Iæ äv["" vcxH# Iæ ûx{Ä´è ºcR\v{Jó ûxz%è æäÿm%{Jó èx[z%è æ±`Ò{J"" c©èT õπÔä—H# ô—J“ºÄ´ º¿`—#{J"" πÁH:| y{¨Ç (ôxºz °èz*ºèç Oe—&∆Ç) Häc# TèT |`—>T πH+IÄ´ πQÔ`c# π÷I| èx[}Ç äv\"" ãbÄ´ vûx| `v& v&GèT π¡` ô´_ õº¿ãç π¡` ı_ õπcvcv# πQê\ πcxô cxô |ü|è |ü| (RH|ñ πÿè| c¨Çè) ãa æOeIJó xÅ πô¿ãç πı_ excw´ J∫ä| πcxô |üz% v¡`ñ πúaU¨Ä% vOè¿` Gä õèÃ"" æo`{ ôw wM`æ cIO o¡dèè ¿`c´ c&¤`c# ±Oëè «æo`{ º◊Ç» º◊Ç (πÔ[¿w|) õè√I;| õçe{´dHè (—È 51)"" O≥P` 73è π¿[c#| H±&ºÇ «æo`{ æo`{ º◊Ç º◊Ç» II;| ±Oè ä´"" O≥P\ eS{Ä´è eHQ—JÈç π±Oãè {]° eHQºèÁwò õè√H õ±&F y{ v&÷me zeRQ ä´ (ûo÷J 70H-õeû 71H)ó 5 10 15 HTè| —¿ıûä õ”±&ú H≥H#Òó ±{ez“xõ ≥`™ä ®zÖYY õH z—≈Ò (û&√è)ó z±û` M≥vû ±z”XÁû z®°Òó ®vOocı|û ±zmeÒó ®ôJy ôO õTBû| ôØ[Ò"" ®võèz≥ ôM≤x IØH+ä æÁ`Ò"" O÷äc ôáWO Î^™* ¬v o¡dåûñ û=H: zôT` ®ô&|Ôo≈ ûO æè”\û"" õeO æ|Æ+π` ¬v õH æcT∫û ôTIûó Ô≈Û¿c vv+z Oo¿eû"" çB ûO ØÎ —√T ô´Æπ OÆÌ® àá{"" ®ûO J—z ôoRM äcz ô[ı{"" ôezKm[ °x^ ®ô`û:d"" ®[cº Hv+z o√c+ T`ôπ õèed"" õˆ ôØvæû û&ºD ôO O™ØH èõdó æõ±+c HTè| zÜYa H°x^ñ ®zô|} HU—d"" õOå ®Aûzû vôvdñ yã KnI™* æÖ+æd"" úHJv# ±ÚèKc ôèÔd (±Ö>Jt)ñ gada-Systems kann man die Galla nicht verantvortlich machen. Diese eigentümliche Sozialverfassung ist zwar ausschließchlich mit den Völkern der ostkuschitischen Sprachfamilie verbunden, doch sind die Systeme der Galla, Sidamo-Hadya oder Konso zu verschieden, als daß sie eine jüngere gemeinsame Herkunft haben könnten.”), Eike Haberland, Galla Süd-Äthiopiens, p. 3. page095-160 page 25 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 120 20 25 30 35 40 45 õeû Rõ±+ã vOÆ| {[TR ®||Æ—X"" Oã õTæõ±+ HM”û πÜYXó ®vTè|ãO HeTû èm,≈dó õeO OËMı| ´Øº ®z¿Tcd (Ø≥^)"" zWDJ IØH+ä ôTdH õT IØH ´H#¿ û`X"" Oã õ”±&õ ±ô&æmeı fv zTÆó ®ôJy OTF` ±ô&æ—+YÈ [≈ô"" ®ô&[ûxä ±ô&æTM` õT≈á[ tÿÆ"" õeO v|` ®Oocı| o≈O zW`Æñ H± zAûπ oéB ®H± |õ≤¥ [eÆ"" ®æTM`¨ HõO äeK ®—xô"" ®ôTdH≥ vOËMı| zπ≈Æó ûO õT≈á[ ÆO{| cxÆñ zWDJü HÈøè ®OK`û cxö (ô+`Tºe)ó ®≥`®{z ¿m*m M≥w z“xô"" ú°è}e `õc ôMæ¨ñ OK` M≥vû ®HÎaP W`¨ó ®ôez“xúP õTz±`¨ó õeO Hôwc& æTM`¨ñ ®HcôH& æBx¨"" ®ô&|vHä ûO v±+ç äv&º| |xJ (M≥oô+J)ñ õO pP o≈Sπ veô&Jñ Ë≈nä ±Oè xH#æ êá ®ô&øx ®√èô+Jñ ¬v ≥èz% M≥x ô&æWDJ"" ®õOå O≈H:z —+“æä æÖ+æJñ õTÈ≈m õH# Ævæz M≥x °v#≈ñ z±û` èÈK õTû õTû=H# ±æÔ¿ı≈ó ®KH& oè™z ôõ“` ®õ≈ó ûO |TK[ä ®|WDJ û&ºäñ ú®J¿ ôx ™M≈"" ! 5 —+{ Gæñ HTè HBJ —&±+ z´ûèó 29 πzvzã πT|cvexñ π®¿m% πT|ÔJ” (Gæ) (û&√è)ñ z”XÈMè πzmvH# M≥xFè ôe{éó vo◊|FT πzm÷#|è"" ûxÿxÿ º[Òv| —&±+ πHT"" v±&FT T°èº| ôM≤x æd¿wH#"" ÷I| vo¡fÇF Iæ πz%è ºFJ °Û| õè¿ÔÁOñ 29. «ºez“xúP H≥`™è» («πzvzã|è æcvewÄ´ ±è≈» -- vÔn¡ Uzñ zmv[)ó OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09%1 ÆOz TM[|ñ —. 95" 40"" page095-160 page 26 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 10 15 20 25 30 35 121 BH#è {ńHFó õè¬ä”\F ô|ÔJ”T"" ôTI° vQH#F Iæ ºI”◊Jçó vævJÿT vv+z Oo¿eF Iæ"" õäG πvbè O≥—&º õè¿¡` õè¤| ôn÷H´"" 30 ”≈”√™èT õè¿ cxJ ‘– ôÔ[c´"" °xbè ô™[¿ñ ô[û:d|T"" πo√c+´è v+| πûx| O™º (v[|) ô¿[—´"" vJœä| ±Oë õèƒ| ûı ûı ô¿[”D|ó ôBèe HTè °xbè {™`¿™HFñ U—gèT |—Ô™HF"" vÿÛ| x{vd‡Feñ 31 v´ä| ±Iè æiI{Jè"" 32 πÚèKeè Jx ºd[ı° Gæ (±Ö>Jt) ñ õeûOÄ vm%◊F ≥T |I{HFó |{—Yw{HFT"" üBè vâI M”Fè Rè æÔJ“{Jó eTFèe vTè õèm≈c´ó 33 T°èºz%T OËMız% zn÷H#ó z¿Occ#T (Ø≥^) "" æo`{ ô≈`”Jè (õèÃ)ñ õè¿ õç| vG√; J–Ç Iæ"" c&p◊ πRæm◊ —+{ Rä´ó ¿m O≥P` πRæ—YÈ OTF`T πHT"" ûm%◊ vâI πRæT`T ôI—íèT"" ¡Iç o◊| ûÿè| zW`z™Jñ v”ƒ{´ Iæ HQH”Tç |õ≤±è ÄJ HQJ"" c&ÁÁ|ç c&OHe ¿”U æT\{J"" π±&F TdH+ vOËMı| {úJó ûcw ÆO| vâIñ 34 Èøèè æo` õè√Jü|ç c¨Ñè õè¿R`° (ô+`Tºe) ñ πM≥w; J–Ç x|è{é õè¿ zcvcv"" πMæ®| Oe÷| ê °è}e Gæñ 30. Q°ºe 3" 12 («®|û´è ô&π\dH+T ûO J—z Ænv+ mTM» ºH´è c&÷oe ä´"") 31. «≥û# ... KnI™*» («æF ±Iè ...»)ó πW`Î ≈è”J/OH° c—≈ {]°ñ Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad) p. 53. 32. ±Ö>Jt 25" 10-13"" 33. c#z%ô+J 2" 23"" 34. z[Ô ô+`Tºe"" OÈKÒ vUI πQz`û´ πõe^ô+Jè ®¿ wv&H:è v”¥| (vÏ+™™,) O®c≈èç võ”±&ôxK+` õ`√{ ®¿ ô&π\dH+T OOHeè ä´"" OÈKÒè ˘az,e{è}Ç ôæmvH#|Tó «z[Ô ô+`Tºe» RH| ûOÈKÔ ô+`Tºe πz[Ô (zp`Ÿ πm[) RH| ä´"" page095-160 page 27 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 122 40 45 M≥xFè R`ñ ÷I{Ä´èT èmH´ó ûOvzèT cxewÄ´ó ôÿÚè æT\{Jçñ HHRîT æc÷#{J"" 35 v±+ç äv&º| õè√Jû´ ô|vHè (M≥oô+J) ñ «vJOç ûÚz, v&pPTñ πxH#æ ±Oè Ë≈nè -- êáñ ô&øxñ √èô+J -æ§èè M≥x æo` ôJH´T""» πÜ÷&ô{Çè Q≤è v&ûx≈çñ ûä±&F πûw≈ M≥x {IIpÇ πÈ≈o (Y^ BH#) v&vJÿ õè£èñ ûBH# πQvJ÷´è πç|Fè èÈMç ôe{éó πõ”`ç πõœ(F)è πTeR` teH:Ç ôexó õè≈|T[èç æo` õè≈|Hèñ πôx ôè≈ Jœ Gæ"" ô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc# v1676 Æ.T. ´fiH+è HO´“| ®¿ ®H: 36 c&±T| πÁHπ´ õè¬F xH: äv` ó úõ”≥õ|π ®J{π véz ÎxØ ®Te™`π õTAûû cxõ...æõ±+å ôèz* W`K&* ıê|π ®Á”´å ÜæH O™*õ IØH Î`π ®ÁIõ|π õH æm|H# TØOçä ®üFçz ®º´Ø∫ ôxºz °èz*ºç| ±éz,}è æ÷wM Y“B o¡e ®éz,}è æ|m√M ¿P °v#` H®J≈û& ôTIû cRæ ®T≈` ... ô&|[eªå eIm HÁIõ|π õH ºOJû# exK ... ! õOv+z, Gæñ vŸ`ä| —&±+ “iΩñ ûc´ è≥è≥ O¿vm*ºπ äjó ... ôBèT Oè—ƒè ôèÄ* ôXT]´ó TõOçèç üFç|è vQ—≈H#ñ πcRæç πT≈` ôTI° πGä´ πJœj o¡e Y“ vé◊Ä´ πQW™wÄ´èñ °v#` ¿P πQm√wÄ´è v+z °èz*ºêÇè vQºnÿH# ÷_ç ÷I}Ä, Iæ π≈J ÖæJ e‡î""...ex HQºOJû# ÷I}Ä, OdHm*º ô{≈`—&î"" ”^î ûROÎ#ç úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº v√O◊ ûOeÛÛ{Ä´ vÚ| û˙`z%“J OJõ°zïÇ Oÿz´ ô—]~èç O£èèz%è (è—#W#èT ‰‰c#èT) —:xîz´ õè¿E¡ õçe{´dHè"" A—^Ä´ c&OHc# Hè—#XÄ´ç HM≥wÄ´ ºm[v#| ±—w õè¿QºOH°z´ñ v±&ºè —&±+ ô&|øÂº ûûızì YJ◊é ¿`d äv["" HTdH+ñ OJõ°zïÄ% eH ôè√è∆Ä% πôxºz °èz*ºè 35. M≥oô+J 14" 14"" 36. I. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part II, p. 73. page095-160 page 28 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 123 MèÏ¨Ç c&ÈÒ õè¬F ºH MèË ˙`z%“J éÿT ôIπè xH™J37"" ”^î õè¬™—#H| v®ò ôwxH: ºO◊Ä´ z%`¢Çç Æ[yÇT 38 c#eèøe ºO◊Ä´ πü}H&° ‰‰e πOcû\| æ§èã ä´ "" (Sèƒ≥) zcxev´ HzmvI;Ä´ πA—]z% wHYJ◊êÇç H&n´è| 39 º¿[—#| è””` HôüƒQ —#wô+ πzc÷ æOeJ äv[ "" ‰‰c# ®¿ ô&|øÂº ûOT◊{Ä´ vÚ| õäRè õè¿Gèè HR®o ÿ[| ô≈`—´ õè¿äv[ ”JÈ ä´"" vπ—√Rz% πzuuP| vôüƒQ ¿[Õ πQ{∫ |TF`| v+}Ç éÿ πäv\ H&n´è| v±&ºè —&±+ πz[—:VÄ´èç π¿[gÄ´è OËMı| õeüBè O`T[è ôJ¤[eçÄ´T"" π”^î ®{¿aÇç πúaU sè¿I¨Ç vRn÷J wæmègÄ´ êaR ÿç{Ä´ —ç x±# ±Oè æÔœ äv`"" õè”ƒF π±&ºè —&±+´ ”‡| wè≈ vû#J õè¿±&F vz^mm M≥xç vH+I vû#J vcxô |ü|ä| Mæ®| vQê\ ä—∆Ç OüûJ äv["" ”‡z% A—]~è ∆“ ôO≈ ä´ º¿[“|"" ≤_ õè£è OËMız%è ôè√è∆Ä% —√R| Oê^Ä´è õè£è πTç´m´ eRÄ´è û{]° OËMı| éÿ eç—í´ õèÃ û±&º ´› π| õè√H# ôçóT"" úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº —xz´ πº±#| A—` ”^î w∆ º¿[—´è ä´ πQH#|è π≤_ πúaU {]° ÁKÚ¨Çè πôw wM`æ ÿç| ôæ¿”Ô´T"" úaU¨Ç A—` c&®\ äw\è M≥x õº÷Òç úaU õº¿[—# äv["" (8) πOè”Y| ôoTç úaU¨Ç ±vì πH+H´ ®æT ^c#è HO÷vo ºJz¿^ cIR™* M≥x «“I O◊» c&H#| πQºO÷#v|è ô¿“ eHQºó «ô#ô#» æJ O["" ôÍI S√ Iæ Gç πz^v äT` ºπÇ Q√u OcH#"" ôè√Ç ¢j{ 37. Lord Stanley of Alderley, Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia During the Years 1570-1527. By Father Francisco Alvarez, New York 1881, pp. 75 and 122. "They also were surprised at our coming into the church with our shoes on, and still more at our spitting in it," p. 30. («¿”U fiRÇèè õè√¿[”è ûv+z °èz*ºè vO”w{Çèñ æJm%èT ûv+z °èz*ºè éÿ vO|Û{Çèñ z—[P»)"" 38. M. René Basset, Histoire de la conquête de l’Abyssinie (XVIe siècle) par Chihab Eddin Ahmed Ben ‘Abd el Qâder surnommé Arab-Faqih, Paris Vol. I (1897), pp. 213-4. 39. Philip Caraman, The Lost Empire The Story of the Jesuits in Ethiopia 15551634, Notre Dame (Indiana), 1985, p. 142: “The speech was spattered with quotations from Aristotle, Tertullian, Eusebius and Jerome, and would have been an impressive display of erudition in any European university” («è””\ ûôè◊◊H&eñ ûz`z%H&ºêcñ ûô´dxøcñ ûô&πaT πz®c¡ ÿofÇ page095-160 page 29 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 124 c&cR Ov`—” Gä"" {]° ÁKÚ´ õè¿O±—v´ñ ôè≈ —&±+ ôè¬| c+| ôia e|sI R—∆ J{—w õ√] ®ÿ{ dH ‘[v+~ õd| J|‡` ®¿v+~ x|—w ôia™ c&º` ô—íÇ´"" wHv+~è HRe÷èmo «ôia´ ô[[ñ ôia´ ô[[» xI x|◊^ «wIezçv[ a “I ®[[ñ “I ®[[» ºHÇ OeI;| ôR^ zhv["" ’±#è õπä√ hh 40 æwIJ "" üFçz% H¿[c´ OoWı| T°èº| c&ÔJ—# πôÏ+ Jxä ≈è”J ÿ“x ºO◊´ o◊| ô≈`—´ æç—^H#"" H±&FT Re[Õ c&c÷# Ÿ` ôT◊ xH: õ”±&ôxK+`è HTëJó —√Rz%T ®¿ õ”±&ôxK+` õè¬ÁJ∫H| Ø◊è ôe‡êIÄ™J xH´ ÈÔ™J"" {]û#è vOm÷Jñ è—#W# vÁH:| º—í´ OoWı| eHÁçv| zÁÈ} o≈e| R`ºTè v&RÎè πúaU¨Ç ±Oè OÄ, õèQÔÁT v^õæ ä”^™HÇ æIH#"" M≥v# πQº¿`—´è ûR◊| πzäX ¿xz^¨Ä%è æ÷ænJ"" ¿xz^¨Ä%T «“I πQO◊v|èç πRæO◊v|èñ v&O◊T πQhäıv|èç πRæhäıä|è mè» OÈKı —J÷´ (¢ûx sÿ[´) HR”í| Kdv “I õeû O≈[e 41 voz™J "" πË≈nã —≈J ÁKÚ¨ÇT Ë≈pÅ´ ûúaU ®^] õè√√ëÄ´ πQºdæ zôT` ¿`cÍÄ™J"" ôè¡ vôÏ+ c#eèøe ±Oè πê\ πôw K^ ≈è”J —≈J ä´"" {]û#è ûH+I y{ eIIπB| 42 ô¬e H&Gè æÇIJç õèÿmc´ ó õè± æ—x` T”w^z èÁ#Kz éz —√P o≈e| zK´û| ôSD û=I A—` vÁv&Æ ô[Q ±æxJ¨ ®`√º"" x±#Üä cxô mzH võƒBó ®x±#Üä cxô Á+®®"" ®RF[û ôJFTz ®ôw”Æ ®õèedz x±#Üz ±AH™ û=H:è ôF—#^z õèvH º|`ı 1C õTû=H# A—`"" ®v´õz% —&±+ OÈô Áwô&| x±#Üè Öv ≥èz% xK+`"" ®pP OèÔpP v°K ®OèÔpP vHÙó ®ô&vÈK# Öv —√P Hôv#ä õèz AH®| RØûH+GP õè± æ_õæ™ ®æ—:—@ô# HvÁ&N{ õeO ûJúP OJôû õ”±&ôxK+`ó ®ôı`GP ûO æ`Üm% õTô≈ºQD ®õTÈçÙD H—√P"" ®zOæ÷# õPèz%å ä—¿ ô[Q õTA—[ ôv#ä Öv üJõ A—` ±æÁxõ™"" ! (ôw K^ ≈è”J) vo≈e| —√P éÿ èÁ#M Y^¨Ç c&W^ ®`√º vQH#| ô[Q Ÿ` T°èº| A—]~ vUI zhv[Ç"" z±`z´v| äv`ó vπ|ì´T πôá¯ ∫å˚èz* (v&¿[”) πQ¿äo πH&oä| |`ô&| æGè äv`»)"" 40. π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 5403, f. 62b. page095-160 page 30 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 125 võÕÄ´ x±# c´ ô÷Òó x±# c´T ô“±#"" ûx|Tñ v‘ÇT vπô—\ ºH#|è õècfÇ ôè√ÇT ô—` dºez`ı ±[Ô"" v±&ºè —&±+ x±# Ÿ[ïÇ ®¿±&F A—` O÷#ç ”RkÄ% v±&F ”RkÄ% v±&º pP"" õº∫™|ç H&¿`c#w| v&◊¿ÒT vRFIÄ´ ®√HÇ´ ®¿ ôv#ä (K^ ≈è”J) —√T ôJ¿[c#T"" T°èºz%T πõ”±&ôxK+` OJô° ûJ°I;Ä™Jó û—√P A—aÇç û≈TvbT õè¬`m% ı`D| ◊HwÄ´"" õä±&º πô[Q ä—≈ πôv#ä (K^ ≈è”Jè) A—` (|z´) ®¿Q®—#| ®¿H+I ô—` Ú{Ä´è ô¥\"" M≥v# πOè”Y| õ`√{ HO÷πo v&U°`Tñ Oè”Y|ç ®{¿\ ºH#| \o vOGã OJ°z% dæ¿è πúaU¨Ç ô¿“ æm≈RJ"" ôw wM`æ eH √U| ÿÛ| c&ÈÒ «ô—]~è πQº≈èç πQºeÿJ πH+H Gê c&º—ì| c´ç ûx| ô“±» ºH#| HRèì´T ô´^Õ πQÁç ôä“—` äv` (°ıJ 04è zOJû|)"" v±&º Iæ π°èz*ºã Oè”Y| ûõeIT ÜæJ “^ π O[´ O¤[i ôJw |”J v”^î O]ä| π°èz*ºãè M≥x —#Jv| cxa|ñ o`c#èT õè√ºèc^^ ô≈`‘ O|}| äv["" æF vO} vQs÷\ ÆO{| û”^î vÚ| π O[ Ÿ`ä| v”^î U| ôIûzOTó vO} HQs÷\ ÆO{| mÿI;J"" vTYô ûô√H:Ç “^ñ vcSè ûz%`¢Ç “^ æ™—# äv["" HTdH+ ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J û¿Tv&º õπzäX √U|ñ —#^—+ñ õç`º x±# —&±+ñ ™v& hvH& ®è≥ ôè≈ —&±+ñ ¿§ê (TÌ™) BH| —&±+ ±T~J"" ô&|øÂºè πQºń|ç ºèè BH# ®◊ —w Oè—≈ võ”`ç vûx| HO’≥ ºHv|è ≈üTç πQÔ ´è —&±+ πQ—T| c´ ô—]~ H®^] °ı| õè¿äv[ÇT O—O| ôº√”z´T"" BHzìTñ πOè”Yz% W^™*| πúaU¨Ä%è ºFJ πŸ` eJ|ç ¤°ê õπz™¿m% πRhäı ıI‘| ºIÄ´ ôæOeH#T"" 41. HTdH+ñ EMML 5298, f. 153b. ¢ûx πQs÷[´ vzÔ^´ ‘d eT (®`≈ºñ ôv÷&ñ ®±z)ñ vA—\ eT (¿Tv&ºñ ®Hnñ ®±z)ñ v®\ ({áXYñ πüz*|ñ ®±z)ñ v®è—+I™*´ (Rz,ëñ H#neñ ®±z) Gê v6 æ—¿ÛJ"" ´÷+z% 1 ûGä ®_ xÅ ä´ó 2 ûGä ôæO◊Tó 3 ûGä (æO◊J) c´T ûx|T º—ìJó 4 ÿ\ ä´ (“I) ôæO◊T"" 5 æO◊Jñ c´ º÷ÛJ"" 42. —≈H ôw K^ ≈è”Jñ EMML 69, f. 41ab, Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. {]û# ôw wM`æ v±+çB H“I °ıJ 07 éÿ πä—\è dæGè ôæm`T"" ‘ÕT éÿ π¬R —&ø`—&eT zôT` W`~J"" vm√R™* ô&ºc# ±Oè (¿Õ≥RÇ) —&ø`—&e v+z °èz*ºä#è c&ºW^ ô^| v+| z%HR¨Ç ®[´ äv["" vcRØz% õ`√{ zhäÒ (EMML 5747, ff. 141b-142b)"" page095-160 page 31 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 126 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç πW^™*z% ÆIR ≥`Úº eHäv[ wüwv&ºÄ´ πQ±[ı ü—í% π\m%è 43 M≥x HR√è c&÷\ º—>[O`RH# "" fezìñ è—#Y c&U| ô¬e è—#Y πvIæäz%è πQæ±´ ÿoOïÇ O£èè| π^dÄ´è c´ HRè—Y «õe^ô+I´ºãè» û®Få õº®[¡ [œT —&±+ πQÔœñ x±# M≥x πQ¤èñ x±# èx[| πQº®≈T |”J üüE¿ vâI ä´"" ôè√è∆Ä%R °èz*ºêÇ äè õºH# πô√H# ôQ` vIºÄ´ õè¬ä”Y õeûOII° 44 ¿`c™J "" ô^zìñ πDæRê| ‡o‡o ºeûzH´ âI m`ä| vmIH# πQ—O| ôæ¿HT"" «wM{™*ºè» ûè—#W# ±è≈ v’a —xz´ «æFèè DæRê| (oxÆ| ®æT Á“) üJº≥° π”≤| ±OèF w‡` æm÷ÛJ» æH#{J"" æE õè¬¿èv| πRæÔJ” è—#Y DæRêz%è c&H´ÿñ ôè¡ DæRê| vä—Wv| —&±+ πzc¿¡| (e¡√è) æOHdH#ó vYJ◊è Iæ ºH#| z^Ä´è e¡√è æGçH#ó õè võè O¤^[e æ T^J"" ôÏ+ c#eèøe DæRêz%è πH®÷´ç v±&FT T°èº| [œT —&±+ πÔ ç vO} h&F πQs÷` M≥x ºHmv| πõè vè Ÿ`ä| πzüE¿´ úaU¨Ç H≥`Úº v—:Hvz%v| ±Oè ä´"" H+H:Ä%è π≈°O| T°èº}Ç ôw wM`æ vo`x Gä´ {≥v´ v±+çB H“I éÿ ôè≈ PH# °ıJ cÿz´ ±`≥[™Ä™J (°ıJ 09è zOJû|)"" û|èzçÄ´ πTè—ä±v´ ”^î v®{¿` xÅ ºhäÔ´è Oè”Y| UI´ πúaU πH#w |´J≈ πŸ` W^™*| Gê c&±T|v| v&ºhèÔ´ πRæ—`T OGãè ä´"" πúaU¨Ç ™ç ™ç¨Ä% πÖæJ Tè·Ç fe| çÄ´ó ôè¿ìñ vπeTè| ÆO| ô¬e |´J≈ c&zü ô¬c# π”≥[| |´J≈ ±OçÄ´è πQ T\| váx[| z—≥[´ ô¬e h#T z°z´ñ |èj |Jo dæH# BH#T ôxa vO≥O| ô¬e A—` 43. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 108: «ûÿm*| —&±+ vâI (c#eèøe) v®Hn ºH´è “I H&®“ OE≈ ÔH—"" πè—#W# W^™*| c&cP õè¬F c&H# ô—>[O[Pñ «vôè≈ v“ “Iè ô^| —&±+ ≈J ô¿[”èó ¿”U ôBè õèƒ| ®¿“I ±OÅ æ®e¿çJ?» è—#W# õè¿ zdäÒv| c&cR æFèè —#√æ z®´""» 44. πôÏ+ øKèe/ôõIı c—≈è {]° —È 28 Iæ xèOHû| õè¬F πQJ õç—îv{Hèó v±&F ®` éÿ Û_eç ±R`ºT π—+{Çèè πè—#W ä—Y| ôØIı c—≈è Oè”Y| HRıHe ÔJ—´ Hô¿H# h#T õè¬F c&H# Iû#v|ó «õäG Ô[eç 3 voH:¨Ç ûx±# èx[|ç —[∆Ç ûQGãF ûzR[û# c+}Ç “^ JûèJDJ"" õìT ôTäèxDJñ õè—≤JDHèTó xÅ vì Iæ õè≈|ä”Y ôO◊ÿFè ôÛÿè""» page095-160 page 32 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 127 váx[| vOT{| O^Ä´è (”ƒ{Ä´è) vR´◊| ä´"" ô´_ ®æT «c&√R» (ä—¡ úaU ºJGä RH| ä´) ºJ—¿H oRJ v&Ô ´T õè£è ÷—#\è ôæI‡Tó M“Ä´ ä´"" ê Iæ ûm%è· πvH÷ ÷—#` O{π| πAı[| TJ°| ä´"" ü—wT Qez% «π÷—#^T Qe|» õè√|wJñ °x\èç °xbè HRe÷vo πQºeÔJ—´è º¿`“J"" mç´ Oı|K+ «c&√R» O”¿J ä´"" üJ—¿H «πU| ı`≈ õè¿zÔ[¿v|» õ≈S Jû#è K±èzì Gê æU{J"" BHzìñ ≈è—| üJz¿[cwÄ´ vm` TèT v&Gè û÷I| Ÿ` “^ Ú| HÚ| ´—&º ôæ—ÿPT"" πŸ` ÖæJ OT◊z%è c&cP vz—í´ ôo◊fi BH# æhiH#ó c&hh# —¿J ôæOJdÄ´T"" πQ®\| cIR™*´è Oè¿` c&Gè TM[| πQwJ wFJ πIÄ´T"" ôw wM`æ °ıJ 04 Iæñ «√U|è ... πQº≈èç πQºeÿJ πH+H Gê c&º—ì| —&±+ c´ç ûx| ô“±» ºH#|è Re{®e ævnJ"" vM≥v# cIR™*ä| ºI”÷#v{Jó «ûx|» æH#{J"" c¨Ç π°è|ç ÿTm| c&÷Om% ôæz´ñ õºd¿¡ û´K æ¿ım%çñ «wM` πQHxc#|è c&√R¨Ç ûwM` —Ôz`£Ä´» õºH# æˆ°^H# (π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 01 zOJû|)"" Ûc&Jè πQºFJ π±Oãè |Jo wHYJ◊è õè¿—¿H# ôw wM`æ ä”[´çJ (—È 79)"" v&±O|wÄ´ Tè õè√¿[—# ûôÏ+ W`Î 45 ≈è”J {]° éÿ πzO±—v´è õèOJû| ó õT≈á[ ≥èz%c è|Oπÿ Öv ±+ç ıêz% Hè—#Y OH° c—≈ √”R™* se÷è÷&êe ±ôÁ® ôxºz ◊∞{| ®ô`Ü® ôxºz °èz*ºç|"" ®v^xÆ™* ØH| õTØHz °è|ç ôO WIdB H®`Ü O“v&| zèYô õT´õz% eı^ ®ô`|Æ ıê} Oè—H ®œ HÁv&ô “I"" ≥èz%c K#[}P ¢ä v®`Ü ≠v&æ ÍT"" ®vOÜ|® Ûc&ü vÈK# c+ı v`"" “Ic fv cT≠# ±+ç TÈôz% õè± AH© v—#^—+ ı`D| ®[Æ≈ ôÖ¥P ®—:∫ TeH ôèez*GP ®¿m*pP ®ôJFTz*GP ®z±`© éz û=H# ıç™| ûO z±`¨z ÷&e õT—Á äÛe"" ®õT≥ Oû[ ûO æÈxú H“I ±AH: vvÿÛ^ ±æ|vAJ √™, ±ôá—:H: HÛc&H: TeH c^™*z%"" ´õz%å fv cT≠ ±+ç TÈôz% H≥èz% è—#Y ”\T ±æ—+`T õTä—Yz T≈` —:π `K#m õeû zÜÿô ôc[ FI™,B"" ®fv+D Oû\ Ævæz Oè”Y| õè± æxH# Tèz äÜYY õT≈á[≥"" çB zÜÿô ôc[ “I ®ô&zô´m Öv N["" õ°Jå H±[Û ®HOhOÅ zÖÿôó çB Áèô [Ax vûzRä"" õT≈á[ ≥èz%c 45. Conti Rossini, Historia, Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 127-8. page095-160 page 33 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 128 è|Oπÿ éz ûzRä ±æõz* ôKz* —#wô+ õèz K™`º| ô¢ã zxFH æÖ+æe O™*| vû@ç| õO™*| v[Üx"" ´õz%å zcÿ¨P õè± æxJñ úG æû#è vûO |v+H#"" ®±èz xCH: S÷ —Í ®[cπ ıê| õèz ıêz —#^—+ ®K#[z%å ¢ä —>—>ô"" ®õè± AH© v—#^—+ äYô yi h#T ÿTmz °è|ç ôO @®3 H®`Ü Qº≥º vØHz Ø[ız% Ho¡e —&ø`—&e"" ®¢ä H:z% zKwΩ ≥èz% è—#Y Oc&K™* `z%Æ DæRê|ó ®®Ay Y`“™, ±æÆ+≈T HÆæè ®cOπ eU —&ø`—&e"" ®®Ay OTF[ OèÔd™, ûO æTKa DæRêz ®ûO ºÿTo û=H: cxô A—\"" ®v± ûO≥ ”x` ôezÛä¨ ®N[ xK+a vcIT"" ®õT≈á[≥ ô`|Æ ıêz vm√R™* ıê| ±OÈô wz*"" cxô KÏ+—+c ¢ä æÈMm% vÁ&K vı÷#è HH ôxºz*GP ®HH Y`Æ}P"" ®xÈK}På ¢ä Öv —#wô+ ôO [v#≠# H®`Ö KTH+ ±vdå{B z≥ü[ Ø[ı}P H„+ÿae ®‰´H:e x`Dçz ÆHT"" ≥èz%c û=H# ¢ä v@®7ÆOz Oè”Yz% Hè—#Y OH° c—≈"" æõz* °[T| ¢ä| û[Tz XFJ OTM[|ñ °[Tz |ıYM| ®ÜX+|"" ! û±&F vâIe ôxºz π◊∞|è ±”} ôxºz °èz*ºèè ®¿ûÔz ®¿ √”R™* se÷è÷&êe ®¿ è—#Y OH° c—≈ (W`Î ≈è”J) —#¥ õèOHe"" û°è|ç ØH| (ûeoH|) vô^zìæz% mèñ vO“v&| cIdñ û±&º y{ zäY} “Iè H&®“ Oè—¡è ®¿ ®œ ômç"" æ§ —#≤;Ä´ v≠v&æ ÍT (vK#√ƒ) äv["" vÛc&ü ™±+R c+ı v` ¿[c#"" “H:Ç ”è OT◊{Ä´è c&cP v—#^—+ õè√H# ı`D|ç ≈è“÷+ º≤Ä´"" c+}ÅÄ´èñ J–ÅÄ´è ûx}ÅÄ´è æ±´ hh#ó ÷&e ûäÛe Ú| õè¿Qzè vπôo◊Äfi´ zäã"" û±&º vvÿÛ^ ºH#|è Ûc&H:è ûäW^™*z% ºvIh#|è √™, πzwH#|è “H:Ç H&®“ ®cä"" õäc#T π±&Fè ûT≈` è—#ZÇ BH# πQºe—`T wH”`R è—#Y πOT◊| ®_ c&cP ºH#v| ÔH—# õeû&÷Û ≈[e `m´ hh#"" v±&F —&±+ πOè”Yz% {IIo c¨Ç «û±&F vâI Tè õèÔJ“Hè? õäG π“I ÔH—# ôJz—íTó ®ƒ| õè¿E¿ ôJ{®mT"" õFJT H±[ÛT Gä HhO{ πHT"" õäG vcÔ^Çè [Öx ÷ç"" õè”ƒFe πK™`º| —#wô+ ®¿GäÇ´ ®¿O¬çÇè õèOHe"" v[Öx ûOU| vŸ` OU| æiIJ 46 ôJzwHTè?» c&H# T°` ôm[v#"" õc#T «õh&ñ õè√IÇB 46. cpn® ô+`Tºe 4" 9"" page095-160 page 34 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 129 æBè» c&J OHcIÄ´"" æ§èè zç”a Úz%è ô±#a Oè—¡è ®¿ —#^—+ ô¿[—"" C¿z%T vÿ≈Úº äv["" v—#^—+ wH#v| —&±+ñ Qº≥º 23 mèñ πo¡e —&ø`—&e Ø[ı| ØH|ñ yi h#T °è|ç zäX"" æF ú`}∆°d™*´ Oc&K™* è—#Y ™e (π°è|ç ôw|) Gä´"" HÆæè πQºe—`T —+ÿ c÷´"" ePèT “—&ø`—&e” ôH´"" DæRê| õè¬ºezT[´ç πA—\è c¨Ç BH# õè¬º÷To OèÔd™* OTF` c÷´"" (—&ø`—&eè) võè¿±&F ºH Bé{ hî}| ®¿A—\ vcIT zOHc"" û±&F vâI vO◊w| vÚzì™ Oè—≈ —#¥´è ômç"" πKÏ+—+ c¨ÇT }H: vπv+{Ä´ç vπ|√^Ä´ õè¬¿`c# æ’—# äv["" û—#wô+ (ûûzRÄ´) π¿[c#|Tñ vR”ez% πÆHT x`Dç| „+ÿaeç ‰´H:e Ø[ı{Ä´ vQGèv| vKTH+ ô^| mè äv["" æF BH# πGä´ vè—#Y OH° c—≈ 27ì ÆOz Oè”Y| ä´"" ºÄ* °[T| πæo`{ç πTM[| °[T|ñ π¿e{ç πO¿cÅ °[T| GäÇ"" fezìñ úaU¨Ç O™“| üHwÄ´ñ ‡ı^ πQH#| πŸ` eJ| ôIÄ´ó BH#T wè≈ä| E¿´ û÷I| Iæ æ[w[v#v{J"" H±&F TdH+ πQGè ôÏ+ c#eèøeè õèƒ| õè¿Oz%| —È 146-150 Iæ õçºHèó ôBè πúaU¨Ç cxô |ü{™* ®[^ Tè õè¿QOeJ û±&F v{Ç πz÷mc#| ±—w¨Ç õè¤T`"" 47 ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J (1555-1589 Æ. T.) {]° ó ®õT≈á[ vÆH Ûc&ü zèYô õT¿Txº ûO æN` h™ó õeO —>—>õ ´õz% HÆm*v A—` õTä “I"" õeO h™ A—[ Oè”Y| æõz*"" ®ôSD ®Av K`y ôTÜ HôezÛè¨z% ôı^c á\ºä ±ô&πÜÌÎ# õT± ®Av æeKoó v´õz%å —&±+ √”O äYô v#^û+"" ≥û=H# Axz K`y ¢ä vT°[ W`Î °è}e RõT` ®Hw™* IØH+B cITó æTKa ®æWFH: õ”±&ôxK+`"" ®õT≥ ô`|≠ ıê} Oè—H ”è≈ v[|"" ®û[O vFπ"" ®ÜH&ˆ ®`Ü °[T| cTÆ ûO OH°™ “I HT≈[ ®œ"" ®fv+D Hôû éz û=H# ôF—@[ Oè”Yz% ûO æ|“xô# ¤™ õTHÙ ®õTHÙ"" ®Hôû —:∂T Öv ±`ô øKèeñ ®Öv z°H —&ø`—&e √U| ÁKÔ ITñ ®Öv √á[‘| ®œ nÈ ûO æTÈô# û=H:P TeH û=H# W^™*z ÎxúP"" ®fv+D zèYô õT”è≈ v[| ®z^ûv v®[x TeH õH# ±±û`çGP"" ®fv vÈK ®œ [ûyP H“I vRº ®v®œ 47. Conti Rossini, Historia, Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 44-5. page095-160 page 35 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 130 OH&úP û=I T≈[ TeH ôJFTz*GP ®¿m*pP ®ôèez*ºGP"" ®Öÿô# ıêz Öv πK´\ õeO OJô ôJFTz*GP éz û=H# Oüè"" ®õTx≥àP HôJFT| ô&æ|[ôæ 1TeH üJô#"" ®õTØÎ#x ”x` πK´\ õè± æä≈ô# ôJFTz HÙ ®HÙ ûO æ`ûv# ıêz"" “Iå ô&ºõO[ TÈô}P H±O÷ä≥ W^™*| ±æû≈è™ HT≈` õè± πK´\"" ®Y`≠z ÎxúPc ¢ä vWHez% Í{"" m√R™* Í{ [ûx¨ H“I Öv z≠æä"" ®fv `õøP ”xz zèYô ®zÏxúP"" ®õT≥ z{H© °Jô+z% Í{ ôK¡ ≈á[ ôK¡ó ®zÏxõ¨ñ ®mzH# õTéB x±#Ü ±ôJy àJs õeû ôèez*GP ®¿m*pP"" ôJFTzc ô&RF[û# ôI ƒ—è¨ H±ôTW÷ ®—:π õTéGP õeû Ô÷“` ®¿™a"" ®ô&º|[Ò õèvH á√◊è"" ®õè± æ|Oπ÷# õTc√√ RF[û# ôJFTz ±Ü¿”¨P m√Q"" ®ôÜ±# vv≠W`z% Tõ| ®vv ÜTez% Tõ|"" û=H# Rá[û ôT◊ä °CH:z%"" cxô A—`å äYô# ±πô°H:P ®Ü¿—# ±zYõêP"" ®õTôO ®Ìô “I ôJy ±—x[ OãC ±ûO≥ ÜæH ≠v&π vW`¨z “I ô&õTõeIT ®ô&õT°èz*ºè"" exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#J —w_ ÜæJ võ¿ Oc&K# W`Î ≈è”J"" ! ûÛc&ü vÆJ vâI (W`Î ≈è”J) ®¿h™ HOE≈ û¿Tv&º zäXó T°èºz%T A—]z%è û“I HO÷vo Çû#J äv["" h™ πOè”Y| A—` äÇç"" v±&ºè —&±+ K`y HOhì πQGã (wM` ä“j) æYKo ûc÷´ πRºèc# T`ÿ Ô[fÇ —Á v[û| c÷"" v±&FT —&±+ ≈“Q v#^û+ (Te“ç) ô—í"" æF BH# πK`y Ax| πz—í´ v≠™m*´ç vôez™∫ (vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J OTF`) vW`Î °è}e T°` ä´ó cIT æ[ıv|ó õ”±&ôxK+` æR[´ó æo` ævH´"" û±&F vâI Oè—¡è ®¿”è¿v[| ômç"" °[Tz%èT õ±&º ôdHÔ"" π°[T| ®^| c&ºJı “H:Ç T≈[ ®œè õè¿zs◊÷b| cR"" v±&F —&±+ |°Hì πŸ` W^™*| (¤™) û±&FT û±&ºT õè¬cvcv# vOè”Yz% ô´^Õ¨Ç BH# OJõ°| ôezIHÔ"" BH#T ûOI Ÿ` W^™*{Ä´ “^ õè¬O÷# —:∂T ®¿ (—:∂T ä“j) ±`ô øKèeñ ®¿ √U| 48 ÁKÔ IT z°H —&ø`—&eñ ®¿ ®œ nÈ √á[‘| IûwÄ´"" v±&ºè —&±+ û”è¿v[| zäY} ®[x Iæ ûä±&F ûôäXçÄ´ “^ z—çí"" ®œ c&¿è “H:Çè ûûx}ÅÄ´ñ 48. «—:∂T ä“j»ñ «√U| ÁKÔ/Ù IT»ñ «®œ nÈ» πA—[ —µ*¨Ç πRØ`” eUÇ çÄ´"" page095-160 page 36 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 131 ûJ–ÅÄ´ñ ûc+}ÅÄ´ “^ vRº õç v®œ vUI O_~ ÷&T xH´w| ô—ìÄ´"" (W^™*z%) RHÚº Oè—≈ ô÷#ó T°èºz%T ûx}ÅÄ´ vy{´ BH# UJz´v| äv["" ûûx}Ä% x≤| πzäX (c´) ôè¡ ûH+I´ ôæzºæT äv["" Oè—≈ HR”í| ûx}Ä%è ®¬ºç ®¬F Dæ õºH# v‡èo Bé{ æE¡ äv["" “H:Ç ¿”U c&’≥ O_~è πQhıç| æ§è πQºFJ W^™*| OT◊z%è ôI®m%T"" (πè—#W# W^™*|) π´—&º cJÛÄ´ vfe| °ıJ äv["" m√Q´ °ıJ “H:Çè õcÔ\v| ô—ìÄ´"" ≈è—| c&ºæ™Ä´ zäYz´ z™’Ä´"" û±&º BHz% °ıH:Ç ôè¡ H+I´è õπzûzH ®’Ä´"" õeû c+}ÅÄ´ç J–ÅÄ´ ≈[e tÿ` πH+´ x±# (c´) ÔÀ"" ûäc# ºOH÷´èç õeû Ô÷“`ç õeû ¿™a πhh´è ôd¿¡ õèÃ (O O]ºe) ûx| ôJR[û#T"" ûÿm*}Ç vm` TèT ôIez[ÒT"" ûRd¿≈ c&OHc# vÚ| πz™Ä´è ûx}Ç R[û#"" vπôè≈ h&´ vπôTe| O}´ ®c¡ó BH#T õè¿ÇH:{´ R[û"" πA—\ c´T πQvnÄ´è ºFJ ®c¡ó ºJÅH#|è (π|T) z´|"" “I ûO◊v| —&±+ ôèY}ñ “H:Çè vOèmJ ûõeITT û°èz*ºèT õè¿±&F ûı ºH ÖæJ πÔÁO πHT"" vOc&K# vW`Î ≈è”J õœ ÖæJ HW^ °v#`ç J≠#J HGä´ Hõ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´"" ûôÏ+ c#eèøe/YJ◊è c—≈ (1600-1625) {]°49ó ®õè± AH: vT≈[ v≈ OÈô ôH& ®J¿ ôœx TeH ôx≈Jn≈` è—#W eç` vT°èºz Aû° ±zèYô véz A—\ õè± TeH+B x±#Üè OezÌØçä ôıê ®cxô õ”`"" ®Ö¿[ H:z% Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ñ ®¢ê è—#W eç` ®ÆH+ ®zô±± H:z% ûO —x`"" ®è—#Yå ôWäπ H:z% û=H: Oıo√z Y“ó ®ôW`—¨ vôJwc K]` ®v®ò ôTw` ®ô&ºáÿú Tèzå õT± Ôm¿"" T≈[å ®Ay ‡J“D"" ®±èz û=H: õT≈á[ —x[ ®≠H vFπ v≠H J¿| ±Hõ”±&õä ®O≈Üåä ô&πc#e °è}e H:z% exK|"" ®õT≥ fv cTÆ è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ûO z—:ç¿∫ ô´Ìú ÁwM| cxô ®è≈—+ ®H” zTØÆ ®ô±± æTA`°¨Pó ®RF[û# x±#Ü ôJFTz"" ®ôÿıô# õ°H ®ô´≠∫ ôxºz"" ®û=H:c ±zRF[û ôJFTz õTä H” ®Av Hè—#W eç` ®HôH& ®J¿ ôœx"" ®õT≥ zèYô õT´õz% Oüè ®N[ Oè—H d`üó ®vÈK Öv Oüè ±AH® yz% èez*| wM` ±|cOæ —¿R"" ®®ÆH vFπ 49. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 103-7. page095-160 page 37 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 132 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç vÆH ÿTmz% Hõ”±&õä ®O≈Üåä ô&πc#e °è}e H:z% exK|"" ®õT≥ zèYô õTFπ ®N[ õèz ıêz ÈIH:ó ®Æ¿® ÔH— ôxº ®vÈK T≈[ v#√ó ®ôcèvz vFπ"" ®õT≥ zèYô õT´õz% Oüè ±ôcèvz yz% ®®[¿ Oè—H ∂^ õèz ıêz ®è√d"" ®vÈK Öv ôKz* A—` ±AH®| vÈèÔ ÔH— c#âó ®ôcèvz vFπ ®®ÆH vÆH mvI ÍT"" ®õT≈á[ vÆz ÍT zèYô õT´õz% Oüè ®N[ Öv ôKz* A—` ±eR ih+ õèz eÒM O`Mwó ®vFπ [cπ ûzRB"" ®õè± AH: v´õz% Oüè zcTÆ ±+ç TÈôz “I õOè—H v[è{"" ®fv cTÆ zèYô v—&±+Dñ ®N[ v—>—>ôó õeO —>—>õ ´õz% HÎxõ ûO æ#—>õ xõc& `Ö#x HOxJØñ ®xõc& ÈPõ Hc|æ"" ®õTo≈O K#[z% Ôä¨P Hê πRä °è}e ®Hê YØH °è}e ôÜ™*B õèz üJõ ıê|"" ®è—#Yå N[ TeH õH&ôB õèz üJõ ıê|"" ®ôo¬U Ôä¨ Hôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}e ±¢ä xIz,êÇ #{ v´õz% ±Oè TeH á√◊è W^™*z Îxõ —&±+ ıç c`°"" ®vÈwM zH® è—#Y ôca ®[ûy H“I ±´õz% ®[èi vTJô# ®üJõå “I ±õTä—¿ v`z%R TeH+B vØHz m√Q| cèv| ôO 0®2 Hπüz*| vT≈[ HT¤è"" ®znzH# “I ®W^™*z è—#Y Æv&π m|H"" ®¢ä O™*õ Hè—#Y"" ®zm|H# ôSD x±#Üè “I"" ®õè± æ—:ææ y±®≈m éz Á≈ı ®éz Ræ ±AH: RõûH Á≈ıñ õeû ¢ä ´õz% Ræ ¿O õTx≥Ö zm|H:z% H“I"" ®ôÖ™*Bc ô&[ûv# “I õeO zAû∫ yP cxõó ®ô&ºèK# Oè—¿ ®ô&vÈK# õeû ôw™*"" ®õT≈á[ ≥èz% O™*õ Ôm¿ è—#Y ûO æN` Oè—H ®Hn ûO æÌxú H“I ±AH: vFπ"" ®ôè—:`—:\ ôm,|µ`ó ®Mm K™*a zOæ÷ õèvæä ±ôè—:`—:\ yz% cxô ûzR"" ®õT≈á[ zOæ÷ [cπ ûzRB Öv ÈèÔ ÔH— c#â"" ®õè± AH: vFπ cTÆ TÈôz “I õOè—H ®cè ôTw"" ®zèYô è—#Y vûO JR¡ õè± æ#—>õ"" ®N[ ®vÈK Öv T≈` ±|cOæ ∂è v≈J"" ®vFπ [ûy HH&vè “Iñ Æv&æ ä—≈ ±πÆv& õTû=H:P ä—¿ “Iñ vT≈[ ∂è v≈J vÈèÔ ÔH— x`"" ®´õz%c H&vè x±#á ÿm ûO ôèv◊ ®RõT[ Îxõñ ®ÜºJ ´õz% õTû=H:P ÖºIä “I"" RF]¢ ®ôez“v&ú û=H: ôJFTz “Û|ñ ®ôJFTz ·Sñ ôJFTz ô—´ñ ®ôJFTz √U|ñ õeû dûI ®—v`R ôÿÚú A—[ñ ®mz*H: x±#Üä cxôñ ®Ï+™*¨ ¿m ®ôèez"" õÖ&¥ TF`üB õè± æ|Oπÿ A—a [ûy è—#Y vT≈[ ∂è v≈J vØHz KPe ôO @®4 Hπüz*|"" page095-160 page 38 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 133 ®`õø “I ûO OÈô yz% è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ TeH x±#Üè W^™*| æv+ñ Tè|ã ≥ä—`ó ôõ™Tå ®û=H# ØÎ´ ô≈w`å ®û=H# ô´”` ºèfe© ûO cxõ"" ®äv[ ôSD “I û™*ê HÖv 3 ®4 ‡ı^ó H#w vwMz*z%ñ m,a vwMz*z%ñ sè¿I vwMz*z%"" ®vÈK è—#Y TeH û=H:P W^™*z% OezÌØçä ôıê vÆv&æ —>—>ô"" Hcxô õ”`c Ö¿‘P æ|J´¨ v≈á_B"" ®zÏxô# è—#Y ®H&vèó ®¢ä O™*õ Hè—#Y v—&±+ ±æÔÿè õToÈvz Ææè"" ®zm|H “I ±ôJy Ö#Js"" ôSD ôJy xõc& OezÌØä Ô[e õTÜºIåB Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ±ô&mzH “I ®±ô&ºTÈô ÄxÄyó ®®—\ ôTdH õxè ô`ôez*GP H“I éz û=H# —Á T≈` Öv pO è—#Y"" ®≥èz% O™*õ ¢ä v|õ≤± õ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#Jñ æØvæ eP"" Æ¬ vdå{B H´õz% ØH| ØHz Æ`x ôO @ ®5 H≥®`á cTÆ è—#Y ûO OÈô “I RF]¢ ôJFTz x±#Ü ¿m ®ôèez õTä “Û| ®ô—´"" ®N[ yz% è—#Y TeH û=H# W^™*z%"" ®fv `õπ “I ûO OÈô è—#Y HÎv&úz% ô&pO HTØ`ñ √õP —:π ®—xô éz Á≈ı ±ÔH— x`"" ®è—#Yå zÆπä vOJØJz,B ®®[¿ õèz üJõ ıê| TeH û=H:P õÖ#≤ä äıÿ ®me|ñ ®Æ`— Öv AH® “I"" ®ôÖ± æo|H:P õT—&±+ 3 cÆ| õeû ıç c`°ñ õeû ¢ä ÔH— x` û=Hè{B ¿O"" ®õT≈á[ Tc+| ®Ìô Öv |Øæèz% ±zÆπä OJØJz Á≈ı ûO æ°Jú PÏô H“I"" ®“Ic AH: ôSD em%H RõûH Á≈ı ôTdH Gwæ ®Ÿ◊ó ô&æ®`≈C ®ô&æ®Ìõ"" ®wMz% væõz* ØH| ±ôTc÷ õTm|J ®]∆ H+H&z õTÁ≈ı vv èez*| èez*| N[ Oè—H A—\"" ®õT≥ vXJe| ØH| cTÆ è—#Y ûOy “I vsIz*D Hû=è≈J ±|cOæ ±[—T"" ®N[ è—#Y TeH û=H# W^™*z%"" ®vÁ&N [ûy H“I ±eO ä—¡ ¬—H# véz ´õz% T≈`ó õeO yz% x±#Ü TF`ü õèed ®cxõ"" ®´õz%å “I x±#á ÿm Ô[eå ®õ”`"" ®zÏxô# è—#Y ®“I Æv&π Îxô"" ®¢ä O™*õ Hè—#Y ®zO´ú H“I"" ®zm|H “I ±ô&¢ä x±#Ü ®ô&á√÷ó ®Ö¿— û=H: TF`ü ôJFT| ±ô&æ|%Ht"" ®è—#Yå mz*H: ôT◊ä zm|H ®ôá¬‘ û=H: TF`üB zÆπä Öv T≈` ±|X+å H|Øæè|"" ®≥èz% O™*õ ¢ä vØHz cãæ ôO @®2 Hπüz*|"" exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` ®Av+ O™*õ H± æ|™,ûJ yz% ®H±ºcT° v[≈ô+z%"" ! page095-160 page 39 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 134 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç (c#eèøe) vT≈[ v≈ dH ôH& ®J¿ (ô&xè) ôœx ûeç` è—#Y ûôx≈Jn≈` “^ Gê vA—\ vzäX´ xÿxÿ T°èº| ûx±# Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ “^ O◊ç Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ô¿[H|"" πeç\ è—#Y ôjû` GäH|ó õè¿ô—J“æT {±±H|"" è—#W#T HMæ®| πQºeÔJ—´è BH# ôXO[H|"" vK` Jxeç v®ò ôTw`T ôe—+÷´"" ûQÔJ—´ TèT ôId◊´T"" T≈`T ‡J“è c÷´"" æ§èè BH# ü¿[— vâI °x` πQ—w´è π—+{Çè πO≈Üå{Çè πô&πc#e °è}eè πJ¿| vÆJ õ±&º ôûv["" û±&F vâI π®è≈—+ õç πH” c¨Ç ”x` ûR”w| õè¿H—P vcR —&±+ zpÿ} (W^™*z%) õè¬±`Û<Ä´ ô±±ó x±# ûx}Ç R[û#"" õFJ ô÷Òó v+}ÇT ôn÷H#"" ûH” πzR[û´è ûx| ¿”U Heç\ è—#Yç HôH& ®J¿ ôœx c◊Ä´"" û±&F vâI û±&º y{ zäY} ®¿ d`ü E¿"" —¿R πT|wJ |èj û#_ üHÇv| y{ ¿[c"" °x` πQ—w´è π—+{Çè πO≈Üå{Çè πô&πc#e °è}eè ÿTm| õ±&º ôûv["" û±&º zäY} vÈIH: Oè—≈ E∆ πôxº ®è≥è zi—[ó ûT≈[ v#√ ¿[c"" õK#≈è õ±&º ôdHÔ"" û±&ºT õK#≈è üdHÔv| y{ zäY} v®è√d Oè—≈ ®¿∂^ ®[¿"" ûc#â ®è≥ √`Å ®√HÇ ôè≈ ô—` ¿[c"" õK#≈è õ±&º ôdJˆ πÍT ovI ô¿[—"" ÍT û—w vâI û±&º y{ zäY} Oe£ cÚ ®¿Gä´ eV ih+ ®¿QwJ ôè¬| ô—` E¿"" cÔ^´è õ±&º ô¿[—"" õ±&º y{ õè√H vv[è{ vû#J π“I OT◊| zcR"" (è—#W# ±+ç´è) c&cR ®¬º´ x≈” xH: vıÿä| E¿ó πz^v HT”xñ πz÷R HO÷ÿ õè¿QÄû#J HŸ`ä| Çû#J ä´ç"" ûOE¡ vÚ| ®è≈UÄ%è ê πRä °è}eèç ê YØH °è}eè vH+I Oè—≈ IüÄ´"" è—#W# ¿”U û^c# (c¨Ç) “^ vH+I Oè—≈ E¿"" c&Oijñ v±&ºè ±Oè πxIz,êÇ —+{ πGä´è ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}eè ûÿm*| πŸ` W^™*| “^ ôem≈U Iû´"" ÷™| è—#W# ÔH—#è æ¥ zûzH´"" “H:Çèñ RH| OI ®[èièç ûä—¿ v`z%R H+H:ÇèT “H:Çñ ôx[´ Gä´ o√S ØH| πüz*| 12 mè vT≈[ HT¤è ô—ìÄ´"" “H:Çç πè—#W# W^™*| {Io ”≈º z“¿H#"" ≈J Hè—#W# Gä"" v±&ºè —&±+ x±# “H:Ç ôHm%" c&hh# û—¿Jç õ—¿H# {Ç üH´ ´K π—wT äv[ó û“H:Ä% O—¿J x≤| ´K´ ¿T ûOTcJ õeû&¿è ≈[e"" ®è≈UÄ% ”è “I ôI—í%Tó c¨ÅÄ´ z’zz%wÄ´ó Oè—≈ ôI[±PTó õeû ôwæ ≈[e (õè£è) ôJ¿[c#T"" page095-160 page 40 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 135 è—#W# û±&F ≈J vâI ®Hn ºH´è “I HO´“| ®¿±&º HOE≈ ÔH—"" ”è ôm,|µ` (W^™*z%) ô—>[O[Pó |èj E∆ πcÔ\ c¨Ç eI—>[O[P zOHc"" ûzOHc vâI cÔ\è ûc#â ®è≥ √`Å ô¿[—"" õ±&º dH v®cè ôTw vû#J π“Iè OT◊| cR"" è—#W# õè¿JR¡ vÿ≈Úº zäX"" E∆T ∂è v≈J ûT|wJ T≈` ¿[c"" õ±&º vx` ®è≥ √`Åñ ∂è v≈J T≈` Iæñ |Jm%è ä—≈ñ ûä—¿ “I BH# πQvJ÷´èñ H&vèè ô—í´"" æF H&vè õè√èv◊ v◊T x±#ñ Ÿ` ≠™m*ñ ûÖæHïÄ% “H:Ç BH# πvH÷ ÖæHì ä´"" π“Û|è ûx}Çñ π·Sè ûx}Çñ πô—´è ûx}Çñ π√U|è ûx}Ç BH# R`¢ç cxeyñ õeû dûIç õeû —v`R ≈[e ô—` ôÿı}ñ x±# c´ —≈H:ñ MÏç|èç c+}Çè ô”¥ T`¢´è æ¥ ®¿A—\ c&OHe è—#W# ∂è v≈J T≈` Iæ KPe ØH| πüz*| 24 mè ô—í´"" “H:Ä% è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈è ûx±# W^™*| “^ c&º∫ñ «æF ä—` Tè≈ä´? ≤ˆÄ%T õè¤}Ä%T BH#ñ zâÄ%T “^¨Ä%T BH# õè¿c´ æèmdmdH#» ôH#"" v±&ºè —&±+ “H:Ä% vfe|ç vô^| cJı z¿^œz´ äv[ -- H#w´ HxÅ´ñ m,a´ 50 HxÅ´ñ sè¿I´ HxÅ´ "" è—#W# ûÔ[cì W^™*z% BH# “^ v{Io ÿ≈Úº O◊"" õ”[ïÄ%è ûâI´ õè¬ûzH#| z™Ä´"" è—#W#ç H&vè z™—#ó ûÆæè oÈv| vQÔÿè —&±+ éÿ ≈J Hè—#Y Gä"" tÿ` πH+IÄ´ “H:Ç ôHm%"" v±&ºè —&±+ ûè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ 51 ÖæHïÇ Ô[cïÇ éÿ “I ºJ—¿Hç ÄxÄy ºIO◊ (c´) ôJäv[T"" π“H:Ä%è ‡èoI| è—#W# vpOv| T≈` ±#]º´è õè¿≈è“æ ûO\|"" æF ≈J πGä´ °v#`ç J≠#J vGä´ võ”±&ôxK+` |õ≤≥ ä´ó eP ûı ûı ævJ"" ¿”U v±&º ØH| R”e| Æ`x ØH| Qº≥º 25 mè “H:Ç û“Û|ç ûô—´ x±# ûx|ñ MÏç|ç c+}Ç R`û´ õè¿O÷# cR"" è—#W# ûW^™*z% “^ Bê O◊wÄ´"" “H:Ä% è—#W# H&®“Ä´ õè¿O◊ c&º∫ Hôè√ı{T ôJpPTó hjz´ vx` ®è≥ —¿J —v#"" è—#W#T ûvI∫ cÔ[ó äıÿç me| ûº±#| (W^™*z%) BH# “^ GêT vH+I Oè—≈ ®[¿ó “H:Ç ®¿ôH#v|T ®◊"" ûfe| cÆ| Ta õeû Tj| ≈[e æ—≈IÄ´ O[-- πx` ®è≥ BHèzç´ ¿T õeû&Gè ≈[e"" ûTj| vâI û—¿H# ôÛı cÔ` ®¿ô¿[—v| cÔ\ “I´è O´fi HOûJûJ ®◊"" “I ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ v—¿J RFJ õè¿≥è aç õè¿Ÿ◊ zè÷JÿH: äv[ó ôæ®◊ ôæ®`≈"" 50. õä±&F Tè õè¿Gã π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ @ zOJû|ó ÁKÚ´ õè¬F c&¿[≈^Ä´ úaU¨Çè õè¿QºńÄ´ ºOH°{J"" 51. eH nH#ç eH ôè—| s[◊ wFJñ —È 116ñ á√” t. 24è zOJû|"" page095-160 page 41 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 136 ”è v±&ºÇ ØH| û”≈º ºOH÷ vH+H&| û—¿J ®`∆ ÿm*| vÿm*| õπGä ô—\ E¿"" û±&F vâI vfezì´ mè è—#W# ±[—T vT|wJ πû=è≈J sI “I õè√H cR"" è—#W# ûW^™*z% BH# “^ Gê (®¿±&º) E¿"" c&¿è πä—¡ eT ¬—H# πGä “I v±&º T≈` ô—íó (ô—\) x±# πõèedç πc´ T`¢ äv[v|ç"" “I´T v◊T x±# äv[ñ Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ (‡T`)"" è—#W#ç “H:Ä% |Jo ´—&º z™—#"" ≈J Hè—#W#ñ jèÔ| H“I Gä"" x±# ®æT |èj wæwJT “I z—¿H"" tÿ` πH+H´è πûx| T`¢´è vUI Hmm"" è—#W#T πz—¿H´è ºFJ —≈H:ñ T`¢´è BH# ôeÿH: HcÔ^ ûT|OÇ T≈` cÔ["" æF ≈J πGä´ cï ØH| πüz*| 22 mè ä´"" HQ{Oèv|ç [≈ô+z%è ≈“ı HQº¿`” ≈J HQcÿ õ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´"" —HJzì´ ±+ç O™ØJ vôÏ+ Ûc&J ±Oè (1625-1660) ûO±—v´52ó Oeû[Tñ ØHz% m√Q| cèv|ñ ®è—+I™* Rz,ëó N[ ‘∂T"" ®v´õz% ±Oè OÈô “I xK+[ |”_ ±eP HvÅ O÷ä $c&F “Ió ®ôÿıô c^™,"" ®vzOæŸz% ô—|¨ e∫Rä Ì^Ø ®zTv+è ®ôMHo¨ õèvH ô|`ˆ vT≈[ ôI"" ®äv[ è—#Y v∆v&|"" ®Uz ®J¡ ±vû=\ ôv+} se÷è÷&êe"" zÔÁO 9 ÆO|"" ! Oeû[Tñ (π1633 Æ. T. O O]º) ØHz% o√Sñ (±Oã) Rz,ëó (è—#W#) ‘ÕT E¿"" v±&F ÆO| eP HvÅ O÷ã ô`w h&F πGä “I ®¿|”_ O◊ó c^™,èT ô®¿R|"" c&OHe πÌ^Øç πzTv+è h#RTè| vT≈[ ôI Iæ ûv´ TèT dºez`Ò ÔÀ|"" è—#W# v∆v&| zmO÷"" πv¶` JÀ ôv+} se÷è÷&êe Uz"" (π”≤z%) 9äì ÆO| zÔÁO"" m√R™* øKèe/ôõIı c—≈ (1660-1674) vä—W vÆOz%53ñ ôO 0®2 H{áXY Îx∞P ê OJ°Æ °è}e H0®2 v+z “I ±´õz% ´fiIñ ®[◊πñ ®[Qãñ ®_—#ñ ôv÷&ñ ôçñ —#^ñ c#wñ ®_x¢ñ ®_Àñ ô`c#ñ ô#\üI ±®Ìô vôj’’ ®vÈK 52. ±+ç O™ØJó EMML 7109, f. 65b. ôÏ+ Ûc&J ûcId ÆO{| vIæ —≥} {]û#è πËÔH| πHTó zÈˆH|T õè¿Gä õeüBè ôJz—íT"" 53. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part I, p. 9. page095-160 page 42 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 137 ®^]B vTJÆ v+—T≈`"" ®®Ay õ”±&ôxK+` ÖæH ®O™*Æ v[≈ô+z% Ho¡e Qüô+J H&m OIõ°| ®vÁH:z% Hôv#ä dPô+J OTF[ |\Û| õeû mzH x±#Üä væõz* ØH|"" ! {áXY 12 mè ê OJ°Æ °è}e 12z%è v+z “Iñ RH|T vôj’’ πO◊´èç ®^]´ vUI v+—T≈` π¿[c´è ´fiIèñ ®[◊πèñ ®[Qãèñ ®_—#èñ ôv÷&èñ ôçèñ —#^èñ c#wèñ ®_x¢èñ ®_Àèñ ô`c#èñ ô#\üIèñ ®“Ä´"" õ”±&ôxK+`T vH&m OIõ°| o¡e Qüô+J [≈ô+|ç vOTF[ |\Û| vôv#ä dPô+J ÁH:| ÖæJç ≈Jè c÷´ -v±&ºÇ ØH| x±#¨Ç õeû&—≈J ≈[e"" ({áXY 12 mè o¡e Qüô+Jç ôv#ä dPô+J πQ{cv#v| mè ä´"") vä±&F BH# ´—&º¨Ç úaU¨Ç πzOz%| π÷I{Ä´ Ÿ` ≈è—| eHO◊wÄ´ ä´"" õäc# ±OÅ c&®÷# ”è πQ¿äo πŸ` ±ƒ õè√IÄ´ç c#eèøe YJ◊è HOº≥ c&ºTÌ õè¿z÷mOv| õä±&F ûôÏ+ c#eèøe {]° πm√âÄ´ ÿofÇ ºdºH#ó (1) ®Oû[ è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ûO æÌxú H±YIc+ õè± AH: vwMz*z%"" ôÿxÆ Jy ®N[ TeH õH&ôB á√◊è cxõ OezÌØçä ôıê ®cxô õ”`"" ®ÁèN zÖv&ú éz |M| T≈` ±®”√ ±|cOæ Oè{ ¿Ô`"" ®vÈK ±YIc+ vÆv&æ |Øv&| ®vzäıN Jx õè± æxJñ Oã æm´T o≈Sπ ®Oã æ¿ı[å"" ®è—#Yå YJ◊è c—≈ zèYô õT±äv[ ®ôWäπ ‡ı^B ôTdH “I"" ®W^™*z ±YIc+c ®û=H: ôTÜ^ ôSD ô&πôT\ ‡ı^ó ®¢ã M´dä ûO cxô Teºÿ"" ! (1) è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ±YIc+è xÅ´è wHv| H&®“´ ®cä"" Jv#è ô÷è°a ûÿm*| (c¨Ä%)ñ Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇñ “^ Gê E¿"" Oè{ ¿Ô` ûT|wJ [w√ ûGäÇ π®”√ O_| z¿xp pπ´"" ±YIc+ v{Io |Øv&|ç vzäÛ Jxñ «Rä´ vÚz, πQpTó Rèe æ¿ı[ìJ» õºH O◊"" è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ¿”U ûäv[v| zäY} ‡ı^´è (π`x`yj cJÒè) õè¿ “I (ôcIHı) ôXO["" π±YIc+ç πôTÜ^ W^™*| ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ ‡ı^ (π`x`yj) ôcIHı ôº´m%Tó õè¿ —vºzì 54 õ`TeTfÇ äv\ "" 54. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 79. page095-160 page 43 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 138 (2) ®zwAH# û=H:P t`wèñ õeû Rõ±+ èäx` õè± è¿°T v—v&[ ±Hd ®veÆ&[ cèv|"" HõO znzJä èMä W^™*z è—#Y ºØpx ævÈKäã H# Ø¿´ 1 xõc& õTÜºIåB Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈"" ®õT≈á[ ôáHm% t`wè T°[ |Øv&| ®ä—[ |≥á`| ôÿx≠ Jy è—#Y ºØpx ®Æ`— Hzn|H: Öv AH: è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ó õeO ¢ä v´õz% —&±+ OJØJz Æmx ´õz%å vO|Mz,B"" ®vÁ&N è—#Y ºØpx W`≠ cJÔ ûO Y`≠z ôTÜ^ ±®|`ó ®ôèvaP HH 11 xõc& v÷®{ ±´õz% vz`{"" ®è—#Yå YJ◊è c—≈ ®[¿ èez*z õTÆmx v‡ı^ ôTdH “I"" ®ôÖ±# æ|nzH#ó ®®—\ |`û= ®ç` x±#Ü õ`dc ´≠#π ôTôÔ äıÿ"" ®ôJy ±mzH: õèvH 1 xõc&"" ®¢ä O™*õ v—&±+ ı÷#è Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ õèvH ºèYô# õ¿ W^™*z è—#Y ºØpx"" ! (2) t`wè (πQwH#| W^™*|) BH#Tñ «õeû OÄ ≈[e ±Hd vOY^|ç cèv| vOi` eè¿°T õèê^Hè? õì πè—#Y ºØpx W^™*| xè™“ ûè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ÖæHïÇ ôè≈ c´ HcId c¨Ç æ¿`cçJè?» zwwH#"" t`wè π|Øv&| T°`ç π|œ`| ä—` c&¤`c# è—#Y ºØpx Jv#è ô÷è°a HŸ`ä| è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ®√Hv| ®◊ó T°èºz%T v±&ºè —&±+ õc# (YJ◊è c—≈) ômvz% Iæñ õc# (è—#Y ºØpx) ¿”U ûv{Ä% äv["" è—#Y ºØpx õè¿¿[c v®|a´ πôTÜ^ Y`≠z cJı ôcHÔó õºè√è¡è c´ v÷®{ñ RH| vz`{ñ ôpO´"" è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ¿”U ûômvz% õè¿ “I v‡ı^ Gê |èj ®[≈ ôH"" æ™—# O`ó |`û=ç ç` û÷OèÕ ôÔ P≥ πQä≈ x±# õ`de z¢c#ó ûôè≈ c´ vm` ôJ—¿HT"" ≈J vô‡` —&±+ éÿ Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ Gä -- πè—#Y ºØpx W^™*| 55 —ç õÕÄ´è dºäW# "" (9) úaU¨Çè πReÔ` ˙H&c& ä—Y{z% πÇ”\ Tè‡ úaU¨Ç õè¿ H+I´ M≥x äw` (cÛ]) ôHOGçÄ´è c&[¡ ºcıbÄ´ O`"" ô} ≠ÌS πQH#|è 56 õèeR ó 55. õ±&º´ —. 91"". 56. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 163. page095-160 page 44 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 139 ôÁ+T (W`Î ≈è”J) ûxJD|ç ûRez™J “^ —:v≥ äv\ó ... “I´è võò õπdv# v‘∂Tç v¿Tv&º O_| ºJ{[c´è ´≈R õº∫ O\|ó û°èz*ºè “^ mImH#|"" y[êÇ («“I ±eP y[è») ôÏ+ c#eèøeè vJœäz% ôwz%è —≈H´ õc#èç õçz%è R`û´ ®e¿´ «õè¿ JÕÄ´ ¿” eHW\H|» Hc# ıo` äv^Ä´"" eH±&F Øòç cIT HO¿^¿` õc#T ÿ\ Ø≈J äv[´"" uèuÄ´è æç—^Jó ºTã{JT"" û±&F v{Ç ºH#|è ûè—#W# {]° éÿ ôJˆ ôJˆ πzm¡|è ÿofÇ õèOJû|ó ıo^Ä´èç HReÔ` º¿[—´è Pû^ ºdºH#"" (1) ®õè± AH: v±ûO≥ ”x[ Oû^ OÈô “I HÎv&ô ®Hn"" ®fv vÈK Öv KTy ±|cOæ ÈÕ v` o`xz ôw™* `õæ¨ H“I"" ®“Iå `õπ ûO AH© cxõó ®Á´Æ vÆv&æ nJ ®æv+ Oã ´õz% ≥èz%"" ®ô÷πo¨ õH&ôB ®æv+J¨ ôv+zÖ#è c#eèøe ´õz% ®J¿ ôv+zBè Ûc&H¿e ±ôèz zôTa"" ®fv ôõO[ “I aÁ ®vÈK Öv AH: ®J¿ è—#Y éz ÔH” ±|cOæ c¿æó ®®≈m {Mz õ—]B ®ôè—`—[ vä—`“[ ıo` õè± æ÷v# ôÏxÆ õ”\"" ®z“äπ H:z% x±#Ü z“èø ®eP H´õz% “I v#¢ ±õTä—¿ ¢ê"" ®õè± AH: TeH ´õz% “I cTÆ ±+ç ûO ÿm πÖYY¨ W^™*z Îxõ πôÖ≥¨ ®æUoM¨"" ´õz%å N[ TeH ≥û# “I Öv ¿x` ±|cOæ uÆ|"" ®äv[ Fπ á√÷ O™ØH"" ! (1) (c#eèøe HOè—Y wOÎv| —&±+) võè¿±&F ºH πOû^ Bé{ Iæ õè√Hñ “H:Ç ®Hnè HO´“| O÷#"" ôwæ ô÷—x ÈÕ v` ûT|wJ ôTy (N^) c&¿`c# “H:Ä%è ô∫™Ä´"" “H:Ä%T c´ õè√H c&º∫ «æE Rä´?» xH: (O]ºÄ´) ûı wH nJ z◊^"" π^c# c¨Çñ «πôv+zÖ#è Ûc&H¿e Jœ ôèz πT{´m´ ôv+zÖ#è c#eèøe ä´» ôH#|"" “I´ (æ§èè) c&ºó õπa÷ πè—#W# Jœ ®√Hv| c¿æ ®¿T|wJ ®è≥ ¿[cç õ”aÄ% Iæ ®¿m"" πõ”\è ◊}Ç õπ÷w vıo` õè—#`—#a ôè‘^‘["" õœ” ®¿mH|"" π±&F “I eT v#¢ ä´ -- û¢ê ä—≈"" (c#eèøe) ûä±&F “H:Ç “^ dH (πOè”Yz%) Ÿ` W^™*| æ±´ HRc` ôÿxm´ õè¿QÔJ—#| ®_ cR"" õc#T ûä±&º “H:Ç “^ uÆ| ®¿T|wJ z^^ E∆ õ±&º ÿm*| —&±+ 57 zmO÷ "" 57. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 11-12. page095-160 page 45 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 140 (2) ®õT≥ õT≈á[ vÆH Ûc&ü zèYô õTv+z “I ®N[ Oè—H h™ fv ÁèÆ yz% [Öx"" ®õè± πK´` vÈK Öv A—` ±|cOæ ¿x[ ≈Ö#Üè õèz æõz* Oüä ≥F\ ®Á™]z ÆÌP Hôx °v#` ôw {ƒë ®J¿ ôv ôv´ ôw z°H DæRê| v[ûz °Jô+GP |xÈKä"" ®vFπ [ûy H“I ±æcOæ ¢ê ®zÖ±v ®_≤ RõT` ®÷v&x ®OcH: ±æÎxú"" ®“Iå OÈô Öv+B ôõQa fv ÷πm ûO ´õz% ®J¿ è—#Yó õeO ¢ä ´õz% ım%\ õT|ü|"" ®—äπ H:z% vûO æ—å —x` Hõ”±&ô#"" ®õT≈á[ û#äz≥ ä—` N[ ®vÈK Öv A—` ±|cOæ xJØ|"" ®ôO ØHz xÈKz% vÈK# Fπ x±#Üè ä“≈ºè õT≥™æ õÖ&¥P x±#Ü è™π"" ®`õøP cxô A—` õH:èz ä“¿ OcH:P ûO OÈô “I HÎv&ú A—`"" ä—`¨ H®J¿ è—#Y õè± æxH# OÈô “I x±#á"" ®´õz%å fv cTÆ ±èz zÌØä IØH Ô[e ®N[ TeH õH&ôB"" ®vÁ&N Öv+GP ôõO[ ûO ä“≈ºè õPèz% ®ô&¢ã W^™*z Îxõ"" ®võèz≥ ô&ºMcO IØH+GP vU|ó √õP äYô û=H: ±yP ®ô&Ö¿— Tèzå* ®—x[ H±Ôm¿"" ®õT≥ ÆH´¨ cxô O—≥ó ´õz%å ôTÈô yP x±#Üä “I ±æcO∫ z%IR ûO æÌxúP"" ®õPèz*å cxô O—≥ `õøP x≥Ü Îwô&| Ô`B ÿmó ôTã ®z“ä∫ H:z%"" H“Iå ±OÈô H[¬úz% ôezÛä¨ æN` Oè—H v+z%"" ®zOæ÷ “I õè± ºè—:[—>` õeO ô&RF[û ®ô&mzH vûO KHπ Jv#"" ®´õz%å ®J¿ è—#Y z`Ô TeH cxô h™"" ®õT≈á[≥ N[ Oè—H ¿x[ H&wêe ®äv[ Öv ôKz* T≈` ±|cOæ ÆÈn"" ®ôSD ¢ä yz% Æv&æ [Öx ®ôJyz% ±æc+cæ Tè|å ±õèvH ôKz* Á—|"" ®¢ä æc|∫ KH&v ±&ôD ÈwK HH&B ®J¿ è—#Y ®Tc+z nf"" ! (2) û±&F vâI [Öx v&÷çv|ñ ûÛc&ü vÆJ vâI ûv+z “I zäY} ®¿ h™ E¿"" c&E≈ ¿x[ ≈Ö#Üè ¿[có æÇ (¿x`) π°v#\ ôw|ñ πôw}Ç ôw|ñ πôw z°H DæRê| (πOèÔe) 58 Jœ πGä´ πôw {ƒë πOnx\ y{ç πÆÌP zhüQ ç| ó πBHz%T v[û| |≈[cè"" õ±&ºñ ¢ê πQwH#|è “H:Ç ô—ìÄ´ó Æ™m*´ç ÿvvì´ —:JRd (c#eèøe) z÷^÷[ó πQ®“´ OeH:{J"" “H:Ä% 58. —≈IÄ´è ˚+aåü c&°e ôÿè{ û Òèì |`—>V “^ ôd|R™HÇó Six, Die Vita des Abuna T!d«wos von Dabra M!ry!m. page095-160 page 46 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 141 ¿”U ®J¿ è—#Y (c#eèøe) OGãè z[≈z´ ®¿c# O÷#ó T°èºz%T ûÿè| Ta ®√–Ä% çÄ´"" ô—J“æ H—+{´ õè¿Q—≤H| z—±#H|"" æF ä—` ûGä vâI E∆ xJØ| ûT|wJ A—` ¿[c"" π¿[c ØH| x±# ä“ƒ¨Ç x±# —è±x (πè”≈ hmÿç ûx|) æ±´ û≥™æ õ±&º ¿[c#"" πA—\ c¨Ç õä±&ºè ä“ƒ¨Ç c&º∫ “H:Ç A—` HO´“| πO÷# OeI;Ä´ñ «x±# “H:Ç O÷#» c&H# H®J¿ è—#Y (Hc#eèøe) ä—\|"" õc#T æFèè c&cR vÔ[e Gê ûc¨Ä% “^ (®¿±&º) E¿"" õäc# ±è≈ c&¿è ä“ƒ¨Ç õèÃ πŸ` W^™*| õè√æ¿H# ≠®m"" eH±&F vU| ôJ—:√Ä´Tó ”è ºIÄ´è BH# TèT dºem` ®c¿wÄ´ç HÔH—´ ô™H´"" û±&F vâI πO—≥ c¨Ç û¡|ó õc# ¿”U õè¬®’Ä´ z%IR πQwH# x±# “H:Ç ôO◊wÄ´"" õä±&F πO—≥ c¨Ç πŸ\è x≤| c&º∫ õœ” Ô\ç ôOãó z—±#H|T"" H&[¡| πO÷#|è “H:Ç ®¿v+{Ä´ õè¬E¡ hìÄ´"" “H:Ä%T vJwÄ´ õè√cv#| eIJR[û#ç eIJ—¿H# õº—>[O[P zOHc#"" ®J¿ è—#YT ûh™ c¨Ç “^ sπ"" û±&º vâI ®¿ ¿x[ H&wêe E∆ vôè¬| ÆÈn vT|wJ A—` zmO÷"" v±&ºè —&±+ |Jo [Öx ¿[cv|"" ûôè¬| ÿ—| vm` TèT ôJäv[´Tó ®z~è (z^ vz^) ÷™| ®J¿ è—#Yñ R{ nf æ÷÷# 59 äv[ "" (3) ®õè± πK´` Öv+Gè TeH õH&ôB ¢ä ıêz% ıêz Æmx"" ®vFπ z√¿pP —&S ÈÒo TeH ÛÏ õeû ô&æ°H# æ|[ô∫ vvæçz*GP"" ®õT≈á[≥ zÆπä v®ÚR ®äv[ Fπ á√÷ O™ØH"" ®õè± AH: vFπ yô# H:z% “I x±#á ±ô&æ|%Ht ±õTä—¿ û[∫ ±´õ}P vIØ ®œH+"" ®´õz%å zmvH:P TeH õH&ôB õè± æ|_cæ è™ºz Îxõ õOè—H |M≥x|ó õeO xõc& ÜºJ ¢ä æ|Ö+±x û=H: —&±+ ®æû´è ûO ≈x Kê ®ûO ôèvd ±æÿF` —&±+ πÜYY OxJ≠"" ûRB ≥èz%å è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ¢ä æ|Ö+±x vû=H# —&±+ ®ô&æ|π™F õeû æ—x` õ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#J ±Ôm¿"" ®õT≥ zèYô õT®ÚR ®N[ Öv ¡≈ ®zÆπä vFπ"" ®õè± FH: Fπ Æ¬ yô H:z% “I ±õTä—¿ ®H:"" ! 59. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 37-39. page095-160 page 47 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 142 (3) ûc¨Ä% “^ Gê ®¿äc# (®¿ Oè¿aÄ%) c&E≈ Oè—¡ πÆmv| Oè—≈ Gäv|"" v±&ºT õè v`dÄ´ Ozºπ| õeû&dçÄ´ ≈[e ÿoÿo ºH —#T (û®¤ˆ?) Ò¤| “^ m¿RÄ´"" û±&º ®ÚR Iæ cıa õ±&º ÿm*| mç| zmO÷"" õ±&º dH tÿ` πH+IÄ´ x±# “H:Ç ûû[∫ ä—≈ vIØç œH+ —v#H|"" õc#T ûc¨Ä% “^ Gê Hÿ`◊_ πŸ` |ÿo {ÿp zmvIÄ´ó T°èºz%T ÜæHì πGä c´ õè¿ ôê ≈xç T”x c&ÔJ” õè¿Qº—d ôèvd BJ —&±+ æ÷^÷^J"" æF è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈T õ”±&ôxK+` πÔm¿´è õeû&ÔÈT ≈[e BJ—&±+ æ÷^÷` äv`"" û±&F vâI û®ÚR zäXç ®¿ ¡≈ E∆ õ±&º cÔ["" õ±&º 60 õºH ¿”U ûä—¿ ®H: πGã “H:Ç —v#H| "" (4) ®õT≈á[ ≥èz% zOæ÷ ®ô¿® ÔH— ôxº ®vÈK T≈[ û:H&dó ®zÆπä vFπ ®äv[ cPä O™ØH"" ®õè± AH: vFπ —xô H:z% “I ±πô°J O÷ä WId"" ! (4) û±&F vâI zOHcç πôxºè ®è≥ zi”a T≈[ û:H&d ¿[c"" õ±&º cıa ôè≈ dTè| zmO÷"" õ±&º õè√H 61 cId πQºFH# “H:Ç —v#H| "" (5) ®õT≈á[ ÖHÔ °[T| ®¢ä A“æ cTÆ è—#Y ûO û≈ô “I ±´õz% ®[èió ®mzH:P Hcxô ®Hn ®cv[ x±#Üä ôTw"" ≥èz% “I õû#æ ´õz% ®—>MI™* õTÿèz% ôTdH cæ◊èó áÎ#Ì ´õz% ®Tãä ±O≈ õTû=H:P ä—¿ “I õH æäx\ éz xK+[ v≈´"" o≈O äv[ TeH ®`√º"" ®û≈ú H®`√ºó ®mzH x±#Ü õTéB ®¢ä TeH ô¶Ä%"" Hô¶Ä%å û≈ú ®—x[ IØH+B ôTdH ®`√º ®N[ Öv H&vèó ®äv[ TeH+B"" HH&vèå û≈ú ®mzH õTéB x±#Ü ®yô Öv ®H: ®äv[ TeH ®H:"" Æ¬ H®H:å û≈ú ®—x[ Ø`m TeH H&vè"" HH&vèå û≈ú √”O ®Ö¿[ Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ó ®è—#Yå ®Ay T≈[ µR ®ôUç|"" ®õè± AH: vFπ û≈ú Hè—#Y ®mzH:P Hcxô ®Hnó ®ôTÈú Hô&z% Jô&¢ õTä ô¿J ûO ºÿıõ A—[ ®Hn ®—:∂T"" 60. õ±&º´ —. 76-7"" 61. õ±&º´ —. 85"" page095-160 page 48 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 143 ®fv cTÆ è—#Y ûO —x[ ±èz ®[èi ô±± °|Åó ®zèYô õT≈•ç ®N[ õèz ıêz v—+T≈`"" ®®≠H vFπ vÆH J¿| ®ÿTm|"" ®zèX&ú õTFπ Æ¿® ÔH— vjH: ®®Ìô Oè—H ôTÜ^ õèz ıêz õTv&eRè"" ®õTôTÜ^å Æ¿® Oè—H ®Hnó ®õT®Hnå ®Ìô Oè—H ¿^ ®v+z R`ºT"" ®væõz* ØH| õTo≈O æxÈK# Öv õH# Oüç| ¿è—Î# W^™*z è—#Y ®—:∫ vûèz% õè± ôJy ±º¿ä”ÓP"" ®pO è—#Y wMz*z% ®zÖÿô cxõ vo≈SB ®v≈á_B vπRã ®vÎ“P"" ®fv Öÿô# W^™*z è—#Y ±æƒ”êP z“xô# H:z% ®zOæ÷# õT—:ææ"" ®ÖH&ˆ è—#Y õTôèmÁ ¤[è äv[ õeû æÁxM H:z%"" ®Áv&N ®Ìô è—#Y Oè—H ¿^ ®N[ Öv ôUç|"" ®vFπ [ûy H®[èi TeH û=H# ’õ±# ®ôJFTz*B"" ®zm|H “I x±#á võ¿™*GP HW^™*z è—#Y"" ®zRF[û# ¿o ®ôèe| ®ôJFT| ±ô&æ|Ö:Hm%"" ®vdå{ æõz* ØH| —x[ è—#Y ûRBó ®õT≥ zOæ÷"" ®õè± æ|Oπÿ Ôä™ è—#Y HôKz* ô[“æ| ±zÏ+®®| õT®[èi õèz æõz* õP Hû[∫ ÒŸ TeH èô#e ®J√ó ®Hôü Öv ®[èi õè± æxJ fv ôè|P û√õ°P ®Îwõ°P A—[ ®Hn ®cv`°P ôTw"" ôäå võèz≥ OËõû# HÎv&ú|°P"" wMz% c[æû# H°P Ø√°P"" è≠# ”v\ Ø`m TeH+π"" ®cQ∞P ®[èi OJõ°z è—#Y õTôÔ æõz* ô[—&| OÈô# O÷ä $ “I ®—x\ Ø`m TeH è—#Y"" ®zOæ÷ è—#Y Oè—H ôTÜ^ó ®®≠H vÆH mvI ÍT vv+z ôTÜ^"" ®vFπ X+U X&Oz |”_ Oû:èè ®wM` ä“j HøJøe"" ®Hê YØH °è}eå ®Ay —:∂TD vTJô# ûO ê ô|çz,ë"" ®zèX&ú è—#Y õTv+z ôTÜ^ ®[¿ vıêz ¿èpaó ®vÈK Öv ô•ø"" ®õT≥å Æ¿® ÔH— vjH:ó ®õT≥ ®Ìô Oè—H eR√"" ®õè± πK´` vÈK Öv T≈[ o`ìó vFπ ôezÛä¨ HøJøe ûO æ[≈ Oè—H |”_"" ®è—#Yå ôz® —:`‘^ ®äv[ vFπ õeû ®`Ü cé"" ®®[èiå û≈ú Hô&z% ®mzH cxô ±&ôB ®äYô ôJFTz*B"" ®fvå OÈô H—v&[ Øò ôca Hô≤µ Aü¢ Æv&æ “I ®RõT[ û=H# ä—`"" ®ôJy ±ûRB véz û=H# “I"" ®®Ay HÚ| ô´^] ®J∆ ±¢ä v´õz% O™ØJ Y∫O ®Hn"" ®õT≈á[≥ Hôû ®[èi Öv ê YØH °è}e õè± æxJ zmvHå"" ®Æ¿® ê YØH °è}e Oè—H ®Hn ®zmvH: ®ôØ¿¨ Öv T≈[ —:∂T ®û[O vFπ"" page095-160 page 49 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 144 ®õT≈á[ û[O ®[èi vT≈[ —:∂T ®Ay è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ T≈[ —èµ"" ®AH: vFπ õeû zÈMˆz ≥èz% {]°"" ! (5) °[T| ôJˆ v“ c&Gè ®[èi “I õè¿û√ç π®Hnè c¨Ç õè¿ÔÕÄ´ñ x±# ôTw õè¿cv[T è—#W# (c#eèøe) cR"" æF “I ûÿèz% Ta õè¿cæ◊è õû#æç xJh# ä´"" vT≈[ v√ ûQê\ ûä—¿ “I BH# —:¿H:ç ®—ã πz÷I ä´"" O O]º û®`√º (‘d) “^ äv[ó ®`√ºè û√´ó ûõc#T x±#¨Ç Ô v|ç ûô¶Ä% “^ Gä"" ô¶Ä%èT û≈} v®`√º Iæ õè√¿[—´ ô¿[—v|ç ®¿H&vè E∆ ûc# “^ ê["" H&vèèT û≈}| ûc# x±# c´ Ôœ}v| H®H: —x} û®H: “^ zmO÷"" ¿”U ®H:è û≈}| ûH&vè “^ {[m"" H&vèè õè¿—ç û≈}| Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ô¿["" è—#W#T T≈[ µRè õç ôUç|è c÷´"" õ±&º´ Gê (õäG) è—#W#è û≈} π®Hnè c¨Ç ÔÕÄ´"" (v±&º Iæ) ®Hnèç —:ÕTè õè¬º÷ÛÄ´ ô&z%è zIJ¢ ûô¿J (ûô√J) ôO◊´"" è—#W# ®[èi æ§èè õè√¿[— c&cR °|Å ≠® ç û≈•ç zäY} vv+—T≈` vû#J E¿"" õ±&º πJ¿|è vÆJç ÿTm|è ôdHÔ"" û±&º zäY} πvjH:è ®è≥ zi—[ç võTv&eRè vû#J ®¿ ôTÜ^ ®◊"" ôTÜ^èT ®¿ ®Hn zi—[´"" û®Hn ¿”U ®¿ ¿^ç ®¿ v+z R`ºT (®¿ A—[ R`ºT) ®◊"" πè—#W# W^™*| v±&ºÇ ØH| õä±&F y{¨Ç —ç dæ¿`c# TèT πQºev[”“Ä´ dæê` v`”—´ vûèz% hh#"" è—#W# xÅ´è Gäó vÚz%T vâI´Tñ vmí%T v”^´T c´ ÷Û"" πè—#W# W^™*| πQû{zIÄ´ c&º÷# zcwev´H| ûjj| zOHc#"" è—#W# û¤[è v` ôJˆ õeû&ä“H| ≈[e pπ"" c&ä“ è—#W# ®¿ ¿^ ®ÿ} ®¿ ôUç| E¿"" õ±&º ®[èiè û’±#ç ûûxz% BH# “^ ô—í´"" x±# “I vè—#W# W^™*| õœ ôHm%ó tÿ` πH+IÄ´ MÏç|ñ c+}Çñ ûx}Ç zR[û#"" è—#W# v±&ºÇ ØH| R”e|T õè¿±&B ô¿[—"" û±&º vâI zOHc"" c&OHe πû[∫ ÒŸ õç| πGäÇ´è û®[èi πzR[ûÇ´è ôè¬| ô[“™*| û|èj J ; “^ Iü|"" õè¬F c&J ®¿®[èi page095-160 page 50 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 145 Iü|ñ «õçèz x|û¡îç ®Hnè x|®—#ñ ôTwT x|cx\ õé ¿”U v±&F T°èº| J®“ÇB O◊B"" ”è õ√ÇBè æo` xπIÇâHB"" ãñ ûé “^ {[m%""» ®[èi πè—#W#è OJ°| û±&Ç ô[“™*| c&cP ô`w πQGã “H:Ç Oÿz´ ûè—#W# “^ {[m%"" è—#W#T vôTÜ^ vû#J zOHc"" π(≠v&æ) ÍT ovIè vv+z ôTÜ^ ôdHÔ"" õ±&º Gê øJøeè π|”_ Oû:èèç πwM` ä“j h#O| kO´"" Hê YØH °è}e ¿”U ≈ıè —:ÕTè c÷´ -- õè¿ ê ô|çz,ë"" è—#W# ûv+z ôTÜ^ zäY} v¿èpa Oè—≈ E∆ ô•ø ¿[c"" û±&ºT πvjH:è ®è≥ zi—["" û±&ºT ®¿eR√ ®◊"" c&E≈ (v±&º´) T≈[ o`ì ¿[c"" û±&º øJøeè ®¿|”_ õè¬®`≈ hí´"" è—#W#T ‘`‘^ —w"" õ±&º õeûcé ®` ≈[e zmO÷"" ®[èiT (‘|} ºO◊´è) ô&z%è û≈}| c¨Ä%è —¿Hv|ó ûx}Ä%èT ®c¿v|"" ô≤∑ Aü¢è Øò HR≈[” c&O◊ ôc[´"" (Aü¢) BH#è ä—` ≠™m* |Jo “I ä´"" õè¿c# ºH v“I éÿ πHT"" (ôea) v±&ºè —&±+ π®Hn h#T Häv[´ HÚ{´^] ®J∆ c÷´"" û±&F vâI ®[èi «zmvHî» xH: ®¿ê YØH °è}e Iû"" ê YØH °è}e ®¿®Hn zi”a zmvH´"" ®¿T≈[ ‘ÕTT ôi—[´ç °[Tz%è õ±&º ôdHÔ"" ®[èi vT≈[ ‘ÕT ûû[O vâI è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ T≈[ —èµè c÷´"" æF {]° õeûzËÔv| —&±+ ≈[e õ±&º 62 ôH "" æFèè BH# πËÒJè ô≤∑ z°H YIc+ ÷&êT õè¿ ô≤∑ Aü¢ úaU dæGã ôæm\T"" úaU¨Çè πdÄ´è ºFJ πQºó πHT"" ôÏ+ c#eèøe vôJ“´ c&¿I¿J vz¤R] πv+z °èz*ºãè 63 oÔı (O_|) õπ®c¿ x±#¨Ä%è ôeıbÄ´ äv` "" v±&º Iæ úaU¨Ä% ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ±Oä Oè”Y| Ta ûOè”Y| “^ õè¿±&º õπz◊H# vô&|øÂº™*ä| πOè”Y| πŸ` W^™*| éÿ zOJTH´ π≥`Úº ÿoRÄ´è v±&º vû#JT º—í%| äv["" æ§èè πTç´m´ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç ôè√è∆Ä%è úaU¨Ç veRÄ´ç πä—√Ä´è eT ÷`z´ c&ºez™´m%è ä´"" v°è|ç 62. õ±&º´ —. 141-3"" 63. π‘ÕT {]°ó EMML 5403, f. 65ab: «ôÁ+ c#eèøeT Oè”Yz% vÁç —&±+ ôx[´ πO÷#|è “H:Ç v‘ÕTç v√U| vOzûJç vwèÕ W^Ä´ (ôcÔ^Ä´)"" πz[Ò|è “H:Ç ¿”U πQW^v| (πQºcı`v|) v&ô◊ Hπô≈w^z% π—w´è oÔı (O_|) ô&πämH “I W^v| (ôcÔ[v|)""» page095-160 page 51 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 146 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç eRÄ´ πQ÷bÄ´R «πcSèç πRFJ ô&|øÂº c¨Ç» ®æT õè¿ ∆°z` OKO≈ Kcè ô÷^` «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õèÃ úaU¨Ç ôæ¿H#T"" ”è Tè·Ä%% õè¿Qºd∫|ñ úaU¨Ç v‘dä| ôè≈ ôüwv& ûº±# vâIT ûcxô |ü{™* ±Ièä| ®ÿz´ vº±#| ôüwv& v”x`çT Gä vûx| `v& «v”Tw` Ix» HOê` —&±+ Ôœ}wÄ™J"" wFIÄ´ ºJ±\|è R¤≈ πRæûH°Jñ õè¬º´T πQºv[{{ æOeIJó OèÔd™* O]ºÄ´è û\o ô—` ≈[e õπO÷# v#^û+ c&÷æm%| πQc◊Ä´ v#^û+ñ «´H¡ °v¡ó πY^ÇBè ı_ ™n æw`°IÇB» πQJ dæGè H≈J ô¿^—&ä|ç H±[Û πQGè T[nç O≈Üå| ä´"" ôè≈ —&±+R RFJ HRFJ õπ—Ò Oÿz´ π^c#è π®√ÕÄ´è πôÏ+ c#eèøeè ûzR ±`Ô´ v+}Ä%è võd| 64 ô“∫™Ä´ ó ®õè± AH: vôæw Ôä® ¿œ ô≥RÇ AÔ °è}e OÈKÔ OJõ°| õè± æxJ"" çB OÈô# 3 v+| “I ±´õ}P ôç ≠#\ ®ôv÷& ±vz“xú}P æcO∫ veO 1 ä—≈ ±´õz% O[™"" ®TÈôz “Ic ¢ä Hôÿıú v—+T≈`"" ®fv cTÆ è—#Y ±èz ä—[ zèYô õTôæw ûO æN` HzÏxúz “I Oè—H v—+T≈`ñ ®zÆπä v®æç ¿”Æ"" ®vFπ àHm% è—#Y ôı^c W^™*z% ®¢ã O÷ä )®$"" ®ô&AH: OãC ±õèvH ÁçMºä ƒƒ"" ®ê πRä °è}eå ôSD AH® TeH+B OÁ&ú õTä ôTÜ^"" ®õT®æç ¿”≠å ®[¿ õèz ıêz ¿]Ëñ ®Æ¿® ÔH— `x ®ÖHÔ üØv õèz ıêz ±è” ®zÆπä Öv T≈` ±|cOæ m,÷R"" ®õTFπå vÈK T≈[ ÁTô ôO 0®8 H®`Ü {áXY vØHz [v#Ø"" õT≈á[ zÆπä véz ´õz% T≈` HÖ¬` —&±+ 9 cÆ| OÈô# cxô Ææè ®ä—`¨ Hè—#Y ûO AH: “I vo\x"" ®è—#Yå ô±± ûO ºÿıô# õdz HõO `õπ “I ûO ô&æ—>πæ õèvH æ”v` Îxô"" ®zô±±# û=H# W^™*z% ®ôÿıô# õdzó ®Ö¿\ v|Øv&| ®vzO°N"" ®vÈwM zèYô è—#Y ®N[ Öv AH: “I ®—&±+ 3 c≠| vÈK Öv ôTw ±W`Ó ®J¿ Kæ}í*"" ®ôTÈô W`Ó O÷ä 0®1 ÄxÄy ±“I"" ®ÖH&ˆ èez*z õTä ´õz% ôTw zOæ÷# cxô Ææè ±Ôä¨P è—#Y ûO æ`ô∫ Öv AH: “I ®ä—`¨ ®æv+J¨ AH: “I vo\x Öv T≈` ±|cOæ óa"" ®wMz% æÔo≈ K™*[ ®—v&[ —>Ø¥"" ®è—#Yå õTo≈O æ`ôæ AJ¨z “I ô±± Hû=H# W^™*z% ûO ô&æm%P TeH+B ôI æK#\ ®ô&æe≈≈¨ H“I"" ®fv+D 64. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 116-19. page095-160 page 52 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 147 Ô|K# ®^] û=H# W^™*z è—#Y ûO ±æÔ|K# ®|[ IØH ‘è“ ®ièoI"" ®fv vÈK# z`õπ “Ió ®AH: W]∞ ‡ı^B ®z¿H&¨ HÎxõ"" ®AH: RõûH “I ®RõûH W^™*z è—#Y tJtH| ±ô&¢ä ä™*Ü ®ô&KÁ&["" vıËS tJtH|å AH: O`áx Wçæ ±ævtØ HzÏxú ®HT`™Á ôıê"" ®ÖH&ˆ “I ≤z O`áv AH: èv#[ v‡ı^ Öv T≈` ±|JØJñ ®|Oÿo õTä æõz* O`áx"" ®W^™*z è—#Yc õH æv≥Ö# ô&m`v# HzÏxú “Ió ôI pP õT`K#oñ OèÔpP vıÀ| ®OèÔpP v|Tæè|"" ®õHc ÷x≠| JyP ®õH Ô`B Öı[z ®[¡ TeH ê πRä °è}e ®ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}e"" ®è—#Yå ®[¿ õTä Æmx Oè—H O|M| ®ô|ûH ¿vç"" ≈x ôèvdå z±x÷ H|õT`z ®÷&ä Îxõó ®èe`nç zäıK"" ®“Ic AH: Ô[e ±‡ı^ vwMz*z% TeH á√◊è õ”`ó ®‡ı^ ±õ”` vwMz*z% ±ôJy Ö#Js"" ®ôÖ±# æ|nzH# Æv&π m|H"" ®¢ã º—:ææ¨ TØ[ —&±+ W^™*z è—#Y H‡ı^ ±Ô[e"" ®TØ[ —&±+ º—:æøP “I"" v±ûO≥ ”x[ zÏxú ®≠H# cÆz õP["" ®fv `õπ “I ±AH: èv#[ v‡ı^ ûO x±#Üè Ô^Dè õH pP OJØJz Æmx ºè‘”´ ≈á]z ®æ|K®c# ûO x`Ø æ|K®e vÖæH äÛe"" zèYô “I vTJô# ®ô&°FH# W^™*z è—#Y znÚ}"" ®m¿P —:æπ õH pP v`Ö#o"" ®¢ä ôSD O™*õ H“I ®zO´ú Hè—#Y"" ®zm|H# x±#Üè O£èè| võ¿ ≥û# “I ±´õ}P ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}eñ ®ôe’ Jdä °è}eñ ®Jdä °è}e ®J¿ ôv+zÖ#è XFH:ñ õe°è≈` ®J¿ z°H YH#e ±c&_ñ Hwc& YøT (Y∫T?) ±≥Ûè v+|ñ ®èô#e πRê ±JFm {Mz õ”[ è—#Yñ h+} õTä ô`wx"" ®OH° K^ Øèpñ ®üJöè x±#Üè õTä t`wè"" ®õTä c^™*z è—#Y OezÌØçä ôıê ®cxô õ”` õH Uz% v´õz% ØH| ôJyP Ö#Js"" ®≥èz% zO´ú ¢ä ôO 0®9 H{áXY vØHz v≠H# Ho¡e —x`ô+J"" ôJy v+| éz ûzR è—#Y ±ô&FH: ôSD cpn´ ®IF võèz x≥Ö U}P Hcxõ"" è—#Yc õT≈á[ ¢ä O™*õ H“I ®Ìô õèz ıêz √w|"" ®vdå{B ÜHÔ õT√w| ®zÆπä OJØJz ôKz* ®”` ±|cOæ ≈wç"" ®õT≥å ÖHÔ Oè—H Rá¿[ R`ºT ®ôcèvz wz*"" ®vFπ OÈô —:∂T ä“j °ıH: TeH ¤™ ±æcO∫ ÖæI| ®TeH x±#Üè cxô ôıê ®õ”`"" Æ¬ õè± AH: éz æõz* page095-160 page 53 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 148 Rá¿[ R`ºT Ôä® è—#Y Öv øJøe OÈKÔ OJõ°| õè± ´õz% AH: ôSD vT≈[ —#Rè"" ®ä—[ OJõ°z%c Hè—#Y æä”` û#äz O™*õ ®zO´ú ®æô+≥≥ ûO æxËM ı÷#ä H[¬úz%"" ®õT≈á[ Ôä® ±èz OJõ°z zèYô è—#Y õRá¿[ R`ºT ®N[ —>Ø¥ ®Ö¿[ Öv T≈` ±|cOæ ß≈ —vº"" ®õT≥å ÖHÔ Oè—H na√"" ®õTna√å zèX&ú zÆπä RõûH p“ ®ôTw R`ºT Öv T≈` ±|cOæ RjH#|"" ®vFπ ®≠H v≠H J¿| ±Hõ”±&õä ®O≈Üåä ô&πc#e °è}e H±°az% c—&≈"" õT≈á[ v≠H J¿| ®Ìô è—#Y vıêz ®æç ¿”Æ Oè—H ¿èm≥"" ®¢ä æÁèM vFπ z“xúz cxõ õT≥`®| ®TÈôz W^™*| õT`Ö#o ®o\x ûO æÏwõ √”O TeH “I"" ®“Ic ®[¿ ôSD õTóa Oè—H KPe ®è≥" ®õT≥å OÁ&ú v‡ı^ ôÿıô ®ôRcä û=H: ôF—#^z õèı^≥ ®RF[û õeû ‘[w ®õeû ‡¶^"" ®ô´Æπ O¬ç è—#Y ±p“ ®zOæ÷ Oè—H KPe ®è≥"" ! (c#eèøe) vôæw väv[v| —&±+ ¿œ ô≥RÇ AÔ °è}e (®¿ è—#W#) õè¬F c&J πOJõ°| ¿x√v+ Iûó «õäG fez% v+z “Iñ õäc#T c&cwcv# O[™ vQJ ôè≈ ä—≈ πQ÷\ñ õä ôçñ ≠#\ñ ôv÷& O÷#"" π“H:Ç ôO◊ÿ v—+T≈`è HRÿÛ| ä´""» è—#W# æ§èè ä—` c&cR “H:Çè HO™“| ®¿ v—+T≈` H&E≈ ûôæw zäXç ®æç ¿”Æ Iæ cÔ["" è—#W# õ±&º πW^™*z%è Ô[fÇ s÷[ó ôè≈ O} ô`w äv\"" û”v&´ ÷wpÇ vm` (πm[) H+I RèT ôJäv[T"" ê πRä °è}eT ºè —&±+ ûôTÜ^ Oÿ} ôxa| äv["" û®æç ¿”≠ ®¿ ¿]Ë Oè—≈ ®[¿"" π`x ®è≥è zi”a ¿”U v±è” Oè—≈ ôJˆ m,÷R ûT|wJ y{ cÔ["" û±&º v{áXY 08mè [v#Ø ØH| ÁTô ¿[c"" HR¿` õ±&º v±÷î cÆ| õè¿cÔ[ cIøÇ Oÿz´ “H:Ç vo`x õè√H# Hè—#W# ä—\|"" è—#W#T “I õd| c&ºæ dæ™’ õè√æhj õd| õè¬º÷Ò ô±±"" W^™*z% BH# {±´ õd| ô÷Òç v|Øv&|ç v|T°M| ô¿\"" ÷™| è—#W# zäY} “H:Ç ®√H#v| E¿"" vfe| cÆ| ûKæ}î Jœ ûW`Ó ôTw ¿[c"" W`Ó ÆY^ ôè≈ ºFJ π“I ÄxÄy ôO◊"" û±&F ôTw ÿm*| ôHı õè√H è—#W# “I ºHv|è õè¬º∫ πIüÄ´ cIøÇ zOJc´ O÷#"" «“H:Ç vo`x óa vT|wJ y{ ôH#ó ”è ’≥ ôèYz´ HOE≈ æÔJ“H#» xH´ ä—\|"" page095-160 page 54 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 149 è—#W#T π“H:Çè Bé{ dºæ W^™*z%è õè√æHuÄ´ (®¿äc#) õè¬E¡ñ ôx[´| õè√æpP ô±≤Ä´"" v±&ºè —&±+ πè—#W# W^™*| vUI ±®|` v‘è“ õç vièoI Iæ ®^] õè¿QÔz% Ôz%ó c&¿`c# “H:Ä% {∫"" v‡ı^ cJÛÄ´ Gä´ HŸ`ä| z±“œz™J"" v“H:Çç vè—#W# W^™*| OüûJ [œT ®æT ô‡` πRæwJ tJtH| ôH"" ûtJm%Hz% RHm*º Iæ HŸ`ä|ç HÔ[e \fi πQeRR ÿ\ S√ ôH"" “H:Ä% ºÇè S√ ôJÔ´ñ ûS√™ ûı ûT|Jç ®¿Iæ ûT|Gè O_| v‡ı^ (cJı) ôH#"" πè—#W# W^™*| ¿”U ”RkÄ% vı`D| ”RkÄ%T vèm| ôx≤ïÄ% v\m% pP õèÃ “H:Ä%è HO´“| ôJm[v#T"" JwÄ´ π¤ûäç õı[|è πÔ\ (H&™—#) ûê πRä °è}eç ûôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}e “^ ®[¡"" è—#W#T ûômvz% ®¿{Ç ®`∆ ≈è£è ôezûH"" Ÿ`ä| HO O` ≈x ôèvd (ûva) zO{ó èe` nçT (õTv&J{) zäÛ"" “H:Ç ¿”U π‡ı^ Ô[cì ûÿm*| õ”[ïÇ “^ HxÅ´ñ tÿ` πH+H´ πõ”` ‡ı^ HxÅ´ Gê |Jo z“≈H: z“¿H#"" ôè≈ —&±+ Ô[cì´è ‡ı^ πè—#W# W^™*| ºw`bÄ™Jó ôè≈ —&±+ “H:Ä% ºw`bÄ™J"" v±&F Ææä| Ÿ`ä| H{®m cÆ| (Hz®cä —&±+) ™H#"" v‡ı^ ºH#| “H:Ç ûômvz% Iæ ºH#|è x±#¨Ä%è Ô]¨Ç ®¿âI c&ºÔ—ı—#ç väÛe ÜæJ õè¿Q®≤®≥ On c&ÒcOc# c&º∫™Ä´ “H:Ä% vUI zäW#"" πè—#W# W^™*| H&uuRÄ´ ôJÅHTó û\o πpP| m≈O´ hh#"" v±&ºè —&±+ ≈J π“H:Çñ jèÔ| πè—#W# Gä"" võä±&F “H:Ç õœ x±# O£èè| z—¿H#"" õäc#T õåF çÄ´ó ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}eñ ôe’ (πh#O| eT ä´) Jdä °è}eñ πôv+zÖ#è XFH: Jœ Jdä °è}eñ πh&_´ z°H YH#e Jœ õe°è≈`ñ ôTwê (wITwê) ıoañ π®—^ h#T ±ô&πc#eñ π≥Ûè v+z% h#T Hwc&ñ vè—#W# õ”` e` º¿—´ |èh# πRêñ ûô`wx (πW^™*| eT ä´) h+}ñ OH° K^ (h#O| ä´) Øèpñ ût`wèT H+H:ÇT x±#¨Ç"" ûè—#W# W^™*| Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ v±&F ØH| πUz% tÿ` πIÄ´T"" æF jèÔ| πGä´ v{áXY 19 mè vo¡e —x`ô+J ØHz v≠J ä´"" v±&ºè —&±+ ûUz´ c´ x≤| πzäX vè—#W# cÔ` K±è πH+Hv| v+| ôJäv[T"" è—#W#T ≈J π“H:Ç ûGä vâI ®¿ √w| Oè—≈ E¿"" vR”ez% û√w| ôJˆ ≈wç ûT|wJ ¢[x{ Iæ cÔ["" û±&ºT ®¿ Rá¿[ R`ºT ôHÔç cèv|è v±&º ™H"" page095-160 page 55 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 150 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç —:∂T ä“j °ıH: ÜæI| ûQwH#| ®{¿aÇñ ûx±# Ô[cïÇ õç õ”[ïÇ “^ Gê õ±&º O◊"" è—#W# ¿”U õ±&Ç Rá¿[ R`ºT õºH H∫Jøe -- v±&ºè —&±+ vT≈[ —#Rè dH -- πOJõ°| ¿x√v+ Iû"" πè—#W# πOJ°z% æ¥{ πRhäıèç πOhäıè Bé{ æç—`ç õè¬[√´ }H: õè¬¿è º≤J"" è—#W# æ§èè OJõ°| ûIû vâI ûRá¿[ R`ºT zäY} π—#¥ Oè—≈ E¿ç ß≈ —vº ûT|wJ T≈` ô¿["" û±&ºT ®¿na√ ôHÔ"" ûna√ zäY} vp“ õç vôTw R`ºT RFJ RjH#| ûT|wJ T≈` cÔ["" õ±&º (ePè) c&ºäW#| e”¿| πQ—w´è π—+{Çèè πO≈Üå{Çèè πô&πc#e °è}eè πJ¿| vÆJ ôûv["" è—#W# ûJ¿| v≠J vâI v®æç ¿”Æ Oè—≈ ®¿ ¿èm≥ ®◊"" û“H:Ç “^ õè¿—ç HO™“| (ôey) πc¨Ä%è ûzvzãv| Ocwcxç πW^™*z%è û\oç ûo`x OT◊| æ÷xo äv["" “H:Ç ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ û±&º ûóa ®¿ KPe ®è≥ ®[¡"" û±&º v‡ı^ Oÿz´ πõèı^≥è ô—aÇ BH#èT ô÷Û<Ä´ñ ôvIlÄ´"" õeû ‘[w õç õeû ‡¶^ ≈[e R[û#"" πè—#W#èT πp“´è O¬ç ôn÷H#|ç ®¿ KPe ®è≥ zOHc#"" ÁKÚ´ ôJä—[èT õèÃ πä±&F O£èè|ç πx±#´ M≥x ÄxÄy vúaU¨Ä% cÔ` y{ ÷y| æGçJ"" ôÏ+ c#eèøe ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J Hõç`º c¨Ç õè√¿[—´ñ úaU¨Çè °è|ç ôeäY} û°èz**ºã M≥x “^ ôè≈ H&º¿`“Ä´ U°bJ"" vc# T°`ç |õ≤≥ ®[äi¨Ç vUI «πôw}ÅÄ´è π“I JR≈» |z´ õè¿ z÷Om% ô≤∑ ÷&ê õè¬F 65 c&H# ûH+I y{ ä”[´çJ ó ®v´õz% ®`Ü °[T| ô±¥P è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ûO õ”±&õ ô≤±& ®K™`º cwû& ®zç—aP H“I ±´õ}P ®[äi vôcı¨ Ax| cRº™* ®T≈^™*"" ®æv+H:P õOã v°è}e ®z÷Om% veP ûO |û#ã Ø\ºä TeH+ä v°x` ôO |èXô+ P{è ®á≈—# JR¿ ôv™*°P “I 65. õ±&º´ —. 214-5"" ÿoc# õè¿QºOH°z´ ºJz—±[ ôw| πQ®J¿´ Jœ õè¿ —#≈ æ{æ äv`"" wFH# õeûo`x —&±+ ≈[e æûv` õè¿äv[ x±#¨Ç πúaU wFJ zO^R]¨Ç O≥”v´{J"" çæŒ]º éÿ Oè{¨Ç c&®H¡ æÿI;Ä´ õè¿äv[ RH| ä´"" úaU¨Ç πQ—±\| võ≈S û—Ò vâI eHGä ‘JRfÄ%è —d‡ «‘`d¨Ç» wæê`wÄ´ õeû&—±\ ≈[e πRæÔH” x±# Jœ æ®H≈ äv`"" page095-160 page 56 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 151 ±ô&æcäô´ TeH ôQè v°è}e õ”±&ô Mº™è ®P{è"" ®æv+H# ®[äi úG Hæû#è vûO ô±≥ûä õ”±&õä è—#Y"" õeO JR∆P H“I ¢ã æcTæ¨ HcRæ õ”±&ôxK+`D ôTI¢P ®´õz% Ô◊]GP ±Ôm¿ æm|J ®±Ôm¿ πK∫"" ®û=H: YJ◊çz ®Ø±± æBx¨ H:z%"" Æ¬ æ|ôOè¨ H1 xõc& õTéGP ±eP ôw P√ vûO æ|ôTè¨ ôæB≈ HPc+ ®zèvI| HOKO≈ ®πK´\ Öv+B õT`K#o A—` ®æ|w[û# õTéB vv[ûz O™*õ ®vv[ûz cHw"" ®æzıõ H:P T^p vû`v+"" õPèz*å s,Á&aP æÁ´`¨ vû`v+ ûO æû#êP zeÛ HØHz Îxõ TeH û=H# ±æÏxõ¨"" Æ¬ û=H# “I vv ä—∆P 5 ôè“≈ õPèz%ó ®æWπP vv Øx_}P vv 8 ÆO|"" ®õH zWæP ®õH ¢ä| Øx_}P æcO∫ H#w"" õeû ævÈNP ≥èz% X&O| ±´õz% H#xä| ô&æ|—±\ äıe}P"" ®HõOå ®H¡ zwØz ô´ ôèez ô&ºJFo¨P ûO Y`Æz ®I≈ºè ôI æ—≈ı¨P ôıô ..."" Æ¬ HõO ô&mzH# cxô vO™ØH X&O}P ô&æ|IÁ∫ YØ`z `õfPó ®ô&º®Ìô# —>z% H|õT`z mz*H:}P cxô ôI æäx\ |û#≤åGP õè± æv°∫ ®|[ ûO ±zÔ|K yz% ı|K Uz%"" ®±èz û=H: JR√z “I ... ôá¿‘P è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈"" ®ô±± ºÿTo¨P veO ôx ®®J≈ ®OèÔe o¡eó ®z÷Tm% û=H# ®[äi ®zO÷© TY÷&[ Y“B ®¿P Hõ”±&õä ®O≈Üåä ô&πc#e °è}e"" ®¢ã ôK¿ O`Æ+z HôK¡ êI™* TeH û=H:P °èz*ºè"" ®[äic 1 ä—≈ õPèz% õTä 7 ôè“¿ v`z%R"" ! vä±&º π°[T| ®^| è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ®[äi πQwH#|è “H:Ç õè¿ —µ* —+{ç õè¿ cwû& K™`º ô±≤Ä´"" cRº™*ç T≈^™* Ax| vQcÿ zeÛ ôä“—^Ä´"" (õè¬FT) ôIÄ´ó «P{è vQäW#v| —&±+ v°x` ûì “^ õû#J õè≈|Gã v°è}e õOãç veP z÷Om%"" πMº™èç πP{è —+{ ûGä´ û°è}e õTä| “^ πRæeRR´è πôw}ÅÇBè π“I JR≈ z©""» ®[äi¨Ç «õh&ñ è—#Y —+{Çè õè√±≥ûè æBè» ôH#"" page095-160 page 57 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 152 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç (æF πGäv|) T°èº|ñ “H:Ç cRæè ôTIüÄ´ç Ô◊]ºÄ´ñ πÔH—´è πQ—≈Jñ πÔH—´è πQºê` õ”±&ôxK+` æH#{Jó YJ◊êÇèç —∑ä|è æc÷#{J"" ¿”Uñ ûRFIÄ´ ôw P√ πQH#|è ôè¡è ®è≈ ôæB≈ Pc+èñ õeIUÇ OKO≈è õè¿QzROãv| æzROãv{J"" û\o ô—` ≈[e ®¿õc# õπE¡ võc# πRhäÚº v#^û+ç πO≥[Úº v#^û+ æw[üH#"" T^m%è v≈î Iæ æzÛIÄ™Jó õäc#T ûQ®—#| ±è≈ BH# π´—&º ØH| zeÛ õè¬GçÄ´ (T^m%è) v≈î uÿ[´ ææ±#{J"" ¿”U “H:Ç BH# vπä—√Ä´ Bä´ ôTe| O¿yÇ çÄ´"" (ôTez% O¿yÇ) vπz^Ä´ vπeTè| ÆO| ækRH#"" πzkP| wHz^¨Ä% H#w æwIH#"" æ§ h#O|ñ RH| H#xä|ñ õeû&¿`dÄ´ ≈[e õeû&{Ä´è ôæ—±\Tó ®è≈T Gä c+| (Jœ) c&®J¡ (J–Ä%è) ... õ¿œ æÿI;Ä™J õèÃ õè¿®I–Ç Y`Æ| ôºd≈’Ä´T"" ¿”U vh#O{Ä´ ±Oè c´ üJ—¿H#ñ π^dÄ´è ÷—>` ôæI‹T"" πU| ı`≈ õè¿zÔ[¿v| (c´) ±®|` õºHmc# vK±è Iæ æê^H# õèÃñ c´ HO”¿IÄ´T TJ°| (πQGä´è) m%è· ôº®÷#T"" ... õä±&Fè π“I JR∆Ç BH# è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ôez™Ä´"" vôxñ v®J≈ñ vOèÔe o¡e eT õè¬º÷TuÄ´ ô±±"" ®[äi¨Ç BH#T z÷Om%"" π—+{Çè πO≈Üå{Çè πô&πc#e °è}eè πY“´èç π¿Pè Te÷&` zmvH# (s[v#)"" û°èz*ºêÄ% BH# “^ ºè≈ õ[ì ôè≈ Oè“ Gã"" ®[äi¨Ç ûcwz% πv`z%R ä—∆Ç ôè¡ ä—≈ çÄ´"" û1713 õeû 1723 Æ. T. û—≤´ ûôÏ+ vüÛ {]° πz®c¿´è 66 eHReÔ` πQç—[´è õèOJû|ó ®ôO N[ ôv#B ô&ºc# T≈[ —&v+ ®õç`º ô|H¨ ≈á_B õè± ºHxf ”eI ®ºÁá [TÜ"" ®ô&K®Í ı`D| õè± ®J¿ 0ÆO|..."" eT≠#û+ úÆnxºä Oè”Y| ±õä”[°P ôä ÁKÙ ≥èz% {]°ó õeO ¢èû# õzJ¨ Hè—#Y ôv#B vT≈[ —&v+"" ®ôO ”Ø± è—#Y õTä xK+` õèz |cOæ z%H# m%w H#w [ûvå 1“I ®z≤´Æå x±#Ü ä—[ó ®æv+Hå ô`õπå õeû# 66. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part II, p. 272-3. page095-160 page 58 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 153 ®J¿ è—#Y ±æcOæ vüÛ"" ®ô`ôæ°¨"" ®üØv vXJe| ØH| [ûvå ≥û# “I ®æv+Håñ ôõT` ôèz xõc& çB ≥èz% MÏè ±eP vüÛ æä”Y ÌãÆ Oè”Yzó ®æmèøP HSfi ®Hz%HR áv#["" ®õv+H: vTè| zôT` õè± ô[R™* ôèz"" ®æv+Hå v|õT`z ôv#π ôôT`"" ! ôwz% ô&ºc# (1674-98) ®¿ —&v+ õç ®¿ õç`º πE¿ —&±+ (vüÛè) π”eI (HT≈) ôJxf| Ÿ` ôc&¥| ûâI´ ôeû|H:| äv["" πÆY` ÆO| Jœ Gê dH ı`D| ôJ—:ví´T..."" πOè”Y| ÷wm*¨Ç (wHYJ◊êÇ) Gæñ õé π±&F {]° ÁKÚ (c&ê√) πTä”^ÇBè ePó T°èºz%T ôwz%è è—#W#è vT≈[ —&v+ zû|π´ äv`"" è—#W# z%H# m%w H#w vT|wJ A—` c&’≥ ôè≈ “I ô”î}î x±# ä—` ôfi®zî"" «õez* vüÛ πQwH´è πè—#W#è Jœ ôdπî» ôHîó ôdπB|"" æ§´ “I õè¿—ç vfezì´ mè ô—íîçñ «ôèz c´ñ Ø®oó õäG æ§ eP vüÛ πGä MÏè vz¿I¿H Oè”Y| Iæ æä”XJó Sfièç z%HRèT ôezwxa æ—≤Ä™J» ôHî"" «ôèz ô[Oé GäF dH õèƒ| {ńHF?» ôJû#|"" «üwz, (vzR`û#|) TJ°| ôńHB» ôHî"" ôwz% m√R™* ô&ºc# (ô≈ºT c—≈) û‘è¿` zäY} —&v+ ≈[e πE¿´ úaU¨Ä%è HReÔ`ç cIT HOı÷` äv[ó ”è πGä´è ôBèT û±&B è—#Y ûôÏ+ vüÛ (1713-1723) {]° ®e¿è õèOJû|ó (1) õTæõ±+c õä”[°P x≥Ü OÆz% H≥èz% è—#Y vüÛñ Oı`F ®O¿è”Èñ ®x≥Ü TM[z% ±¢ä IØH Õ™* õeO vÿn OÆz% AH: x≥Ü TM[z%"" ®ôO ¢ä ÆOz Oè”Yz% 1ÆOz ®8Æ´^Ü OÈô yz% ±+ç Hè—#Y ûO ôÈ[[ ÷H{ Õ™* ±ôTÈú ôv#B õT≈[ —&v+ ®ôèva vÈèÔ Æw™*"" ôSD ô±¥ Hv&|®¿≈ ô+ôH&e ûO æØmx |Øæèz õeO Fπ AH: ô°H&H Oè”Yz%ó ®Hvœaè≈ RU ôRØmy û=H: è™π v+z% õeO TØOè ´õz% ®z®°Ô e¿z võèz*ôB ..."" page095-160 page 59 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 154 ®Ôä® H:z% H¿Õ≥RÇ RU ±√U| O÷ä %äıÿó ®ô±± è—#Y vnH Æ™¬ ûO æ|J¨ û=H# W^™*| õOå ±O≈ ®±O¿ ±O≈"" ®ôO 0®5Hÿ` vØHz KPe v±Oä H#ne ®è—+I™* zèYô è—#Y vüÛ õTä —:è¿` ®Ü¿[ v®æç Æ[x ..."" ®äv[ è—#Y vô]è‘ 0®6ØHz"" ®Ôä® Iõû Öv+B ¿œ ô≥RÇ RU ±√U| ûO Îx∞ ®ôMHp H÷H{ Õ™* ..."" ! (1) ôBè ”è v±&F vÕ™* Iæ πzÔÁO´è π±&Fè ôeÔ]ç ôe¿è“‡ è—#Y πvüÛè πm%◊´è x≤| õä”^ÇâHBó T°èºz%T vm%◊´ ô÷—x πTM[z% x≤| ôHç"" ôwz% ûT≈[ —&v+ ôTÿ} vÆwæ √` ºcÔ[´ Õ™* ÷H{ v÷I|ä| õè¿zäX vOè”Yz% ±Oè v1 ÆO| û8 ®` ±+ç ¿[c´"" v±&ºè —&±+ v&|®¿≈ ô+ôH&eè ûzR õè¬÷xo ô±±´ó T°èºz%T πOè”Yz% ±´≈ õ±&º ä´"" vœaè≈ RUè πv+z%è èx[| vUI ôe÷vm´"" T°èºz%T (vœaè≈ RU) {Rî ä´ó Hc# c&JT e¿| ¿`fv{J"" H√Uz% ¿Õ≥RÇ RU ôTd ºFJ äıÿ IûH|"" W^™*z% BH# ±O≈T Gä π±O≈ ±O≈T õè¬ûzH´ è—#W# v≠™œ |õ≤≥ c÷"" ÿ` 15 mè KPe ØH| v®è—+I™*´ H#ne ±Oè è—#Y vüÛ (H±OÅ) —:è¿`è Hop ®æç Æ[x ô¿["" è—W# ô]è‘ Iæ ÆY^ e≈e| mè zmO÷"" (õ±&º dH) π√Uz% ¿Õ≥RÇ RU Õ™* ÷H{è õè¿®“´ç õè¿Ô ´ 67 ®¿c# OI°zì Iû "" (2) ®vm√Q| cèv| vÈK ™èü"" ®Fπ OÈô# á√◊è õTä Õ™* õH æxJ¨P tÌ`ó ®æv+J¨ Hè—#Y vnH Õ™*ñ OK[ä úè—#Y õeO èMä ô”x`z*û ®ô”x`z ôv#û"" õOå ôveä õ”±&ú õeO Hä ôvd ®Hû TM[|"" ®æv+H:P è—#Y K#\û+ OK`û#°P"" wMz% ôTÈõ¨P Ha—+ ®Hä· õTΩ"" õOc ô&ºTËõ°P |vJ≠# û=eK°P ®|c|∫ eèz°P"" ®ô&ºOe÷å 1õeû 67. õ±&º´ —. 275-6"" page095-160 page 60 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 155 ±ºezÆ≥x ¬v ô[ı|ó ®õBx Y“°P HôØ™Ô cRæ HõO ô&OËõ°P õeû ØHz [v#Ø Av AH:û# ôä"" ! (2) o√S ™èü ¿[c"" õ±&º (õºH) ûÕ™* éÿ tÌ` πQI;Ä´ ÿm*}Ç O÷#ç Hè—#W# vÕ™* uèu (vÕ™*ì õè¬F) ôH#|ñ «è—#Y Gæñ R[èó T°èºz%T õì ôjûaÇF πôw|FT ôjûaÇ äè"" —+{ Gæñ xç÷Û ÿÛ| πìñ TM[| ºèz ä´""» è—#W# (õè¬F) ôIÄ´ñ «vH# C¡ T_ºÇâHB"" ”è a—+è õç ä·è ûõTΩ ôT⁄Ä´"" üIO◊ÇB û#dÇBè |vIIÇBñ jè{ÇBè |÷◊IÇB"" õ±&F ôHBv| ≈[e õeû [v#Ø ØH| ≈[e ºJO◊ÇB õè¿Gä ”≈”√ z÷”} πQhç (®è≈) BH# ôºOJ÷îT"" Y“´è HcRæ ®ˆÇ 68 õc÷™HB "" (10) vôè≈ A—` fe| Oè”Y| úaU¨Ç vô&|øÂº {]° õeû&{®m% ≈[e vô&|øÂº Iæ BH| Oè”Y| zum%U äv[--ôè¡ πKÏ+—+ H+I´ πõ¤—+"" æ§ {]° væÛ πzuuO´ æû#ê ôTI°ç üFçz% zwx[´ π≤#¨Çè Oè”Y| v—Hv÷# —&±+ v1263 Æ. T. ä´ v&wJTñ °è|ç ô&|øÂº éÿ e` ûc¿¿v| —&±+ Ta πKÏ+—+´ v+z Oè”Y|ç πõ¤—+´ πGä´ v+z °Fä| õè¿ Y“ç õè¿ äıe ôè≈ ôüJ ôè≈ ôTdJ Bä´ æ—±# äv`"" vBHz% Oè”Y{| OüûJ áx[| õèÃ ôJˆ ôJˆ üJGä π‘I ”‡| ôHOê\ HM≥v# |Jo õˆæ{ äv`"" úaU¨Ç c&O÷# wH#| BHz% (πzwv\|) Oè”Y}Ç Iæ «M≥w™* πH#w—+» Oè”Y| ôuuP"" õè¿QOeH´ñ úaU¨Ç ºcv#| õè¿‰‰c# ûYä Jv#ç™* πRºJı YJ◊è wH´ ôw P√ õç vH#w |´J≈ ô≥RÇ e` Gä´ õºè√è¡ ‘d vº±´ O_| Iæ v±Ièä| (®¿âI Iæ v”x`çT) v^c# è≠#e O] π^c#è ôez√¿` ±`”} HOê` äv["" {]° ÁKÚ¨Ä%T æ§èè ≠´m´ç zmxH´ñ π{]° ≈`—&}Çè ±Oè c&ºOH°z% v±&ºè —&±+ vQ—≤´ ôÏ+ ±Oè õè¿Qsÿ\ 68. õ±&º´ —. 278-9"" page095-160 page 61 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 156 vúaU¨Ä% H#w ±OèT æsÿ\ äv["" HTdH+ ûÁKÚ¨Ä% ôè¡ eH 69 ”^î ≠OÌ ô RO` OËı c& T` õè¬F æIJ ó õTôO X&Oz% ISJwM v9 ÆO| zÏxô# KÏ+ ®ç” c—≈ TeH ”^î vjTx^ û#_"" ! vSJwM v9äì´ πh#O| (±Oè) ôÏ+ ®ç” c—≈ û”^î “^ jTx^ û#_ Iæ z™—#"" eHôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J πzËÔ ôè≈ π±+ç O™ØJ oÃ õè¬F æIJ70ó ®v#®2 ôO| ®[¿ õç`º"" ®Uz û:e|a"" ®[cøP è—#Y Hcxô õç`º °èz*ºä"" ®v#®3 ôO| ®Èô v+—T≈` HzÏx∞z “I v±Oä X&Oz% HÔ√{ ±cOæ¨ v#^n"" ! (W`Î ≈è”J vä—W) v#®2 ÆO| ®¿ õç`º ®[¿"" û:e|a Uz"" è—#W# πõç`ºè c¨Ç °èz*ºè ô¿[“Ä´"" v#®3 ÆO|ñ v#^n vQH#| vÔ√{ πh#O| ±Oèñ “Iè HO´“| ®¿ v+—T≈` ®◊"" x±# `mè dèE≈ ^c#è ±+çB H“Iè vÿUç xèOHûz´ ¿^c&´ ±Oãè vH#w¨Ä% π”≤| ±Oè õè¿Qsÿ\ vm* TJ°| õç—îv{Hè"" HTdH+ñ õä±&Fè õèOJû|"û®è≈UÅÄ´ zH∫ç y[è «ôTv&d» vQH´ -- v`z%R «awH+» vQH´ -- H#w ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «ôı_» zwH# (°ıJ 1)"" v&ÒŒ vQwH´ H#w ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «c¿Å» zwH# (°ıJ 1)"" 69. ±+ç O™ØJó EMML 7109, f. 58a. õ`”ÿ vâI πO◊ mÃ ôde~Jó «H» Oez™≈≈ OGëè Jx wHRHz% h#P «ISJwM» OeH:| «HSJwM» («πSJwM») H&J πQ—w´è «ISJwM» xH: ôvIj}{J"" BHzìTñ ôè≈ H#w ûeTè| ÆO| vIæ ôºez√≈`T"" eH±&F ¿^c&´ ºH´ õè¬F æOeHìJñ «ôÏ+ ®ç” c—≈ vä—W v19äì´ ÆOz%ñ vSJwM πh#O| ±Oèñ û”^î “^ jTx^ û#_ Iæ z™“""» 70. Ignazio Guidi, “Di due frammenti relativi alla storia di Abissinia”, pp. 590-1. page095-160 page 62 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 157 æF OÈKı vzËÔv| —&±+ πv&ˆH+ Jœ πPJô{ h#O| cw| ÆO| Gê{J (°ıJ 08)"" v+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ πQwH# BH| õè”H&≤´ºè Tè·Ä%è O`T[´ πH#w¨Ä%è π”≤| ±Oè vÆOz õ”±&õ õè¿QmÿH´ 71 —Tz´{J ó 1522-1530" SJwMñ —Iè ®è≥è zi—["" (”^î v±&F ±Oè ®[["") 1530-1538" P¿çñ ™v& hvH&è zi”a wH+ —w"" (π”^î ®[^ m÷H"") 1538-1546" û&H:H+ñ π¿™aè pI¨Ç ®[["" (π”^î ®[^ ôûzO"") 1546-1554" v&ˆH+ñ ¿™aè ô÷Û"" 1554-1562" TeH+ñ —&v+è Os◊÷` O["" 1562-1570" K`PÛñ vÿ[ ôU^è ô÷Û"" 1570-1578" awH+ñ h™è ô÷Û"" 1578-1586" v&ÒŒñ û◊ç wM` õeû √U| O◊"" 1586-1594" PJô{ñ ‘ÕTè ®[["" π±Oã ä—Y{| ºJ®¿¡| úaU¨Ç H^dÄ´ vQkP| πH#w |´J≈ç ôw P√ πOèÔd™* vIæä| Oz√¿^Ä´è ôæ¿HTó ô&|øÂº ^dÄ´è πQºez√≈\ ä—∆Çç πõeIT ”≤}ÇT ô—` äv[Ç"" ûä—Y{z% “^ ”‡| πQÔ÷[´ ^dÄ´è πQºez√≈\ H+H:Ç ä—∆Ç c&ºOÅÄ´ ôè—x`T õè¿QH#| ôè—x`T c&H#ñ BHzìT Oè”Y| π^c# ô≈`‘ πQ÷xm´è «A—[ Oè”Y|» πQwH´è °ıH ô&|øÂºç H+I´è (Oè”Y| πQ±`Ô´è) BHz%èT õì õè≥[ı c&H# äv["" v±&º Iæ ôè≈ πûÛ´ wHYJ◊è ûOè”Y| c&◊I úaU¨Çè «πûÛ´ ™iñ ºOÎì Ohi» º¿`“Ä™J"" ûx±# Re[Õ¨Ç éÿ æFèè ûô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc# (1674-1698) {]° 72 πT÷oc´è õèOJû| ó ®õT≈á[ vÆH Ûc&ü ÆOÎ ®H+ ±õTä—¿ Ofiñ ®yô éz xK+[ “I Ü¬‘ eO °è|çB —&±+ èõçB õeO û[ø È“x õOè—H x≥Ü —>J|"" ®¢ä ØÎ#x ≥èz% ä—` éz û=H# ÆHT"" 71. Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. lxxiv-lxxv and 205-212. 72. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, II p. 96. page095-160 page 63 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 158 ®Æ¬ ±πÆv& õT≥ ØÎ#xc ØÎ#x ´õz% ®Oè°` v™*ú}P éz A—[ “I HOTF[ —:èœ ®OTF[ õä‡II õè± pUd| ´õ}P ®OTF^ä v+z °èz*ºè ®õè± ôJyP T°èºz ä—` Hv™*õ éz “I"" ! ûÛc&ü vÆJ vâI ûOfi ä—≈ πGä´ ®H+ ôOÎç “I A—` —w -- û—>Jz% x≤| πzäX ÿ“x äı}{Jç võ`œç´ ±Oè π°è|ç ePè |}"" æ§ ä—` vÆHT éÿ BH# —#≈ Gä"" ¿”U û±&F —#≈e πQvJÿ —#≈ç ôe—^Q ä—`ñ π—:èœ OTF`ç πõä‡II OTF` õ“I ô—` O”w| ä´ -pUfÇç πv+z °èz*ºè OTF^è Gä´ dHç õ“I ô—` HO”w| T°èº| dæê^Ä´"" æ§T BH# Gêñ õè√πä´ õä±&F eı` tÿ` πH+IÄ´ ‘d¨Ç ≤_ Hì õè¿QOeHè ôè≈ä| êbÄ´ õè¿Gä ô&|øÂº ûO”w{Ä´ vÚ| æGçJ õèÃ û—v# vâIe ôè≈ä| ôæ{æwÄ´T"" H+H:Ä%è úaU ºJGã|è ‘d¨Ç õè¿Q±`Û<Ä´ ôè¡ πúaU ‘d H+I´è æ±`Ô™J"" «BIÇBT º´ “I çÇB» πQI;Ä´ H+H:Ç çÄ´ õèÃ õäc# ^dÄ´è õè√è≈ M≥x ôº∫T äv`"" õ`”ÿ ôè√è≈ —&±+ πOè”Yz%è ”≤|T Gä H+I´è πúaU/ “I ‘d HO´“| c&ÔJ—# æ[√√H#ó ”è ±Im* ôè≈ä| ôæÔÿ\Tó ôè≈äz%è πQÔJ—#|T ôæOeJT"" «H#w—+´» πúaU´èT Gä πH+H:Ä%è ä—∆Ç õè¿zHº∫ πúaU ‘d¨Ç õπs÷[ ô&|øÂºè võû#Jä| wFIÄ´ v&ºez√¿` êa A—]z% ûx±# ´≥”x ûO√è ôJÛ M≥v# véÿ äÏä| x±# æÔ≈ñ ƒU°^c&´T ô&|øÂº™* æGè äv`"" ”è æF vcxô |ü|ä| πQê` M≥x YJ◊é™ ûızì ¿[Õ H¿[c A—` «æ§èè w¿[—I|» xH: Op¤| ôæ{cxT"" õè£è æFè H&º¿`—# ^dÄ´ zv{|ä´ πA—]~è Oè”Y| x|è|ãè ô®÷#|"" º õè£ wæGèñ ≤_ è—#X™* ô—≤≥ ûm[ñ O]´ «˘_±&√è|» ˘_±&√è|» ûQwJ ôw P√ v&wJ õèƒ| wR[xè"" eH Oè”Yz% ôè≈ä| ûGä ”è û”^î æJo úaU¨Ç —:≈z´{Jó ”^î ô÷nH: vôè≈ DæRê| (võeJTç) H&—≤| ºcw|è A—` õäc# veı` tÿ` ôJw ‘dÄ´ J° ûzÛ<|"" väc# T°èº| «A—[ Oè”Y|» πQwH´ °ıJ dæm` vôè≈ RõûI™* Oè”Y| e` Oz√¿` ôJÅHT"" H^dÄ´ ôè≈ä|èñ HA—]z%T page095-160 page 64 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 “I/úaU 159 ôè≈ Oè”Y|è HRT◊| πJœ J–ÅÄ´ ‘è¿` Iæ OW[z%è O◊Jñ h™ Iæ v+z%è OY^| äv[wÄ´"" w‡\T v&Gè {]û#è õèní´"" page095-160 page 65 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 Codex vindobonensis Palatinus, Aeth. 4, f. 1b. õeüBè ûz—í%| π±+çB H“I oœ¨Ç ôè¡"" (—È 63 Iæ zm≈~J"") page095-160 page 66 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 TØ^ı ! |èXô+ Oè”Y| TåJ° z®J∆ õJT wºJTñ ‘vç ˆ°a ºè wæz[—>Tñ ô&|øÂº õT|wJ πc´ Jœ õç|ñ v≤_´ ÆHT éÿ y{T wJê^|"" page161-168 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πúaUÇè {]° πËÒ ô} ÆÌO —&ø`—&e (ÆÌS/ÆÿS)"" (û Da Zeila alle Frontiere del Caffa, Viaggi di Antonio Cecchi, 1886) page161-168 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 ! HúaU¨Ä% ôè≈ä|è HA—]z%T ôè≈ Oè”Y|è HRT◊| πúaU¨Çç πH+H:Ç ô&|øÂº´ºè πJœ J–Ç ‘è¿` Iæ OW[z%è O◊Jñ h™ Iæ v+z%è OY^| äv[wÄ´"" ô&|øÂºè õä±&F áx[| ôJw úaU¨Ç c&p◊÷b| πRõûI™* Oè”Y| wHYJ◊êÇ OI®e ôJÅH#T äv[ó «®H&èû# ¢`R {ô&ñ v#ôÚ ºv& ¿®¡» («®èƒ ¢`Ç Bèñ ®›ç ®^Àè ûJ°J») πQH´è πjR”H+¨Ç T`n| õè¿ ÆW`z% nI| |õ≤≥ πQºûx\| æOeJ äv["" ôv+} ä“X& RFJ h™è cw| ÆO| û—≤ç YJ◊ãè vM≥x ±è≈ ü[“—÷ vâI πRØ`” eT HReÔm≈ ‘è¿` E∆ OOHi´è úaU¨Ç eH±—#| õ±&º´ U} õ±&º´ 1 zmv[ "" ô&|øÂºè õè¿¡a´ û√` õeû√` πQºez√≈` Oè”Y| ÷Û"" BH#Tñ úaU¨Ä%Tñ °èz*ºêÄ%T õeIUÄ%T vº±#| y{ ‘v≥ õπ®◊wÄ´ A—]~ π|çèj Oè”Y{| O÷^mQº GäÇ"" «A—[ Oè”Y|» πQwH´T HeP ±´≈ç ôJ“ ÷wm* è—#Y ‘è¿` Iæ æã[´ õèÃ wH ±´¡ õè£è YJ◊è êa| H&kT H&h&` πQvI´ ôÿ} «Hè—#W# OÈ´z%|» πQwJ HRî Gêñ —#JvzïÇ v‘ÕTñ v‘è¿` (veSè)ñ v|”_ñ vh™ ^dÄ´è πÅH# Oè”Y}Ç ôuuP"" úaU¨ÇT v—&v+ ®è≥ ô—aÇ πH#w´ ƒU°^c& m`} πs^‡ ÔI‡ Oè”Y| RuuT 2 T[´ äv["" v±&F —&±+ ä´ «xoJ π—¿H´è xoJ ºäX™J» õè¿QwH´ π“H:Ä%ç πc&√R¨Ä% (πúaU¨Ä%ç πôRaÄ%) J–Ç zmwæä|è HR”í| vôv+} ºØpx ≠ÌT zè÷IÿH´ πô&|øÂºè Oè”Y| «Öv ±m√Q Oèv\» (ûm≈U´ Oèv\) πOHc#|"" 3 {]û#è vôR`ì x±#¨Ç eHËÒ| õ±&F O≈—T ôºeÔJ”T "" 1. 2. 3. page161-168 page 3 á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ (Asfa-Wossen Asserate, Die Geschichte von Šaw!), p. 38. Huntingford, The Galla of Ethiopia The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero, London 1955. v±&F `õe Iæ x±# zÈÛ<J"" û±&F v{Ç ºH#|è vRèvx O O` æÅIJó πxIz,è —+{ á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ñ πô&|øÂº {]° (πÛh&e}Ç ®[^ Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 164 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç HR—çí| ºFJñ ôÏ+ Jxä ≈è”J (1500-1537) v”^î Ÿ`ä| ûOI v+z cv# “^ vjj| väv[v| —&±+ ôè¡ JÀ ôv+}Ö#è ºØpx õ±&º´ õh™ üè≈ y{ z¿xp m`} äv["" πôv+} ºØpx ôè¡ JÀ —^T Ûc&J πc#eèøe ôw| ä´ñ BHzì´ ±aÄ% ûúaU¨Ç “^ vŸ` S√ç v“xÅ z—çîz´ h™ Iæ Oè”Y| ºuuP| Y”® nJ ä´"" (fezì´ñ z≥ü[ ≈è”J πô—:z%è πôÏ+ Qçeè Oè”Y| c&mçmè zhèˆ πõz,—+æz% ±O∆Ç —¿J ®[®\|"") ûúaU´T ûôR^´T õπz“v#ñ Y”® nJ ®æ±a cèvJ|èñ ®æ±a cèvJ| ôv+} ä“X&èñ ä“X& exez,èñ exez, ôxΩèñ ôxΩ ôTÜ ô&πc#eèñ ôTÜ ô&πc#e ôeÛ ®cèèñ ôeÛ ®cè ®cè c—≈èñ ®cè c—≈ XFH YIc+èñ XFH YIc+ ÖæH 4 OH¢|èñ ÖæH OH¢| √”R™* TåJ°è æ®J√H# "" π≤_æz% πô&|øÂº RõûI™* Oè”Y| zOJf πzuuO´ ôÏ+ øKèeç è—#Y z°H DæRê| vA—]z% ≈èv` Iæ û÷I| “` c&™¿m% vä±&F J–Çç vO¤[iT TåJ° ÖæH OH¢|ç ‘vç √¤ äı÷ïÇ |”J ä´"" |≥{Ä´ñ TåJ° z®J∆ õJT wºJTñ ‘vç ˆ°a ºè wæz[—>Tñ ô&|øÂº õT|wJ πc´ Jœ õç|ñ v≤_´ ÆHT éÿ y{T wJê^|"" πQºcî ä´"" ûôÏ+ TåJ° ±Oè Ta π÷Ûè OÔH”ñ πzç¿è O—èw| z O["" eH|èXô+´ ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ c&z`û# õè¬F 5 æIH# ó á|Oz%è º¤ç—Ô´)ó πxIz,è —+{ á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ vûÚJñ Asfa-Wossen Assrate, Die Geschichte von Šaw!ó πÁLÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºó πz°H Ë≈o Oû=]º πô&|øÂº {]° û≠Ï+ z,¨≈ae õeû m√R™* ÜæH YIc+ó õç πwM\ ±´ƒ πô&|øÂº {]° û1884 õeû 1966"" 4. 5. page161-168 page 4 HTdH+ñ πè—#Y XFH YIc+ õá| ®æ±a mHO ®ò «πô≈ô´è wIw| Jœ ô} ¿U v#éè ô”xz´» õè¿äv[ ô} —x[ YIc+ ú√ ºe{´dH#ó |≥{ HO{cv&ºñ —. 6-7"" ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ°ñ —. 100"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 |èXô+ Oè”Y| 165 û±&F vâI v08)&4 ÆOz TM[| v¬`R ¿x[ ä—:≈’≈èñ vH—K&√ ô|aèc R`ºTèç {Øü ä—Y|èñ vH——:^ Oüä YIc+èñ ÿè| vê^ πzW\ ôxºz °èz*ºç| v”^î —&±+ πzn÷H#|è õºepÔ\ ”Tv#è ôe®÷#|"" π”Tv#T m%O| cw|T eTè|T °è≈ Gä"" ä—` ”è ûmè x≤| πzäX O_z% ôÿxp ´Ÿ{Jç õeû OW[z% HOpÔ` ôJzÅHT"" Y^´T ≈è“∫ ô^| RØ±è πzÁ[v πzm[Á õœ” πQºe¿èo ä´"" û±&º´T x±# è™π o≈d| ®◊"" π®H:T c´ æFè BH# wπ —&±+ õ´ä|T π°èz*ºè ô—` OGãè z[√´"" û±&F ÿoe ô^| ä—` õè[√Hèó (1) õä±&F π{®m% πôR^´ ô—` {IIo ô≈w^| v”^î ®[^ —&±+ On÷IÄ´è (v{]°T ôèxvçJ)ñ (2) vúaU¨Ç ®[^ πy{¨Ä% eUÇ OH®◊Ä´è (¬`Rñ H—K&√ñ H——:^)ñ (3) «ô¬c#» |´J≈ ô¬fÄ%è πy{ eUÇ OmvH#èñ (4) o`fÇ ûOnx` HOäX| Ø≈J R”í{Ä´è"" vA—`ç vOè”Y| OüûJ ºH´ J∫ä| õè√æR{ O÷èmo ºeÔJ“J"" TåJ°ç ‘vç √¤ OJc´ ºuuP| RõûI™*´è Oè”Y| õèÃ A—]~R BJ —&±+T vJ–Ñ õœ äv[Ç"" πy{ eUÇè πH®÷#| ^dÄ´ ô&|øÂº´ºè eHGã ®¿âI ®¿¡a´ õèOJe ºH πHT"" πRõûI™*´ Oè”Y| |èXô+ h™ Iæ æ®H≈ õèÃñ πzÎäc´ m¿T xH: õ±&º´ õ‘è¿` ä´"" õè¿Tçπ´ñ v‘è¿` ±Oä Oè”Y| vúaU¨Çç vOè”Y| OüûJ x±# —&±+ vÿoT T°èº| π[œT —&±+ ”‡| züC√;J"" GêT Iæ I∫è «“Iç °èz*ºè» ®æT «úaUç c&√R» πRæ—çí%ç πRæ◊◊P æTcH# õèÃñ πäÏäz% ôxa ãa vRFJ ºH´è π±`ç πwFJ J∫ä| πBH| û#_è ´K πQ—≈v´è ”≈x õè¿QºÔè ÜæJ y`v#a| éÿ é÷#è vwFJT v±`T z¿vIJm™J"" ôTÅç “xÅäz% õeû v+z Oè”Y| ±JuJ"" úaU¨Ç õè¿ä ô≤∑ Aü¢ vY`Æz% éÿ —xz´ YJ◊è züıH™J"" z¤R] TdH+ üeÔH— õä±&Fè ûôÏ+ ô&ºc# (1676-1698) {]° πm√âÄ´è BH| ÿofÇ õèOJû|ó (1) ®√”O OÈô ¤™C ±æxJ ®Èô “I ®Îxú H≈è"" ®fv cTÆ è—#Y ±èz ä—[ ô±¥ HÁKÙ IMT z%H# ®æv+H: K#` |J¨ ®ô&ºTeÿû"" ®´õz%å N[ vH+H&| ®zH¨ ®[ûy H“I vT≈[ ¤"" " page161-168 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 166 (1) «“I Oÿ} ≈èè ®“´» πQH# |°Hì ®{¿aÇ õè¿—ç O÷#"" æFèè ä—` è—#W# c&cR ÁKÙ IMT z%H#èñ «C≈ (“H:Çè) zûzIÄ´ñ õè√ºOJ÷#F» xH: ô±±´"" õc#T 6 vH+H&| E¿ç zûzIÄ´ó “H:Ä%è vT≈[ ¤ ô—ìÄ´ "" (2) ®v´õz% ®`á X+U HøKèe X&Oz ÁKÙ IFT ±√U|"" ®X+U X&Oz xIz,êÇ —+{ H÷v&x ®RØT` ®Hw™, ı|M ®°v#[ ±O≈ ®ä—≈ ±õTä—¿ “I ®ô≈º ±´õz% weJøe ®J¿ v#çº ®®J¿ õáz% H¿Õ≥RÇ H:_èe"" " (2) v±&F ®` øKèeè π√U| ÁKÙ IFT h#O|è kO´"" û“I ä—≈ç ûô≈º πGä´è ÿvvì´èñ ≠™m*´èñ ı`≈ ôez™∫èñ wH zûv\ ±O∆Ç πGä´è πv#çºè Jœç π¿Õ≥RÇ H:_èe õá| Jœ weJøeè πxIz,êÇ —+{ 7 h#O|è kO´ "" v±&ºè ±Oè πxIz,êÇ —+{ RØ`” ûv&|®¿≈ä| mÿH: äv["" ”è ÁKÚ´ πweJøeè ä—≈ wæä”[è πRè ä—≈ æOeHè äv[? veRÄ´ T°èº| úaU¨Ç OGçÄ´è dçó πm[è eè}Ç çÄ´? π°èz*ºã Oè”Y| eèJ πúaU¨Çç πH+H:Ä% BH# °èz*ºêÇ OGãè Re{®e ôHxè"" v¿T π≤_¨Ä% ô&|øÂº´ºè ûz^´ M≥x v+| õeû v+z Oè”Y| π‘d¨Çç πä—∆Ç ”èí%ä| ´÷+| OGçÇèè πQºdπ´ ºº}ÅÇè π“xÅÄ´ {]° ºJzËÔ´ vô&|øÂº´ºè OüûJ “xÅ —#≈ ®æT xò eIæ¿H ä´"" πôÏ+ TåJ° Jœ ®æ±a h™[—≈ πê ‘vç Jœ πô} ®√– wHv+| õè¿äv\ πzËÔ´ π—∑¨Ç {]° eHGä ä´ õèÃ ôÏ+ TåJ° ôR^ (!) ê ‘vç √¤ úaU eHGã ºèè õè¿ {]° HOO≥—x ôæ¿HT"" °v#` Jœ Qüô+J õT\ ê ‘vç √¤ ôº{Ä´ OGçÄ´è πä—\è ôè≈ä| “±+◊ eH÷πnÄ´ ä´"" º´T v&Gè ±^Ä´è HOt÷` dæGè v+z cwÄ´ Hô&|øÂº Oè”Y| |èXô+ eI¿[—´ ôez™Èú {]° c&ºezT\è ä´"" vwFJT [—≈ úaU¨Ç ô&|øÂº û—v#v| —&±+ Ta väc#ç v®[\| M≥x OüûJ ûızì O¿wHo äv["" HTdH+ñ °èz*ºêÄ% eRÄ´è «±Ê»ñ «≠ey»ñ «≠T∆»ñ «Oè—∆»ñ «z≥üa»ñ «±Z»ñ ®±z õºH# vdxØ c&ºdÿ\ õçºHè"" πGä´ñ 6. 7. page161-168 page 6 Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part II, p. 206-7. õ±&º´ —. 170"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 |èXô+ Oè”Y| 167 úaU¨Ç «÷&ê»ñ «ÿC}»ñ «KHx∆»ñ «v`w∆»ñ ®±z õºH# eT πQº®÷#v|è ±ƒ vOć≈ç π^dÄ´ vR≈[” äv["" vôR`ì Iæ πQ{π´è πwFIÄ´è —#JM zÈõê |zè ”Ø≥è xèO[T[´ πúaU wFJ z÷nQ GëJ"" æE πGä´ úaU¨Ç π”Ø≥ ÆHT ‘[v+}Ç eHGã dæGèñ õè¿ úaU¨Ä% õè¿ ô≤∑ ÷&ê õç π‘ÕTè {]° õè¿ËÒJè õè¿WÆH&´ õè¿ ôHn z°H+ π”Ø±# Yä ÈK#ı wHv+| eHGã ä´"" πA—]z% wFJ vô¬e ¿T õè¿ÛÛ ”JÈ ä´"" ôw wM`æT v&Gã æ§èè ºFJ ≥`≥` πËÒ| eHwHv+| õèÃ eH —:[v+| ®æT «õ“I ô—`» E¿´ º—í%| «πOe° ÿç|» ôæ¿HT"" ππ‘d´ J–Ç ºeOcHè {]ü™* ô“◊Qç vy{ O®cè T°èº| ”RkÅÇè ºè¡è ä—≈ uèuñ ”RkÅÇè ¿”U πH+I´è ä—≈ uèu eHTèä“—` ä´"" HTdH+ñ ¿Tv&ºè (‘è¿`è) õç ‘ÕTè π®c¡ úaU¨Ç J–Ç uèu ôR`ì GëJó ôR^ OeH™J"" πô`c& M≥x û”Rj vIæ πK≈º |´J≈ Gê dH uèu´ úaU GëJó úaU OeI;J"" æF OeH: O—í| H÷I| O”v&º |Jo m√√ Gê õäG H&ºz^Tcè æOIHev{J"" πTèä“—[´è uèu zû|Hè ô&|øÂº éÿ ûzÔÁP| {]ü™* ≈`—&}Ç ôè¡è °ıJ π±&F uèu zç“] ôè¡è π±&º uèu zç“] {]° õç≈`” xèJ õ´ä| ô|Ôo≈JèT"" πôº}ÅÇè J–Ç OGçÇèè vRº÷^ÿ` ”T| πTè¿èv|è ºFJ πo≈Tôº}ÅÇè uèu Tè õè¿äv[ ôè¿èv|T"" ≤_ π|ì´èT uèu ®`cè xè—î BIÇèTñ v±&ºè ±Oè ôä“—` π“H:Ä%ç πc&√UÄ%ñ ®æT v≤_´ ôä“—`ñ πúaU¨Ä%ç πôRaÄ% J–Ç äè"" vTèç—[´ uèu õπzO^è ûÿè| ±^Çè Jè¿è πRèÇJv| T°èº| uèu¨Ä%è ÿT≥T±# π{]° Oè—≈ eId®^Ä´ ä´ó Ø´` ¿”U OT^| ôæÇJTó uèu¨Çè {]° ôüÛæ xç¿`“Ä´ c&¿çv\ Häc# (Huèu¨Ä%) õè¿QOÇ ô≈`—´ñ ”RkÅÇèè ûç{Çè ”RkÅÇèè ûôw{Çè ±`ç {]° ºHº∫çJ"" v16zì´ Tõ| ÆO| ô&|øÂºè π®[\ úaU¨Çç H&ûH°I;Ä´ πUû\ πm≈U¨Ä% äwaÇ BH#T ûUI —:¿J õû#J ôº}ÅÇè Gä™Jó õìT õè¿±&º´ ûUI —:¿J õû#J J–ÅÄ´ äè"" πTèç—`v|è uèu Re[Õ ô≈`—è ûzÔÁO´ [ÃT {]° éÿ úaU¨Ä% πÔÁP|è ≤_ úaTì HQç—\ H+I´è HH+H:Ç RüÔH#è πTè—Ûv| ûGè O O]º {]û#è ûôº}ÅÇè äÿmè H®[eçÄ´ uèuÄ´ Oe÷| æê`xçJ"" æF ¿”U page161-168 page 7 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 168 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç «wH{]û# πô&|øÂº uèu¨Ç õèÃ πô&|øÂº M≥x ôæ¿HTó õì {]° πHèT» RH| æGçJ"" õ`”ÿ úaTì πQç—\ úaU πQwH# ô&|øÂº´ºèç H+I uèu πQç—\ π”J O÷]º ºIÄ´ H+H:Ç ô&|øÂº´ºè ôH#ó õä±&F c¨Ç {]° ôè≈ πô&|øÂº M≥x º¿[“Ä´è [ez´ J∫ä{Ä´è HR÷èû` ûÔH—# ûôBè æ T\| õèÃ ®¿ {]° ôæC¡ó {]° ºdonÄ™Jó ıI‘{Ä´èT ´≈o º¿`”wÄ™J"" page161-168 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 ôw] Appendix page169-194 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 vô&|øÂº {]° OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eH úaUÇ vcÚ´ πËÒ ôHn {π"" (û Gustav Arén, Envoys of the Gospel in Ethiopia, 1999) page169-194 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ! ôw] 1 - Appendix I ûôHn {π |Jm% OÈKı πzm√ (JE692E, —. 548-561, 586-7, 595-600) «H+T» H+H:Ç Tè·Çó «O» πô&π\dH+P oÃ πôHn {π OÈKı" (JE692E)"" (vá√” üJ—HÈû# voèı ºH´ πÁKÚ´ ä´) 17. eH ä—¿ “I eH ä—¿ “I πQä—` m%T ä—`ç õ´ä|ñ õ´ä|ç z[| πGä vπôæäz% x±# J∫ J∫ {]° ôH"" ô} ÆÈS vËÒ| π{]° OÈKı eH “I c&ç—` õè¬F æIJ"" “I πQH#| M≥x ü—\ π®◊v| 1 T°èº| õœ” ôæ{®oT"" wH{]¢Ç õåF π“I M≥x ûõeº ÔJc´ ®¿ R√“eü` õè¿ zi—\ñ û±&ºT ÔJc´ ywd ô÷—x ûwM` ®¿x zmO÷#"" ywd RH| Hûx|T v&Gè OWR]º RH| ä´ñ v“Jì"" û±&ºT —çH+ πQwH´è œ[| zû|H´ ô&|øÂº ®÷# æIH#"" ü—^Ä´ c&®÷# ”è BH# wè≈ —&±+ ôJ®÷#Tó π®¿¿ ®◊ 2 ºJ®¿¿ m[ õèœ ó æF “I πzwH M≥x û±&º zäe} O◊ç vwH+ 3 4 √` —Iç vQH#| œ[| (®è≥) √`Å zmO÷"" IPèç ıπH#è v—#è õº[w õè¿ ±Iè Bê ê["" 5 ûO◊T üÏ+ Jxä ≈è”J eO Oè”Y{Ä´ ®ç” c—≈ 6 ûdÄ´ Oè”Y| vÚ| 102 ÆO| Bê| äv`"" æFT ôÏ+ æeKo vä—W# v5 ÆO| v6 h&F 9)4ÆOz ÆHTñ v04)4 ÆOz TM[| 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. page169-194 page 3 O π—I"" Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, pp. 56-57 and 138. O"" «IPè» πQH#| ”Ø±#è zû|H´ ä´ó v_T æ¤T^J"" ûxz%è RH{Ä´ ä´"" O ”YÅÄ´"" O ÆO"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 172 ä´ó πQH# ôH#"" õ´äzì´ ”è π“H:Ç ®¿ ô&|øÂº O´◊| 7 v≤! (O^ z°H DæRê| eO Oè”Yz% ≤! ) Oè”Y| 0ÆO| v9)# ÆOz TM[| ä´"" Ô[è–Ç eH “I πËÒ| {]° vê Ø´m|ç vOOÒ` 8 ä´"" õì ”è ô≤∑ ÷&ê πËÔ´è {]° ôæzè ä´"" “H:Ç c&O÷# v“Ié ®è≥ (œ[|)9 ®ÿz´ Ka Íy vQwJ ô—` —v#"" vKa Íy ™çzì v™ç πQp`◊|ç πQi—^| |èj û@_ wM` ôHÇ"" “H:Ç ôw{Çèç ıÿ[{Çè û±&F Á ®◊ä æIH#"" eH±&FTñ ≠#Rè Íy wz* æIH#"" æFT ûÍy Á ıÿ[| ®◊ RH| ä´"" eH±&F “H:Ç HÁ æc”√H#"" c´T õèedT û±&ºÇ Á ôæ÷◊T"" °J°J ä´"" “I BH# û±&º HÁæz% æc”√J"" û±&ºT cè“ç x±# ı]√ v”T ıπJT º`√H#"" vKa Ív# J∫ J∫ uèu ºIÄ´ ÿm*| M≥yÇ ôH#"" ∆ê æwIH#"" π“Iè M≥x æOeIH#"" ûc&√U õeû Ív# 4mèñ ûÍv# õeû y[è 5mè ºeû+√J"" 10 11 “H:Ç 2 ä—≈ çÄ´ó v`z%Rç y[ç æwIH#"" v`z%R 6 J–Çè ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´T õåF çÄ´ó 1ñ û[∫ 2ñ O[™ 3ñ ô&z% 12 4ñ ô°z% 13 5ñ ®[èh 14 6ñ Bvç πv`z%R πvû@` JÀñ û[∫ 6 J–Ç ÜæHïÇ ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´Tó 1ñ H&vè 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. page169-194 page 4 oèı πO"" ô≤∑ ÷&ê πËÒ| πQH#| π|ì´è ≈`c| õè¿Gä ôæ{®oTó ±+çB H“Iè ôeÛız´ πËÒ| æOeIJ"" O"" H+T «v`z%R»è õç «v[æz%R»è ºÔ^ùÄ™J"" «y[è» õç «y[ç» πôè≈ ä—≈ eT æOeIH#"" O «ôûz%»è õç «ô°Ä%»è ¿“”U HπxÅÄ´ eHQÈÛÄ´ πeMz| —#√æ ôæOeJT"" H+T «®[èi»è õç «®[èÿi»è ºÔ^ùÄ™Jó ôBè ¿”U O «®[èh»"" H+T BTvç"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 173 15 2ñ |H:R"" ®H: 3ñ œH+ 4ñ ôy 5ñ H#w 6ñ ≠He çÄ´"" ®H: û7 c+}Ç 7 ®H¿"" 1ñ Cvê 2ñ ≠væ 3ñ ôH& 4ñ nH# 5ñ ôTy 6ñ C√ 7ñ ‘^ çÄ´"" ûåF H+I ¿”U H®H: v¢ñ êH&ö&ã πQwH# 2J–Ç ôH# πQH# ôH#"" y[ç 01J–Ç ®H¿"" 1ñ √¤ 2ñ œH+ 3ñ ¢ê 4ñ yÇ 5ñ ôü¢ 6ñ ®y 7ñ H#w 8ñ ‡H+ 9ñ H&yè 0ñ —@≈\ 01ñ G¢ çÄ´"" õåF 16 |H:R æwIH# "" õåF c¿Å æwIH#"" õåF G¢ æwIH#"" û®H: J–Ç 3z% ÚzïÇ v®H: eT æ÷^H#ó 4z% v®[c¿Å eT æ÷^H# æwIJ"" 17 O[™ πv`z%R BHzì JÀ ®`≈ºèè ®H¿"" 15. H+T «z%HR»ñ «z%IR» "" «®H:» πz¤O[´ Hõ`R| æBè ôæBè ôæ{®oT"" 16. t. 15è zOJû|"" 17. ôè¡ «è» veMz| π—w OGè ôHv|ó t. 19è zOJû|"" page169-194 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 174 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ®`≈ºè 3J–Çè ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´Tó 1ñ ôç 18 2ñ ≠#` 3ñ ôv÷&è19 çÄ´"" õåF πO[™ J–Ç vÜæJç vx≤| ûBH# ævJ◊H#"" æFT π“I M≥x ô[R™* M≥x ä´ç õ”±&ôxK+`è ôºóT"" õ”±&ôxK+` HPc+ Èˆ ûc÷´ ü0z% nI| H“I π—:¿H´ O O]º |õ≤≥ ºèz ôTI° õé äîó ûé vm` H+I 20 ôTI° ô{TJ° ºH´ xÅ ™ç ä—\ ä´` ûwF`æ M” ‘∆H:ä| πQºezT[´ K™`º eI◊ BH#è æÔ^Jç ≤ÒèT ®è±#èT wM\èT ¿è—&º´èT —¿H#èT ºOJüH#ç æc”√H#T"" BHzì õB≈è cèvz —#√ o√Sè cèvz ÷&ç õºH õè¿ °èz*ºè ºûx^J"" fezì TèT v&Gè vKc| ôæTJT"" ô^zì ôw| õçz%è ô°xa vØ≈S πvH÷´èT wJè ^´è ºûx^J"" ôH±&º v¤Ù RH| vhè‘ —#wô+ æÔ[≈v{J"" ôTezì äıe π—¿H v—#R πäıe ™“ vO°ÔJ võœ” x±# —è±x æm◊J"" ¿”U ä—\ {æ} vô∫ vH#w zÔ`∆v|T πQU|T ôH"" 21 v¤ÙºÄ´ ®æT vÇH:{Ä´ e≈ezì Tè≥` û°èz*ºêÇ æJo õäc# OJüT æÔ`√H#"" õä±&FT πv`z%Rç πy[è J–Ç π“I ä—≈ BH# ûMÏèä| Ta õeûjT”Jç õè¿ °Fä| ºH OÆ`” ôIÄ´"" æF OÆ`“Ä´ —√ æwIJ"" —√ RH| õè¿ °Fä| ºH h#O| YJ◊èT ä´"" æ§´T YJ◊çÄ´ õè¿ ±OçÄ´ m@ÿ` H8 H8 ÆO| ä´"" ±OçÄ´ v8 v8 ÆO| æûÔIJ"" —√ æH#{J"" v8 v8 ÆO| πQûıH#|T w5 H#yÇ eT õè¿ z÷^ 5 çÄ´"" v8 v8 ÆO| ôè≈ H#w zja H+I´ H#w c&kT õè¿ H+I´ 22 M≥x è—#Y wIw|T —+{T πHwÄ´T"" õeû 8ÆO| HH#w æ{±≤H#"" û8 ÆO| vâI H+I H#w ækRJ"" π±&º —&±+ Hπä—√Ä´ eT º®◊H#ç æ—±^H#"" 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. page169-194 page 6 H+T ô#\"" O"" O"" ≠ÌS «ôOè≥^»"" O wHv|T"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 175 ä—\ õè¿ì æOeIJ"" õì ÆO| võπ ®è—+I™* eT 23 õè¿Tè÷^Ä´ ñ 1 Rz,ëñ 2 R`peñ 3 H#neñ 4 øKèe xHè 24 H4 ÆO{| eT õè¿Tèc◊Ä´ ñ õäc#T v8 ÆO| ôè≈ eT æc◊H#"" $´è ±Oè w5 ô`vïÇ eT æ÷^H#"" $´è ±Oè c&¤è z—≥a H#w æGçJ"" 25 eT æFT $´ ±Oè ü5 πQûıJ º5 ô`vïÇ πQ÷^v| õåF çÄ´"" 26 27 O O]º´ñ —√ v&Ò`Ã ä´"" BHzì´ñ G[{ 28 ®æT QJwFó fezì´ñ TèÇH+ ®æT P¿çó ô^zì´ñ ¡H:ó ôTezì´ñ avH& æwIH#"" õä±&F π“I M≥x Y^| ôw 29 ¡H:Ç v$ v$ ±Oè æOIHdH#"" π“I {Im% M” æF ä´"" ¿”U û±&F H+I U“d ¢H# πQwJ Y^|ç M” ôIÄ´"" U“d HwØ≈ ä´"" õc#T π÷#| Jœ õè¿RH| ºH ä´"" ¢H# û‘d ®—è ä´"" æFT [√| ®æT ô≤∑ õè¿RH| ä´"" πM“Ä´T Y`Æ| õè¬F ä´"" “I ûz®H¿ Ta õeû Uz% ≈[e M”ç Y`Æ| ôH´"" ôwz% z—≥a H#w c&Gèñ JÀ H8 ÆO| ô&|Q¢ æGçJ"" mÿH: H8 ÆO| ¿vH+ æGçJ"" πM”è Y`Æ| üwz% ûjR”H:ÇT æR^J"" fezìñ ÷&ˆH& æwIJó äË π®◊ ä´"" æ±ıçJñ æ¤ı^Jñ πÔm¿´èT æW^J"" z´ æF ûÛ æF vŒ πQH´ πHT"" v±Ôè v‡Ô^ æ◊IH# æ“¿IH#"" πäË ±Oè ä´ç ä—` 30 πHv|T "" 4zì m@è√I æGçJó vØ`“{ vO¿OT æê^J"" ®¿ ¤Ù æE√Jñ vhè‘T æmO◊J"" 5zì πm@è√Iäz%è ±Oè û¤[c vâI ºaRæ æwIJ"" ®¿ ¤Ù ôæE≈T ®¿ hè‘T ôæ®◊T"" πm\| ®¿ ¤Ù c&K+¡ õc# 31 vOè¿` æm^J"" H+w mRì ®èvƒ æGçJ"" πRèèT v”ç ıπJ 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. page169-194 page 7 O õè¿T÷^Ä´"" O õè¿Tc◊Ä´"" O »ï|"" ÁKÚ¨Ä% —√è õç H#wèñ πH#w´è πzÁ´∞ eTç πh#O| eTñ πH#w¨Ä%è o¿T zûzJ πQc÷#| vzHºπ OJ° ä´"" H±&F ≈`c| Oäi´è πôw wM`æè ≈`c| R≈[” æê`xçJ"" —√ Y`Æz% ä´ó H#w wè≈ ±Oè z—≥a 8 ÆO| πQ—≤ |´J≈ ä´"" «v&Ò`Ã» v&ÒŒ ä´"" ôw wM`æ ôº´m%|T"" H+T TeH+"" O {H#m%"" O πHvT"" O mOì"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 176 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç õº[¿ ævIJ"" xÅ üè≈ v[| 1 v” 1 ıπJ 1 cè“ õèÃ 2 ôæ®e≈T"" õè¬BT õåFè 5 OÆ`“| c&ÔÈT $ ±Oè æGä™J"" û±&F vâI æ—±^Jç H#w æGçJ"" ô∫ ”è û®—ã zO`Ÿ ®—ã π®¿¿´è ækRJ"" —√´è 32 π¤[c H#w ækP{J"" ô∫T yû#è ôeO`p v¤Ù æmvIJ"" yû# RH| π®æ^ ¡I ä´"" õc#T ov+ π÷—v πz®H®H õè¿ v|[ Oè”Y| πûv[ ä´"" vc# zh#U æO[ov{J"" 8 ÆO| zh#U æÔ`√J"" û8 ÆO| vâI æi^J"" ôæÔ`≈Tó û¤ÙT ôæ¿èT"" H#w ¡HÅ æwIJ"" ô∫ v¿À ûx±# H#yÇ “^ æÔ`√J"" v8 v8 ÆO| “I BH# zcxey πQÔ`≈v| ºHÔ´T π8 ÆO| {]°ç ı`≈ πQä—`v| πzämÔ´ zäoˆ ô¬e M” πQW^v| HQO◊´T π“I M”ç Y`Æ| πQcv°v| y{´ç ¤Ù´ vm≈U ±Oè y[ç äv`"" û±&ºT πQÔ`¿´ ôw P√ç æwIJ"" ôw P√ç RH| OX&K™* ®æT πzmw RH| ä´"" ûy[çT û®÷# vâI õeû≤_ ûπ‘d´ ®¿`c# exûz%ç |õ≤±#è cTz´ πQOHc# 2 2 c´ æJû# äv\"" õäc#T vzOHc# —&±+ võπ¤Ù´ ô∫ v°x` æmvIÄ™J"" õä±&FT œI æwIH#"" vJxdÄ´ ®æT vTJ°{Ä´ π{®m% çÄ´ç vcJı OAûJ v&E¡ πQäüÄ´ πHT"" ûy[ç û®÷# ®¬F πBH#T ¤Ù OJü yH: ô™j äv["" 33 ô∫T πQÔ`¿´ û“Iè äv["" vâI ±Oè “H:Ç õevdÄ´ c&◊H# 34 y{T c&÷wÄ´ vQÿfiT c&Hº∫ v¤ÙT zHº∫"" 32. O »i"" 33. O"" 34. π«Qÿfi»ñ «SÿÅ» |°°Hì |`—>T Tè õè¿Gä HR®o ôJzÅHT"" nH#T ôè√è≈ y{ «OÿÅ» zxH: zÈˆ æ—ìJ"" ”è πûx| Oè“ OGè ôHv|"" «û”^î ®¬F h™è πzH:R “I SÿÅ ôc[v|""»ñ (EMML 1515 p. 160)"" û±OÅ vÚ| πQ¿[” πûx| ¿T Rıceç Omw| ºHv| ôTJ¢ v±&B eT æ÷^J"" ôè≈ Tè‡ °èz*ºêÄ%è c&®oeñ «õè¿ “IT ¿O OÿÅ HÔ[e æmv# º¿`—# µO\» æIJ (EMML 144, f. 113a)"" ôTJ¢´ ®¿ Ÿ`ä| c&®÷# πQº¿`—#| OGãè πJR¡ {]° ºe[√J"" úaU¨Ç vè—#W# h#Tç vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| Iæ HO O]º —&±+ c&ºTÎ# ≈J πQº¿`—#v|è ±ƒ õèƒ| “éè õè¿ä—^Ä´ ÁKÚ¨Ä% c&z`û# õè¬F æIH#ó «æF IH: πQwJ c´ v#I ıπJ ÿm%` v” ä‡ IT ov+ æ¥ (û÷èuæ ±è≈) O◊ó Tè I≈`” ôH´"" û±&F vâI ... õè¬F ôH´ó v—#è ıπH#è IVè ô`¿F ¿RÄ´è vov+ ôO≈ HćF m≈OF ôèz ”Tw`Fè zmwó HÔ[eFT mw´ó J–ÇFT õè√èz æmv#"" Y“´èT ôèz vÚ| page169-194 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 177 eH±&F ô™j OJü yH: πz%HR35 ¤Ù Gä"" πô∫T º´ —Iè ä´"" πOfiT ÷#H+ Gä"" õû#H+{ Ofi ä—Y{| ôH#v|"" πæz% ¤Ù ü^ m@`m@^ Gä"" 36 ûv#`n v{Ç πK[`—+ “I ¤Ù vH#H: äv["" õè¿±&FT ®H: ô\c+T vπ¿ÕÄ´ ¤Ù ô¿[—#"" æ§´T ¤ıºÄ´ vOcxcwÄ´ Bû| õè√æäd v√”R™* 37 TåJ° ô™œ zûHûH# "" õè¬F eHGä “H:Ç v¤ÚºÄ´ πQÔ`¡v| w÷—wÄ´ üHä´ °èz*ºè äè ûTèH´ æJo πä`dÄ´ πziH πÁçT ä´"" v“I Y`Æ| vH#w vô∫ v¤ıºÄ´ “I ºwz%èç πçz%è Jœ ôº—wT"" º‘z%è πõáz%è Jœ ôº—wT"" M” zIJˆ v&º—wT õeûU| πQº¿è x`z% o◊| ôHv|"" û®—ä# û±O¡ R”w| vä`dÄ´ ±è≈ õ`T ä´"" ÿèz%èT ôJz O[T õèœ v¤Ù ôı`c´|T v&Gè ûM” ®÷# RH| ä´ó vM“Ä´T æÔ[≈wÄ™J"" eH±&FT o¡e ‰´H:e õè¬F æIJ"" õ”±&ôxK+` πc´è Ú| ôæ} ôº¿ITç M” dæcÎÄ´ πv¿H# BH# ºH M” æ÷ÛH#ç"" M” zW`}IÄ´T πv¿H# vM” æÔ[≈wÄ™J"" M”è πQcP võ”±&ôxK+` ±è≈ Ë≈nè ôæ¿H#Tç M”è πQc\ õä`dÄ´ æÁ≈nH# õèœ"" M” πH+IÄ´ ôM≤x ûwF`ºÄ´ M” v&º¿`—# õä±&º M” wæê^Ä´ H^dÄ´ M” çÄ´"" M”èT vR≈[” vJwÄ´ πzËÔ´è æ—J◊H# õèv`dÄ´T JwÄ´ æOc°`wÄ™J"" ôdwÄ´T æ—YËÄ™J"" õ”±&ôxK+`T vc´ TY÷&` vQÔ`≈v| mè vô&πc#e °è}e õé v®è—+J õè√ezR`B ı`√Ä´ æGçJ õè√H´ πQGèv| —&±+ ôH"" aS 38 2"11-17"" 1"42"" “H:Ç vDæRê| ô[R´ºè çÄ´"" xÅ πK™`º R◊| ä´ õèÃñ 1 ôTI° õè√H ºńH#ó ™n —#^Å æH#{J"" vzÄ—\ç vz¤äm% —&±+ ®¿ cRæ ººH#ó ®¿±&º´T æHTçH#"" 33 35. 36. 37. 38. page169-194 page 9 vJzF ôxIÄ´ ôH´"" ... IH:T æFè ä—` cT} πä—[´è BH# ô≈`‘ ... ôJO◊T xH: ü≥RÇ õè≈`ºe Iû"" û±&F vâI ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe eR W^™*| °z| vä“]| xH: c´è BH# cxey z™—#"" (IH:) ≈J äe} IPè ä≈} J–Ä%è ôeû|H: “I ûQwJ ¡` —x} fi| v#è õπvI ®z| õπ÷◊ ‘– c`} zmO÷» (EMML 144, ff. 107b-108a)"" O »H#R"" O ûv#`{"" vdv&º´ H≠OÌ õè√æ∆Jz% æGçJ"" O "" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 178 û“I BH# ôem≈U π®H: “I ôcHO"" mÿH: πSfi “H:Çñ ä—Y{| ää πQH#ñ û—&v+ R∆ ºH# ôcHP"" mÿH´ vK[`—+ ûzR ±#]º ºH# “H:Ç TeaÇ v—±#™Ä´ —&±+ v”≈ 39 cHPó vâIT wÁ+ TåJ° ±Oè õeû ô&z% cHO"" 40 ôBèT πm[´ “I ºR^ ®{¿`è eH÷I °èz*ºè ûOGè õeIT OGèè æO`◊J"" “I ôR^è OÿIz% —è±xè vO´¿¡ç v°Ûz% vO¤ûã õèoÛ| Gêv| ä´ õèÃ πõeIT v&Gè ®æT π°èz*ºè πDæRê|è °Û|ç v—@ä| Hæ} eI®m ôæ¿HT"" “H:Ç vc+| oç|ç O“¿J æo` xH´ M” πc\v| T°èº|"" T°èº|" (—. 555-561) v®H:ñ vÚ| —ç dºcJPñ ôè≈ œ”ç ‘v≥ w—^Ä´ äv[ó OJüT pè– Tj| äv[Ç´"" ôè≈ π¤™ Jœ OJû OJüT —ç ûc+| ºJ¿[c —:v≥ v‘[v+| äv["" π±&F œ”ç Tj| v±&F —:v≥ ıo` zä≈Û äıe ôJm[w|T"" ±®|`T HTî{ |Oí´ äv[Ç"" ûØH{| ôè≈ mè vzOÄ y{ ô—íÇ´ó Ôn≈™èT HOÔÁT º±Ç´"" v“I Y`Æ| ºJ—¿H c´ ûc+| ôæ¿èT äv[ó æJm%èT û—#JRd Tj| TèT ôæm`x äv["" 41 eH±&F õè¬F ôI|ó πz¿[— ä—` dæcR ôæm`Tç õéT —ç O^πè ôI®◊BTç æF ä—` v&cR ôèÇ |ä®]ºHjó wJjèT 42 {eä´]ºHjó eH±&F "" ôBè ôæGèT"" vâI ”è û±OÅ —≈Ω vzOHeB —&±+ v”Jÿ ®√œ ô¿`”iHB"" πœ”ç πõ—H+ Tj| Gäj ôBè ûé O^Ωè üI®◊B Jœ “^ x|—î vâI IèÇ {Io Üı[|ç ä´` æGèxiJ ôI|"" õc#™ ”è ôè≈ —&±+ v°Ò ı|®| zä≈Ûñ vc# ıo` õd| Jx™ znÿI;Jçñ æFR Tè Ä”aFó õé ôè¡è JŒè vTY÷&` vè¬F ºH eı^ õc≈JAHB õc#è ”¿Jç cJvF õº±ÔèF ç ôHÇ´"" õc# ”è ôΩ x|÷æî ä´ õèÃ æFe O´¿≈T ôæ¿Hó π±&ºè œ”ç —:v≥ Jœ —≈Ω vâI πz¿[— ä—` dæcR ôæm`Tç v&cR æ—HìJ"" õè£è õéè ûä±` ô≤á`z, º÷ÛìJ ôI|"" 39. 40. 41. 42. page169-194 page 10 O O O O ô+z%"" e÷I"" dæR"" e±&F"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 179 õgT ”≈ πHFT æFè ä—` ûéç üèz vm` H+I c´ Rè º´m™Jç æcRJ xHF |÷^÷^HFç |Ô^HF ôHÇ´"" õc#T væ õè”¬ºe ä—`j õè¬F ûGäñ vâI eH Jœj õè√æ÷ÿ|j æFäèT TY÷&` Hc´ õè√{®‡ xH: vÈã OKI õè¿ Y^{Ä´ ôRI|"" û±&F vâI v\üv+ dæ—çí% BHz%T vπv+{Ä´ E¡"" R{ v¤HR vm÷a´ eı^ C∆ û¡` zhj‘ zmO÷ó õgT Jœ™è wè≈ T°èº| Jü ®¿±&º eı^ c¿¿Ç´"" JÀT v¿[c —&±+ º±´ç ®¿ \o eı^ ®c¿´"" û±&ºT æF Jœ 43 44 π®è≈S Jœ ä´ç ô¿^ ¿áç ô≈`“ÇB z÷èonÇB ÷xm%Jîç ôã\Jî xH: û®√œ ±O≈ v+| ôê[´"" —&±+´ πjx`ç πe`p| πO”¿J —&±+ äv`çñ ôw| õç| v+z 45 ±O≈T A#H# zc`p zjŸ æGçJ (®æT “¡ —≈H:| æGçJ) xH´ ôJoc´ ≥T ôH#"" æF —:v≥T ÿm*| cèx} ôè≈ Jxe πıπJ ¿T mx} 46 ôè≈ ‹v+ æ¥ ®¿ \o ô—` CŒ —¿JA#îó cHw´è ôe◊H#îó π¿T hR´è ‹v+´è ”è ôO◊Bî xH: ôdºÄ´"" vv+z% æ±Ôè O["" æFÇ c+|T Tèe JÕÇè ÷ı} ô±èzïÇ xèGè H`c#T H—:[v+{Çè Uz% (ä´ç) õè¿c´ BH# C¿è õè£è ¿áç O◊Fñ õè£ mçF õèvH´ xI ûä wJ™ ®¿ v+z% E¡ç õè£ ¿áç —wFñ õè£ mçF ôH#|"" õc#T õè£ ¿áç pºÇBî xH: õè¿ Y^z% eH JÕÇB U| KUz% ô&c&åz* ô&èƒv&æè ûè—#¿z% ô&c&å ºû+í%% xH: 47 ôÁççÄ´"" æFT °Ò ôæOJewÇB πQº≈—´è æe◊ÇB RH| ä´"" 48 û±&F vâI zäe{ ûQ±ıä´ c´ “^ zäe{ ±ÔäÇ"" ±Ôè ûzÔÁO c´ BH# vπv+z% zvzä"" æF —:v≥ç æÇ c+| πQOÅÄ´è —&±+ c&÷wvm% 1mè v\üv+ z—çí%ñ °Ò ı|®{Ä´èT ÔÁP"" ûÚzì´ πQvJÿ õœ” ôÿxn ®¿¿Ç´"" 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. page169-194 page 11 O »“Ä´"" æF vÁKÚ´ ôR`ì J° H&Gè æÇIJ"" O »nÄ´"" õè¿ tÿ` 43"" vâI voèı á√” Iæ πz¤O["" O cI»"" O"" O"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 180 õc#T ôè≈ —&±+ Jw;è O≥ê{Jç ÿm*| cäwx} õèv& ôI|"" Tä´ Tè GèF ôHÇ´"" 49 wJè aÄ æF ôè≈ π—¿H BHzì ºJ¿—O õºH# c¿v#îç ôdÔ\î ôI|"" æFR Tè Ä”aF ¿”U BHzì´è JŒè ”¿H´ xI 50 c÷Ç´"" ®e∆T û®è≈P “^ ¤Ta (ôãa|) O◊ç õè¿ Úzì´ —wó Tï~èT ÔÁO"" õè¿JR¡ ¿”U õèv& ôI|"" ûÿm*| —&±+ vâI õgT 3ì´è Jœ™è ¿”U ”¿H´ xI c÷Ç´"" ®e∆T û®è≈UÄ% “^ ôê[´"" õè¿JR¡T —¿JB xH: —w"" õe™èT Tj| ôûJ ô≈`‘ º±"" v¿[ T —&±+ æF —:v≥ —√æç œ”ç Gä"" õä±&ºèT J–Ç õπzOIHc õººÄ´ vT”x õºeOÅÄ´ ô¿—#"" û5 û6 ÆO| vâI x`z% —#√æ ôHîç 7 v+| ®H: æcxcxJî xH: Hh#P HK∫ ä—[´"" vBH#T vK∫ |õ≤≥ zcvcv#"" ºÆ& πQwJ {Io —#wÆ+ ô¿[—#"" v—#wÆ+´T OAûJ æF —:v≥ zäe} pO"" ePî ±O∆Äñ ™n 51 õ”±&ôxK+` æeRÇB "" —#wÆ+´T ≥T xH: ä—\è HOeR| ô¿O÷"" *ôè¡ 52 Y^{Ä´ —#wÆ+´èç ô—\è pH+´èç ô≈w\è ûO[m vâIñ ä—\è õè¬F ä´ c&J O["" πTä”^ÇB ä—` õ—H+è πQºep◊ ä´ç ôem≈RÇB õc#è õè√æ—Hî õW\Jî ôH"" º c´T zº±ç {W["" ä—\èT ûO O]º´ õeû O¤[i´ñ π±&F c´ Tj| õc#è vOOí| v°Ò ı|®| zä≈Û vJ–Ç™ º¿[—Ç´è 53 ‡ûçç —@≈ ä—` BH# ä—^Ä´"" õä+ ”è J–Ä%è ôJ—¿Jû#Tó vOJüT y{ õπO—xB ôd¿”B õèÃñ xH: hJU ôe—&Ÿ w÷—v# ôãbÄ´ äv`ç zäc# xH: v—#wÆ+´ OAûJ ôm%Uñ õäG J–ÇF xH: Iw{Ä´ ôe[ûv"" J–Ä, Uz% xH: zeÛ πp[÷ç vÖ±è z¿m%f πäv[ ôw|T 54 ≈è—| dºev´ πJ–Ä%è O—í| v–a´ vcR wæãT wºÄ´ —&±+ π¿e{ ≈è“÷+ ¿è”Ÿ õè¿ ≈è“æ Gä"" 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. page169-194 page 12 O ºH»"" O"" «ôH» O¤O` äv[v|"" «õè¿ Y`Æ{Ä´» HRH|"" O ‡¢»"" O »Ç"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 181 c´T BH# v±&F c´ ¿”ä| v±&ºÇ c+| ‡ûçç °Û| z¿ämç z—[O"" û±&F vâI ¿”U æF c´ v—#wÆ+´ OAûJ zäe} pOñ õè¬F c&Jñ ®√–Äç ±O∆Ä Gæñ ¿”U õez* ePî ôè≈ —&±+ Hì πQ÷oO´è ä—` õè≈çexç Y^| õè≈ç®◊ õè≈çmçT Jè—^ÇB"" Ø´m| πH+IÄ´ õècfÇç ô^™*}Ç õè£ HJ–ÅÄ´ æ^^H#"" eH J–ÅÄ´T ^dÄ´è HU| ôdJÔ´ æc◊H#"" c¨Ç πQwH# ıÿ[}Ç πì c+}Ç ”è ûõèedç ûô^™*| õœ” æûÛH#"" æFT °Û{Ä´ πY“ ı|®{Ä´è HOÔÁT J–ÅÄ´è HU| ôdJÔ´ õeû&c÷# πJwÄ´ OhÔèç O¿è¿è æ{ºJ"" õè¬F ûGä õè”ƒF vè¬F ºH# ıÿ[}Ç c+}Ç vQwH# Onç|ç O◊I| O“¿JT æo`"" ®è≈T ®è≈Pèñ wJè ^T wJè ^´èñ v&Ä—` πQ[√´èñ v&·F ôxa| πQ®◊´èñ v&peJ πQºäd´èñ v&U| πQmx[´è våF ÿˆÇ T°èº| 55 õè√æ◊I´ç õè√æ—≈H´ õçè| jR”H:Ç H±&F ä—` π´J Y^| ô≈`—#"" õç}ÅÇè çÄ´ç ä´ õèÃ c+}Ç ûc´ H&p÷\ ôæ—wÄ´ äv["" õè”ƒF vc+| Omçç|ç O◊I| æo` ôH"" ä—\T v—#wÆ+´ BH# Ú| πz®¿¿ç ºR[ Gä"" û±&F vâI jR”H:Ç vc+}ÅÄ´ Iæ æFè Y^| W\"" ôè¿ì ä—`ñ c+| Jœ ww|™ v+| û®è≈UÇ™ “^ è| ô|üÔJ"" BHzìñ vc´ x|U| πäıe ™“™ π®è≈ äıe ™“ õû#H+{ % m%T ûx| æBèó π®è≈ ”è ) m%T ûx|"" 56 fezì´ñ ôw| c+| JÀè c&≈` JŒè jfiHB ævJó wJ™T õè¿w`º mÿoŸ æ”≤|"" ¢xJI C√T ûH+I c´ x|®J≈ J–Ñè ¤Ta OJf ®e∆ π”≈ æ”≤|"" 57 ô^zìñ û®è≈ wæçÒ x|º≥ πoç| ™“ ´jR™ 58 HwJ™ ôè≈ ®æÔè æeÿ"" HgT 1 hRç Oe{¨| æeÿ"" æFèè 59 æ¥ ®¿ v+|™ πQE≈v| mè ô^^ æwIJ"" æFT πØò mè RH| ä´"" H±&F Iè¡ ®æÔè Oç– 7|T 0`T m%T ûx| ôxa ®e∆ ûwJ™ v[| º—wJ"" 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. page169-194 page 13 O õç|"" O e»"" «wæçÛ»? |`—>P ”JÈ ä´ó nH# ”è πzHO¿ ôæ¿HT"" {]û# õ´ä| v&Gè ≈`—&z% πzÔÁO´ vo`x —&±+ ä´ HRH| æÅIJ"" O πT|E≈v|"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 182 õc#T ûÿm*| wJè aÄ% “^ Bê ô—&Ÿ zhJU æE√J"" wHv+z%T ¤™{ç ®” πQº´m%|è jR”H:Ç ÷`} —:[v+}Ä%èT cxey OxJç O÷ÿ ôo`y õc#T ûTjz% “^ ô—&Ÿç zhJU æpºJ"" ºT õè¿¿[c π´jR´è ê æeRJ"" ºO◊´èT ôe[°y ôJˆ æmO◊J"" 60 jR”H:ÇT õè”ƒF õçèz vBH# J|[√¡ πQ—wÇB ®è≈RRÇ çÇB æI;Ä™J"" û±&F vâI ûOJüT ¤™{ “^ OxJç O÷ÿ æm`wJ"" õä`dÄ´T v¿e{ c&vH# c&÷÷# c&fi®z% ´H´ ºO÷#|è ®æÔè ôe[°v´ HOç– ºO÷#|è ûx}ÅÄ´è OJc´ æ±´ ®¿v+{Ä´ æE√H#"" û±&F vâI ®¿ ´jR´ v”Jÿ õπzOIHc õè¿ wHv+| æGçJ"" Ÿ\è v¿À ôm%U æ—wJ"" wHv+z% vS√ ãa c&O◊ πTjz%è ´jR Ÿ` v¿À m%U wπ —&±+ ®¿âI´ zOJf õeû&®◊H| û—:[v+| c&fi®| æpºJ"" ®¿\o ô—` πE¿ õè¿GäT ç v+z%è ÷xo xH: æ÷^™J"" πTjz% ´jR ûv+z% Oÿ} õè¿ wH v+| Bê wHv+z% c&c^´ πäv[´è õπW^ 61 õeû&OHe æpπ™J "" “H:Ç æFè Y^| πW\ OÄT c+|è ÷xp R√è πHTç Iè¬| c+| BH| ®è≈ v&÷xn| æiIJñ Onç|ç O“¿J æm^J xH´ ä´"" eH “I |´J≈ (—. 586-7) 62 π“I |´J≈ õè¬F ä´ó Ú| π÷^çÄ´ v`z%R 6 y[è 01 BHz% ®è≈RRÇ 07 J–Ç ®J¡"" πv`z%R J–Ç 1ñ û[∫ 2ñ O[™ 3ñ ô&z% 63 4ñ ô°z% 60. 61. 62. 63. page169-194 page 14 O õçz"" O π»"" t. 10è zOJû|"" t. 12è zOJû|"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 183 5ñ ®[äi 64 6ñ Bvç çÄ´ πû[∫ J–Ç 1ñ H&vè 2ñ Sfi 65 3ñ |H:R 4ñ ®H: 5ñ œH+ 6ñ ôy 7ñ H#w 8ñ vIØ çÄ´ πO[™ J–Ç 1ñ 2ñ 3ñ 4ñ ®`≈ºè ô\c& ô&z% ÿP“ ®`≈ºè 3 æ®J√J 1ñ ôç 66 2ñ ≠#` 3ñ ôv÷& õåF BH# πO[™ J–Ç çÄ´"" õåF πO[™ J–Ç vÜæJç vx≤| ûBH# ævJ◊H#"" eH±&FT vBH# æ—ìH#"" πô&z% J–Ç 1ñ œH+ 2ñ H#w 63 πô°z% J–Ç 1ñ œè—#` 2ñ ¤Û 64. «T» z´◊ ä´ õèÃ «BTvç« ä´"" 65. H+T z%HRó t. 15èç 16è zOJû|"" 66. t. 18è zOJû|"" page169-194 page 15 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 184 π®[äi J–Ç 1ñ c∫ 2ñ ôv# 3ñ fiv# 4ñ æH# 5ñ —>≈\ 6ñ û#{æ 7ñ ôU\ 8ñ Ga çÄ´ πBvç 64 J–Ç 1ñ ^º 2ñ ô±y 3ñ ôhè—+ çÄ´"" õä±&F ®H:Ç ºR^ —:[v+| eHGã “Jìè ôÿız´ wR`ì æç—^H#"" ôhè—+¨Ç π|”_ ‘[v+| eHGã “Jìè ôÿız´ v|”`ì æç—^H#"" 67 πy[è J–Çñ 1ñ √¤ 2ñ œH+ 3ñ ¢ê"" 65 õä±&F |H:R æwIH#"" 4ñ yÇ 5ñ ôü¢ 6ñ ®y 7ñ H#w"" õåF c¿Å æwIH#"" 8ñ ‡H+ 9ñ H&vè 0ñ —#≈\"" õåF G¢ æwIH#"" 01ñ G¢"" 67. t. 11è zOJû|"" page169-194 page 16 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 185 π√¤ J–Çñ 1ñ H+n 2ñ ¤Hw"" πœH+ J–Çñ 1ñ ®H“ 2ñ —#R"" π¢ê J–Çñ 1ñ H&P 2ñ œR 3ñ —+^"" πyÇ J–Çñ 1ñ ôxÄ% 2ñ ”TxÄ%"" πôü¢ J–Çñ 1ñ ®v] 2ñ —Iè"" π®y J–Çñ 1ñ H#S 2ñ H&vè"" πH#w J–Çñ 1ñ S{ 2ñ ™∫ æwIH#"" π‡H+ J–Çñ 1ñ —#HH+ 68 2ñ cIH+ñ 68. 2 z[e} vâI û«cIH+» mÿH: zÈÛ<J"" page169-194 page 17 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 186 πH&vè Jœñ 69 1ñ ôvz* "" π—#≈\ Jœñ 1ñ ¿^"" πG¢ Jœñ 67 1ñ y[ç "" õåF BH# π“I ôw}Ç çÄ´"" !" π®H: õeJTç õ´äzì´ {]°e õè¬F ä´"" (—. 592-594) πõeIUÇ O O]º äv&æç è—#Y πOKO≈è πJÀè πÛ÷&R wJ 70 ôH&è ôx¿`FRè πQwJ —¿H´"" ºH& Jœ ûÛ÷&R πz®H¿´ Kcè ä”Z äv`ç vâIT πQä”W# πOKO≈ πÛ÷&R πÆH& J–Ç 70 çÄ´ç πôx≈ [FRè J–Çç ®—êÇ BH# πÆH&è ¿T zvoH´ æÔÀçJ c&H# zc¿´ ®¿ ô&|øÂº Oÿz´ ûh™ væÛ| zmO÷#"" æFT πGä vè—#Y ≈”ç Qüô+J ±Oè ä´"" ≈”ç Qüô+J û6)%6 (õeû) 6)*2 ÆOz TM[z @6 ÆO| ä—W"" vc# ±Oè éÿ õåF õeIUÇ væÛ| —v#"" v±&º ±Oè πäv\ zû{|H´ πä—W# ä—Y{|ç O£èè| üFç|T veèıçÄ´ ≥T xH™Ä™Jç x±# —è±x õπc÷# vR{HJ πä—Y{z%è πO£èèz%è Jx ôx`¿´ õåF õeIUÇ me me õºH# vh™ √` H√` wJ∫ ôTw w`‘w õeû ®H: ô—` õºezR\ c´ c^j DæRê{Ä´è ±[—#ç ôcÒ"" x±# ºJzR[ M≥xè ôcHP"" ®H:T väv[v| ûåF õeIUÇ “^ z—çî} πõeITè DæRê| OeR| O["" û±&FT vâI ûåF õeIUÇ ûH# πQwJ hF Oÿ} ôezR[´ç û®è≈UÄ% zHæ}ñ õc# ücHOT πõeIT ®—è õπv[{ E¿"" 69. «ôv÷&» æGè? 70. O"" page169-194 page 18 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 187 wÁ+ ÆT¿ Èøè ¿°U πäv[71 õè¿ —ç õπzäd ôjÄ—["" eH 72 ±&FT v±&º ±Oè v´≈R ôeÔ_ —&±+ vä—W vBHzì´ (ÆO|) wè≈ ®—è “I wè≈ ®—è õeIT õπzäd v&ºeÄ”^Ä´ “Iè xÅ HRÿn| õåF ûæÛ|ç û®H: õeIUÇ HO{[o è—#W#ç O£èèz% üFçz%T zcxev´ wè≈ Bä´ Oû\"" O°[´T ôJm\ 73 ûõeIUÇ “^ {[m% "" Ø`nÄ´T Hè—#Y H&{±±#ç H&—x\ñ vDæRê{Ä´ 74 H&ê\ñ vπM≥wÄ´ võº—^Ä´ H&kP ñ w—^Ä´ éÿ ºH °èz*ºèè õè√æv≈H#ñ v+z °èz*ºèT H&÷xm% õèÃ IºnÿH#ñ v±&F ´J °èz*ºêÇ v®è—+J õeIUÇ vt`Æè zRTH´ ´J dºÔ`c# vıo` H&ê\ {[m%"" eH±&F væÛ| w`‘w wH# õeIUÇ ôHn ®æT —∑ zxH: ®IeR zxH: û®—çÄ´ zkO"" π®JcRè |`’S vâI ûõeIUÇ {]° Iæ õçO◊™Hè"" H®H:T è—#Y cÿ}| û™π| ®¬F ºHè ô—` º±ç ”≤z% èz%T ô¿[—"" π±&º ô—` eT ÿè| I¢ OJ≤ æwJ äv`ó ®H: ûº±´ ®¬F veP ®H: zxH: z÷^"" æF πGä vh& 3)^3 ÆOz TM[| ä´"" ®H:T —ç vMæ®z% dH ô—\è H7z% J–Ä% ôüıH: c◊Ä´"" ô—^Ä´T vπeRÄ´ z÷^"" πCvê ®[CRê zwHó πnH# ®[nH# zwH"" ®[ RH| ô—` ®æT Oè¿` RH| ä´"" π≠væ ≠væ v+|ñ πÆH& ÆH& v+|ñ 75 πôTy H— ôy ñ πE√ H— E√ñ π‘^ H— ‘^ zwH"" H— ®æT H“ RH| OJü RH| ä´"" eH±&FT ô—\ vÿoH# ®H: 7 v+| ®H: æwIJ"" 71. ÆÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè c&ä”Y vô&|øÂº ”≤| e` πäv\ πõeIT A—aÇ ô≈O´ ≠TÎ´v| äv`ó æF ≠OÌ dÿçô+J πôTIû#è Oèv` HOmR| õè¿Uû[ Ææä| ä´ xH: O{Ä´ó Peruchon, "Histoire des Guerres d' ‘Amda íyon, pp. 271-363, 361-493. 72. ´≈R ôeÔ_ πä—W´ v1292-1306 Æ. T. ä´"" 73. π”xÍÇè {]° æOeIJ"" OHü´ºè (ü}H&¢Ç) v&ºeÄ”bÄ´ °èz*ºêÄ% ûõeIUÄ% “^ zeRP æwIJ"" 74. OkT Oi` πPH# YJ◊è TJ°| ä´"" 75. «T» z´◊ ä´ õèœ nH# “ôTy” ä´"" page169-194 page 19 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 188 π®H: õ´äzì {]° æF ä´"" π“éè °{x zmvHó ô[`—+ ®`∆ πõeIT °{x zR[ó ”^î c&O◊ ôxa O◊ RH| ”è ıÁ#T Kc| õè¿Gä v{]û# ôHOeRR|ç vä—\ BH# æ{ºJ"" eH “I z¤R] ºı {]° (—. 568-9 572-3) (ôHn {π OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eHúaU ûQä—[´ ºı {]° x±# cxev™J"" ôè√è∆Ä% õè¬F c&H# æ T^H#ó “H:Ç ôw{Ä´ ô^| ®è∆Ç (û[∫èñ z%HRèñ Ofièñ ®H:è) fe| c+}Ç (ôJ¢èñ ¡[z*èñ ôºèz%è) ®J¿"" ®è∆Ä% π´‡ c+}Ç v&{÷#(!) ôá}ÅÄ´è ô—v# æH#ç J–ÅÄ´è æ±[≥^H#"" {]û# ûô RO\ Iæ wæ{OèTñ eHúaU¨Ç πQÈı c´ πJœ J–Ä%è ≥`≥`ç Rè π| õè¿cÔ[ πQcÿè Tè‡ dº÷ç´ ôºJıT"" eH±&F ûôHn {π OÈKı vm√B| Iæ û±&F v{Ç ºH#|è BHz%è õ¤T^HB"" ôè¡ {]° (—. 568-9)ó 76 û[∫ ôºèz%è ô”x}ñ ô”x} ô\c&èñ ôºèñ v+}èñ æz%è ®H¿"" 77 78 ππc#ıè Jœ ô”x} √”OìT πõeIT OKO≈è 79 |—>]è ñ ã]è ®H¿"" ôºT ô\c& v&U| õè¿ õeIT M” π®è≈Pè Tj| ®`f c#wèñ ≈è—>`—@^è ®H¿"" ûèx —¿J ôæOHJ ≈[eñ ûô¿J 80 õeû ÿJ◊J ≈[eñ û|”_ vOHe æÛ|èñ TY^m%è ô—` BH# 81 æ±´{J"" ®—”è ñ ôcy|èñ ÿm%` T≈`èñ ¤`¤`èT BH# æ±´{J"" 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. page169-194 page 20 æz% «ô&z%» ä´"" «è» veMz| π—wÇ æOeIJ"" «π» veMz| π—wÇ æOeIJ"" |—>] H{À^ (œv#z*) eT πc÷´ πúaU ä—≈ OGã ä´"" πôÛaÇ H+I eT"" ®—” πôv#ä dPô+J A—[ exû| äv["" —≈IÄ´è e{H&eçe û#` ôd|U{Jó Kur, Actes de Samuel de Wagag. ôcy| —√RÄ´è ºuuPv| ¿x` ä´"" x±#¨Ä%è Oä¢d| ôBè v|”_ äÏ ô´› ±Oä Oè”Y| πúä” ôwI| ô[√;Ä´"" Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 189 |H:R ôJ¢è ô”x} πSfi ôxÄ%è82ñ √¤èñ c∆è83 ®H¿"" 77 √”OìT û[∫ v&U| πOKO≈è πc#ıè Jœ Tjz%è ®`f ^º ºH#|è “H:Ç ®H¿ó |H:R æwIH#"" œH+T π|H:R Jœ ä´ æIH#"" ÿè| π≤` Jœ ä´ æH#| äv`"" vv[| éÿ ô”î} ôd¿—´ó eH±&F π|H:R Jœ zwH"" ®H: º¿J c+| ô”x} üH#è ®H¿ç Uz"" √”OìT |H:R π®H:è Tj| ®`f wv#èñ —:^èñ ô&H#èñ 84 nH#èñ üH:èñ C√èñ û#{æè (®H¿) "" õä±&F 7z% |H:R çÄ´"" v´è Jœä| ®H: æwIH#"" 85 √¤ π|H:R Jœ ä´"" 4 v+| ôxÄ%èñ 8 v+| ”TxÄ%èñ 7 v+| “Ièè æ®J√J"" 86 87 √”OìT ºxÄ% Sfiè (Tj|) ®`f S{èñ y[çèñ A—[ ¿™a 88 ºH´è c∆è æ®J√J"" õä±&FT ô¤x`ñ ®[∆añ êê æwIH#"" SfiT ¡[z*è ô”x} œÛ`èñ ®—+¡èñ H&vèè ®H¿"" 89 û#{æT v]ºè v´è üxÄ% Sfi Tj| ®H¿Ç´"" 90 õç{Ä´ ÿm%` ièoI ôæ÷ vI ç| "" õä±&F BH# õeû ÆÁ+ Jxä ≈è”J ±Oè ≈[e 7 7 Bä´ vô&|øÂº BH# OJz´ û°èz*ºè “^ õû#J vû=J Bä´ ê\"" 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. ôä“—\ H+H:Ç ôxÄ%¨Ç ®æT H+H:Ç Sfi¨Ç ºH# ºeOeIJ"" «f∆è» RHz% dæGè ôæm`T"" «®H¿» ôJzm√Tó z[e} æGçJ"" O J≈"" t. 80è zOJû|"" ºJzm√"" v±&F ôä“—` ¿™a æwJ πäv[´ f∆ OGã ä´ó πô} ≠ÌST õTä| õè¿±&B ä´"" |°°H#è ”è võ`”÷ìä| R®o ºeÄ”^J"" vπ—&±+´ ô&|øÂºè π—:ví% TØ^w´ºè πä¿Û<Ä´ ü`{¨ÇT õè v`dÄ´ ôæeRPT"" ¿™a ”^î O O]º π®“´ π°èz*ºè ”≤| eHGä ô√J ô÷—x OGè ôHv|ó ®æT BH| f∆¨Ç äv\ó ®æT f∆ ûô√J πQ™cè cÚ ô—` äv["" O÷]ºä{Ä´ eHm[´ πy{ eUÇ Bé{ HR®o πQÔJ” ˘aÙc` ]Å`≈ ¯è°[e| cxey ºdzO´è Rèvx æÇIJó Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands, Lawrenceville (New Jersey) 1997. 89. O û#{]è"" 90. ÁKÚ´ H+H:Ç M≥yÇ mè√´◊ñ íñ õèt^]|ñ ôèv◊ õè¿QvH# πcP ôæOeH#T"" page169-194 page 21 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 190 H+I´ {]° (—. 572-3)ó û[∫ ôºèz%è ô—wç 0 ®H¿ó ®H¿ õädÄ´T õåF çÄ´"" 1ñ ô\c+ 2ñ ô&z% 3ñ ÿP“ 4ñ ÃH+ 5ñ c#w 6ñ œ—#`—>` 7ñ fiÛ 8ñ ^º 9ñ ô±y 0ñ ôhè—+ Sfi ôJ¢è ô”x} ôe^ ôTe| ®H¿"®H¿ 1ñ c∆ 2ñ ôv# 3ñ fiv# 4ñ æH# 5ñ —>≈\ 6ñ û#{æ 7ñ ôU\ 8ñ G\ 9ñ H+n 0ñ ¤Hw 01ñ ®H“ 02ñ —#R 03ñ H+P 04ñ œR 05ñ —+^ çÄ´"" 91 |H:R ¡[z*è ô”x} ôe^ ôTe| ®H¿"®H¿ 1ñ 2ñ 3ñ 4ñ ôxÄ% ”èxÄ% ®v] —Iè 91. O ¡[zè"" page169-194 page 22 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 191 5ñ ô√ 6ñ H#S 7ñ H&vè 8ñ S{ 9ñ ™∫ 0ñ —#HH+ 01ñ cIH+ 02ñ ™À 03ñ ôyz, 04ñ ¿^ 05ñ y[ç ®H: 7 Te}Ç ô”x} û7 û7 Iæ v+| W`} 7 J–Ç ®H¿ó ®H¿ eRÄ´T õåF çÄ´"1ñ Cvê 2ñ ≠væ 3ñ ôH& 4ñ nH# 5ñ ôTy 6ñ K&√ 7ñ ‘^ æwIH#"" π“I M≥x vπä—√Ä´ õåF çÄ´ó πû[∫ J–Ç 0ñ πSfi J–Ç 92 05ñ π|H:R J–Ç 05ñ π®H: J–Ç 7 v≈T\ v≈P\ $593 ä—≈ çÄ´"" π“I Y^|ç M” (—. 597-600) vô&|øÂº °èz*ºèñ è °èz*ºè vQwJ M≥x M”ç Y^| õπz¿ä—— vπ—&±+´ ôæÔÁTTó πOè”Y| ô™œT ôºpO´T"" õ”±&ôxK+` vÔ÷[´ ÆHT vº—\ vπ¿Tv# ô[R™* v&Gèñ °èz*ºèT v&Gèñ õeITT v&Gèñ ôæB√™*T v&Gèñ BH# vπ®—ã Áè} πpO M” ôH´"" û} TèT v&Gè vÿm*| ä—` v{çj 94 T°èº| wJ Tjz%è ôæÔ{Tó πQºÛ{T πHT"" 92. O"" 93. O"" «$7» OGè äv[v|"" 94. O πQÛ{Tó ≠ÌS πQºÛ{T"" page169-194 page 23 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 192 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç “I ”è TèT vT°èº| v&Gè v[¢ º—w| Tjz%è û} ôæÔ{T"" “I v{Io ‡èo ûTjz% v&Hæ õgT C√ ûH+I x|®J≈ vâI ®¿ [¢ wJ™ x|OHe J–Ç™è æ≤ |OHdHÇ"" w|OHeT v±&ºT x|U| J–Ç™ H[¢ wJ™ Bä´ æE√H# õèÃ H®H√Ä´ ôw{Ä´ ôæGãT"" eH±&FT πO O]º wJ™ πÔ{| c+| x|®J≈Jî J–Ä, IæGã õºH ôè√è≈ û¤äm´ vm` πQº—w| πHT"" æFT π[¢ wJ™ πäv[ v&U| õåF û´‡ πO÷# J–Ç ±\ ºæ¿H# õè¬®`c#| ºńJç πx`z% ‡èo ä—` üJGä v™≤ ä—` °èz*ºè õè¿QwH# —:[v+}Ä% π[¢ Tjz%è ôæÔ{T"" RázT ôJ÷ÛTç õä±&º π´‡ Jœ õè¿ J–Ä% |°°J çÄ´ç è|è æ®`dH#"" õc#T ûH+H:Ç Tj}Ç v&®J≈ ™ç JÀ vû=\ v“Jì ôè“Û πQwH´ π[¢ Tjz% πz®H¿´ ä´"" [¢ RH|T πM” πû&√è πO O]º Tj| RH| ä´"" ¿”U v“Jì ‡èo RH| ä´"" ûm%w}Ä% ®æT ûBHzìæz% û[¢ TèT {IIpÇ ÜæHïÇ J–Ç v&®J≈ ™ç ®^h# πO O]ºæz% π[¢ Tjz% JÀ ä´"" c+| Jœ v&®J≈ ÔÈR ®¿ wJ™ |E√HÇó õè¿ õeIT Y^| vwI; ®—è |÷^HÇ"" “I ûH+I ‘d õèÃ TèT v&Gè û±O¡ ôæ“wT"" õè¿ “I ±\è pÿa πQºó πHT"" {Im% Ø´m{Ä´ ±^Ä´è Ot÷` ä´"" ôw| HJÀ |´J¡è ºezT[™J"" eH±&F õeû 0 |´J≈ v&Gè ôæ“v#T"" 95 vô&|øÂº ı|K ä—Y| õeû 4 |´J≈ H&“v# væä™J"" ÆÁ+ ±`ô ºØpx xÅ v7 |´J≈ H&“v# vOè”Y{Ä´ M≥x BH# 96 ô™œ ä”[´ äv\"" æFT ô™œ õeû ≤_ ûh™ vz—>H|ç vOè≥ñ v—:è¿`ñ vv+—T≈`ç v‘ÕTñ û|”_ vKRc+èñ vH+IT ô—` x¥Ç Y^| æ÷xnH#ó õè¿ õ”±&ôxK+` nJ BH# ºev#{J"" v“I OËMı| ûzc⁄Ä´ ûRæ÷xm%| °èz*ºè ää ûQH#| —:[v+}ÅÄ´ æJo πQiJ x±# OJüüT ä—` ôHv|"" 97 √\ ôè≈ |Jo |Jo BH#è xIj πQº¿`”wÄ´ ä—` ôH"" õc#T õ”±&ôxK+`è ôHR®o ä´ó RH| M—#èç |õ≤±#è vBH# eı^ Oê\èT ôº´m%T"" cR∫è õ”±&ôxK+` æH#{J"" Rè Ô÷[F v&H#| ≠#OT æIJ"" vzp÷# w±ãT —&±+ ®¿ cRæ ººH#ç vJwÄ´ õè√H ºe{ńH#"" 95. O ı{"" 96. O ûz»"" 97. O"" page169-194 page 24 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 193 “I ÿè| ûTjz% ®è≈ v&º—î æ—J äv`ñ vÚ| õè√dπä"" 98 cè“ üc[H| üe{®m´ vâI ”è ûTjz% —x} v&º—í´ ôè√Ç 99 ôæH´T"" πTjz%è ´jR Ÿ` û¿ÕÒ m%U wπ —&±+ õè¿ —w ºńJç zOJf ®¿âI æE√J"" v“I M” π¿T Y^| π“I π¿T Y^| w^| °ıJ æûÔIJ"" O O]º ¤™ v&U| —√∫ ) m%T ûx| æûıIJ"" BHzì c+| x|U| % m%T ûx|ó fezì ÷v&xñ ôèÿ[ìñ hRéñ Ûm* wH õœñ BH# v&U| $ m%T ûx| æûıIJ"" ô^zì Jœ ôwz%è v&—Jñ JÀ π[¢ Tjz% Jœ v&Gè ºwz% ®—êÇ ≈è—&º û®—v# ôe[´ ûwM` æÿH#{J õèÃ õ`RÄ´ ä´ç v¿T Rıce ôæ¿v≈v#|T"" õçz% [¢ πH+I| õè¿GäÇ ”è πçz% ®—êÇ zmxH´ ®e¿´ ) m%T ûx| æ°ÔH# õèÃ πM” Jœ ôæ¿HTç ôæ¿x¿x æIH#"" ôw| JÀè v&—≈Jd v&H# ôæ—JT æIH#"" eH “I ûQä—` {]° û[œT w‡\ñ ûx±# vÿm*z% æF ævnçJ"" û±&F mÿHè πõç]ºè (ä—`) {]° ôèÈÛHè"" 100 18. eH ä—¿ õç`º (—. 600) πõç]º M≥x BH# πüT ±` ä´"" ä—¿ øo◊è Oÿz´ πä—¿ û=dè Oè”Y| v®c¡ —&±+ñ M≥v#èT vŸ` ôÿız´ πz[Ô´è wd¿¡ —&±+ vô&|øÂº ¿v#x √` H√` v®IUñ vc&√Uñ vû=H:ñ v¢è{ñ vôUa v≥èœa πQê` M≥x ä´"" õc#T ûŸ` vâI ûä—¿ øo◊è ä—Y{| —x} HädÄ´ z—≥} —xa πQê` ä´"" m≈U “H:Ç dæ±#| H#oRñ œRñ H+nñ |v+ñ —#Rñ ûÛñ æF BH# πõç]º M≥x ô—` äv`"" vâI “H:Ç õºeHmm%| π“I ô—` Gä"" æF BH# ûm≈U Ta õeû m√R™* TåJ° ±Oè û±&ºT vâI õeû ±Oä °è|ç zºæ¥ õè¿ O◊ ôè≈ õç]º zxH: ûè—#W ä—Y| v{Ç ôè≈ è—#Y ækTv| äv`"" 98. O û»"" 99. vâI πz¤O["" 100. æF °ıJ eHä—¿ õç`º ä´ó õ±&F πm√B| eH úaU eIHv| ä´"" page169-194 page 25 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ±+çB H“Iè ®¿ õè”H&≥ì ûz[—:P| ôè¡ Å`Je v+û&è”DT"" (û Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 105: 1999 Lectures and Memoirs. ) page169-194 page 26 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ! ôw] 2 - Appendix II Ethnography of the Galla (±+çB H“I) By Abba Bahriy In transliterating names and other words, the system I followed is this: (a) for vowels: “e” for gi'iz or first order and hamis or fifth order; “u” for ka'ib or second order; “i” for salis or third order and for sadis or sixth order; “a” for rabi' or fourth order; and “o” for sabi' or seventh order. The “h” has lost the gi'iz vovel for the rabi'. (b) for consonants: I have “h” for A, K and Ö ; “s” for c and W; “'” for ô and ≠, ignoring both when they come at the beginning of a word; “ch” for Ä; “tch” for ¤; “t” for z and ÷; “gn” for í; “j” for ; “ts” for Á and Î; and “p” for ˜ and „. Expressions in parenthesis are supplied for the sake of English. I (hereby) begin to undertake studies1 of the Galla in order that I may know the number of their tribes, their zeal to kill people, and the brutality of their demeanor. If there is anyone who would say to me, “Why has he written about the wicked ones like the history of the good?”, I will give him an answer, saying to him: “Search in the books, and you will see that the history of Muhammad and the history of the kings of the Muslims have been written, although they are our enemies 2 in religion. Giyorgis Welde Amid , too, has written the history of the 1. Lit. “write.” 2. Giyorgis Welde Amid (1205-1273 A.D.) was a Coptic historian who wrote the history of the world from creation to 1260 A.D. Among the Copts he is known as Jirjis Ibn Abi Y‹sir Ibn Abû Al-Makarîm Ibn al-‘Améd al-Makin. The Ge‘ez translation of his work, made in the second half of the thirteenth century, is known by his name. page195-214 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 196 ZinguÕn3 kings of the Barbarians,4 who are the Afridon5 and the other kings of Persia, who are called at this era the Sofi.” Section 1 6 7 The owner of (this) book says: The Galla appeared from the west and 8 crossed the river of their country, which they call gelena , to the frontier 9 10 of Bali , in the time of the Hatse Wenag Segged. They are the two 11 12 tribes who are called Bereytuma and Boren. Bereytuma begot six children. The first was called Kerreyu, the second Merewwa, the third Ittu, the fourth Akkechu, the fifth Weren13 14 tisha, and the sixth Humbena. The father of the Boren was called Seppira15. Seppira begot Datche, and Datche begot Metcha. Metcha begot Da'ale and Jidda. And the two brothers gave birth to many tribes, which are the sons of De'ale: Hoko; second, Tchile; third, Obbo; and fourth, Suba. 3. In the world history by Giyorgis Welde Amid, “ZinguÕn” (plural of “ZinguÕ”) refers to the Babylonians, e.g., EMML 21, f. 40b, Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 23. 4. ‘Agam/‘ajam in Arabic is “non-Arab”, “pagan”, and “Persia.” 5. The reference must be to the Farédun dynasty. 6. I.e. “the author.” 7. If the Oromo crossed the frontier of Bale to come to central Ethiopia, they could not have come from west. Ethiopian writers sometimes confuse the names of the cardinal points. Dillmann has references, e.g. Isaiah 11:11, and 45: 6, to some older manuscripts where “mi’rab” appears where “misraq” is expected; see Dillmann, Lexicon linguae aethiopicae, col. 964. The author might have meant to say, “the Galla came to the west.” 8. The word probably means “river.” 9. Today changed to “Bale.” 10. Wenag Segged/Libne Dingel (1508-40) died fleeing from the forces of Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. 11. Also called “Bertuma.” 12. It is not known how the two tribes are related. 13. Also called “Werrensha” and “Werrensh.” 14. Also called “Hubbena”, with “m” assimilated into “b.” 15. In Ge'ez it means a “band of people,” from Greek speira “military unit;” see Leslau, Comparative Dictionary of Geez, p. 509 (col. 1); and n. 28 below. page195-214 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 197 Jidda begot Hakako, his first-born; second, Gudru; and third, Liben. Furthermore, Datche begot the Datch--and called them by his 16 own name --the Kono, Becho, and Jille. And these, too, gave birth to many tribes. Their names are these: the children of Becho are Uru and Ilu; the children of Datch are 17 18 Soddo , Abbo, Galan; the sons of Kono are Seqseq , Liben; the sons of Jille are Ela, Abbo, and Li'is. 19 All these are called Tulema, because they are many. They used to make war together; (but) after a long while, they quarreled with each other and separated from each other, as Abraham and Lot separated when their herds became a multitude, that they said to one another: “Let us separate, so that if you are to the right, I be to the left; or if I am to the 20 right, you be to the left.” And it (now) happened as it happened (then). Similarly, the two tribes of De'ale, who are the Tchile and the 21 Hoko, and also the two tribes of Jidda, Liben and Gudru , separated 22 from their brothers and formed unity; and were called Afre, in the time 23 of the luba which the Boren call Ambisa--the Bertuma call him Robale. Furthermore, the Hakako, sons of Jidda, and the children of 24 De'ale, Abbo and the Suba, formed unity in the time of the luba, called 16. This means “Datch” and “Datche” are the same. 17. Could this mean that the Soddo Gurage got its name from this tribe? 18. There is a region in Gojjam which has this name. It must have received it from Oromo who have since become Amharic speakers. 19. This reasoning gives the impression that “tulema” means many. 20. Gen. 13: 9. Since the allusion is to explain the reason for their separation, we can infer that the separation of the two tribes was caused by their growing number of cattle. The reason the other sources give is “miticha.” 21. In the text it is usually “Guidru.” 22. From afur meaning “four”. Beckingham and Huntingford have given the English equivalent of most of these Oromo terms in their Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. 111-29. 23. Same as “Bereytuma.” 24. Luba (“the circumcised”) is the equivalent of the messiah or hastega of the Christians. page195-214 page 3 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 198 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç Birmeje; and were called Seddecha.25 These, too, gave birth to many tribes. These are their names: The sons of Tchile are Gelam and Webbo/Abbo. The sons of Hoko are Kiremo, Imuru and Jidda. The sons of Liben are Waliso, Kutawe and Amiyye. The sons of Gudru are Sirba, Melol and Tchereqa. The tribes of Hakako are Abbo, Harsu and Limu. The tribes of Suba are Hagelebabo and Tchura. The tribes of Abbo/Obbo are Seyyo, Abono, Tum'e and Leqa. 26 When all these are allied, they are called Metcha ; and when they quarrel, they are called Afre and Seddecha. When they are all united 27 with the Tulema, they are called Seppira. 28 Boren, on his side, begot twelve29 children. The first was Datche, the second Jille, the third Kono, the fourth Becho. These are 25. From “sedi” (“three”). 26. There is a region in Gojjam which has this name. It must have received it from Oromo who have since become Amharic speakers. 27. See n. 15 above. 28. It seems that Oromo tribes are identified by any one or two of their ancestors; here by Seppira and/or Boren. The name Seppira is enigmatic; see n. 15 above. According to Mersie Hazen Welde Qirqos, the Oromo elders are not familiar with this name, EMML 3749, p. 57. There is a tradition that the ancestors of the Galla are the Portuguese whom Atse Gelawdewos settled in the south after the war with Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Gragn). The Portuguese could have encouraged the “Galla” to revolt against the kingdom which refused to convert to Catholicism. Almeida reports that when Patriarch Dom Jo‹o Bermudez, their spiritual leader, was expelled from Ethiopia, “God made known to him that the rod and whip which he had first put into the hands of Granh (Gragn) and the Moors (Muslims) of Adel to punish the obstinacy of the Abyssinians, had now been delivered to the Gallas and that they were to be a crueller scourge and almost the total ruin of that contumacious empire. So, the Patriarch, as he came on his way (out of Ethiopia) pronounced many curses on the lands through which he passed, and said, many times that there were certain black ants invading the kingdoms and the provinces of the empire, destroying and wholly devastating it.” See Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. 135. 29. Possibly a mistake for eleven. page195-214 page 4 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 199 called Tulema. The fifth was Hakako, the sixth Obbo, the seventh Suba--these (three) are called Seddecha. The eighth was called Tchile, the ninth Liben, the tenth Gudru, the eleventh Hoko--these (four) are called Afre. Section 2 30 The Dawwe, who devastated Betre Amora, are (part) of the Boren people. There are those who say that they are from another (tribe), citing their fight with the Boren as the reason. This, however, is a naive story, not true. But the informer says, “When they (first) left their country, they did not all leave, but whoever wished (to stay) stayed, and whoever wished (to leave) left.” For they have no master who would give them orders; rather, they do what their hearts like. Those of the Boren who stayed behind left their country (later) 31 32 by way of Kuera; and Fasil attacked them, but they killed him. At that time the Dawwe began to attack the Christians. And at that time the writer of this story prophesied, saying, “I fear the killers of Fasil, for they have tasted Christian blood.” They, 30. Betre Amora is originally a name of an army contingent, like Betser Waget. It probably comes from betser amora “vulture to the enemy”. The region where a contingent is permanently stationed is, like a tribe, called by the name of the contingent. 31. Also “Kuera” in the old Amharic panegyric edited by Guidi, “Le canzone geez-amariña.” It must be an ancient name of a tribe/place. Some sources give Huera. This may or may not be a reference to Kuyera near Shashemenne or to Koyra in Gamo. However, Abba Bahriy's spelling cannot be glossed over because these names look similar to “Kuera”. These names are three different forms which may or may not derive from the same original name of one place. The question is which Damot was the province to which Fasil was appointed governor. Ato Ambellu Kebede notes on 16 Ginbot, 1944 E.C. (May 22, 1952) that when he was serving as a Supreme Court Judge in Gemu Gofa Province, elders told him that the former name of Tchencha was Hara, EMML 5731, f. 114a. This is at least the direction from which the Dawwe invaded and where Abba Bahriy lost his property to them. 32. Sertse Dingil appointed Fasil/Fasilo governor of Damot in the third year of his reign and within a year, he revolted but was defeated. He must have been reappointed only to meet his death at the hands of the Dawwe (see also n. 31 above). page195-214 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 200 indeed, devastated Betra Amora and Wej; it happened according to his words, for the spirit of prophecy is not far from the clergy. The Dawwe chased this prophet, devastated his country of Gamo, and looted all that he possessed. So let us return to the story of the Bereytuma, which we have suspended to this time. Section 3 Kerreyyu begot six sons. They became many and powerful tribes. The first of them was Liben, the second Wello, the third Jille, the fourth Obbo, the fifth Suba, the sixth Bela'. And Wello begot six sons, who are Werre Bukko, Werre Guira', 33 Werre Nole'elu --these are under the name of Wello--Werre Kerreyyu, 33 Werre Ilu, and Werre Nole'ali --and these three are called Seddecha. 34 Their separation took place at the time they killed Aboli. But now they have come together in peace against us; they have plotted and made a covenant (to ruin us). Section 4 35 Merewwa Ayya begot Ana, Uru, and Abeti. Similarly, their children and their grandchildren multiplied and formed many tribes. Each one's name is derived from its respective tribe. They have neither king nor master like other peoples; rather they obey a luba for eight years. And after eight years another luba is appointed, and the first is relieved. They do so at every period. The meaning of luba is “those who are circumcised at the same 36 time.” And the order of their circumcision is like this: when a luba steps down, the Bertuma and Boren each gives itself a name, just as the 33. Note the difference between “Nole'eli” and “Nole'ali.” 34. Aboli died in 1576 E.C. His death has been recorded in many sources. 35. Other sources give Merewwa only. 36. One generation of Oromo men was circumcised together to lead the nation. The generation as army and its head had the same name. In such cases, in translating I use “they” when I think the text refers to the luba generation and “I” or “he” when the luba is the leader. page195-214 page 6 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 201 nigus's regiments are called Sillus Hayle37, Bedil Tsehay,38 and Giyorgis 39 Hayle. Section 5 Similarly, the one who was circumcised when he started attacking Bali was called Melbah. I do not know the name of his father, for there is no one who tells me. Section 6 The second luba was called Muddena. The name of the father of this one was Jibbena. It was he who crossed the river Webi. Section 7 The third luba was called Kilole; he attacked the lowlands of Dewwaro, 40 such as the Adel Mebreq and its lowlands. Section 8 The fourth luba was called Bifole; it was he who devastated the whole 41 of Dewwaro and began attacking Fetegar. He began to take people captives, and made of them servants, 42 43 and called them geber. He also began to drink koso. (In contrast) the first (three) lubas, which we have mentioned, killed people, men and women. They killed horses and mules; they spared only sheep, goats, 37. “(The Holy) Trinity is my power.” 38. “A (shining) sun at victory.” 39. “(St.) George is my power”. 40. Like Betre Amora (see n. 30), Adel Mebreq too was a name of a contingent, giving its name to the region where it was stationed. It must must have been the creation of Atse Zer'a Ya'iqob (1434-68). 41. Fetegar was the region between Bulga and Gurage. 42. Possibly name of people forced to servitude; see Guidi, “Le canzone geezamariña.”, p. 59. 43. Local medicine against tapeworm. page195-214 page 7 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 202 and cows44. They did not kill the animal in their stomach45 with medicine; it just slid down their thighs, as (it does with) beasts. Section 9 46 The fifth luba was called Mesle . It was he who slaughtered the Jan 47 48 49 Amora and fought with Hamelmal at Dego. He devastated all the districts, and became a master over them; he moved (into them) with his herd. The previous Galla, on the other hand, attacked from Webi and returned there. 50 Our King Atsnaf Segged fought him, setting out from Asa Zenneb. And when Nur went down to his country, having done what he had, he (Mesle) met him near Hazelo and killed most of his (Misle's) countless people. Ever since the Galla appeared in our country, they were not slaughtered as (much as) they were slaughtered at that time. And Nur's army slaughtered at that time were more than the army of Awsa, about which we shall report in due time. Thus God avenged on 51 them the blood of his servants which they had spilt in Mej. 52 This Mesle began riding horses and mules, which has not happened before him (with the Galla), until he said of the lubas who had preceded him, “I made those who walked on two and three legs walk on four legs.” The reason for his saying “on three legs” was because they (the Galla) leaned on their spears when they were tired during a journey. 44. The Ge‘ez “lahm” refers to cows and oxen, “bovine,” “cattle.” 45. The tapeworm. 46. In other sources also “Michle.” 47. Another contingent that gave its name to the location where it was garrisoned. 48. Grandson of Libne Dingel through his daughter Romane Werq. 49. Zer’a Ya‘iqob was crowned at Dego. He had built an important church there which he called Mekane Maryam and endowed lavishly, Perruchon, Les Chroniques de Zar’a Yâ‘eqôb, pp. 54-5. 50. Gelawdewos (1540-59), who defeated Gragn but was killed by Nur, Gragn's successor. 51. Historians think this to be Wej but the reference is most probably to the war against the Abeti at Mej, in 1570 A.D.; see Getatchew Haile, Bahra Hassab, Collegeville (Minnesota) 1993 E.C., p. 248. 52. The Oromo are today famed for their horsemanship. page195-214 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 203 Section 10 The five lubas whom we have mentioned ruled forty years; their sons were not circumcised. The uncircumcised used to abandon (their) sons and daughters, for such is their tradition. And if they (the fathers) are circumcised they reared the boys, but the girls they continued to abandon until two to three years after the time they had been circumcised. Section 11 After (the reign of) the five lubas, the sons of Melbah were circumcised, and were named Harmufa. He slaughtered the Giyorgis Hayle at Qetchino. The Boren call him Dullu. It was he who devastated Gegn, Angot, and Amhara. It was he who began attacking Begemdir. Harmufa of the Bertuma attacked Begemdir and killed Waka, the brother of Harbo. At that time Harmufa uttered insulting words; he said, “The Sidama who 53 are clothed in the body of water, I have hurled into the body of water.” Section 12 After eight years Harmufa was relieved and Robale, son of Muddena, whose name has been written in Section Six, was appointed. It was he who devastated Shoa and began attacking Gojjam. 54 The Hatsege attacked him (Robale) at Ziway, and killed many of his (army), and took his cattle booty. Many enriched themselves with that booty. 55 He (Robale) killed Azmach Zer'a Yohannis, head of the dignitaries, may peace be upon him! 53. The Oromo called the Christians (and the Amhara in its meaning of “Christians”) “Sidama”, just as others call the Oromo “Galla.” Here “clothed with body of water” refers to the Christian baptism. The Oromos knowledge of the ritual indicates the close contact between them and the Christians. 54. The Hatsege here and elsewhere in this text is Sertse Dingil/Melek Segged. 55. The death of this general has been reported in Sertse Dingil's history, but the source does not tell how the general died, saying only that the king promoted the general's personal attendants to the rank of tchewa, “land owning soldiers.” page195-214 page 9 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 204 At that time, soli and bidaro became ilala56 at the Suba of the tribe of the Boren. Five years after this, the Hatsege attacked Robale of the Abeti 57 at Weyna Deg'a and killed them without sparing any. Some say (just) over ten remained and came home to carry the news. Section 13 After eight years, Birmeje son of Kilole, who had devastated Dewwaro, was appointed. This Birmeje (generation) of the Boren made shields of 58 cow-hides as tall as themselves, and attacked the Maya, the people of archery, and defeated them, as they could not find (a place) to shoot them because they shielded themselves with dry cow-hides. 59 (The Birmeje) pressed hard on azmach Deharegot, the king's general; they killed Zinnay and his attendants. In the past he (Deharegot) defeated them many times; but (this time) it happened (so) by the will of God, because the sins of the Christians had not been requited--the conqueror was defeated. They devastated Ar'ign, the country of his governorate. They killed Gato, Betro, Bedlo, Amdo, and 60 others. These two districts, where all the poor enrich themselves, became desert. 56. What is meant here is not clear. It could also mean “... soli and bidaro were made into instruments of alarm.” Ato Amha Asfaw tells us in his Amharic book Yilala Dennebo, 1995, how people perform wailing, singing “yilala dennedo,” when they mourn their dead. “Yilala” is an Oromo word borrowed by Amharic, meaning “lookout”. And according to Cecchi, “bideù”, most probably a variant of “bidaro”, is a kind of alarm bell made out of tree-trunks used to warn of an approaching enemy, A. Cecchi, De Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, Vol. II, p. 327-8, n. 1; and Vol. III, p. 123. Dennebo could be a third type of ilala (after soli and bidaro) practiced by the people who occupied this region. 57. This took place at Mej in 1570 E.C. 58. This “tribe” appears in several places far from each other and as recently as in the reign of Yohannis I (1667-82) when one of them had a Christian name, Mikha Giyorgis. 59. A very famous general during the reign of Sertse Dingil. 60. Only one district is mentioned. page195-214 page 10 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 205 The Birmeje of the Bertuma attacked Dembya and killed Aboli of the royal family, Semre Ab the bahir negash, and others. (All) this happened where our king, who is powerful in his deeds and wise in his counsel, was not. Had he been in Dembya, what happened to Robale would have happened to Birmeje. But in order that the victory would happen alternately, God directed the king's journey to Damot. He found victory where he went; and his dignitaries were defeated where he was not. Section 14 The Birmeje of the Boren put Damot under siege and captured people and livestock when they found the country without a savior and a deliverer. At that time the dej azmach was Asbo. He took counsel with his brothers, gathered the army, and pursued them. He arrived as they were dividing their booty. The chosen ones (the infantry) and the cavalry surrounded them with a meslist; this means they surrounded them with three (rows of) invaders. The Galla fled and (many) were killed. Most of them hid in a large cave. (The army) collected wood and made fire at the mouth of the cave. Many came out for fear of the fire and were taken prisoner, until they brought to him the boy of the 61 royal family who had been taken captive together with many cap62 63 tives. They (Asbo's army) cut off the heads of the dead; they were too many to count. (This way) he kept his country. 61. “The boy of the royal family” was young Susinyos. The story has been recounted in his chronicle. The reason that his name is not mentioned in the Zenahu le-Galla could be that clerics of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, including copyists, did not like to mention the name of a renegade who betrayed his Church. But the fact that the name of Sertse Dingil, Abba Bahriy's most beloved monarch, is not mentioned is possibly for a different--though related-reason: fear of Susinyos who killed Sertse Dingil's son and heir. 62. In the chronicle of Susinyos, “with many captives” refers to those released with the boy, not to those taken captive with the boy. 63. This is an ancient custom practiced in Ethiopia and the rest of the world; see, for example, Mat. 14:8-10. page195-214 page 11 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 206 After this, until the end of the tenure of Birmeje, (the country will be defended). But the (punishing) hand of God will still remain 64 stretched because the sin of the Christians is not atoned yet. Although they were defended in the days of Birmeje, the latter luba, which we shall mention afterwards in the proper place, would destroy them. Section 15 After this, Birmeje was relieved and Mul'ata son of Bifole was appointed. He made a dullagutto on Gojjam. The meaning of dullagutto is “war of topknot” For when the Galla are circumcised at the same time, 65 they give themselves a name, as we have said at the beginning of Section 4, and they attack a country which their predecessors have not attacked. If they kill people or large animals, they shave their whole head, leaving a little hair (topknot) in the middle of their skull. But he who did not kill does not shave himself, so much so that he suffers from lice. For this (reason) they are zealous to kill us. In those days the Hatsege decided to go to the land of Damot. And while he was on the journey, he heard that the Galla had attacked the country of Gojjam and that his mother the Queen had gone up to 66 Debre Abriham to seek refuge there. Wezero Tewdada, the sister of his ancestors King Atsnaf Segged and King Admas Segged, may peace be upon them, (was also there). When the Galla fell upon them suddenly, at a time they did not expect them, all the people of the country were terrorized and their army scattered. But her (Tewdada's) eldest son showed force over the Galla, who were approaching his mother, (and) chased them away, for he was a young man praised for his prowess. (Then) he came back and took his mother by the hand and brought her up to a high mountain called 67 Jibbela. 64. An allusion to Is. 5: 25. 65. Sic. 66. This Amba was once used as a detention center for royal children who were thought to pose a threat to the power of the incumbent king. 67. This was the mountain where Tedla Gwalu climbed to defend himself when Atse Tewodros attacked Gojjam, EMML 5403, f.108b. Later King Tekle Haymanot (of Gojjam) had made it prison, ibid., f. 180b. page195-214 page 12 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 207 The Hatsege, for his part, cancelled his journey, and came in haste to where the Galla were and arrived with the army. He ignored the rules of his ancestors the kings; for when they come to the war front, their custom was to send the fighters ahead, and to stand (aloof) with the chosen cavalry and infantry, and praise him who flings forward and punish him who lags behind. This time, however, our king put himself at the head of the force and showed force. When the army saw this, they rushed forward and became wild in (fighting) the Galla; they killed all without sparing any. Most of them were hurled over the precipice, until the people of the countryside and the peasants killed them wherever they found (them). He (the king) ordered that they cut off the heads of the Galla. The (heads) filled Adora, which is a wide place. (Then) they brought down the Itege and Wezero Tewodada 68 from the mountains where they were. And he (the king) received them with honor. When they (the two women) saw the large number of the enemy's heads which had been cut off, they rejoiced a great joy and 69 praised God who set the spirit of victory on his anointed. As for the cattle they rescued from the hand of the Galla, they returned them to those from whom they were looted. Section 16 After this our king decided to take an expedition, for he does as he thinks and executes as he says. He went to Wej to attack the Galla, who 70 are called Dawwe. The Galla call them “the latter Galla,” but (other) 71 people call them “Dawwe” because they pained them. 68. Adbarat is the plural of debr, meaning “mountain” and “monastery”. The two ladies were at two different refugee centers. 69. The kings are referred to as the mesiah “the anointed”. 70. The expression, “the latter Galla,” is missing in the Vienna copy, obviously by mistake of the copyist. But the London text is not corrupt. The question is whether or not the Oromos use the name “Galla.” Or could this be the author's perception? 71. There seems to be a play with words. In Ge‘ez “dewe” ¿™, means “illness” or page195-214 page 13 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 208 The reason for his (the king's) expedition there was that he thought that they (the Galla) would battle with him and that they would not flee; but when he arrived where they told him they were, he did not find them. He searched, but he did not find their dwelling. When he did not find animal booty and a fight of the flesh, he decided to fight with the devil and take from him as booty the souls of the pagans. (Therefore,) he summoned the people of Innarya, Bosha, and Gomer and said to them, “Become Christians!” And they became (Christians); they were baptized in Christian baptism. Section 17 When the Mul'ata of the Werdi'aya attacked the country of Ras Welde Kristos, (the latter) conquered them, recovered their booty, and killed many of them. He pursued a party of them until they hurled themselves over a precipice. (This way) he defended the country till the Hatsege returned. When the Hatsege returned, he found the country defended by the diligence of Welde Kristos and by his battle. For that reason he made him master over his house and set him governor over the whole of his 72 kingdom. Section 18 The Mul'ata of the Boren afflicted the Christians of Damot; they scattered them and devastated their country. During their time Shoa and Damot became deserts. The reason that I have written at one time the victory of the Galla, and at another time the victory of the Christians, is because it is the custom of the books, which say, “Today to you and tomorrow to the 73 other.” Victory belongs at one time to this one, and another time to that one. He who conquers always is the one God who is above all. The country submitted to him (to the Mul'ata of the Boren), and none remained (free). “sickness.” However, identifying Dawwe (√™,) with Jawi (Õ™*), “serpent,” as some authors have done, is unwarranted. 72. Welde Kristos ultimately met his death at the hand of the Oromo during the reign of Susinyos. 73. Source not identified. page195-214 page 14 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 209 When this essay was written, the tenure of Mul'ata, son of Bifole, was in its seventh year. They were about ready for the circumcision and the appointment of the sons of Mesle. If I am still alive, I shall write later about the battles and killings which would take place in their time; and if I have died, others will write about me and about the coming luba. But happy is he who is dead, for he is resting! Section 19 The knowledgeable ones make an extensive inquiry, asking, “How is it that the Galla defeat us, although we are many, and many are our arms?” There are those who say, “God has allowed them because of our sins.” And there are who say, “It is because of our nation's division into ten classes. Nine of these do not come close to any battle, and they are not ashamed of their fear. But the tenth class battles and fights to the best of its ability. Although our number is big, those who can fight are few, and those who do not come near the battle are many.” One of these is the party of the monks, who are countless. There are those who become monks in their youth, when monks lure them while they are studying, like (the case of) the writer of this essay and those like him. There are also those who become monks because of fear of battle. The second group is called debtera. They study the scriptures and all the profession of the clergy; they clap with their hands and stamp 74 with their feet; they are not ashamed of their fear. They take as their models the Levites and priests, namely, the sons of Aaron. 75 The third group is called jan hatsena and jan me'asere. These guard justice and guard themselves from battle. 76 The fourth is the group of deggafoch of the women of the dignitaries and the (royal) ladies, powerful men and strong young men. They do not come near the battle; they say, “We are attendants of the women.” 74. I.e. when they chant and dance during religous feasts. 75. These are people of the law, judges. 76. Supporters, who probably assisted the women when they would walk and mount their mules. page195-214 page 15 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 210 77 78 79 The fifth group is called shimagille , geze , and be'ale rist . They give a portion of their land to the peasant and demand his services; they are not ashamed of their fear. The sixth group is the peasants. They spend their day in the fields and are oblivious about fighting. The seventh group is those who benefit themselves from commerce. They make profit for themselves. The eighth group is the artisans, such as the smiths, scribes, 80 tailors , carpenters, and their like. They do not know fighting. The ninth group is the minstrels, those who play the qende 81 82 kebero and the begena , who make begging a profession. They bless the one who rewards them; they give him vain glory and idle praise. And when they curse the one who does not reward them, they are not 83 charged, for they say, “This is our tradition.” They keep themselves very far from battle. 84 The tenth group is those who carry the shield and spear . 85 These can do fighting, and “follow the steps of the king to run.” Because of the fewness of these, our country is destroyed. The Galla, on the other hand, do not have any of these nine classes which we have mentioned. All are trained in warfare, from the small to the big. For this reason they destroy us and kill us. Those who say, “They kill us by the order of God,” find a reason in the defeat of the children of Israel and their destruction at the 77. Elders. 78. “A class of landlords; see EMML 1832, f. 1a/varia (1), Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue, Vol. V, p. 249. The Amharic meggazo (“rented land”) could be related to it.” 79. Landowners, one of the two classes. The be'ale rist were apparently entitled to keep the farmers on the land. 80. Includes people who worked on leather. 81. Drum. 82. Harp. 83. These must be the “lalibela”/“amina”/ “abba widdaqi.” 84. Who carry arms. 85. A misunderstood version of Song of Songs 7: 5. In the source, the word is “asere”, a verb meaning “to bind.” It is misunderstood as a construct form of “aser” “trace”, “footstep”. Based on that misunderstanding, it has become the title of one of the types of Ge‘ez poems (asere nigus) offered to the monarch. page195-214 page 16 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 211 hands of the kings of Persia and Babylon. They say, “If a fighter is victorious, who would ask help from God the Exalted and Most High? And if the many conquer the few, the words of scripture which say, 'One 86 shall put a thousand to flight, and two shall chase ten thousand', would be vain”. O knowledgeable ones, you know whether the words of the former arguers or of the latter arguers are credible. Section 20 So, let us return to the exposition of the Galla. They call the small children mucha', and those who are older they call elman. And those who are older than these, who begin to do fighting, they call gurba'. The young men who are not (yet) circumcised, who call kelela 87 88 their hair which they dress like gora , they call quendela . If they kill people, an elephant, a lion, a rhinoceros, or a buffalo, they shave 89 (leaving) a topknot in the middle of their skull. But he who has not killed does not shave. (Even) those who are married do not shave themselves unless they have killed. In the time of Mul'ata they ate the buffalo; and (so) they said, “If we ate it, it is like a cow, and we ought not to shave our heads when we kill it.” A party of them said in insulting words, “Let us not shave our heads when we kill the people of Shoa and Amhara, for they are but speaking cows; they cannot fight.” 90 91 All the unmarried Galla, whether luba or quendela , are called qero and live (together) in one dwelling, the qero of the luba with 86. Deut. 32:30. 87. All three manuscripts have “gora.” I do not know what this word means. It could be the name of a non Oromo tribe whose members wore this unique hairstyle. 88. The word has become Amharic but refers to the hairstyle, not to a class of people. 89. The sentence is corrupt. 90. Circumcised. 91. Uncircumcised. page195-214 page 17 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 212 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç the luba, that of the quendela with quendela, and the qero of the geber with the geber. They appoint about twenty people to build the sequela; and they 92 call them ajertu . 93 Furthermore, they appoint (people) for killing cows; and they 94 are called qelta . Also, two people are appointed who roast the meat and cut it 95 up, and distribute it in pieces equally to all; they call them wajo . Furthermore, they appoint five men to milk the cows of all; their 96 name is halebdo . Furthermore, they appoint (people) for scooping the milk and 97 giving it to each in measurement; their name is tihito . Furthermore, they appoint seven people for bringing home the 98 herds. They also search for the strayed. Their name is berbado . They also choose from among themselves two and authorize them to admonish and punish the one who goes to a woman; these are 99 called gorsa . This abstinence is not for righteousness, but so that they may be alert and diligent for fight. For he who is married thinks of that 100 by which he would please his wife . Furthermore, they appoint about ten people to drive the cattle; 101 their name is tewwutu . Any of them who wish to marry separates 102 himself and lives in his own house; they call him jilhika . 92. Builder. sequela (Amharic “seqela”) is a rectangular house. 93. The number of the “qelta” or “butcher” is missing. 94. Butchers. 95. Roasters, possibly from “wada” “to roast.” 96. Milkers, definitely related to Ge‘ez/Arabic “halib,” “milk” ) 97. Unknown to me. 98. From “barbada” “to search”, “to want.” 99. Instructor, adviser. 100. I. Cor. 7:33. 101. Inspectors. 102. Obviously, “married herdsman.” page195-214 page 18 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 2 - Appendix II 213 The old they call milguddo103. They (the old), too, do not rest 104 from fighting, unless they are too feeble, like our brothers Zeppo and 105 Abba Hara . There is no one else who has found an enemy who is (so) zealous to do evil; and there is no one else who has found a master and a king who is (so) zealous to do good. May God guard him for a long period of time and for length of days.... (Thus) says Bahriy. 103. Elder. 104. In the chronicle of Sertse Dingil, Zeppo is Ze-Peraqlitos. 105. Hara Dingil for whom a gedl has been written, EMML 69, Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. page195-214 page 19 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πô} ÆÌSè OÈKı ôdTa º÷çç ®¿ õè”H&≥ì πz[—:O wæ\ zıI"" page195-214 page 20 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ! ôw] 3 - Appendix III Concerning the Galla by Aleqa Tayye (pp. 548-561, 586-600) The following is my English translation of excerpts from an unpublished work by Aleqa Tayye, JE692E, pp. 548-561, 586-7, 595-600 that I included here. Many of these sections have been translated and published by Professors Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash from the 1920 edition of Aleqa Tayye's πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°; see bibliography. Historians will notice the striking similarity of most of these excerpts to those in Ato Atsme's Ye-Galla Tatik, edited and translated by Bairu Tafla. (“17” and “18” are the numbers of the sections in the manuscript.) 17. Concerning the Galla Tribe There are many various serious, true, and fictitious stories, that are being told in different (forms) about the Galla tribe. The history book that Ato Atsme wrote states the following when talking about the Galla: “The reason why the people called Galla left their country is not well known. Historians say that these Galla people migrated from Asia and crossed over to Madagascar, and that they migrated from there and settled at a seacoast near Mombassa. (The name) “Mombassa” means in the Galla language good for pasturing animals. And from there they came to 1 Ethiopia following the stream called Gennale.” 1. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 138. It is not clear where the quotation ends. The pieces that deal with the Galla in Aleqa Tayye's work are page215-242 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 216 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç However, when they left their country, they did not all leave at the same time. Rather, those who wanted left, and those who did not remained behind. This people, called Galla, came, setting out from there, and settled at the frontiers of Bale, at the bank of the stream 2 (river) called Gelana. They led a nomadic life, breeding their cattle, goats and sheep. There are those who say that their arrival took place 102 years before the reign of Atse Libne Dingil, whose regnal name was Wenag 3 Segged . This was in the fifth year of Atse Yishaq, 6904 Year of the 4 World, 1404 Year of Mercy. But the truth about (the time of) the coming of the Galla to Ethiopia is the tenth year of the reign of Zagwe (during Merra Tekle Haymanot, whose regnal name was Zagwe), in 930 5 Year of Mercy. The history of the Galla that the Westerners have written is from their personal knowledge and research. But we (write), having 6 seen the history which Azzaj Tinno has written. When the Galla came (to Ethiopia), they came from the river (stream) Gelane and entered into a country called Haro Wilabo. In Haro Wilabo there is a pond which a swimmer can cross and pass through. The Galla say, “As regards our forefather and creation, we came from this water.” Hence they say “umman Wilabo batti.” And this means, “There came out a creation from the water of Wilabo.” Therefore the 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. page215-242 page 2 almost identical to those in Ato Atsme's. Although Tayye wrote his book after Atsme and quotes him, it is impossible to conclude that he got them all from the latter. Both probably had access to sources not known to us. One of these sources depended heavily on Abba Bahriy's Zenahu le-Galla. My suspicion is that one of their sources was a work by Azzaj Tinno, Susinyos's chronicler, elaborating the Zenahu, because both quote Tinno where one would expect Abba Bahriy, and their version of the Zenahu is sufficiently different from Abba Bahriy's original. Put in parenthesis by the copyist. Libne Dingil/Wenag Segged (1508-40). Yishaq reigned in 1406-1421 E.C. (=Year of Mercy). The time each king of the Zagwe dynasty reigned has yet to be firmly established. See no. 1. Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 217 Galla prostrate themselves to the ground before water. Neither people nor animals drink from that pond; it is forbidden. All the Galla prostrate themselves to the ground before that water. There they slaughter fattened ox and many gelded steer as well as sheep and goats. There are several peoples in Haro Wilabo who have different languages. They are called Doras. They look like the Galla people. It takes four days to walk from Sidamo to Wilabo, and 5 days from Wilabo to Boren. 7 The Galla are of two tribes; they are called Bertuma and 8 Borena . Bertuma begot six children. These are the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Kerreyyu Merewwa Ittu 9 Akkitu Werreneshe10 11 Hubbena Kerreyyu, Bertuma's first-born child, begot six mighty children. And these are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Liben 12 Tiloma Wello Jille Abbo Luba Ales 7. Also “Bereytuma.” 8. Also Boren. 9. Obviously a mistake. It should be “Akkichu.” 10. Also “Werrentisha” and “Werrensha”. 11. With “m” of Humbena assimilated. 12. Most sources (including Tayye, if only rarely) have “Tulema.” The place of “Wello” in the sentence is not clear. It is probably added as a correction. page215-242 page 3 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 218 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç Wello begot seven (children) from seven women. These are: 1. Hibeno 2. Abey 3. Ali 4. Qalu 5. Ambo 6. Hida 13 7. Gora There are those who say that Wello has other children than these, called Bekko and Noli'inu. Borena begot eleven children (these are): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Datche Jille Kono; these are called Tiloma. Boch Akako Webbo; these are called Seddecha. Luba Tchile Libon 14 Guidru Hoko; these are called Hoko. It is said that the first three of Wello's children are called by the name of Wello, and the (last) four by the name of Werreseddecha. Merewwa, the second child of Bertuma, begot Werdeyyan.15 Werdeyyan begot three children. These are (the following): 1. Ana 13. One wonders whether this name has any relation to the enigmatic gora, given in Zenahu le-Galla (see its section 20) as the hairstyle of the quendela. 14. The “i” in Guidru could be ignored. 15. The "n" could be the Amharic object marker, mistakenly taken as part of the name. page215-242 page 4 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 219 2. Ur16 3. Abeti These children of Merewwa are greater than others in number and might. Because these people of the Galla are a heathen people, they do not know God. What the Galla are mainly missing in the Ten Commandments which God gave to Moses in writing is the first commandment only which says, “I am your God; worship no other god than me.” Because of the imperfection of the natural law and because they did not have an apostle to teach them, they fear every thing. They therefore worship the tree, the river, the body of water, the rock and the cliff, and prostrate themselves to the ground (before them). 17 Second, they call Sunday the Senbete gudda , and Saturday 18 Senbete tinna, and observe (them) like the Christians. Third, whatever happens, they do not swear falsely. Fourth, they honor their fathers and mothers, and they honor their peers who are older than them. Or else they will be (tried and) 19 sentenced by the tcheffe, that is, by the shengo assembly. Fifth, he who kills people will be penalized with a guma, reparation of a huge amount of money for the price of life. Furthermore, there are those who die, sentenced by the ayyu and the luba, with the case being reconsidered. Sixth, the rank and file passes better judgement in their tcheffe and court sessions than the Christians. These descendants of Bertuma and Boren, all of the Galla 20 tribes, have a (system of) hierarchy from childhood to old age like that of the priesthood. This hierarchy is called geda. Geda is an office (and) authority similar to priesthood. This, their authority, is for every eight years like the number of their life span. Their years are divided into eight years; they call it geda. 16. Otherwise always “Uru”. 17. “The big Sabbath.” 18. “The small Sabbath.” 19. “Tcheffe” (Oromo) and “shengo” (Amharic) means “assembly.” 20. Or “grade.” page215-242 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 220 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç (The lubas) are five, since each of the (five) eight-year period is named after the name of the respective five lubas. Every eight years a luba is removed and another luba is appointed. They do not have a 21 master or a balabbat as do other people who have kings. They accept orders from a luba for eight years. After eight years, another luba is appointed. At that time, (each tribe) gives a name to its (class) and is circumcised. The system looks like ours. As we call the year after the name of one of the Evangelists--as we give to each of the four years a name, calling them 1 Matthew, 2 Mark, 3 Luke, 4 John--they, too, give a name to the (period of) eight years. They call (the divisions of) the forty years after the names of the five warriors. When (a Galla) completes the forty years, he will be circumcised and become a luba. These are the names of the five warriors for whom the forty years are divided into five (eight-year period and) after whom the periods) are called: The first geda is Birmeji, the second is Horreta or Milbah, the 22 third Minchile or Muddena, the fourth Dullo, the fifth is called Robeli. These abba dullas of the system of the Galla people recur every forty years. This is the major rule of the Galla. Furthermore, they have, other than this, an order and a rule, which are called mogasa and kolu. Mogasa is for strangers. It is 23 something like yetut lij. Kolu concerns the one from the same tribe. 24 This is like a helper or azzaj. And this is the order of their rule: The Galla have laws and procedures (to follow) from the day they are born to their death. When the father is circumcised and becomes a luba, the son becomes itmiko for eight years. Next he becomes a debele for eight years; he learns the order of the law from his father (and) the elderly. 21. Traditional chief. 22. Also “misle”. 23. Amharic for “(nominally) adopted child”. Such a child is not treated as a real child; the system is a means of acquiring a mentor. 24. A deputy in administrative matters. page215-242 page 6 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 221 Third, he will be called tifoli. (At this stage) he is free: he sings, dances and does whatever he wishes. No one would say to him, “Do not do (this); this is bad; or this is good.” They (the tifoli) quarrel and kill each other during singing and dancing. But since it is the age of freedom, there will be no case against him. 25 Fourth, he becomes quendela. He leads a subdued and quiet life. He comes to the tcheffe and sits at the shengo. Fifth, when he completes his age of qondala-hood, he is called yaromay. He does not come to the tcheffe nor go to shengo. He remains in the village when the rest go to the tcheffe. He turns into a thief, robber, and vagabond. He slaughters and eats anyone's sheep or goat. However, he takes only one sheep, or one goat, or one ox from a barn; he should not take two. When he completes these five stages this way, he become 40 years old. After that he is circumcised and becomes a luba. The ayyu, however, is chosen from his people; his people appoint whom they like. They appoint (an ayyu) the luba who completes his geda (time). And the ayyu sits at the tcheffe, having let his bokku be blessed (by the assembly). Bokku is a club of olivewood. It is well soaked in butter and polished; it is honored like the royal scepter. He (the ayyu) is appointed by it and is blessed. He is appointed and sits in judgement for eight years. After eight years he is removed from the office; he will no longer sit in judgement nor come near the tcheffe. He will be designated luba dullecha. The ayyu sits in judgement with many lubas at his courtyard. In former times, the place and the tcheffe where all the Galla assembled every eight years to pass judgements, where the history and judgements of the past eight years were recounted, where new rules are promulgated--criticizing what should be criticized--and where the future Galla rules and procedures were proclaimed, was Borena. The one who sits for judgement there was called Abba Muddana. The meaning of Abba Muddana is messianic or the anointed. Since they left Borena, and to this day, each tribe sends two people to him (to abba Muddana) who would hear his proclamation and 25. The word is amharicized to refer to a certain hairstyle. page215-242 page 7 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 222 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç orders and report back. And when they come back, the ayyu at each tcheffe receives them with honor. These are called jila. Since they are recognized by their clothes or their signs, no one touches them if they 26 walk in the middle of a battlefield. Since they left Borena the tcheffe of all took place at Melka Bollo (in) Awash. And the ayyu used to sit in judgement at Galan. Later, when the Galla quarreled with each other, when the place was cramped 27 for them, and when they parted each other in mititcha, they separated in tcheffe as well. Thus, the Melka Bollo (in) Awash became (site of) the tcheffe of the Tulema. And that of the ayyu is at the same Gelan; and that of the Metcha became at Tule. Half of the Metcha have kings. The (site of) the tcheffe of the Yittu became Karra Quirquire, below Burqa. The (site of) the tcheffe of the Galla of Harerge was at Lulo. And similarly the Wello and Aruse held tcheffe at their respective courtyards. Their tcheffe were banned by a proclamation (issued) by Menelik II, in order to prevent an eventual disturbance emanating from the gatherings. Nevertheless, the judgements which the Galla pass at their tcheffe are better and are more observed than (those by) us who are near them and claim to be Christians. According to the Galla law, (passed) by the luba, ayyu (and) their tcheffe, a Galla does not marry a child of his parents. He does not marry his uncle's or sister's child either. If he marries, in violation of the law, he receives a harsh punishment, one that would lead to death. Marriage to one of one's own people and relatives is taboo with them. 28 It (internecine marriage) has never been initiated ; and if (it ever was, but) they have abolished it at a tcheffe, it would still mean a 26. That is, when one Galla tribe fights another Galla tribe. For the Oromo, a Galla tribe is no different from a non-Galla tribe. 27. The description is identical to what we have in Abba Bahriy's Zenahu, section 1: “They quarreled with each other and separated from each other, as Abraham and Lot separated when their herds became a multitude.” 28. These paragraphs seem to have been added to refute the view that the Oromo page215-242 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 223 violation of the law. They will be sentenced according to their law. Relative to this, St. Paul says as follows: “For God shows no partiality. All who have sinned apart from the law will also perish apart from the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law. For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous in God's sight, but the doers of the law who will be justified. When Gentiles, who do not possess the law, do by nature what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they not have the law. They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts, to which their own conscience also bears witness; and their conflicting thoughts will accuse or perhaps excuse them on the day when, according to my gospel, God, through Jesus Christ, will judge the secret thoughts of all”, Romans 2:11-17; 1:42 (sic). The Galla are heathens in religion. This, however, is only due to lack of an apostle, because they know that there is one God; they call him Waqa Gurracha. When they are in trouble and distress, they look up to the sky and pray in that direction. Wello embraced Islam before all the Galla. Next the Metcha Galla, who claim that they are royal, who are on the other side of the Gibe, embraced Islam. Next the Galla around the city of Harerge became Muslim by force when the Egyptians ruled them. And later, during the time of Atse Menelik, (those) as far as Ittu became Muslims. And now, the rest of the Galla prefer to be Muslim than Christian, because they hate the Amhara army. The reason that the Galla hate the Amhara is because (the latter) is a stumbling block, because of their love for money, evilness, and cruelty, not because they knew (the difference), distinguishing the bad and the good of Islam and Christianity. Why the Galla Are not Jealous (pp. 555-561) The reason why the Galla issued a law saying, “Let there be no jealousy and killing of each other because of women” (is as follows): ancestors married their sisters. But the tale is not different from what the Christians teach about the marriage of the children of Adam and Eve. page215-242 page 9 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 224 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç In Wello, long before they (the Galla) became Muslims, there was a young hero in their country. He had a comely and beautiful wife. There was in the neighborhood a handsome young son of a nobleman who had not slept with a woman. The wife of this hero was so stung by the love for this young man that she became crazy. She always desired to go to bed with him. One day she found him at a convenient place. She seized him to fulfill her desire. According to the law of the Galla, however, a man who has not killed (people) cannot sleep with a woman. He would never do so, especially with the wife of a young man. So he said to her as follows: “What has happened will never remain unheard; and since I have not fulfilled my obligation to kill, you will be disgraced, and you will disgrace your husband if this affair becomes public. So it should not happen now. But later, when I come back from a military expedition having killed, I will make you my lover openly. If you are found with me, who has not fulfilled his obligation to kill, it will be afterwards a big shame and disgrace to you, as you are a wife of the hero so and so.” But since she had already been stung with a wicked lust, and her heart had been consumed with the fire of love for him, she said to him: “As for this, it won't be a problem for you. I will send you in secret one child of mine to such and such a place. Kill him, take his male organ, and come home accompanied by singers.” But he said to her: “Oh no, you must hate me; this is not love. If I kill the son of that young hero, he will kill me when it becomes public, because what has happened never remains unheard. He will destroy not only me but also my relations.” And she said: “Do not worry. Who do you think will know and hear this affair, other than I and you, that you suspect and fear?” He made her swear a firm promise according to their law, saying, “Well, then, if your position is this, (swear) that you will not regret about your child, and that you will not share this secret with others.” Then each of the two went to their respective homes without sexual intercourse. In the evening he went to the appointed place in the dark and stayed hiding in the bush. And she sent her son there with an errand for page215-242 page 10 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 225 an excuse. When the child arrived, he seized him and sent him off to a far away place. There he kept him at a house of a friend and relative, saying: “This child is a son of my brother. Please guard him and keep him with good care for me.” Since the time was a time of social unrest, robbery and killing, the parents and all close relatives mourned and did nothing, assuming that he may have been either kidnapped and sold or that a bandit had killed him. And this young man, after a while, smeared a piece of cloth with goat's blood, carried a dagger, and claimed: “I went to a far away country and killed. But they forced me to abandon the trophy. However, I brought the clothes (covered) in blood and the dagger” and showed them to them. The singing began at his house. And this woman, saying: “Even if we are mourners because our child is lost, since the death concerns him, our neighbor, as well, let us go to him like others and say to him, 'we are happy that you returned safely and that you succeeded',” went to his house with her husband and 29 said, “We are happy that you returned safely and that you succeeded.” And he, having said, “I am happy that you stayed well”29, consoled them, saying, according to tradition, “About the death of your son, hamotu isinitti indebiyyin kenguddetu isini yakennu.” This means, “May he not repeat the wicked (incident) on you; may he give you the one that will grow.” After this, she stood up and sang with those who were singing. As soon as the singing was over, people dispersed to their respective homes. This young man and this woman were waiting for an opportune time, and they met one day for the intercourse. They fulfilled their evil lust. She loved him very much, even more than before. Since he had already assessed her heart, he said no to her after a while. “Why? What happened to you?” she asked him. He said to her, “My peers insulted me and put me to shame, saying, "This killer of (only) one, who did not repeat."” 29. These are standard Amharic formulas of greetings exchanged with someone who comes back from a long, and possibly perilous, journey. page215-242 page 11 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 226 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç “But this should not be your worry. Kill my second child, too” she said to him and gave him her second child. He took him (to that far away country) and kept him together with his brother, and returned, as he did before. And he fulfilled her desire. Again, he said no to her, as he had done before. After a while she gave him her third child, too, so that he might kill him. He took him and kept him with his brothers. And he came home claiming as before that he had killed. And he kept her like a wife. As this young man was well established, he became a killer and a hero. And he frequently visited the children. They grew up, he providing them enough food. Five or six years later, he told the official, the hayyu, saying, “I have a very important matter; let the Seven-House Wello make an assembly for me.” By the command of the hayyu, they came together from all places. They held a big assembly called ya'i. This young man stood in the middle of the assembly (and said), “Listen to me, O my people; may God Waqa listen to you.” The assembly paid attention in silence to hear the matter. Having blessed the assembly and the country, the (spirits) qolle and adbar, according to their tradition, he began the story, saying like this: “The story I shall tell you is one that would enrage so and so. Please bind him first, for me, so that he may not kill me.” That man was seized and bound. He told them the story, from the beginning to the end, all the cruelty and wonder the wife of this man did to her children, desiring him, stung by an evil lust. He said, “But I did not kill the children; on the contrary, I brought them up, feeding them (well) in a good place.” As he had kept them near him, decorated and ornamented, he asked them to stand up; and making them stand up in the middle of the assembly, he handed them to their father, saying: “Here are your children.” When the father, who thought his children were dead and became despondent and crushed by sorrow, suddenly and unexpectedly heard about the finding of his children with his own ears and saw them page215-242 page 12 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 227 with his own eyes, he was shocked by a shock of joy and became like a rock. And all the people were stunned and astounded by the goodness of this man and the cruelty and wickedness of that woman. After this, this man further got up and stood in the middle of the assembly (and) said thus: “O my friends and my people! Listen to me, further. Let me ask you that we think about what is beneficial to us, once for all, and establish a rule and make corrections. Even the beasts and wild animals which are without knowledge are tenderhearted towards their kids. And they give their life for the sake of their kids. But our women, the creatures called humans, are wicked, much more than beasts and wild animals. This wickedness of theirs will be seen by the fact that their hearts are covered and swollen so much so that they deliver their children to death to fulfill the lust of their bodies. If this is the case, as of now let jealousy, quarrel and killing of each other because of such creatures, called women, be abandoned. You, the elderly, make a binding rule, so that, because of these corrupted ones, quarrelling with, and killing, a brother by his brother and a friend by his friend, who would help him if he is in need, who would come out with him, if he cried for help, who would pick him up if wounded (in a battle), who would bury him if he died, may not happen. Except that they are our mothers, women should have not been considered humans. As of now, let jealousy and quarrel about women be abandoned.” The suggestion was loved and (found) good by the entire assembly. After this the elders passed these rules on women: First rule, let not a daughter share landed property with her brothers in her father's house. Second, if she is murdered, let her blood compensation be half the blood compensation for man, 50 cows--that for a man is 100 cows. Third, when a father gives his daughter in marriage, let him declare, “I have sold my daughter.” And let her husband rule her crushingly like a slave. If she runs away and has children from another man, let him take her back, together with her children, and rule her by force. page215-242 page 13 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 228 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç Fourth, if she is caught in an illicit relation with a man, let her lover give one heifer to her husband in lieu of jealousy. Let him give 30 31 her, too, one shemma and a mirror. The day on which he goes to her house carrying these is called arara, and this means “a day of reconciliation.” To accompany this one heifer, he takes seven to ten cows together and brings them into the pen of her husband. He himself goes, decorated and ornamented, with some of his friends. And her husband waits, inviting elders who know how to entertain and tell stories, gathering his neighbors, preparing food and drink, and he himself is decorated and ornamented with his wife. And the other one, as soon as he arrives, kisses his lover's forehead, hands over what he brought, and passes over and sits. The elders would say to them, “As of now, you are brothers who should help each other in all matters.” After this, food and drink are served with good entertainment. And they, having spent the day joyfully eating, drinking and entertaining themselves, return home, handing over the heifer they brought and taking back the cows they brought for accompaniment. After this, he comes often to his lover openly and acts as a husband. He comes in, sticking his spear (to the ground) at the door. When the husband comes from the field, and sees the spear of his wife's lover standing at the door, he turns away and stays to visit a neighbor until he (the lover) gets out for him. And if he (the husband) has to go to a far away land, he calls him (the lover) and tells him to look after the house. His wife's lover comes to his house, and stays until he returns, being the head of the household and doing what a head of a household does. The Galla made this law because whatever happens, it is impossible to watch over a woman and stop her, believing that it is better that two men watch over her rather than one man and saying: “Let jealousy and killing over women be abandoned.” 30. Ethiopian toga. 31. This indicates that either the story is anachronistic or the tradition is not ancient. page215-242 page 14 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 229 Concerning the Galla Genealogy (pp586-592) The genealogy of the Galla is as follows: Bertuma and Boren, the two brothers whom we listed earlier, begot seventeen children, Bertuma six and Boren eleven. The descendants of Bertuma are: 1. Kerreyyu 2. Merewwa 3. Ittu 4. Akkichu 5. Werrenesha 6. Hubbena The descendants of Kerreyyu are: 1. Liben 2. Metcha 3. Tiloma 4. Wello 5. Jille 6. Abbo 7. Luba 8. Bela' The descendants of Merewwa are: 1. Werdeyan (sic) 2. Arusi 3. Ittu 4. Timuga Werdeyan (sic) begot three (children): 1. Ana 2. Ur 3. Abeti All these are descendants of Merewwa. These children of Merewwa are superior in might and number to all (others). And because of this, they are found everywhere. page215-242 page 15 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 230 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç The descendants of Ittu (are): 1. Jille 2. Luba The descendants of Akkichu (are): 1. Jingur 2. Tcheffa The descendants of Werrenesha (are): 1. Seyyu 2. Abu 3. Tchabu 4. Yilu 5. Guidru 6. Kutay 7. Amoru 8. Horo The descendants of Hubbena are: 1. Rayya 2. Azebo 3. Ashenge These Wello speak in Amharic, losing Galligna because they have been neighbors of the Amhara. The Ashenge speak in Tigregna, losing Galligna because they have been neighbors of the Tigre. The descendants of Boren (are): 1. Datche 2. Jille 3. Kono The (following) are called Tiloma: 1. Boch 2. Akako 3. Webbo 4. Luba page215-242 page 16 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 231 The (following) are called Seddecha: 1. Tchile 2. Liben 3. Gudru The following are called Hoko; 1. Hoko The descendants of Datche (are): 1. Leqa 2. Tcheleba The descendants of Jille (are): 1. Wellegga 2. Gumma The descendants of Kono (are): 1. Limu 2. Jimma 3. Gera The descendants of Boch (are): 1. Abbechu 2. Gimbichu The descendants of Akako (are): 1. Weberri 2. Gelan The descendants of Webbo (are): 1. Lume 2. Liben The descendants of Luba (are): 1. Metta 2. Wayyu The descendants of Tchile (are): 1. Gullale 2. Selale page215-242 page 17 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 232 The descendant of Liben (is): 32 1. Abeti The descendant of Gudru (is): 1. Derra The descendant of Hoko (is): 1. Borena All these are the ancestors of the Galla. The True story about the Islamization of the Wello (pp. 592-594) The true story of the Islamization of the Wello is as follows: (A man) called Abderrahman killed Ali, the husband of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, the first prophet and king of the Muslims. Because Hasan, the son of Ali born by Fatima, had ascended the throne, and because the successors will be the descendants of Muhammad, Fatima and Ali, all the children and party of Abd Rahman migrated to Ethiopia and settled in Yifat, in Shoa, fearing that they would destroy them to avenge Ali's blood. This took place during the time of King Digna Mika'el. Digna Mika'el reigned 26 years, from 656 (to) 682 (Year of Mercy). These Muslims moved into Yifat during his time. Because the kings who successively reigned at that time, the officials, and the clergy ignored them--because of dereliction of their responsibility--these Muslims gradually spread and widened their man-made religion, preaching it on the borders of Shoa, at Aliyyu Amba, at Argobba, up to the country of Wello, by giving out a lot of money and by deception. They converted to Islam many of the uneducated people. And Wello met with these Muslims from where he was and started to learn about the Islamic religion. Then a certain sheik called Kellu, from these Muslims, came (to him) and taught him (the religion). 32. With the simple “t”, possibly a mistake in restoring the name from a book in a European language. page215-242 page 18 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 233 And after he, separated from his brethren, became Muslim, the party of the Muslims continued to gather strength. (The Muslims) who were weakened during Atse ‘Amde 33 Tsiyon , caused havoc, reviving again and again. And so, at that time, 34 during Wedma Asferre , during the second year of his reign, when the Galla on one hand and the Muslims on the other continued to rise up and wreaked havoc on them, the king, the officials, and the clergy came together and counseled in unity to make peace with these Muslims of Yifat and Wello, in order to combat only the Galla. They not only counseled, but indeed made peace with the Muslims. The condition for peace was that they submit to the king and pay tribute, keep their religion, have the authority over their people and territory to appoint officials, not oppress the Christians residing in their territory, and not burn but protect churches. They made peace on these conditions, the Christian swearing by the Gospel and the Muslims by the Qur'an so that they might live in peace upholding the agreement. So a head or a ruler, one from their own, called Welasma, was appointed over the Muslims residing in Yifat and Argobba. We will come to the meaning of Welasma later in connection with the history of the Muslims. A king was given to Wello, too; he occupied the country beyond the (river) Wayet and made it his dominion and heritage. Originally, the name of that country was Lako Melza. After Wello occupied it, it was called Wello, by his name. This took place in 1363 Year of Grace. And Wello, when still alive, gave his country, dividing (it) to his seven children. And their countries were called by their respective names. The one of Hibeno was called Werrehimano. That of Qalu was called Werreqalu--werre means settlement or village. That of Abbey (was called) Abbey Bet. 33. The allusion is obviously to the Atse's war with the Islamic revolt; cf. Perruchon, “Histoire des guerres d'‘Amda íyon,” pp. 271-363, 361-493. 34. Widm Asferre (1299-1314). page215-242 page 19 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 234 That of Ali (was called) Ali Bet. That of Ambo (was called) Lege Abbo. That of Heda (was called) Lege Heda. And that of Gora (was called) Lege Gora. Lege or Legi means wide field. So the country in its entirety is called The Seven-House Wello. This is the true story of Wello. That the assertions, that “(Wello) went down to Harerge and learned the book of Islam (there)” and that “When Gragn came, he came with (him)” are completely false is obvious from the contradiction of the history and from all the story. Supplement from the Oral History about the Galla (pp. 568-9, 572-3) Among the many oral histories about the Galla some start their account saying, “The father of the Galla begot four sons (Kerreyu, Tulema, Metcha and Wello) and three daughters (Alko, Duretti and Ayantu). When the boys could not find women from outside their family, they married their sisters,” and list their descendants. Even though the beginning of the account is not credible, any one who writes about the Oromo cannot gloss over it without studying the list of the descendants and report on who settled where. Therefore I add the following two to what I copied from Aleqa Tayye's history book. One Story: (pp. 568-9) Kerreyu married Ayantu and begot Arusi, Ayya, Betto and Yittu. Furthermore, he married the daughter of Islam Muhammad 35 36 Yesuf and begot Teguri and Nuri. And when Arusi died, Ayya inherited his brother's wife, following the Islamic tradition, and begot Suba and Dinguirguira. These have occupied the Eastern country from Nib Gedel (to) Ayimmelel; and 35. Ms “of Yesuf,” (sic). 36. This implies that Tajura, in Djibouti, got its name from a Galla tribe. page215-242 page 20 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 235 from Adel to Tiltal.37 They have occupied Yifat and the entire Eastern 38 country up to the border of Tigre. They have occupied also Wegeg , 39 Asebot and the Tiqur Midir. Tiloma married Alko and begot Abbichu of Metcha, Datche and Soddo. Furthermore, when Kerreyyu died he (Tiloma) inherited his wife, the daughter of Muhammad Yesuf and begot the Galla who are in Rayya. They are called Tiloma. They say that Jille, too, is Tiloma's son. 40 At the beginning they used to say about him that he was a son of a zar. He found him in a barn and raised him. “Hence,” they say, “they say that he was called Tiloma's son.” Wello married an Adel woman and died having begotten Kallu. Furthermore, Tiloma inherited Wello's wife (and begot) Babbu, Gora, Ilu, Qalu, Kalo, Hida and Kutay. These seven are Titoma. According to the (tradition) of inheritance, they are called Wello. Datche is Tiloma's son. He begot the Four-House Abbichu, the Eight-House Gimbichu and the Seven-House Galan. Furthermore, he inherited (the wife) of Abbichu of Metcha and 41 42 begot Metta, Borena, Seddo who is in Dawwaro. These are called Atchebir, Werredoru and Nono. And Metcha married Durette and begot Jifar, Wegedu, and Liben. And Kutay begot Beriya from the wife of Metcha of Abbichu by inheritance. Their mother (the inherited wife) is a rat-eating black Shanqilla. 37. “Tiltal” is the traditional Amharic name for the people of Affar. 38. In the Middle Ages, the diocese of Abune Samu’el of Wegeg. His gedl has been edited by Kur, Actes de Samuel de Dabra Wagag. 39. This is where Abune Samu’el of Wegeg established his monastery, which, despite attacks from people hostile to their religion, still flourishes. 40. Spirit. 41. Probably “Soddo.” 42. This implies that Dewwaro was today's Soddo of the Gurageland. This can be possible only if we assume either the existence of two places by the same name or that Soddo was a large territory bordering Adel. There are two reasons for this. First, Dewwaro was the first territory that Gragn attacked when he started in page215-242 page 21 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 236 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç All these lived in Ethiopia since Atse Libne Dingil, filling Ethiopia settling in seven (groups) on equal level (in rights and duties) with the Christians. Another Story: (pp. 572-3): Kerreyyu married Ayantu and begot ten (children). These are: 1. Arusi 2. Ittu 3. Timuga 4. Jille 5. Suba 6. Jigurguir 7. Tchafu 8. Rayya 9. Azebo 10. Ashenge Metcha married Alko and begot fifteen (children): 1. Seddo 2. Abbu 3. Tchabu 4. Yilu 5. Guidru 6. Kutay 7. Amoru 8. Horru 9. Leqa 10. Tcheleba 11. Wellegga 12. Gumma 13. Lemu 14. Jimma 15. Gera 1527 invading the Ethiopia outside his realm; second, Debre Asebot, the Monastery of Abune Samu'el of Wegeg, assumed to be in Dewwaro, is in Tchertcher. page215-242 page 22 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 237 Tiloma married Duretti43 and begot fifteen (children): 1. Abbichu 2. Gimbichu 3. Weberri 4. Galan 5. Ada 6. Lume 7. Liben 8. Metta 9. Wayyu 10. Gullalle 11. Selale 12. Waju 13. Abote 14. Derra 15. Borena Wello married seven wives, built houses in seven places and begot seven children. These are their names: 1. Hibeno 2. Abey 3. Ali 4. Qalu 5. Ambo 6. Hida 7. Gora These are the Galla people, arranged according to their tribes: the ten children of Kerreyu, the fifteen children of Metcha, the fifteen children of Tiloma and the seven children of Wello. The total is forty five (sic). 43. MS “Durette.” page215-242 page 23 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 238 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç Orders of the Galla and Rules (pp. 597-600) Christianity in Ethiopia: Rules and orders are often legislated with the people called Christian, but are not executed. Even a governmental proclamation would not enforce them. In the world that God created, (people) in every country and of tradition, whether heathen, Christian, Muslim, or Jew, everyone has rules upheld by the people. (As it happens among Ethiopian Christians) there is no husband who ever divorces his wife, whatever happens, for a trivial matter, for a flimsy reason. There is no one who executes the divorce either. But a Galla never divorces his wife whom he married in reko. If a Galla is separated from his wife because of great difficulty, and if she bears a child by another one, and she comes back later to her reko husband, she brings her children with her. If she does not come back but dies there, her children will not belong to their biological father, but go to belong to her reko husband. For this reason, except for a few who have problems, there is no one who would marry a woman whom her first husband divorced, saying, “If she bears for me, they would not be my children.” And because her reko husband knows that when he dies, these children who came from outside, who are not his seed, would inherit (his property), he will not easily divorce his reko wife, like his neighbors who call themselves Christians, unless he is desperate. 44 Since honesty has not disappeared, those children from outside are like his children; (treated) equally, they inherit landed property. And if he begot from other wives, his main child, his first-born, called angaffa, in Galligna, is the one born from his reko wife. Reko means the first legal and covenant wife. Furthermore, it means “difficulty” in Galligna. Even if he begets big and mighty children from his concubines or second wife, the principal heir is the son of his first, the reko, wife. If he begets a girl, she moves totally to her 44. The word is mahitem “seal” or “stamp,” usually a soft cotton cord put round the neck of the child as a sign of Christianity on the day he/she is baptized. The word is used, as in here, figuratively to mean “honesty.” page215-242 page 24 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 239 husband. And as in the Islamic tradition, she will be called by the people of her husband. Whatever happens, the Galla do not marry from their own people but from another tribe. There is no one like the Galla who knows his genealogy by recitation. Their main knowledge is reciting their genealogy. The father teaches his genealogy to his child. So they do not intermarry even up to the tenth generation. According to the Fitha Negest of Ethiopia, it has been ruled that 45 people may intermarry after the fourth generation . Except that Atse Zer'a Ya'iqob has decreed that all people in his kingdom intermarry 46 To this day, many people in (only) after the seventh generation. Shoa--in Tegulet and Menz--in Gonder, in Begemdir and Gojjam, in Tigre--in Hamasen--and in other regions observe this proclamation (as) a rule; they take it like a word of God. In the Galla (tradition) there are very many things that are far better than in their neighbors' (tradition) to whom the scriptures, which they do not observe, are given and who call themselves Christians. But there is one big (really) big, thing that makes everything naught against them, and that is lack of the knowledge of God. That is, they do not know his laws and commandments and that he is omnipresent. They call the sky God. When asked “Who created you?” they would say “ummem”. Since they look up to the sky when in rage and sorrow, they show that he is in their heart. The Galla used to kill a man if he found him with his wife, as we have shown earlier. But after he brings for him an ox and makes (the affair) known to him, he would not say anything if he found him with his wife. When he sees the spear of his wife's lover standing at his door, he (the husband) would know that he (the lover) is there and would turn around and go back. 45. See Abba Paulos Tzadua, The Fetha Nagast, pp. 134-5. 46. The source is not identified. page215-242 page 25 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 240 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç The Law of blood according to the tradition of the Galla The Galla tradition of blood is divided into four: 47 48 First, if a tchewa is dead , the killer pays 100 cows. 48 Second, if a woman is dead , (the killer pays) 50 cows. Third, if an artisan, smith, weaver, tanner, or any other crafts48 man, is dead (the killer) pays 40 cows. Fourth, if a son kills his father, and if the son is the son from his reko wife, the people of his father will tie a rock to his waist and throw him in a body of water. They will not beat him to shedding blood because that is taboo to them. But if his mother has no reko privilege, they say that the relatives of his mother should receive him and take him and pay 100 cows. He should not be beaten (to bleed) because he is not a legitimate son. When asked: “How about if a father kills his son?” they say he would not do it. This, abbreviated and few (stories) from the history of the Galla, told at length and in many (versions), suffices. Next to this we will bring, (the story of), the history of the Innarya. 49 18. Concerning the Tribe of Innarya (p. 600) The entire people of Innarya is a scion of Ham.50 At the time, when the tribe of Yoqtan came and usurped the kingdom of the tribe of Cush, destroying the people in war and causing the rest to flee, this people lived on the southern borders of Ethiopia, in Welamo, Sidamo, Kullo, Konta, Amoro, and Zinjiro. After the war, they submitted to the kings of the tribe of Yoqtan, and showed allegiance to them by paying tribute. 47. “Landed soldier.” Here it probably refers to a man who is not in the category listed under “Third”. 48. That is, “murdered.” 49. This section deals obviously with Innarya, the region which became part of the Oromo since they moved into it in the sixteenth-seventeenth century. But the two paragraphs have a lot to say about the Galla/Oromo. 50. I.e. they are speakers of a Cushitic language. “Ham” is the equivalent of page215-242 page 26 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ôw] 3 - Appendix III 241 Earlier, before the Galla occupation, Luqma, Jimma, Leqa, Tibbe, Guma, and Kefa were all territories of the people of Innarya. Later, because the Galla caused it to be evacuated, it became Galla territory. A king called Innarya used to be appointed over it, under the king of kings, in accordance with the (tradition) that continued from ancient time to the time of Menelik I, and after that up to the time of 51 Christianity . “Ethiopia” in the Arabic/Ge’ez literature. Since Cush is a son of Ham, there is no serious reason for preferring one over the other as a name for a branch of languages. 51. As his Chronicle and the Zenahu le-Galla testify, Sertse Dingil was instrumental in christening them. page215-242 page 27 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 BL Or. 534, f. 168b. πôw wM`æ cIO o¡dè"" (—È 50 Iæ v|èh# zm≈}H{J"") page215-242 page 28 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 ! ™v& OËMı| (ûTáË[ nI| “^) O = OÈKÒ (eMz| ûGä ûOÈKÒ ä´ó em√ ºdd|B| ôæ¿HT HRH|)"" OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe (xI{)ñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ñ ô¬e ôww 09)%9 Æ. T.ñ EMML 3749. O≥P[ √™*| TeH O≥P[ °è}eñ Hfezì —&±+ ô¬e ôvw 09)%2 ÆOz TM[|"" OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%1 ÆOz TM[|"" Kz{ ±±`ô ºØpxñ Enno Littmann, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script, aeth., ser. prima t. 31, Paris 1904, reprint, Vol. 18, t. 1, Louvain (1962), pp. 3-28. eè°d`ñ võè”H&≥ìñ E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, Vol. I/II, reprint, Hildesheim · New York 1976. wM[ Kdx (v—+{Ä´ ÜæH+ e` õæ)"" wM\ ±´ƒñ πô&|øÂº {]° û1884 õeû 1966ñ ô¬e ôvw 1989 Æ.T."" wM`æ (ôw)ñ ±+çB H“Iñ I. Guidi, Historia Gentis Galla, CSCO, ser. altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, script, aeth. t. 3, Louvain (1961), pp. 223-231. ——ñ ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ «π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the Galla (Oromo) of Ethiopia By Bahrey”ñ (ô√¬eç ÿè{´ºè ÿç}Ç HM≥x Re{®m*º vπ—&±+´ πQ®◊ OÈK+|)ñ oÈ 1ñ tÿ` 2ñ aR ÿ`/84 (Vol. I, No 2, Rome January/98). x`Dã HSfç {y` ™Qñ πúaU M≥x {]°ñ ô¬e ôvw 1993 (Æ. T.)"" z°H ô&πc#e (ôHn)ñ π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 4802 and EMML 5403. z°H Ë≈o Oû=]ºñ πô&|øÂº {]° û≠Ï+ z,¨≈ae õeû m√R™* ÜæH YIc+ñ ô¬e ôvw !ì —&±+ "#$%& Æ. T."" {π (ôHn)ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ JE692E"" page243-250 page 1 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 244 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ ô¬e ôvwñ "#$() Æ. T."" ——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash, History of the People of Ethiopia by Aläqa Tayyä, Uppsala 1987. ÜæH YIc+ (è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºñ m√R™*)ñ Mæ®z,ç πô&|øÂº õ`TÕñ *ì OÈKıñ ô¬e ôvw "#$(! Æ.T"" á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ (xIz,è —+{)ñ OÈKÔ oéñ (ô¬e ôvw) "#$* ÆO| õT≈á[ J¿z% H°è}e"" ——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ á|Oz%è π1928 Æ. T. πÛh&e| ®[^ º¤ç—Ô´"" ——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ Asfa-Wossen Assrate, Die Geschichte von Šaw! (Äthiopien) 1700-1865, Wiesbaden 1980. ôTA ôcÛ´ñ æII ¿äyñ 1995 Æ. õ."" õ±&º´ = üHÔ´ tÿ` éÿ vzOHûz´ Tè‡"" û&®° (vû&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ e` õæ)"" û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ (v°ıH —&ø`—&e e` õæ)"" °ıH —&ø`—&eñ û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ñ ¿e{ z°H ®J≈ñ (û&®°)ñ OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v nI| K¬eñ ô¬e ôvw "#$+, ÆOz TM[|"" ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ (ô¬e ôvw) "#$(* Æ. T. ≠ÌS/wæ\ zıI (v≠ÌS õç vBairu Tafla e` zOJû|)"" ≠ÌS (ô})ñ π“I {]°ñ Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work. History of the G!ll! and the Kingdom of Šaw!, Stuttgart 1987. ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ “π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the Galla (Oromo) of Ethiopia By Bahrey”ñ (ô√¬eç ÿè{´ºè ÿç}Ç HM≥x Re{®m*º vπ—&±+´ πQ®◊ OÈK+|)ñ oÈ 1ñ tÿ` 2ñ aR ÿ`/84 (Vol. I, No 2, Rome January/98). πW`Î ≈è”J/OH° c—≈ {]°ñ K. Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), CSCO, script. aeth., ser. altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, t. 3 Louvain (1961), pp. 3-220. πÆT¿ Èøè/—x[ OemJ {]°ñ M. Jules Perruchon, “Histoire des guerres d'‘Amda íyon, roi d' Éthiopie,” Journal asiatique, Vol. 8, ser.14, Paris (1889), pp. 271-363, 361-493. πøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ (m√R™*) {]°ñ Guidi, I., Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part I, CSCO, Vol. 22, script. aeth., t. 5, reprint, Louvain (1960), pp. 3-55. πô&ºc#/ô≈ºT c—≈ (m√R™*) õç πvüÛ {]°ñ Guidi, I., Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part II, CSCO, Vol. 24, script. aeth., t. 7, reprint, Louvain (1961), pp. 59-346. page243-250 page 2 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 ™v& OËMı| 245 π±`ô ºØpx (õç πvõ¿ R`ºT) {]°ñ M. Jules Perruchon, Les Chroniques de Zar’a Yâ‘eqôb et de Ba’eda Mâryâm, rois d'Éthiopie de 1434 a 1478, Paris 1893. æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]° vôY^ e≈ezì´ °ıH ±Oèñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%9 Æ T"" —x[ YIc+ (ÁKÙ |õ≤≥)ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%9 Æ T"" —x[ YIc+ ú√ñ |≥{ HO{cv&ºñ ûBH#T vÿm*z%ñ (ô¬e ôvw) 1990 Æ.T. —≈H K^ ≈è”Jñ EMML 69, William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. —≈H dPô+J ±®—”ñ Stalisnas Kur, Actes de Samuel de Dabra Wagag, CSCO, Vol. 287, script. aeth. t. 57, Louvain 1986. —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ wM[ Kdx π±Oè s÷^ o`dÇè û{]° Re{®i “^ñ ¢H+œ˚&J (Qåf{) 09)(3 Æ. T."" ˚& = ˚&πç (π˚&πç´ oÃ O{®m*º)"" Arén, Gustav, Envoys of the Gospel in Ethiopia In Steps of the Evangelical Pioneers 1898-1936, Stockholm 1999. Asfa-Wossen Assrate, Die Geschichte von Šaw! (Äthiopien) 1700-1865, Wiesbaden 1980. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work. History of the G!ll! and the Kingdom of Šaw!, Stuttgart 1987. Beckingham, C. F., and G. W. B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia 1593-1646. Being Extracts from the History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla, London 1954, reprint, Nendeln/Liechtenstein 1967. Bender, M. Lionel , The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, East Lansing (Michigan) 1976. Budge, E. A. Wallis, A History of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia (According to the Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Egypt and Nubia, and the Ethiopian Chronicles), reprint, Vols. I and II, Oosterhout N.B., The Netherlands 1970. ——, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, Vols. I/II, reprint, Hildesheim · New York, 1976. Caquot, A., “Histoire Amharique de Gr!ñ et des G!ll!s,” Annales d'Éthiopie, Vol. II, Addis Ababa/ Paris, (1957), pp. 124-143. Cecchi, A., Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa. Viaggi di Antonio Cecchi, Vol. II, Rome 1886, and Vol. III, 1887. page243-250 page 3 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 246 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç Cerulli, Enrico , “Documenti arabi per la Storia dell' Etiopia,” Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Vol. IV, Rome (1931), pp. 38-101. ——, “The 'Kalila wa-Dimnah' and the Ethiopic 'Book of Baralaam and Josaphat' (British Museum MS. 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Guidi, Ignazio, Storia della Letteratura Etiopica, Rome 1932. page243-250 page 4 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 ™v& OËMı| 247 ——, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part I, CSCO, script. aeth. ser. altera t. 5, reprint, Vol. 22, script. aeth., t. 5, Louvain (1960), pp. 5-55. ——, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part II, CSCO, Vol. 24, script. aeth., t. 7, reprint, Louvain 1961, pp. 60-346. ——, Historia Gentis Galla, CSCO, script. aeth. ser. altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, t. 3, Louvain (1961), pp. 223-233. ——, “Di due frammenti relativi alla storia di Abissinia,” Rendiconti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Rome Vol. 2, ser. 2 (1893), pp. 578-605. ——, “Le canzoni geez-amariña in onore di Re Abissini,” Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Rome Vol. V, ser. 4 (1889), pp. 53- 66. 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Littmann, Enno, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script, aerth., ser. prima t. 31, Paris 1904, reprint, Vol. 18, t.1, Louvain (1962), pp. 3-28. ——, “Zu A. W. Schleicher's 'Geschichte der Galla',” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete, Vol. 9 (1938), pp. 389-400. Macomber, William F., A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Collegeville (Minnesota), EMML 1-300, Vol. I (1975). page243-250 page 5 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 248 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ——, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Collegeville (Minnesota), EMML 3001-700, Vol. II (1976); EMML 7011100, Vol. III (1978). Masse, H., “Farédun,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. II, Leiden (1991), p. 798. Mohammed Hassen, The Oromo of Ethiopia: a history 1570-1860, Cambridge 1990. Pankhurst, Richard, The Ethiopian Borderlands, Lawrenceville (New Jersey) 1997. Paulos Tzadua (Abba), The Fetha Nagast The Law of the Kings, Addis Ababa 1968. Pereira, F. M. Esteves, Chronica de Susenyos, Rei de Ethiopia, (text) Vol. I, Lisboa 1872. Perruchon, M. Jules, “Histoire des guerres d'‘Amda íeyon, roi d' Éthiopie,” Journal asiatique, Vol. 8, ser.14, Paris (1889), pp. 271-363, 361-493. ——, “Histoire de'Eskender, d'‘Amda-íyon II et de Nâ’od, rois d'Éthiopie,” Journal asiatique, Vol. 9, ser. 3, Paris (1894), pp. 319-66. ——, Les Chroniques de Zar’a Yâ‘eqob et de Ba’eda Mâryâm rois d'Éthiopie de 1434 a 1478, Paris 1893. Rhodokanakis, N., “Die äthiopische Handschriften der k. k. Hofbibliothek zu Wien,” Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd. 151, Wien (1906), pp. 193. Ricci, L., “Le Vite di ®nb!qom e di Yoîannes, Abbati di Dabra Lib!nos di Scioa,” Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, Vol. XIII, Roma (1955), pp. 91-120, and Vol. XIV (1959), pp. 69-107. Rubenson, Sven, Getatchew Haile and John Hunwick, Correspondence and Treaties 1800-1854, Acta Æthiopica, Vol. I, Evanston/Addis Ababa 1987. Schleicher, A. W., Geschichte der Galla ±+çB " H“I "" Bericht eines abessinischen Mönches über die Invasion der Galla im sechzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin 1893. Sergew Hable-Selassie, “The Ge’ez Letters of Queen Eleni and Libne Dinlil to John, King of Portugal,” IV Congresso Internationale di Studi Etiopici, Vol. I, Roma (1974), pp. 547-566. Six, Veronika, Die Vita des Abuna T#d«wos von Dabra M#ry#m im µ#n#see, Wiesbaden 1975. page243-250 page 6 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 ™v& OËMı| 249 ——, Äthiopische Handschriften 2: Die Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, Stuttgart 1989. Taddesse Tamrat, “The Abbots of DŠbrŠ-Hayq 1248-1536,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. VIII, no. 1, Addis Ababa (1970), pp. 87-117. Ullendorff, Edward, Studia Aethiopica et Semitica, Stuttgart 1987. Von Donzel, E. J., ‘®nb#qom Anqêa Amin (La Porte de la Foi), Leiden 1969. Wendt, Kurt, Das Maêîafa Mil#d (liber Nativitatis) und Maêîafa Sell#s« (Liber Trinitatis) des Kaisers Zar’a Y!‘qôb, CSCO, Vol. 221, script. aeth. t. 41, Louvain 1962. Wright, W., Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired since the Year 1847, London 1877. page243-250 page 7 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 BL Or. 534, f. 137a. õeüBè ûz—í%| πO≥P[ °è}e oœ¨Ç ôè¡"" (—È 43-44 Iæ zm≈~J"") page243-250 page 8 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 ! O÷m@T (á = á√” n = note) -A Axz —&ø`—&eñ Ú{´^]" 22 Axz —&ø`—&e Ä`ä|ñ ˘aÙc`" 10 Aü¢ñ ô≤∑" 65ñ 78ñ 143ñ 145ñ 165 A—[ R`ºT" 17ñ 144 A—[ ¿™a" 189 AÔ °è}eñ ¿œ ô≥RÇ" 146ñ 148 BTvç" 63ñ 76ñ 172(á)ñ 183(á) Bvç" 172ñ 183-184 Cvê" 173ñ 187ñ 191 C√" 173ñ 189 DO`jQ|" 45(á) DvÌè≈ñ ôæû+" 15ñ 26ñ 96ñ 84(á)ñ 100ñ 100(á) Dèz*è”ˆ`≈" 59ñ 61(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 157 DæRê|" 24ñ 99 E√" 187 Fè≈/Fè∆Ç" 25ñ 99 G[{" 175 G\" 190 Ga" 184 Gc+Ø" 42ñ 43(á) G¢" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ 173ñ 184ñ 186 -HHT¤è" 132ñ 134 H`™*" 111ñ 115 HvÅ" 136 Hwc&ñ Y∫T" 147 Hwc&ñ h#T" 149 H—" 187 H— E√" 187 H—K&√" 165 H— ôy" 187 H— √¬" 18 H— ‘^/H——:^" 165ñ 187 page251-278 page 1 H“" 187 H”" 110(á)ñ 131ñ 134 H#H:" 177 H#S" 8ñ 19ñ 185ñ 191 H#ne" 49(á) H#neñ ®è—+I™*" 125(á)ñ 154ñ 175 H#oR" 193 H#w/H#w¨Ç/H#yÇ" 19ñ 33ñ 64ñ 66-67ñ 69ñ 72ñ 74ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ 80-83ñ 80(á)ñ 87ñ 89ñ 92ñ 101ñ 104ñ 126ñ 133ñ 135ñ 151-152ñ 155157ñ 156(á)ñ 163ñ 173-177ñ 175(á)ñ 183-185 H#w ¡HÅ" 176 H#w—+" 155ñ 158 H&P" 64ñ 78ñ 107ñ 185 H&vè/H&yè" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ 80ñ 132-133ñ 135ñ 142ñ 144ñ 172-173ñ 183-186ñ 189ñ 191 H&|Rèñ ô+ê" 58ñ 60(á) H&º(ôRJº)" 3 IFT" 73 IH:" 104(á)ñ 105ñ 105(á)ñ 176-177(á) IT/IUÇ" 82ñ 92ñ 105ñ 117ñ 171ñ 176-177(á) IT ê" 104-105 Ie{" 22ñ 105 IyI" 108 I¢ OJ≤" 187 H+P" 190 H+n" 64ñ 78ñ 107ñ 185ñ 190ñ 193 H+™´ºè" 90 Jdä °è}eñ ôe’" 147ñ 149 Jdä °è}eñ πôv+zÖ#è XFH: Jœ" 147ñ 149 Jxe cÚ¨Ç" 90 Jxä ≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 76-77(á)ñ 105ñ 124ñ 164ñ 171ñ 189 Jô&e" 64ñ 77ñ 77(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 252 J¿|" 131ñ 143-144ñ 148ñ 150 H:H+¨Ç" 90 H:_èeñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 166 H:_è≥ πèeè" 61(á) H:è∆è" 35-36ñ 57-58ñ 60ñ 63ñ 78(á)ñ 88(á) H:ÿ" 64ñ 77 -K - KHv" 92(á) KHx∆" 74ñ 92ñ 92-93(á)ñ 167 KH&yñ ô≤∑" 111-112ñ 114ñ 117 KIw" 108 KOJRJ" 19ñ 67ñ 82ñ 82(á) KPe ®è≥" 148ñ 150 KRc+è" 192 KT" 101 KTy" 139 K[`—+" 177-178 K]`" 131 K]e" 73 K^ ≈è”Jñ ôv#ä/ôw" 74ñ 93ñ 93(á)ñ 124ñ 125ñ 125(á) K`" 134 K`PÛ" 67-68ñ 83-84ñ 157 K`c#" 64ñ 78ñ 107 K`yñ ô≥RÇ" 68ñ 83ñ 111112ñ 115ñ 129-130 Ka Íy" 172 Kcè" 186 Ke’" 27(á) Kvi/KvkÇ" 28ñ 29ñ 30ñ 104(á) Kz{ ±±`ô ºØpx" 56 Kü¢" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78 K™`º/K™`º|" 128ñ 150-151ñ 174ñ 177 K∫" 180 Kæ}î" 146ñ 148 K¬e û&√è" 49ñ 49(á) K≈º/K≈º¨Ç" 29ñ 101ñ 118(á)ñ 167 K—Hwy" 64ñ 78ñ 107 KÏ+/KÏ+—+/ôÏ+—+" 68ñ 70-71ñ 8485ñ 84-85(á)ñ 87ñ 89ñ 110ñ 110(á)ñ 113ñ 155 K#√ƒ" 128 K&√" 191 K&œ^" 46 K+|" 25ñ 25 M`nêe" 41 M≥oô+J" 120ñ 122ñ 122(á) N^" 139 page251-278 page 2 -OOHdæ" 98 OHü´ºè" 187(á) OH° c—≈ñ ôÏ+" 99ñ 105(á)ñ 112ñ 115ñ 127-129 OJü" 187 OJü yH:" 176-177 OJ°≠ —x`ô+J" 36ñ 49 OJ°Æ °è}eñ ê" 136-137 OJ≤" 105 OH:J" 64ñ 78 OKO≈" 30ñ 63ñ 75ñ 85(á)ñ 97ñ 188-189 OKO≈ Kcèñ ∆°z`" 24(á)ñ 146 OKO≈/OKO≈ ô&xè çc&` ô&xè ô#eRè ô&xè v≈Iæñ è—#Y" 43-44ñ 46 OKO≈ñ äv&∫" 25ñ 99ñ 103ñ 151-152ñ 186 O[x" 41(á) O[™" 63ñ 76ñ 106ñ 146ñ 148ñ 172-174ñ 182-183 O[™ ôº" 66ñ 80 O[¨" 63(á) O^ z°H DæRê|" 172 OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ °v#` xI{" 15ñ 26ñ 35(á)ñ 58ñ 58(á)ñ 78(á)ñ 107ñ 109(á) Oc&M/Oc&K™*"" 70ñ 77(á)ñ 88ñ 129ñ 131ñ 176 Odıè|" 43(á) Oez™≈≈" 77(á) Oez—x^è" 72 OezËT`" 77(á) Oe{¨|" 181 Oeû[T" 10ñ 50 Oeıè ®J¿ R`ºTñ ˘aÙc`" 61(á) OmT`" 10ñ 32 Om,∆ç™*" 46 OzûJ" 145(á) Oz°" 15 OÜJæ" 91(á)ñ 115(á) Oäû=c+¨Ç" 89 Oä¢d|" 72ñ 89ñ 98 Oå|" 105(á) Oç" 105(á) Oè{ ¿Ô`" 137 Oè≥" 192 Oè—¿" 93(á) Oè—∆" 93(á)ñ 166 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T Oü]" 92(á) Oüä R`ºT" 21 Oüä YIc+" 165 O°xx" 43ñ 43(á) O£èè|" 72ñ 90 O≥P[ °è}e" 36(á)ñ 36-37ñ 39ñ 45-48ñ 45(á)ñ 47-48(á)ñ 57 O≥P[ °è}eñ ô‡\" 36ñ 4748 O≥P[ √™*|" 36-37ñ 44-47ñ 48(á) O≥P[ ıW#Kè ®ÁH:z |û#≤è" 50 O≥P`" 116-117(á) O≥—v uèu" 102 O∑" 67(á)ñ 83(á) O√å|" 82 O≈Üé ÆHT" 79(á) O≈ı" 117 O≈ıØ" 113 Oœ" 67ñ 82ñ 82-83(á) O—≥" 140-141 OÿTm% øKèe" 116(á) OÿÅ/Qÿfi" 176ñ 176(á) Ofi" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78ñ 78(á)ñ 105(á)ñ 157-158ñ 177-188 OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v nI| K¬e" 98(á) OÈKÔ o√c+" 41(á) OÈKÔ ô+`Tºe" 121(á) OÈKÔ √èô+J" 49 OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ" 40-41 PJô{" 69ñ 71ñ 73ñ 87ñ 89ñ 91ñ 157 P^≈ üQJñ ∆°z`" 58 Pc+" 151-152ñ 174 Pü }°Å" 18ñ 18(á) P¿ç" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 84ñ 157ñ 175 P—`" 105 P÷&¢^" 19 P÷& —Iè" 19 PfiØ" 73ñ 91 QJwF/SJwM" 66-67ñ 81ñ 83ñ 101ñ 104ñ 156-157ñ 156(á)ñ 175 Qc&øêÇ" 109 Qh&ä]" 29 Q|˛¶ñ ˘aÙc`" 61(á) Qåf{" 7ñ 60 Qçeñ ôÏ+" 164 Qüô+Jñ ê/è—#Y" 41(á) page251-278 page 3 253 Qüô+Jñ o¡e" 81(á)ñ 137ñ 147ñ 149 Qüô+J õT\ñ °v#` Jœ" 166 Q°ºe" 121(á) Qÿfi/OÿÅ" 176ñ 176(á) RUñ vœaè≈" 153-154 RUñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 154 R`peñ ®è—+I™*" 175 R`{ ôR[ñ ®æ±a" 10 R`ºTñ o≈e|" 17(á)ñ 49(á)ñ 124 RjH#|" 148ñ 150 Rz,ë" 50(á)ñ 115-116(á) Rz,ëñ ®è—+I™*" 125(á)ñ 136ñ 175 Rá¿[ R`ºT" 147-150 Rãô+J ôJS√" 59 RèÕa" 25 R°Tv`ñ ™*JºTñ ∆°z`" 61(á) Rº" 68ñ 84-85(á)ñ 85ñ 129ñ 131 R√“eü`" 25ñ 171 SJwM/QJwF" 66-67ñ 81ñ 83ñ 101ñ 104ñ 156-157ñ 156(á)ñ 175 S{" 185ñ 189ñ 191 Sèƒ≥" 123 SÿÅ/Sÿfi" 176(á) Sfi/Sfi¨Ç" 105ñ 153ñ 178ñ 183ñ 189-191ñ 189(á) TJ—@∆" 74ñ 93ñ 93(á) TYô" 41 TYô ôR[ñ ®æ±a" 10 T`n|" 26ñ 95ñ 163 TeH+" 19ñ 67ñ 72ñ 82-83ñ 89ñ 157ñ 175(á) TeaÇ" 178 TåJ°ñ m√R™*" 26ñ 193 TåJ°ñ √”R™* ôÏ+" 18ñ 21ñ 2223ñ 84(á)ñ 97ñ 161ñ 164166ñ 177-178 TèÇH+" 175 TèÕ`" 18ñ 81(á) T°A —&ø`—&c" 84(á) TØ^w´ºè" 28-29ñ 50(á)ñ 109 TØ^x" 41(á)ñ 76ñ 98 T≈[ HT¤è" 132ñ 134 T≈[ o`ì" 143ñ 145 T≈[ v≈" 131ñ 134 T≈[ v#√" 134 T≈[ wM`" 107(á) T≈[ v+Õ" 101 T≈[ ôI" 136 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 254 T≈[ û:H&d" 142 T≈[ ®œ" 129-130 T≈[ µR" 144 T≈[ ∂è v≈J" 132 T≈[ ¿”Æ" 112 T≈[ —èµ" 145 T≈[ —#Rè" 148ñ 150 T≈[ ‘ÕT" 145 T≈[ ¤" 165-166 TÈ™/TÌ™" 85(á)ñ 125 UTwd" 24 U[j" 85(á) U[|" 27 U_|" 25 Uô ôèvd" 107 U–" 19 U“d" 175 UÔ` ´K" 41(á) UÚd ¢H#" 175 -W WT[ ôxñ wM` ä“j" 69ñ 86 W`Î °è}e" 129-130 W`Î øc+ı" 17 W`Î ≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 35ñ 39-40ñ 42-44ñ 45(á)ñ 46ñ 48ñ 55ñ 79(á)ñ 80(á)ñ 84-87(á)ñ 90(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 99ñ 105-106ñ 108ñ 110ñ 115ñ 125ñ 127131ñ 139ñ 145ñ 150ñ 156 W`Ó" 146ñ 148 XFH YIc+ñ è—#Y" 164ñ 164(á) XFH:ñ ôv+zÖ#è" 147ñ 149 Xô&`" 25 YH#e ÖæI" 87(á) YH#e ÜæH+" 66ñ 80ñ 101- 102 YIc+" 37 YJ◊è c—≈ñ è—#Y" 131ñ 133135ñ 137-138ñ 141-142ñ 144-145ñ 150-152 YØH °è}eñ ê" 132ñ 134ñ 143ñ 145 Y∫T" 77(á) YøT" 147 Y”® nJ" 164 -[- [¢" 192-193 [√ô&" 110-112ñ 114-115 ]Å`≈ ¯è°[e|ñ ˘aÙc`" 189(á) êä|" 27(á) page251-278 page 4 ^õπ ô+Jºe" 46 ^º" 78(á)ñ 184ñ 189-190 ^õπ øKèe" 23 `K+ñ MOT" 20 `x" 146ñ 148 aS" 177 avH&" 175 awH+" 64ñ 68-69ñ 77ñ 77(á)ñ 84-86ñ 84(á)ñ 156-157 a—+" 154-155 -ccHw" 179 cIH+" 185ñ 185(á)ñ 191 cIO o¡dè" 36ñ 49ñ 119ñ 242 cIRñ ôv#ä" 18 cJıñ πõaT{" 98 cP è—#Yñ ô}" 22 c^™," 136 c`R|" 85(á) cmI" 92 coco" 64ñ 77 csI" 74ñ 92 cxô |ü|" 118-119ñ 123ñ 129ñ 146ñ 158 cèvJ|ñ ®æ±a" 164 cèvz —#√" 174 cèvz ÷&ç" 174 cè“" 172ñ 176 cÆ&≈" 30 c∫" 184 cæ◊è" 71ñ 88ñ 105ñ 142ñ 144 cø" 64ñ 107 c¿Å" 64-65ñ 78(á)ñ 78ñ 80ñ 156ñ 173ñ 184 c¿æ" 139 c¬" 78(á) c∆" 189-190 c„&^/d„+^" 63-64ñ 64(á)ñ 76ñ 78ñ 78(á) cÛæºè" 72 c#RH+¨Ç" 26 c#RH+¨Ç/c#RJì" 99ñ 100ñ 109(á) c#_" 25 c#eèøeñ ôÏ+" 8ñ 56ñ 79(á)ñ 83(á)ñ 85-87(á)ñ 106ñ 110(á)ñ 118ñ 123-124ñ 126ñ 126(á)ñ 129ñ 131ñ 134ñ 137ñ 139ñ 140-141ñ 144-146ñ 145(á)ñ 148ñ 150ñ 164 c#eèøeñ ôv+zÖ#è" 139 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T c#w" 63-65ñ 68ñ 76ñ 78ñ 80ñ 84(á)ñ 136-137ñ 188ñ 190 c#w ±y[è" 84(á) c#z%ô+J" 121(á) c#â" 132ñ 134-135 c#√è" 99 c#ı —U" 27 c&_ñ" 147 c&`w" 64ñ 78 c&ê√" 153 c&°eñ ˚+aåüñ ∆°z`" 140(á) c&√R/c&√R¨Ç" 19ñ 68ñ 83ñ 84(á)ñ 99ñ 102ñ 106ñ 118(á)ñ 127ñ 163ñ 165 c&√Tz*z*" 102 c&√U/c&√UÇ" 25ñ 99ñ 172ñ 193 dPô+Jñ ôv#ä" 137ñ 188(á) dPô+J üJØ" 117(á) dPô+J ±®—”ñ ôv#ä" 81(á) dPô+J —#w/‘w|" 29(á)ñ 30 d`ü" 131ñ 134 doeo" 64(á) dw" 39ñ 41 dûI" 132ñ 135 d™*ae" 112ñ 116ñ 116(á) dÿçô+J" 24ñ 187(á) d„+^/c„&^" 63-64ñ 64(á)ñ 76ñ 78ñ 78(á) c+R™*/c+R´ºè" 19ñ 24ñ 28ñ 100-101ñ 100(á) c+û&" 15ñ 85(á)ñ 34 c+ı v`" 127-128 eR√" 143ñ 145 eSè" 107(á) eT∞è" 17 e`çæ" 111 eoH|" 128 exJºêe" 24 exez," 164 e{H&eçe û#`" 188(á) ez,Ûè e|_Jc&è" 61(á) e|_Jc&èñ ez,Ûè" 61(á) eÖ&ä ≈è”J" 76(á) eÖ&è" 76(á) eç`" 118ñ 131ñ 134 eçè" 80(á) eèƒ" 114 e™*≈/e™*≈êÇ" 103 fH&" 68ñ 84ñ 84(á) fø" 78 f∆/f∆¨Ç" 64ñ 77ñ 81(á)ñ 189(á) fÚ" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á) page251-278 page 5 255 -h hRé" 193 hxhy/ÄxÄy" 82(á)ñ 88ñ 112ñ 116ñ 116(á)ñ 133ñ 135ñ 146ñ 148ñ 150 hè¢^" 8ñ 18ñ 19ñ 22 hè‘" 175 h™" 18ñ 22ñ 29ñ 68ñ 71ñ 73ñ 82(á)ñ 84ñ 89ñ 92ñ 97ñ 105ñ 107(á)ñ 129-130ñ 140-141ñ 157ñ 159ñ 163-165ñ 176(á)ñ 186ñ 192 h™[—≈ñ ®æ±a" 166 h”I" 105 h&_" 149 ihOé" 79(á) ih+" 132ñ 134 ièoI" 107ñ 147ñ 149ñ 189 h+}" 147ñ 149 jIæ§`" 57-60ñ 61(á) jTx^ û#_" 156ñ 156(á) j™√" 110-111ñ 114-115 -mmHO ®òñ ®æ±a" 164(á) mJ{/mJ{¨Ç" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) mez èFx" 81(á) me|" 85(á)ñ 133ñ 135 mvI ÍT" 143 mè√´◊" 189(á) mè∆I" 74ñ 92 m‡ê" 67ñ 83 m%è·" 127m@è√I" 175 nH I" 103 nH#" 173ñ 187ñ 189ñ 191 na√" 148ñ 150 nf" 140-141 m,a" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á)ñ 133ñ 135 m,ä≥" 25 m,÷R" 146ñ 148 oRJ" 70ñ 87ñ 127 oRè|ì" 100 o`ì" 143ñ 145 ovI" 145 ov#Ø" 77(á) ov+" 176(á) oxÆ|" 126 ox÷&" 75(á) o¡e øKèe ∫å˚èz*" 7ñ 11ñ 60 o√S" 174 o√c+ R`ºT" 21(á)ñ 98(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 256 pUfÇ" 158 paè}e" 92(á) p√ cÚ¨Ç" 90 p“" 148ñ 150 se÷è÷&êeñ ôv+}" 136 se÷è÷&êeñ √”R™*" 127-128 sè¿I/sè¿I¨Ç" 73-74ñ 87(á)ñ 91-92(á) ñ 91-92ñ 123ñ 133ñ 135 uÆ|" 139 t`wè" 80(á)ñ 102ñ 112ñ 117ñ 138ñ 138ñ 147ñ 149 t`Æè" 187 tÌ`" 154-155 -vvIõ/vIØ" 65ñ 80ñ 141-142ñ 183 vIæäF" 30 v[è{" 132ñ 134 v[æz%R" 55ñ 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 80ñ 172(á) v]º" 189 v_" 82ñ 107ñ 117 v`H&è" 36(á)ñ 57ñ 61(á) v`H&è v+z OËMı|" 57 v`v`/v`vaÇ" 98 v`w√" 92ñ 92-93(á) v`w∆" 74ñ 167 v`z%R" 64ñ 66ñ 68ñ 77ñ 80ñ 83ñ 86ñ 99ñ 132ñ 134ñ 151152ñ 156ñ 172-174ñ 172(á)ñ 182 v`çwe" 85(á) vjH:" 143ñ 144-145 voJ" 67 voH:/voH:¨Ç" 82-83ñ 114ñ 117ñ 126(á) v|a" 69 vÉ" 64ñ 77-78 vüÛñ ôÏ+" 22ñ 152-154 v¢" 173 vÆH DTd" 48(á) vÆH è|" 72ñ 90 vπäñ ô“Û]" 22 v¿\" 85(á) v≈" 131ñ 134 v≈Iæ" 18 v≈J ÎKæ" 66ñ 80 v≈H:" 69ñ 85 v T≈`" 101 v—ç" 73 v—+T≈`/v+—T≈`/v+—+ T≈`" 68ñ page251-278 page 6 68(á)ñ 83ñ 83(á)ñ 101ñ 105106ñ 137ñ 143-144ñ 146ñ 148ñ 156ñ 192 v”" 82ñ 105ñ 171-172ñ 175176ñ 176(á) vÿ[ ôU^" 79(á)ñ 79ñ 157 vÿ^T^" 65(á)ñ 79(á) vÿÛ^" 127-128 vÿ^ ôU^" 65ñ 79ñ 79(á)ñ 82(á) vÁ` ôU^" 79(á) vÎ` kzJ" 81(á) vÎ` ™ |" 81(á) v#J—+/v#J“" 20ñ 81(á) v#\° ôx¬" 36(á) v#^n" 156 v#`n" 177 v#`{" 177(á) v#çº" 166 v#è" 177(á) v#¢" 139 v#√" 134 v&HR" 81(á) v&Ò`Ã" 175ñ 175(á) v&ÒÃ" 19 v&ÒŒ" 64ñ 68-69ñ 78ñ 85-87ñ 156-157ñ 175(á) v&|®¿≈ä|" 166 v&√a" 68ñ 84ñ 84-85(á) v&ˆH+" 66ñ 69ñ 71ñ 81ñ 87ñ 89ñ 157 wHv—ç¨Ç" 90 wH õœ" 193 wHûva¨Ç" 90 wH&" 26ñ 63ñ 66ñ 76ñ 76(á)ñ 81ñ 104 wH+" 29ñ 76(á)ñ 157ñ 171 wJÅñ Ú{´^]" 22 wM[ Kdx" 9-10ñ 13ñ 15ñ 23ñ 25ñ 31-32ñ 45ñ 46(á)ñ 108(á) wM`" 25ñ 107(á)ñ 174 wM` ä“j" 55ñ 85(á)ñ 130ñ 143ñ 145 wM` ôYw" 112ñ 117 wM`æñ ôw" 11ñ 33ñ 35(á)ñ 3539ñ 43-52ñ 47(á)ñ 53-54ñ 56ñ 57ñ 59ñ 59(á)ñ 74ñ 76(á)ñ 78-79(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 86(á)ñ 88(á)ñ 90(á)ñ 93ñ 99ñ 101-102ñ 118-119ñ 123ñ 125-127ñ 125(á)ñ 167ñ 175(á)ñ 242ñ 278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T 257 wM` —U" 26-27 w]º/w`º" 107ñ 181 w]“R" 26 weJøeñ πxIz,êÇ —+{ (xIz,è —+{)" 29ñ 166 wv#" 189 wv&H:è" 73ñ 91ñ 121(á) wx õJOè¿x" 24 wèÕ" 145(á) wæ\ zıIñ ∆°z`" 59ñ 60(á)ñ 61ñ 61(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 108(á)ñ 214 wœñ ™H&e" 59 v+`d" 81(á) v+z JK+T" 20ñ 20(á) v+z R`ºT" 143ñ 144 v+z ôTÜ^" 143ñ 145 v+z °èz*ºè" 84(á) v+z “I" 15ñ 98ñ 136-137ñ 148 v+z Ô[èœ" 98 v+}" 188 v+û&è”DT" 59ñ 61ñ 61(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 194ñ 157 v+Õ/v+Õ¨Ç" 100-101 xH#æ û&√è" 90(á) xIz,è —+{" 132ñ 134 xIz,êÇ" 132ñ 134 xJØ|" 140-141 x]z*j Iæx^]" 11 x]{åº" 29 x^´û+T˜`" 15 x`" 132-133ñ 135 x`Dã HSfñ ô}" 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ 109(á) x`x` R`ºT" 35ñ 35(á) xäæ ¿™" 91(á) xõc+ õ”±&ôxK+`" 17 y[ç/y[êÇ/y[è" 25ñ 63-69ñ 64(á)ñ 71ñ 76-80ñ 79(á)ñ 83-86ñ 84(á)ñ 89ñ 99ñ 102ñ 106ñ 139ñ 156ñ 172-174ñ 172(á)ñ 176ñ 182ñ 184ñ 186ñ 189ñ 191 yi" 71ñ 88 yi h#T" 128-129 ywd" 25ñ 171 yÇ" 173ñ 184-185 yû#" 176 -z zOe—è" 30 zTv+è" 136 z[Ô ô+`Tºe" 121(á) page251-278 page 7 z`z%H&ºêc" 123(á) zèvI|" 63ñ 151 zôT[ ô&πc#e" 22 z°H DæRê|ñ è—#Y" 164 z°H DæRê|ñ ôw" 140 z°H YH#e" 147ñ 149 z°H YIc+ ÷&êñ ô≤∑" 8ñ 145 z°H ô&πc#e/™oœ^ (z°H+)ñ ôHn" 8ñ 21ñ 25ñ 27ñ 167 z°H —&ø`—&eñ √U| ÁKÔ IT" 129-130 z™M∆ v+z °èz*ºè" 37 z´√√/z,¨√√ñ ®æ±a/™,±a " 70ñ 87ñ 87(á)ñ 88 z≥ü[ ≈è”J" 164 z≥üa" 93(á)ñ 166 z≈wv R`ºT" 82(á) z—≥a" 71 z—>H|" 192 z%HR/z%HR¨Ç/zH:R/|H#R/z%IR/ |H:R" 64ñ 64(á)ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ 105ñ 105(á)ñ 125(á)ñ 140-141ñ 153ñ 173ñ173(á)ñ 176(á)ñ 177ñ 183-184ñ 183(á)ñ 188-191 z%H# m%w H#w" 152-153 z%H#ñ ÁKÙ IMT" 29ñ 165-166 z%H# Ô^" 8ñ 19 z%Tô+" 64ñ 78ñ 107 z%`°/z%`¢Ç" 56ñ 123ñ 125ñ 97(á) {y` ™Qñ ô}" 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ 109(á) {Ç {Ç ”xÈ" 98 {Øü ä—Y|" 165 {π —x[ R`ºTñ ôHn" 8ñ 25ñ 27ñ 48(á) 59ñ 60ñ 60(á)ñ 61(á)ñ 97ñ 99ñ 104(á)ñ 170171ñ 188 {¿c {T^|ñ ˘aÙc`" 8ñ 11ñ 60(á) {ƒëñ ôw" 140 {À^" 188(á) z,Rè" 25 z,TçØ" 25 z,¨√√/z´√√ñ ®æ±a/™,±a" 70ñ 87ñ 87(á)ñ 88 z,¨≈aeñ ôÏ+" 18ñ 22ñ 116(á) |J" 82(á) |`û=" 138 |v+" 193 |èv&|" 65ñ 80 |´Ú{™*" 24 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 258 |”^æ/|”_/|”_¨Ç" 28ñ 45(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 100ñ 100(á)ñ 106ñ 107(á)ñ 110ñ 114ñ 136ñ 143ñ 145ñ 163ñ 184ñ 188ñ 188(á)ñ 192 |”_ O¢èè" 85(á)ñ 143ñ 145 |—>]" 188ñ 188(á) }^ Oe°" 18 -Ä Ä\H&" 15ñ 45(á)ñ 46ñ 47(á) ÄxÄy/hxhy" 82(á)ñ 88ñ 112ñ 116ñ 116(á)ñ 133ñ 135ñ 146ñ 148ñ 150 ÇH:|" 174 -Ö Ö^" 79(á)ñ 91(á) Ö±H:" 67ñ 82 ÖæH OH¢|" 164 ÖæI|" 81(á)ñ 147 Ö¿[" 93(á) Ö¿a" 93(á) ÜæI|" 102ñ 150 Ö@Jm@/±Ö>Jt" 119ñ 121 -ä - äAx|" 72 äTd" 57 äc&v#ñ ôÔ è—#Y" 22 äv&æ" 65ñ 80 äé|" 105(á) ä—Y| m√R™*" 48(á) ä—¿ ô&πc#eñ Ænv+ cÆ|" 17 ä—¿ û#d" 101 ä—&≈" 72 ä“X&ñ ôv+}" 163 ä—+" 73 ä‡ X`" 82(á)ñ 97 ä·" 154-155 äÛî ±—`" 81(á)ñ 92(á) äı÷ì" 19ñ 31 äıÿ" 112ñ 133ñ 135ñ 138ñ 154 ã]" 188 ã` (PKO≈ ôJPÕC≈ñ ô&RT)" 67ñ 82ñ 82(á) å´ ø`°" 9-10 ç`" 138 çú≈ñ ôÏ+" 27(á)ñ 82(á) page251-278 page 8 çæŒ]º" 150(á) ç˜*π`ñ Œé^J" 36 ç¸Gñ Fè∆Ç" 99 èe`" 113ñ 117 èe` nç" 147ñ 149 èx —¿J" 188 èô#e πRê" 147 è™æñ ôw" 113ñ 118 è”≈" 90 êH&ö&ã" 173 êH+ôH&" 65ñ 80 êH+ô+H#" 65ñ 80 êá" 120ñ 122 êê" 189 -ô ôFº" 117 ôFº Ôœ" 97 ôHe|ø" 18 ôHv" 92(á) ôH&" 173ñ 191 ôH&" 186 ôH&ñ ê" 30 ôH& ®J¿ ôœx/ôH& ®J¿ ô&xè ôœx" 131ñ 134 ôI" 136 ôIv&¨Ç" 92(á) ôJFT|" 67ñ 74 ôJS√ (Rä#ô+J)" 59 ôJ{πñ ®æ±a" 22 ôJ¢" 105(á)ñ 188-190 ôJ∫ ôTw" 186 ôK¡ ØÌ" 18ñ 97 ôM≤x" 71ñ 88 ôO≈" 176(á) ôQ`/è—#Y" 18 ôRH+o" 25 ôR^/ôTK^/ôTÜ^/ôR`ì/ ôRaÇ" 9ñ 19-20ñ 25ñ 27ñ 31ñ 41(á)ñ 51ñ 55-56ñ 5861ñ 67ñ 73ñ 75ñ 77(á)ñ 83ñ 83(á)ñ 85(á)ñ 92ñ 91-92(á)ñ 97ñ 99-103ñ 100(á)ñ 105ñ 107-108ñ 124ñ 137-138ñ 143-146ñ 148ñ 163-167ñ 178ñ 179(á)ñ 184 ôS]ü/ôS]üêÇ/ôS]ü´ºè" 7ñ 9ñ 99 ôTvH# ûv¿ñ ô}" 79(á) ôTvd" 77ñ 77(á)ñ 84(á) ôTv&d" 64ñ 156 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T ôTw R`ºT" 148ñ 150 ôTw`" 131ñ 134 ôTy" 78(á)ñ 139ñ 173ñ 187ñ 187(á)ñ 191 ôTÖ ôeÛ´ñ ô}" 10-11ñ 85(á) ôTÜ^ dæè|/ôTK^ dæè|" 82(á) ôTÜ ô&πc#e" 164 ôTΩ/õTΩ" 64ñ 78 ôU\" 184ñ 190 ôU^" 18ñ 82(á)ñ 79 ôUa" 193 ôUç|" 144 ô[Q" 124-125 ô[`—+" 188 ô[è’ƒ ü`≈" 10 ô\c&" 81(á)ñ 101ñ 183ñ 188 ô\c+" 177ñ 190 ô]è‘" 154 ô^^" 181 ô^|ø" 77(á) ô_èñ Qez,`" 48(á) ô`c#" 136-137 ô`c&" 81(á)ñ 167 ôè◊◊H&e" 123(á) ô`w Tè‡" 79(á) ô`wx" 81(á)ñ 102ñ 147ñ 149 ô`wØz% ®è—+J" 22 ô`õî" 69ñ 85ñ 85(á)ñ 105 ô`û YH#e" 50(á)ñ 50-51 ô`û+" 50 ô`û+¨H:Ã" 101 ô`™," 73 ô`‘w" 186-187 ôaè" 72ñ 90 ôc[ è—#Y" 90(á) ôc`" 90(á) ôcy|" 188ñ 188(á) ôcÛ" 97 ôem,ÿe" 98 ôe’" 147 ôeÛ ®cè" 164 ôhè—+/ôhè—+¨Ç" 184ñ 190 ôj’’" 137 ôm,|µ`" 80(á)ñ 132ñ 135 ôvv ûzRñ ô}" 19 ôvz*" 186 ôv÷&" 66ñ 68ñ 80ñ 83(á)ñ 85ñ 85(á)ñ 125(á)ñ 136-137ñ 146ñ 148ñ 174ñ 183ñ 186(á) ôv#" 184ñ 190 ôv#i°`ñ ¬ºpè" 75(á) ôv&c&åº´ºè" 28ñ 29ñ 30ñ 146 page251-278 page 9 259 ôw P√" 151-152ñ 155ñ 157-158 ôw P√ç" 176 ôwæ" 132ñ 134ñ 139 ôw ¡H:Ç" 175 ôw”Ø" 67 ôx`DT" 25ñ 64ñ 70ñ 77 ôxoJ|" 67ñ 111 ôxÄ% Sfi" 189 ôxÄ%/ôxÄ%¨Ç" 185ñ 189-190ñ 189(á) ôxº" 132ñ 134ñ 142ñ 142 ôxΩ" 164 ôx¿`FRè" 186 ôx≈Jn≈`ñ è—#Y" 131ñ 134 ôx≈ [FRè" 186 ôx≈∫" 48ñ 48(á) ôy" 63(á)ñ 64ñ 77-78ñ 7778(á)ñ 173ñ 183 ôyH& (J≠#J)" 65ñ 69ñ 80ñ 80(á)ñ 86 ôyz," 191 ôyê" 64ñ 78ñ 107 ô|aèc R`ºT" 165 ô|çz,ëñ ê" 143ñ 145 ô|çz,ëñ o¡e" 47(á) ôç" 66ñ 80ñ 136-137ñ 146ñ 148ñ 174ñ 183 ôç÷&¨Ç" 90 ôèe|" 72 ôèvd" 73ñ 76-77(á)ñ 91ñ 113ñ 117ñ 141-142 ôèvd ®¿o" 107 ôè|a˙H:Ã/ôè|a˙H:Ãe}Ç" 55ñ 56ñ 101 ôè¢v_/ôè¢v`" 20 ôè—:|/ôè‘|" 67ñ 83ñ 83(á)ñ 110ñ 113 ôèÿ[ì/ôèÿ[ïÇ" 90ñ 193 ôèÚH:Ç" 84(á) ôõIı c—≈/ôØIı c—≈" 84(á)ñ 92(á)ñ 126(á)ñ 136 ôûz%" 172(á) ôûÄ%" 63ñ 76 ôü¢" 173ñ 184-185 ô°c#R™*/ô°c#T"100-101 ô°z%" 172ñ 182-183 ô°Ä%" 172(á) ô•ø" 145 ô¶Ä%" 142ñ 144 ô™j" 18ñ 176-177 ô´X" 67ñ 82 ô´^]e" 91 ô´^Õ" 76(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 260 ôá¯" 99ñ 124(á) ô´dxøc" 123(á) ô±y" 184ñ 190 ô±+" 85(á) ô≥R]¨Ç" 90 ô≥RaÄ*" 73 ô∫" 174ñ 176-177 ôº" 188 ôºèz%" 105(á)ñ 188ñ 190 ôæB√™*/ôæB≈" 110ñ 151-152ñ 191 ôæOHJ" 188 ôæw" 146ñ 148 ôæû+ DvÌè≈" 26ñ 100ñ 100(á) ô¿J" 43-44ñ 104(á)ñ 126(á)ñ 142ñ 144ñ 188-189 ô¿J Ox[o" 66ñ 81ñ 81(á) ô¿_¨Ç" 100 ô¬e ôvw" 18ñ 21ñ 41(á)ñ 61(á) ô¬e ôvw ∫å˚èz*" 109(á) ô√" 25ñ 190 ô√J/ô√H:Ç" 18ñ 20ñ 81-82(á)ñ 105ñ 125-126ñ 144ñ 189(á) ô≈Re U—d" 87(á) ô≈Re c—≈" 70ñ 87 ô≈ô" 164(á) ô≈º" 166 ô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc#" 29ñ 105ñ 122ñ 125(á)ñ 152-153ñ 157ñ 165 ô∆^" 70ñ 88 ô∆çæ" 118 ô T" 63 ô `z%" 74ñ 92 ô—´ T≈`" 101 ô—´/ô—´ì/ô—¨Ç" 99ñ 100101ñ 100(á)ñ 110(á)ñ 132133ñ 135 ô”Æ≥ºè" 28 ô◊H&" 67 ôÿçı c—≈" 82(á) ô¤x`" 189 ôÈçı c—≈" 67ñ 70ñ 82ñ 82(á)ñ 87 ôÏ+—+/KÏ+/KÏ+—+" 68ñ 70-71ñ 8485ñ 84-85(á)ñ 87ñ 89ñ 110ñ 110(á)ñ 113ñ 155 ôÒ`" 77(á) ôÛ`/ôÛaÇ" 116(á)ñ 188(á) ôı]ü/ôı]ü™*/ôı]ü´ºè" 24ñ 29ñ 100ñ 103 ôı]∆è" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á) page251-278 page 10 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç ôıê" 67ñ 70ñ 110-112ñ 133ñ 137ñ 146-147 ôı_" 64-65ñ 77ñ 77(á)ñ 78ñ 156 ôıa ôæ—x" 80(á)ñ 102 ô#\" 174(á) ô#\üI" 136-137 ô&H#" 64ñ 77ñ 189 ô&II" 68ñ 84ñ 84-85(á) ô&^è/ô&^êÇ" 75ñ 75(á) ô&dæºe" 39ñ 41ñ 41(á)ñ 76(á)ñ 86(á)ñ 114(á) ô&z%" 63ñ 76ñ 106ñ 142-145ñ 172ñ 178ñ 182-183ñ 188(á)ñ 190 ô&z,—+" 70ñ 88 ô&|Q¢" 175 ô&|ø„&e" 104 ô&|øÂº/ô&|øÂº™*/ô&|øÂº™*ä|/ ô&|øÂº´ºè" 7-9ñ 15-17ñ 21-31ñ 24(á)ñ 41(á)ñ 55-56ñ 56(á)ñ 58-61ñ 76-77(á)ñ 8185(á)ñ 98-99ñ 100-101ñ 100(á)ñ 102-104ñ 106ñ 108109ñ 118ñ 122-123ñ 125ñ 145-146ñ 155-158ñ 161ñ 163-168ñ 171-172ñ 176(á)ñ 186ñ 187(á)ñ 189ñ 189(á)ñ 191-193 ô&è¬ºèe" 99 ô&π\dH+T" 8ñ 17ñ 25ñ 29ñ 29(á)ñ 60ñ 121(á)ñ 171 ô&πaT" 123(á) ô&πc#e" 49(á) ô&πc#e °è}e" 110-111ñ 114ñ 131-132ñ 134ñ 148ñ 150152ñ 177 ô&ºc# (ô≈ºT c—≈)ñ m√R™*ñ ôÏ+" 29ñ 105ñ 122ñ 125(á)ñ 152-153ñ 157ñ 165 ô&øx" 120ñ 122 ô&øôeñ ôÏ+" 29 ô&”ç±&ø —#æ¬" 59 ô&Û|" 110 ô+I" 64ñ 77ñ 77(á) ô+JRè" 73ñ 91 ô+J≤v+J" 48(á) ô+JÛ≥" 25 ô+ôH&eñ v&|®¿≈" 153-154 ô+`Tºe" 120-121ñ 121(á) ô+`|^/ô+`|^™*" 56ñ 59ñ 85(á)ñ 107(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T ô+d´" 25 ô+z%" 178(á) ô+ê H&|Rè" 58ñ 60(á) ô+∆T" 25 ô+∆T dô+`" 25 õH ôH√" 100 õH ôQ√/õH ÆQ√" 77(á)ñ 100 õH ô`wØz%" 77(á) õH ô≥’’" 100 õH ÆQ√/õH ôQ√" 100 õH —v≥" 100 õJıøe" 22 õK#≈/õB≈" 134ñ 174 õP\" 64ñ 78 õTv&J{" 149 õTv&eRè" 143-144 õTΩ" 154-155 õY^ô+J" 105(á) õ[ì" 92(á) õì" 90 õaT{" 98 õeIT/õeIUÇ/õeJTç" 25ñ 27(á)ñ 29ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ 82(á)ñ 98ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 107(á)ñ 110-111ñ 114ñ 125ñ 131ñ 152ñ 157-158ñ 163ñ 186-188ñ 187(á)ñ 191-192 õe^ô+I´ºè/õe^ô+J" 73ñ 91ñ 115(á)ñ 121(á)ñ 126 õez*Ôè Eæ≥" 10 õe°è≈`" 147ñ 149 õe°è≈`º" 17 õeº" 25ñ 171 õwx" 18ñ 88(á) õä‡II" 158 õç]º" 61(á)ñ 71ñ 88ñ 101ñ 107ñ 125ñ 150ñ 152-153ñ 156ñ 193ñ 193(á) õèed" 82 õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J" 20ñ 22 õè¿`{" 105 õè≈`ºeñ ô≥RÇ" 99ñ 99(á)ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 177(á) õè”H&≥ v+z OËMı|" 36 õè”H&≥/õè”H&≥ì/õè”H&≤´ºè" 29(á)ñ 30ñ 36ñ 58-61ñ 61(á)ñ 92-93(á)ñ 157 õèı^≥" 148ñ õèı^≥" 150 õ”[ïÇ" 87ñ 150 õ”`" 70 õ¤—+" 155 úS{™*/úS}¨Ç"" 100 ú`R" 25 page251-278 page 11 261 ú`}∆°d™*/ú`}∆°e" 28-29ñ 109ñ 129 úaR™*/úaTì/úaU/úaU¨Ç" 78ñ 15-16ñ 18-20ñ 23-31ñ 38ñ 54-55ñ 56(á)ñ 59-60ñ 76-79(á)ñ 82-84(á)ñ 88(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 100-101ñ 95ñ 97109ñ 104(á)ñ 108-109(á)ñ 118-119ñ 122-127ñ 129ñ 135(á)ñ 137-138ñ 145-146ñ 150ñ 150(á)ñ 153ñ 155-158ñ 163-168ñ 176(á)ñ 188ñ 188(á)ñ 193(á) úy" 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 78ñ 80ñ 107 úä”" 188(á) -û ûHI" 73ñ 87(á)ñ 91 ûH#" 186 ûH&I ®≈Tç" 46-47ñ 47(á) û[∫" 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 80ñ 105(á)ñ 105-106ñ 141-143ñ 172ñ 182-183ñ 188-191 û[∫ ÒŸ" 144 ûva" 73ñ 149 ûx|" 82ñ 91-92ñ 105ñ 107ñ 176(á)ñ 181 ûz{" 104(á) ûäÆè" 25 ûÛ" 84(á)ñ 193 ûıÉÇ" 100(á) û#`ñ e{H&eçe" 188(á) û#d/û#d™*" 99ñ 20ñ 100-101ñ 104ñ 118ñ 118(á) û#{]" 184ñ 189-190ñ 189(á) û&H:H+" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 85ñ 157 û&[U" 64ñ 78 û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ñ ôHn" 56ñ 98 û&√è" 119ñ 120 üFç|" 72ñ 90 üH#" 189 üH+ı" 111-113ñ 115-117 üH:" 189 üQJñ P^≈ñ ∆°z`" 58 üR™*/üT" 20ñ 99-100ñ 193 ü^ m@`m@^" 177 ü}H&°/ü}H&¢Ç" 29ñ 86(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 123ñ 104(á)ñ 187(á) üû#|" 105(á) üæa" 58 û+^" 65(á) °Fä|" 72ñ 90 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 262 °H&RèÕa" 26 °èz*ºè/°èz*ºêÇ/°è|ç" 24(á)ñ 37ñ 65ñ 69ñ 71ñ 75(á)ñ 77(á)ñ 79ñ 8384(á)ñ 85-86ñ 88-89ñ 88(á)ñ 91(á)ñ 98-99ñ 100(á)ñ 105-107ñ 109-110ñ 114ñ 122ñ 125-128ñ 129ñ 131ñ 139ñ 145ñ 150-152ñ 155-158ñ 163ñ 165-166ñ 174ñ 176(á)ñ 177-178ñ 187ñ 187(á)ñ 187ñ 189ñ 189(á)ñ 191-193 °è}d™*ºè" 111ñ 114 °è}e" 18ñ 31ñ 37ñ 42-43ñ 48ñ 110-111ñ 114ñ 131-132ñ 134ñ 148ñ 150-152ñ 110111ñ 114ñ 120-121ñ 132ñ 134ñ 147ñ 150-151ñ 177 °e{å" 84(á) °v& nH: Qüô+J" 30 °{x" 188 °|Å" 144 °ıH" 93(á) °ıH:" 93(á) °ıH:ñ —:∂T ä“j" 147ñ 150 ¢H#" 175 ¢H+œ˚&J" 7ñ 11ñ 60 ¢f/¢Z" 66ñ 81ñ 82(á) ¢èf¨Ç" 118(á) ¢è{" 193 ¢è”_e v+z OËMı|" 36(á) ¢ê" 64ñ 77-78ñ 139ñ 173ñ 184ñ 185 ¢æ^" 79(á) û:H&d" 142ñ 142 û:e|a" 156 û@ç|" 73 û=H:" 193 û=d" 193 û={™," 64ñ 78 û=è≈J" 133ñ 136 û=π^" 79(á) £^" 65(á)ñ 79(á) !^" 27(á)ñ 65ñ 79ñ 79(á) -§ß≈ —vº" 148ñ 150 -® ®Hn" 17ñ 101ñ 105ñ 125126(á)ñ 132ñ 135ñ 139ñ 142-145 page251-278 page 12 ®H“" 29ñ 185ñ 190 ®IU" 25ñ 27ñ 193 ®IeR" 187 ®H+" 157-158 ®J{" 73 ®Jô&e" 77(á) ®J¿ Oè”Y|" 86(á) ®J¿ è—#Y" 140-141 ®J¿ °è}eñ ê" 71ñ 89 ®J¿ °è}eñ ôv+zÖ#è" 132ñ 134ñ 147 ñ149 ®J¿πeñ OT_" 22 ®J¿ —x`ô+Jñ Jœ" 22 ®J≈º —x`ô+J" 30 ®J∆ñ Ú{´^]/Ú| ô´^]" 143ñ 145 ®H:/®H:Ç" 65ñ 80ñ 80(á)ñ 105ñ 105(á)ñ 122ñ 141-142ñ 144ñ 165ñ 173ñ 173(á)ñ 177-178ñ 180ñ 183-184ñ 186-189ñ 191 ®[" 187 ®[CRê" 187 ®[Qã" 136-137 ®[U" 25 ®[c¿Å" 173 ®[c+§+" 20 ®[nH#" 187 ®[ v#¢" 65ñ 80 ®[x" 90(á)ñ 129-130 ®[äi/®[äi¨Ç" 150-152ñ 183184 ®[èi" 132ñ 134ñ 142ñ 143-145ñ 172ñ 172(á) ®[è÷&i" 63ñ 76 ®[èÿi" 172(á) ®[ êH+ôH&" 65ñ 80 ®[ êH+ô+H#" 65ñ 80 ®[ ô&H#" 65ñ 80 ®[ û[∫" 65ñ 80 ®[∆a" 189 ®[ —>^õ" 65ñ 80 ®[◊π" 136-137 ®_x¢" 136-137 ®_À" 136-137 ®_—#" 136-137 ®ò" 131ñ 134 ®`√º" 124ñ 125(á)ñ 144 ®`≈ôº" 71ñ 89 ®`≈ºè" 173-174ñ 183 ®cè c—≈" 164 ®cè ôTw" 132ñ 135 ®v]" 185ñ 190 ®v&" 66-67ñ 81-82ñ 81(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T ®y" 64ñ 78ñ 78(á)ñ 173ñ 184185 ®z|" 92ñ 104(á)ñ 177(á) ®|®|" 74 ®ç” c—≈ñ ôÏ+" 63ñ 76ñ 7677(á)ñ 156ñ 156(á)ñ 171 ®ç” ôèvd" 76(á) ®è√d" 132ñ 134 ®è≈—+" 110(á)ñ 131ñ 134 ®è—+J" 177-187 ®æ^ ¡I" 176 ®æç Æ[x" 154 ®æç¿“" 83(á) ®æç ¿”Æ" 68ñ 85ñ 146ñ 148ñ 150 ®æ≤≥aÇ" 90 ®æÔè" 181 ®√–ñ ô}" 166 ®œ" 65ñ 71ñ 80ñ 88ñ 129-130ñ 129-132 ®œ nÈ" 130(á) ®—^" 149 ®—”" 188ñ 188(á) ®—+¡" 189 ®”√" 137 ®ÚR" 141-142 ™*JºT RûTv`ñ ∆°z`" 61(á) ™H&e wœ" 59 ™H&f" 64ñ 78 ™jè”zè" 36(á) ™n" 146ñ 177ñ 180 ™v& hvH&" 125ñ 157 ™èü" 154-155 ™ü" 68ñ 83 ™™," 116(á) ™π|" 187 ™∫" 185ñ 191 ™√" 92(á) ™À" 191 ™–" 74ñ 92 ™,±a" 70 ™,≤≥`" 72 Ív#" 172 ´Jè›z*" 18 ´^è" 112ñ 117 í" 18 ´jR" 181-182 óa" 146ñ 148ñ 148ñ 150 ´√c+ R`ºT" 21(á)ñ 98(á) ´√c+ °è}e" 47 ´≈R ôeÔ_" 187ñ 187(á) ´fiI" 136-137 ´fiH+" 122 page251-278 page 13 263 -≠ ≠He" 173 ≠Rãô+J ôx`DTñ °v#` ô}" 101 ≠T¿" 93(á) ≠T∆" 166 ≠[x/≠[w™*/≠[xì/Æ[x/Æ[xì/ Æ[yÇ" 27(á)ñ 39ñ 41ñ 75(á)ñ 97(á)ñ 99ñ 101ñ 103ñ 123 ≠ev" 93(á) ≠ey" 166 ≠væ" 173ñ 187ñ 191 ≠væ v+|" 187 ≠v&æ ÍT" 127-128ñ 145 ≠x¿I" 29ñ 30 ≠ T" 75(á) ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eñ ô}" 59 ≠ÌS/ÆÌS/ÆÈS/ÆÿSñ ô}" 8ñ 25ñ 27ñ 60ñ 61(á)ñ 81(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 97ñ 108(á)ñ 108ñ 138ñ 162ñ 171ñ 174(á)ñ 189(á)ñ 191(á) ≠#OT" 192 ≠#\" 64ñ 66ñ 77ñ 80ñ 146ñ 148 ≠#^ô+Jñ o¡e" 81(á) ≠#`" 174ñ 183 ÆHS õhz,ñ ˘aÙc`" 15ñ 58(á)ñ 59 ÆH&" 30 ÆH&" 186-187 ÆH& v+|" 187 ÆH&ñ |Jm% ê" 29-30 ÆH&ñ |èh# ê" 29ñ 29(á) ÆOz cRØ{|/ÆOz cRØ|" 46ñ 51 ÆOz v#\üè cRØ|" 51 ÆOz ô“`" 46 ÆOz õe°è≈`" 46 ÆOz ÆHT" 46 ÆT¿ Qüô+J/ÆT¡ñ ê v&|®¿≈" 27(á) ÆT¿ Èøèñ ôÏ+" 104(á)ñ 107(á)ñ 187ñ 187(á) ÆT¡/ÆT¿ Qüô+Jñ ê v&|®¿≈" 27(á) ÆT∆" 69ñ 85ñ 93(á) ÆW`z% nI|" 163 ÆX" 67(á) ÆX ±äx" 67ñ 82 Æ[x/Æ[xì/Æ[yÇ/≠[x/≠[w™*/ ≠[xì" 27(á)ñ 39ñ 41ñ 75(á)ñ 97(á)ñ 99ñ 101ñ 103ñ 123 Æey" 84(á)ñ 93(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 264 Æeyñ ¿œ ô≥RÄ*/¿œ ô≥RÇ" 69ñ 86 Æwæ" 153ñ 154 Æ´¿ ”≤|" 101 ÆÈn" 140-141 ØHz ôû:z,|" 9 Øx^æeÿ" 36 Øèpñ OH° K^" 147ñ 149 ØèwpTñ õ¤—+" 27(á) Ø≥^" 120-121 Ø◊ä ≈è”J" 76(á) Ø◊è" 76(á) ≥èœa" 193 ≥™æ" 68ñ 84ñ 85(á)ñ 140ñ 141 ≥Ûè v+|" 147ñ 149 -µ µR" 142ñ 144 ∂^" 132ñ 134 ∂è" 82(á) ∂è KÁç" 72ñ 90 ∂è OÆW_" 72ñ 90 ∂è v≈J" 132ñ 135 ∂è ôU^" 67ñ 82ñ 82(á) -± ±R`ºT" 126(á) ±YIc+" 137 ±Z" 166 ±[—T" 133ñ 136 ±`ô ºØpxñ ôÏ+" 18ñ 19ñ 21ñ 27(á)ñ 56ñ 106(á)ñ 192 ±`ô ºØpxñ ÔIeÛ´" 16 ±`ô øKèeñ ô≥RÄ*/ô≥RÇñ —:∂T ä“j" 68ñ 84ñ 8485(á)ñ 129-130 ±Ö>Jt/Ö>Jt" 119ñ 121 ±èz^" 91(á) ±è”" 146ñ 148 ±ô&πc#e" 149 ±ü`ºe" 40ñ 41ñ 41(á) ±√”T" 91(á) ±≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 107 ±—` m*a" 92(á) ±Ê" 74ñ 93ñ 166 ±Îô|/Îô|" 115(á)ñ 117(á) ±ıÿ[|" 77(á) ≤RéJñ ô≤∑" 21 ≤TJ —&ø`—&e" 30 ≤`" 189 ≤}" 27 ≤è±&w`" 24-25 ≤"/≤"¨Ç" 27ñ 27(á)ñ 101ñ 155ñ 172 ≤ı" 97ñ 98ñ 174 ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥" 26(á)ñ 58 ±+çB H“I" 57 ±+ç O™ØJ" 8ñ 16 ±+ç R`peñ ôv#ä" 27 ±+ç äv&º|" 120ñ 122 ±+çæ" 85 ≥Gè" 91 ≥èœ" 25 page251-278 page 14 -ππOè/πOç™*" 27(á) πRä °è}eñ ê" 132ñ 134ñ 146-147-149 πRêñ |èh#" 147ñ 149 πc#ı" 188-189 πèeèñ H:_è≥" 61(á) πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°" 60(á)ñ 215 πúaU M≥x {]°" 109(á) πÀ/πÀ¨Ç" 29ñ 30 π“Iç πh™ Oè”Y| {]°" 60 π“Iç πô&|øÂº Oè”Y| {]°" 59 π‘ÕT {]°" 116(á) ∫Jøe" 150 ºaRæ" 175 ºÆ&" 180 ºØpxñ ôÏ+" 25ñ 79(á)ñ 87(á)ñ 138 ºØpxñ ôv+}" 82(á)ñ 163ñ 164 æB¬/æB¬¨Ç" 27(á)ñ 114 æH#" 184ñ 190 æII" 85(á) æII ¿äy" 85(á) æJR ƒ_dñ °v#` ô}" 54ñ 56ñ 108ñ 108(á) æYKo" 25 æYKoñ wM` ä“j" 56ñ 85(á)ñ 130 æYKoñ ôÏ+" 27ñ 79(á)ñ 108ñ 171 æz%" 177ñ 188ñ 188(á) æû#ê ôTI°ñ ôÏ+" 27ñ 155 æÛ|" 113ñ 186-188 æÛ”" 61(á) øJøeñ |”_ Oû:èèñ wM[ ä“j" 143ñ 145ñ 148 øKèe O¿x`" 75(á) øKèeñ OÿTm%" 116(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T 265 øKèeñ m√R™* ôÏ+" 84(á)ñ 92(á)ñ 126(á)ñ 136ñ 164 øKèeñ ®è—+I™*" 115(á)ñ 175 øKèe ‰‰e ±åm*∫" 75(á) øKèeñ ÁKÙ IMT" 166 øc+ı ®J¿ ¢`øè" 75(á) øo◊è" 104ñ 193 -¿¿Tv&º" 69ñ 86ñ 107(á)ñ 125(á)ñ 125ñ 129-130ñ 139ñ 167 ¿U v#éñ ô}" 164(á) ¿]Ë" 146ñ 148 ¿^" 105ñ 143-144ñ 186ñ 191 ¿vH+" 175 ¿wò" 116(á) ¿x[ H&wêe" 27(á)ñ 140-141 ¿x[ O≈Üå| (R`ºT)" 21-22 ¿x[ R`ºT" 21ñ 43-45ñ 45(á) ¿x[ {y`" 111ñ 115 ¿x[ Ö±H:" 81(á) ¿x[ ä—:≈’≈" 165 ¿x[ ôcy|" 81(á) ¿x[ ôx`DT" 87ñ 87(á) ¿x[ ®—”" 81(á) ¿x[ ≈Ö#Ü" 140 ¿x[ ”Pè" 81(á) ¿x[ ÈwM" 81(á) ¿xz^/¿xz^¨Ç" 72ñ 90ñ 124 ¿Ö[‘|ñ ô≥RÄ*" 68ñ 85ñ 85(á)ñ 112ñ 117 ¿ã" 84(á) ¿èm≥" 148ñ 150 ¿èpa Oè—≈" 145 ¿è—&º" 174 ¿ôH+" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78 ¿§ê" 85(á)ñ 125 ¿™" 91(á) ¿™a" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 81(á)ñ 85ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 110ñ 113ñ 130-131ñ 157ñ 189ñ 189(á) ¿™," 88(á)ñ 110ñ 207-208(á) ¿œ" 146 ¿“ T≈`" 116 ¿“ˆÄ*" 72ñ 90 ¿”Æ" 85(á)ñ 112 ¿‘" 19ñ 21ñ 67ñ 82 ¿‘Tc&d" 8ñ 18ñ 19 ¡H#" 67ñ 83 ¡I" 87(á) ¡I—#}" 69-71ñ 87(á) ¡H:" 175 page251-278 page 15 ¡[z" 190(á) ¡[z*" 105(á)ñ 188-190 ¡≈" 141-142 ¬JRè" 76(á) ¬R —&ø`—&e" 125(á) ¬`R" 165-165 ¬ä”ƒñ —+{" 19 ¬ºxH:e" 24 ¬—H#" 133ñ 136 ¬”¿R" 78(á) √R" 80(á) √U|" 79(á)ñ 80(á)ñ 86-87ñ 86(á)ñ 89ñ 105ñ 107(á)ñ 125ñ 127ñ 129-130ñ 132ñ 135ñ 145(á)ñ 154ñ 157ñ 166 √U| ÁKÔ IT" 130(á) √w|" 147ñ 149 √á[‘|ñ ®œ nÈ" 129-130 √èô+J" 49(á)ñ 120ñ 122 √ôH+" 63-64ñ 77 √™*" 79(á) √™*|" 20(á)ñ 36ñ 43-44ñ 47(á)ñ 113ñ 117 √™," 65-71ñ 79(á)ñ 79-80ñ 88ñ 88(á)ñ 102ñ 118ñ 127ñ 128 √—#d" 111ñ 114 √¤" 63-64ñ 76-78ñ 165ñ 173ñ 184-185ñ 189 ƒU°^c&" 158 ƒ` YJ◊è" 11ñ 60 ƒy^ h˜`≈ñ ∆°z`" 10 ≈JäX+ñ ôdIÚ" 22 ≈`dä O≥P`" 44 ≈`dä ≠#^ô+J" 81(á) ≈wç" 147ñ 149 ≈x" 141-142 ≈x ôèvd" 147ñ 149 ≈è" 165-166 ≈è—>`—@^" 188 ≈”ç Qüô+Jñ è—#Y" 186 ∆ê" 172 ∆a Räm*º" 97 ∆v&" 18 ∆v&|" 136 ∆xÆ YJ◊è/∆w YJ◊è" 112113ñ 116-117ñ 116(á) ∆Û Qüô+J" 20 - - Òç™*/ Òè/ Òèì/ ÒêÇ" 26ñ 57-58ñ 61(á)ñ 100ñ 103ñ 140(á) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 266 ÃH+" 190 Ã√" 63ñ 76ñ 78 ÕèGæ" 84(á) ÕèŒa¨Ç" 100 Õ™*" 88(á)ñ 153-155ñ 208(á) œI" 176 œH+" 64-65ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ 80ñ 141-142ñ 173ñ 183-185ñ 189 œJCü" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) œR" 185ñ 190ñ 193 œvI" 70ñ 87ñ 87(á) œvç" 66ñ 81 œv#z*" 188(á) œè—#`" 183 œ√" 64ñ 77-78 œ—#`—>`" 190 œÛ`" 189 -— —H{" 97 —Hç" 63ñ 76ñ 76(á) —I" 171(á) —IT" 64ñ 78 —Iç" 63(á)ñ 76(á)ñ 171 —Iç c—è" 76(á) —Iç ¡H+" 76(á) —Iè" 103ñ 105ñ 157ñ 177ñ 185ñ 190 —I´ƒëñ ôÏ+" 7ñ 82(á)ñ 104(á)ñ 105 —OÄ%" 29 —P ‘Û" 35(á)ñ 79(á) —S" 82(á) —U" 65ñ 80 —^T Ûc&J" 164 —v_/—v_¨Ç" 90 —v`" 66-74ñ 81ñ 92ñ 108 —v`R" 132ñ 135 —w`" 107 —x[ YIc+ñ ôHnñ ÁKÙ |õ≤≥" 18ñ 22ñ 164 —x[ YIc+ ú√ñ ô}" 23ñ 164(á) —x[ õ”±&ôxK+`" 29ñ 30 —x`ô+Jñ o¡e" 24ñ 49 —çH+" 171 —èµ" 144-145 —î" 67ñ 83ñ 83(á) —±+" 72ñ 90 —¿J" 174 —¿R" 134 —√" 174-176ñ 175(á) —≈H ôw K^ ≈è”J" 125(á) —≈H ÚoŸ`" 57 page251-278 page 16 —#HH+" 185ñ 191 —#R" 174ñ 185ñ 190ñ 193 —#Rè" 148ñ 150 —#^" 136-137 —#^Tw (R`ºT)" 20ñ 21 —#^Ø" 65(á) —#^—+/—#^—+¨Ç" 29ñ 77(á)ñ 7981(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 100ñ 125ñ 127-129 —#v`Õ R`ºT" 30 —#}" 87(á) —#æ¬" 59-60ñ 62ñ 60-61(á)ñ 91(á) —#¬ÔÅ" 28 —#≈\" 25ñ 76ñ 77(á)ñ 186 —#Ã" 101 —&Q^¨Ç" 100 —&v+" 152-154ñ 157ñ 163ñ 178 —&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ 79(á) —&ø`—&e" 128-129 —&ø`—&eñ o¡e" 128-129 —&ø`—&e ÜæH+" 66-67ñ 80-83 —&ø`—&eñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 125(á) “I|" 98 “Ié" 172 “Iè" 176ñ 189 “Ièñ ®è≥" 99 “Iñ ®è≥" 105 “J I" 103 “H:" 70(á)ñ 102 “U" 35ñ 38ñ 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ 84(á) “[≈" 116(á) “i" 90 “}" 69ñ 85 “éè" 176(á)ñ 188 “¡" 179 “√" 100-101ñ 118(á) “Û|" 132-133ñ 135 —+^" 185ñ 190 —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ ˘aÙc`" 7-8ñ 61(á) ”TxÄ%" 185ñ 189 ”]°" 78(á) ”^î" 17ñ 26-28ñ 76(á)ñ 8182(á)ñ 91(á)ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 108ñ 122-123ñ 125-126ñ 156(á)ñ 156-158ñ 164-165ñ 188ñ 189(á) ”xÏ™*/”xÓÇ/”xÈ/”xÍÇ" 29ñ 75(á)ñ 113ñ 117ñ 187(á) ”x[ MRR|" 17 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T 267 ”xÈñ {Ç {Ç" 98 ”|J" 105 ”èxÄ%" 190 ”è¿vJ" 81(á) ”è¿v[|" 130 ”è≈ v[|" 129 ”Ø≥" 7ñ 9ñ 15ñ 29-31ñ 35ñ 41(á)ñ 46-47ñ 47-48(á)ñ 51ñ 55-61ñ 61(á)ñ 63ñ 75ñ 7578(á)ñ 82-84(á)ñ 86(á)ñ 88(á)ñ 92(á)ñ 98ñ 101ñ 103ñ 109ñ 116(á)ñ 167ñ 171(á) ”±#`" 77(á) ”≥[|" 66ñ 83(á) ”≥^|" 89 ”≥`" 80(á) ”≈T" 110ñ 113 ‘O`" 71ñ 88 ‘[w" 148ñ 150 ‘^" 73ñ 91ñ 91(á) ‘^" 173ñ 187ñ 191 ‘`d" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) ‘`‘^" 145 ‘j" 91 ‘vç √¤ñ ê" 23ñ 161ñ 166 ‘èü" 107 ‘è¿`/—:è¿`" 29ñ 81(á)ñ 153154ñ 159ñ 163ñ 192 ‘è“" 147ñ 149 ‘∂T/—:∂T/‘ÕT/—:ÕT" 8ñ 21(á)ñ 68-70ñ 77(á)ñ 80(á)ñ 84ñ 87ñ 97ñ 101ñ 105-106ñ 107(á)ñ 112ñ 116(á)ñ 117ñ 124-125(á)ñ 129-130ñ 130(á)ñ 136ñ 139ñ 142-145ñ 145(á)ñ 157ñ 163ñ 167ñ 192 —:^" 189 —:`wõ" 73ñ 91 —:`‘^" 143 —:h" 73ñ 91 —:èœ" 158 —>^—+" 77(á) —>hè" 56 —>ƒI" 108 —>≈\" 173 —>≈\" 63-65ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ 184ñ 190 "{" 132 ÷v&wè/÷v&x" 72ñ 193 ÷x OèÕ" 97(á) ÷èuæ" 176(á) ÷´z%" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) ÷#H+" 177 ÷#÷+ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J" 18 ÷&êñ ô≤∑" 83(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 150ñ 167ñ 172ñ 172(á) ÷&ˆH&" 175 ◊H&ºè" 99 ◊c´ ¿e{ñ ¢U∆`" 23 ◊ç" 45(á)ñ 157 ◊∞|" 127-128 ◊æz%ñ õz,—+" 20-22ñ 22(á) ◊æ}" 108 ÿC}/ÿÖ&}" 74ñ 92ñ 167 ÿJ◊J" 116(á)ñ 188 ÿP“" 183ñ 190 ÿTm|" 88ñ 132ñ 134ñ 143-144 ÿ\äF Ûè{ñ ô}" 36(á) ÿm%` T≈`" 105(á)ñ 188 ÿvvïÇ" 90 Ÿ`" 90 -÷ - -„ - ÷H{" 153-154 ÷I" 97 ÷OèÕ" 97(á)ñ 138 page251-278 page 17 -¤ ¤" 165-166 ¤Hw" 185ñ 190 ¤[n" 64ñ 78 ¤[è" 143-144 ¤`¤`" 81(á)ñ 188 ¤èÅ" 79(á) ¤Ôè{" 81(á) ¤Û" 183 ¤Ù" 174-177 ¤Ù ∆èd" 18 ‹^" 64ñ 78 ‹v+" 179 fiv#" 184ñ 190 fi|" 177(á) fiÛ" 190 fl^" 79(á) ‡H+" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ 173ñ 184-185 ‡J“" 118ñ 131ñ 134 ‡¶^" 148ñ 150 ‡ı^/‡ıaÇ" 78(á)ñ 98ñ 137 ·S" 132ñ 135 „ôH&Ÿe" 48-49ñ 74(á)ñ 93(á) ‰´H:e" 128-129 ‰´H:eñ o¡e" 177 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 268 ‰—>Sè" 50 „+ÿae" 29ñ 111ñ 115ñ 128-129 -ÁÁKÔ/Ù IT" 130 ÁKÚ¨Ç" 90 ÁKı|" 72 ÁTô" 146ñ 148 Á“" 126 ËaË" 111-112ñ 115-116 ÈIH:" 132ñ 134 Èøè" 107(á)ñ 120-121 ÈÕ v`" 139 -Î - Î^xºè" 72 Îô|/±Îô|" 115(á)ñ 117(á) Ì^Ø" 136 -ÔÔH— x`" 132-133 ÔH”" 90(á) ÔIc&¨Ç" 110(á) ÔIi/ÔIi¨Ç" 56ñ 85(á)ñ 110(á)ñ 110-118 Ô[cì/Ô[cïÇ" 87ñ 149-150 Ô[cîä|" 83(á) Ô[e/Ô[fÇ" 67ñ 82-83ñ 83(á)ñ 97ñ 105ñ 114ñ 126(á)ñ 133ñ 133ñ 140ñ 147-148ñ 176(á) Ô[èdæì" 59ñ 61(á) Ô[èœ/Ô[è–Ç" 98-99ñ 105ñ 172 Ô√{" 156 Ô÷“`" 66ñ 81ñ 81(á)ñ 101ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 110ñ 113ñ 130-131 ÒIe" 29 ÒŸñ û[∫" 144 ÚJÊeñ õ¤—+" 104(á) ÚoŸ`" 57ñ 112ñ 116 ÚèKc" 119ñ 121 Û_e" 126(á) Ûè/Û`fÇ" 63ñ 73ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ 91 Ûc&H¿eñ ôv+zBè/ôv+zÖ#è" 139 Ûc&Jñ ôÏ+" 104(á)ñ 136ñ 136(á) Ûc&Jñ —^T" 164 Ûc&J/Ûc&H:" 65ñ 79ñ 79-80(á)ñ 85(á)ñ 110(á)ñ 127-128 Ûc&ü" 127-130ñ 140ñ 157-158 page251-278 page 18 Ûh&e}Ç/Ûje|" 20ñ 163(á) Ûm*" 193 Ûãô+Jñ ô≤∑" 112ñ 116 Û÷&R" 186 ı]√" 107ñ 172 ıoañ ôTwê (wITwê)" 149 ı|K ä—Y|" 41ñ 192 ıπJ" 82ñ 105ñ 171-172ñ 175176ñ 176(á)ñ 179 -˜ ¯]e" 61ñ 61(á) ¯è°[e|ñ ]Å`≈ñ ˘aÙc`" 189(á) ˘_±&√è|" 158 ˘az,e{è|/˘az,e{è}Ç" 29ñ 121(á) ˙Hz*ü" 15ñ 99 ˙H&e" 10 ˙`z%“J/˙`z%“H:Ç" 78(á)ñ 104(á)ñ 122-123 -˚ ˚&°}]ºñ è”Y|" 29 ˚&πç" 11ñ 57-58ñ 60-61ñ 61(á)ñ 63ñ 76(á)ñ 78-79(á)ñ 88(á) ˚&πç v+z Oè”Y{™* v+z OËMı|" 57 ˚+aåü c&°eñ ∆°z`" 140(á) -AAaron: 209 abba dullas: 220 Abba Muddana: 221 abba widdaqi: 210(n) Abbechu: 231 Abbey: 233 Abbey Bet: 233 Abbichu: 235, 237 Abbichu, Four-House: 235 Abbo: 197-198, 217, 229 Abbo/Obbo: 198 Abbo/Wabbo: 198 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T Abbu: 236 Abd Rahman: 232 Abeti: 200, 202(n), 204, 219, 229, 232 Abey: 218, 237 Aboli: 200, 200(n), 205 Abono: 198 Abote: 237 Abraham: 197, 222(n) Abu: 230 Abune: 236(n) Abyssinians: 198(n) Ada: 237 Adam: 225(n) adbar/adbarat: 207(n), 226 Adel: 198(n), 201, 235, 235(n) Adel Mebreq: 201(n) Admas Segged, King: 206 Adora: 207 Aêma Giyorgis/Atsme, Ato: 215, 215(n), 216(n) Aeth. 4: 57, 57(n), 160 Affar: 235(n) afre: 197-199 African: 24(n) Afridon: 196 ‘Agam/‘ajam: 196(n) Agau: 100(n) ajertu: 212 Akako: 218, 230-231 Akkechu: 196 Akkichu: 217(n), 229-230 Akkitu: 217 Ales: 217 Ali: 218, 232, 234, 237 Ali Bet: 234 Aliyyu Amba: 232 Alko: 234-236 Almeida: 198(n) Amade Tsiyon, Atse: 233 amba: 206(n) Ambellu Kebede, Ato: 199(n) Ambisa: 197 Ambo: 218, 234, 237 page251-278 page 19 269 Amdo: 204 Amhara: 100(n), 203, 203(n), 211, 223 Amharic: 4, 197-199(n), 204(n), 210-211(n), 218-219(n), 220(n), 225(n), 230, 235(n) amharicized: 221(n) amina: 210(n) Amiyye: 198 Amoro: 240 Amoru: 230, 236 Ana: 200, 218, 229 angaffa: 238 Angot: 203 Arab/Arabic: 196(n), 212(n), 241(n) Arabia: 26(n) arara: 228 archery: 204 Arén, Gustav: 170 Argobba: 232-233 Ar'ign: 204 Aristotle: 123(n) Artisans: 210 Aruse: 222 Arusi: 229, 234, 236 Asa Zenneb: 202 Asbo: 205 Asebot: 235, 236(n) asere: 210(n) asere nigus: 210(n) Ashenge: 230, 236 Asia: 215 Atchebir: 235 Atsme/Aêma Giyorgis, Ato: 215(n), 216(n) Atsnaf Segged, King: 202, 206 Awash: 222 Awsa: 202 Ayantu: 234, 236 Ayimmelel: 234 Ayya: 234 ayyu: 219, 221-222 Azebo: 230, 236 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 270 -BBabbu: 235 Babylon: 211 Bacheler: 92(n) Bedlo: 204 Bahriy, Abba: 4, 195, 199(n), 205(n), 213, 216(n), 222(n) Bairu Tafla: 215, 215(n) balabbat: 220 Bale: 196(n), 216 Bali: 196, 201 baptism: 203(n), 208 barbada: 212(n) be'ale rist: 210, 210(n) Becho: 197-198 Beckingham: 96, 197-198(n) Bedil Tsehay: 201 Begemdir: 203, 239 begena: 210 Bekko: 218 Bela': 200, 229 berbado: 212 Bereytuma: 196, 197(n), 200, 217(n) Beriya: 235 Bertuma: 196(n), 197, 200, 203, 205, 217-219, 229 Betre Amora: 199, 199(n), 200, 201(n) Betro: 204 betser amora: 199(n) Betser Waget: 199(n) Betto: 234 bidaro: 204, 204(n) bideù: 204(n) Bifole: 201, 206, 209 Birmeje: 198, 204-206, 220 BL Or. /Or. 534: 12, 36, 57, 94, 242, 250 Boch: 218, 230 Bokku: 221 Bollo: 222 Boren: 196-200, 198(n), 203-205, 208, 217, 217(n), 219, 229-230 page251-278 page 20 Borena: 217-218, 221-222, 232, 235, 237 Bosha: 208 British Academy: 194 British Library: 36, 36(n) British Museum: 36(n) Buffalo: 211 Bukko: 200 Bulga: 201(n) Burqa: 222 butter: 221 -CCarpenters: 210 Catholicism: 198(n) cattle: 202(n), 207, 216 cavalry: 205, 207 Cecchi, Antonio: 162, 34 Christening: 241(n) Christian/Christians: 197(n), 199, 203(n), 204(n), 206, 208, 219, 222-223, 225(n), 233, 236, 238239 Christianity: 24(n), 223, 238, 238(n), 241 chronicles: 16 circumcision/circumcised: 197(n), 200(n), 206, 209, 211, 221 Commerce: 210 Coptic: 195(n) Copts: 195(n) cows: 202, 202(n), 212, 227-228 CSCO: 11 Cush: 240, 241(n) Cushitic: 240(n) -DDa'ale: 196 Damot: 199(n), 205-206, 208 Datch: 197, 197(n) Datche: 196, 197-198, 197(n), 218, 230-231, 235 Dawwaro: 235 Dawwe: 199, 199(n), 200, 207, 208(n) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T 271 De'ale: 196-197 debele: 220 debr: 207(n) Debre Abriham: 206 debtera: 209 deggafoch: 209 Dego: 202, 202(n) Deharegot, Azmach: 204 Dembya: 205 dennebo: 204(n) Derra: 232, 237 deut: 211(n) Devil: 208 dewe: 207(n) Dewwaro: 201, 204, 235(n), 236(n) Digna Mika'el: 232 Dillmann: 196(n) Dinguirguira: 234 Djibouti: 234(n) Dom Jo‹o Bermudez, Patriarch: 198(n) Doras: 217 Drum: 210(n) dullagutto: 206 dullecha: 221 Dullo: 220 Dullu: 203 Durette/Duretti: 234-235, 237 EMML 3473: 36(n) EMML 3749: 26(n), 35(n), 58(n), 78(n),109(n), 198(n) EMML 3987: 27(n) EMML 3996: 47(n) EMML 4802: 21(n) EMML 5298: 125(n) EMML 5403: 25(n), 107(n), 116(n), 124(n), 145(n), 206(n) EMML 5731: 79(n), 199(n) EMML 5747: 125(n) EMML 5781: 21(n) EMML 5782: 22(n) EMML 5783: 22(n) EMML 5784: 22(n) EMML 7109: 65(n), 67(n), 79(n), 80(n), 84(n), 136(n), 156(n) EMML 7346: 104(n) English: 4, 195, 215 Ethiopia/Ethiopian: 4, 24(n), 26(n), 196(n), 198(n), 205(n), 215-216, 228(n), 232, 236, 236(n), 238-240, 241(n) Ethiopian Orthodox Church: 205(n) Ethnography: 195 European: 123(n), 232(n) Eusebius: 123(n) Evangelists: 220 Eve: 225(n) -EEEDN: 15 Egyptians: 223 Ela: 197 Elephant: 211 Elman: 211 EMML 21: 75(n), 196(n) EMML 69: 93(n), 125(n), 213(n) EMML 144: 176(n), 177(n) EMML 1515: 176(n) EMML 1517: 61(n) EMML 2335: 36(n) EMML 2393: 61(n) EMML 2706: 50(n) page251-278 page 21 -FFanta 1: 36(n) Farédun: 196(n) Fasil/Fasilo: 199, 199(n) Fatima: 232 Fetegar: 201, 201(n) Fitha Negest: 62, 239 Frobenius-Institut: 96 -Ggada-Systems: 119(n) Galan: 197, 222, 237 Galan, Seven-House: 235 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 272 Gamo: 4, 199(n), 200, 204 geber: 201, 212 geda: 219-221 gedl: 213(n), 235(n) Ge'ez: 4, 196(n), 202(n), 207(n), 210(n), 212(n), 241(n) Gegn: 203 Gelam: 198 Gelan: 222, 231 Gelana: 216 Gelane: 216 Gelawdewos, Atse: 198(n) Gelena: 196 Gemu Gofa: 199(n) Gennale: 215 George, St.: 201(n) Gera: 231, 236 Geze: 210 Gibe: 223 Gimbichu: 231, 237 Gimbichu, Eight-House: 235 Giyorgis Hayle: 201, 203 Giyorgis Welde Amid: 195, 195(n) goat/goats: 201, 216-217, 221, 225 Gojjam: 197(n), 198(n), 203, 206, 206(n), 239 Gomer: 208 Gonder: 239 gora: 211, 211(n), 218, 218(n), 234-235, 237 gorsa: 212 Gospel: 233 Gragn: 202(n), 234, 235(n) Granh (Gragn): 198(n) Greek: 196(n) Grover Hudson: 215 Gudru/Guidru: 197-199, 197(n), 218, 218(n), 230-232 236 Guidi, Ignazio: 54 Guira': 200 Gullale: 231, 237 guma: 219, 241 page251-278 page 22 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç Gumma: 231, 236 Gurage: 197(n), 201(n) Gurageland: 235(n) gurba: 211 -HHadya: 119(n) Hagelebabo: 198 hairstyle: 211(n) Hakako: 197-199 Halebdo: 212 halib: 212(n) Ham: 240, 240(n), 241(n) Hamasen: 239 Hamelmal: 202 Hara: 199(n) Hara Dingil: 213(n) Harbo: 203 Harerge: 222-223, 234 Harmufa: 203 Haro Wilabo: 216-217 Harp: 210(n) Harsu: 198 Hasan: 232 Hastega: 197(n), 203-204, 206208 Hayes, Stephen: 10 hayyu: 226 Hazelo: 202 Heda: 234 heifer: 228 Hibeno: 218, 233, 237 Hida: 218, 235, 237 Hoko: 196-199 Hoko: 218, 231-232 Horn of Africa: 26(n) Horo: 230 Horreta: 220 Horru: 236 horses: 201-202 Hubbena: 196(n), 217, 229-230 Hudson, Grover: 215 Huera: 199(n) Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T 273 Humbena: 196 Humbena: 217(n) Huntingford: 197-198(n) Jirjis Ibn Abi Y‹sir Ibn Abû AlMakarîm Ibn al-'Améd alMakin: 195(n) John: 220 -Iilala: 204, 204(n) Ilu: 197, 200, 235 Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim alGhazi (Gragn): 196(n), 198(n) Imuru: 198 infantry: 205, 207 Innarya: 208, 240-241, 240(n) Isaiah: 196(n) Islam: 223, 232, 234 Islam Muhammad Yesuf: 234 Islamic: 232, 233(n), 239 Islamization: 232 Israel: 210 Itege: 207 itmiko: 220 Ittu: 196, 217, 223, 229-230, 236 -JJan Amora: 202 jan hatsena: 209 jan me'asere: 209 Jawi: 208(n) JE692E: 30(n), 60-61, 60-61(n), 99(n), 105(n), 171(n), 215 Jerome: 123(n) Jesus Christ: 223 Jew: 238 Jibbela: 206 Jibbena: 201 Jidda: 196-198 Jifar: 235 Jigurguir: 236 jila: 222 jilhika: 212 Jille: 197-198, 200, 217-218, 229-231, 235-236 Jimma: 231, 236, 241 Jingur: 230 page251-278 page 23 -KKaffa: 100(n) Kallu.: 235 Kalo: 235 Karra: 222 Kefa: 241 Kelela: 211 Kellu, Sheik: 232 Kerreyu: 196, 234, 237 Kerreyyu: 200, 217, 229, 235-236 Kilole: 201, 204 Kiremo: 198 Kolu: 220 Kono: 197-198, 218, 230-231 Konso: 119(n) Konta: 240 koso: 201 Koyra: 199(n) Kuera: 199, 199(n) Kullo: 240 Kutawe: 198 Kutay: 230, 235-236 Kuyera: 199(n) -Llahm: 202(n) Lako Melza: 233 lalibela: 210(n) leather: 210(n) Lege Abbo: 234 Lege Gora: 234 Lege Heda: 234 Lege/Legi: 234 Legi/Lege: 234 Lemu: 236 Leqa: 198, 231, 236, 241 Levites: 209 Liben: 197-200, 217, 229, 231232, 235, 237 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 274 Libne Dingil, Atse /Wenag Segged: 196, 196(n), 202(n), 216, 216(n), 236 Libon: 218 lice: 206 Li'is: 197 Limu: 198, 231 Lion: 211 London: 207(n) Lot: 197 luba/lubas: 197, 200-203, 200(n), 206, 211, 217-2222, 229-231 Luke: 220 Lulo: 222 Lume: 231, 237 Luqma: 241 -MMadagascar: 215 Mark: 220 Mat./Matthew: 205(n), 220 Maya: 204 Mebreq: 201 meggazo: 210(n) Mej: 202, 202(n), 204(n) Mekane Maryam: 202(n) Melbah/Milbah: 201, 203, 220 Melek Segged/Sertse Dingil, Hatsege: 199(n), 203-205(n), 213(n), 241(n) Melka: 222 Melol: 198 Menelik I: 241 Menelik II, Atse: 222-223 Menz: 239 Merewwa: 196, 200(n), 217-219, 229 Merewwa Ayya: 200 Merra Tekle Haymanot,: 216 Mersie Hazen Welde Qirqos: 198(n) mesiah: 207(n) Mesle: 202, 209 meslist: 205 page251-278 page 24 Messiah: 197(n) Metcha: 196, 198, 222-223, 229, 234-237 Metta: 231, 235, 237 Michle: 202(n) Mikha Giyorgis: 204(n) Milbah/Melbah/Milbah: 201, 203, 220 milguddo: 213 Milk: 212 Minchile: 220 Minstrels: 210 Mi'rab: 196(n) mirror: 228 misle: 202, 220(n) Misraq: 196(n) Miticha: 197(n), 222 mogasa: 220 Mombassa: 215 Monks: 209 Moors: 198(n) Moses: 219 mountains: 207 Ms. orient. quart. 996: 57, 57(n) Mucha: 211 Muddena: 201, 203, 220 Muhammad: 195, 232 Muhammad Yesuf: 235 Mul'ata: 206, 208-209, 211 mules: 201-202 Muslim/Muslims: 195, 198(n), 223-224, 232-233, 238 Nib Gedel: 234 Nole'ali: 200(n) Nole'elu: 200 Noli'inu: 218 Nono: 235 Nur: 202, 202(n), 234 -OObbo: 196, 199-200 Obbo/Abbo: 198 olivewood: 221 Or./BL Or. 534: 49 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T 275 Oromo/Oromos: 4, 196-198(n), 200(n), 202-204(n), 207208(n), 211(n), 219(n), 222(n), 234, 240(n) ox: 217, 221, 202(n) -PPagan: 196(n), 208 Paris: 16 Paul, St.: 223 Peasants: 210 Persia: 196, 196(n), 211 Portuguese: 198(n) Priests: 209 -QQalu: 218, 233, 235, 237 qelta: 212, 212(n) qende kebero: 210 qero: 211 Qetchino: 203 qolle: 226 qondala-hood: 221 quendela: 211-212, 218(n), 221 Quirquire: 222 Qur'an: 233 -RRayya: 230, 235-236 reko: 238, 240, 238 Religion: 24 Rhinoceros: 211 Robale: 197, 203, 204-205, 220 Romane Werq: 202(n) Romans: 223 -SSabbath: 219(n) Samu'el, Abune: 235(n), 236(n) Saturday: 219 Scribes: 210 Seddecha: 198-200, 218, 231 page251-278 page 25 Seddo: 235-236 Selale: 231, 237 Semiten: 100(n) Semre Ab, Bahir negash: 205 Senbete gudda: 219 Senbete tinna: 219 Seppira: 196, 198, 198(n) seqela: 212(n) Seqseq: 197 sequela: 212, 212(n) Serpent: 208(n) Sertse Dingil/Melek Segged, Hatsege: 199(n), 203-205(n), 213(n), 241(n) Seyyo: 198 Seyyu: 230 Shanqilla: 235 Shashemenne: 199(n) sheep: 201, 216-217, 221 shemma: 228 shengo: 219, 219(n), 221 Shepherd, Deborah J.: 10 Shield: 210 shimagille: 210 Shimbera Kure Archives: 54 Shoa: 203, 208, 211, 232, 239 Sidama: 203, 203(n) Sidamo: 119(n), 217 Sillus Hayle: 201 Sirba: 198 sky: 239 slave: 227 Smiths: 210 Soddo: 197, 197(n), 235, 235(n) Sofi: 196 soli: 204, 204(n) Somali/Somalis: 26(n) Song of Songs: 210(n) souls: 208 spear: 210, 228 steer: 217 stomach: 202 Striedter, Karl Heinz: 96 Suba: 196-200, 204, 234, 236 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç 276 Sunday: 219 Susinyos, Hatsege: 205(n), 208(n), 216(n) -Ttailors: 210 Tajura: 234(n) tapeworm: 201-202(n) Tayye, Aleqa: 215, 215-217(n), 234 Tchabu: 230, 236 Tchafu: 236 Tcheffa: 230 Tcheffe: 219, 219(n), 221-222 Tcheleba: 231, 236 Tchencha: 199(n) Tchereqa: 198 Tchertcher: 236(n) Tchile: 196-199, 218, 231 Tchura: 198 Tedla Gwalu: 206(n) Tegulet: 239 Teguri: 234 Tekeste Negash: 215 Tekle Haymanot, King: 206(n) Tertullian: 123(n) Tewdada/Tewodada, Wezero: 206-207 Tewodros, Atse: 206(n) tewwutu: 212 Thanksgiving Day: 9 Tibbe: 241 tifoli: 221 Tigray: 100(n) Tigre: 235, 239 tihito: 212 Tiloma: 217-218, 229-230, 235, 237 Tiltal: 235, 235(n) Timuga: 229, 236 Tinno, Azzaj: 216, 216(n) Tiqur Midir: 235 Titoma: 235 toga: 228(n) page251-278 page 26 topknot: 206, 211 Trinity, Holy: 201(n) Tule: 222 Tulema: 197-199, 197(n), 217(n), 222, 234 Tum'e: 198 -Uummem: 239 Ur: 219, 229 Uru: 197, 200, 219(n) -VVienna: 207(n) Vulture: 199(n) -Wwada: 212(n) wajo: 212 Waju: 237 Waka: 203 Waliso: 198 Waqa Gurracha: 223, 226 Wayet: 233 Wayyu: 231, 237 Webbo/Abbo: 198, 218, 230-231 Weberri: 231, 237 Webi: 201-202 Wedma Asferre: 233 Wegedu: 235 Wegeg: 235, 235-236(n) Wej: 200, 202(n) Welamo: 240 Welasma: 233 Welde Kristos: 208, 208(n) Welde Kristos, Ras: 208 Wellegga: 231, 236 Wello: 200, 217-218, 217(n), 222224, 229-230, 232-235, 237 Wello, Seven-House: 226, 234 Wenag Segged/Libne Dingil, Atse: 196, 196(n), 202(n), 216, 216(n), 236 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 O÷m@T 277 Werdeyan/Werdeyyan/Werdi'aya: 208, 218, 229 Werentisha: 196 werre: 233 Werre Bukko: 200 Werre Guira': 200 Werre Ilu: 200 Werre Kerreyyu: 200 Werre Nole'elu: 200 Werredoru: 235 Werrehimano: 233 Werrenesha: 229-230 Werreneshe: 217 Werrensh: 196(n) Werrensha: 196(n), 217(n) Werrentisha: 217(n) Werreqalu: 233 Werreseddecha: 218 Weyna Deg'a: 204 Widm Asferre: 233(n) Wilabo: 216-217 Ye-Galla Tatik: 215 Yesuf: 234(n) yetut lij: 220 Yifat: 232-233, 235 yilala: 204(n) yilala dennedo: 204(n) Yilu: 230, 236 Yishaq, Atse: 216, 216(n) Yittu: 222, 234 Yohannis: 204(n) Yoqtan: 240 -ZZagwe: 216, 216(n) zar: 235 Zenahu le-Galla: 4, 205(n), 216(n), 218(n), 222(n), 241(n) Ze-Peraqlitos: 213(n) Zeppo: 213, 213(n) Zer'a Ya'iqob, Atse: 201(n), 239, 202(n) Zer'a Yohannis: 203 Zinjiro: 240 Zinnay: 204 Ziway: 203 -Yya'i: 226 yaromay: 221 !" õèûcû+ õvJñ exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` ±õTéB °CJ"" " õè”¬Fe (õè¬F) JvJñ «ÇH:{ ûc# HGä Hõ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´""» ôw wM`æ page251-278 page 27 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page251-278 page 28 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42

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